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AD, A.D. abbreviation of Anno Domine (Latin: in the year of Our Lord). It is conventionally placed before a number to show that it refers to a year following the birth of Christ, although contemporary experts generally agree that Christ was probably born in 3 BCE. These are fundamentals of the Christian calendar. Other cultures designate years according to other schemes. An alternative term for AD is CE, standing for Common Era, a less traditional term, but preferred because it avoids the bias inherent in an insistance upon referring to Christ ad abbreviation of 'advertisement' ad (Latin) to ad absurdum (Latin) to the point of absurdity adacquare (Italian) to water, to irrigate Adacquatolo (Italian m.) watering-can adag. abbreviation of adagio (Italian: slow) Adage (English, French m.) traditional maxim, proverb adage (French, from the Italian adagio, literally 'slowly') in dance, synonymous with adagio adagiare (Italian) to lay down gently, to set down, to make comfortable adagiarsi (Italian) to lie down, to stretch oneself out, to make oneself comfortable adagietto (Italian) as an indication of tempo, generally faster (i.e. less slow) than adagio (Italian) as an indication of the duration of a piece of music, a short adagio, kleines adagio (German) as a tempo marking, adagietto can mean a little slower than adagio or a little quicker than adagio. The latter meaning is considered the more correct adagino (Italian) synonymous with adagietto Adagio (Italian m., Spanish m.) adage, proverb adagio (Italian, adagio, literally 'at ease', 'leisurely') as an indication of tempo, slow, leisurely, solemnly, gnerally slower than andante and faster than largo, langsam (German), gemächlich (German) (Italian) softly the adagio movement, written in a slow tempo, is often the second movement of a sonata, symphony, etc. English ballet teachers use adage, the French adaptation, while Americans prefer the original Italian, adagio. In dancing it has two meanings: a series of exercises following the centre practice these consist of a succession of slow and graceful movements which may be simple or of the most complex character, performed with fluidity and apparent ease. These exercises develop a sustaining power, sense of line, balance and the beautiful poise, which enables the dancer to perform with majesty and grace. The principal steps of adagio are pliés, développés, grand fouetté en tournant, dégagés, grand rond de jambe, rond de jambeen l'air, coupés, battements tendus, attitudes, arabesques, preparations for pirouettes and all types of pirouettes the opening section of the classical pas de deux the ballerina assisted by her male partner, performs the slow movements and enlèvements in which the danseur lifts, supports or carries the danseuse. The danseuse thus supported exhibits her grace, line and perfect balance while executing développés, pirouettes, arabesques and so on, and achieves combinations of steps and poses which would be impossible without the aid of her partner Adage, Adagio from which this information has been taken Adagio dance adagio adagio (Italian) or adagio di molto (Italian), very slow adagio assai (Italian) or adagio di molto (Italian), very slow and expressive, sehr langsam (German) adagio cantabile e sostenuto (Italian) very slow in a sustained or singing style adagio con gravità (Italian) slow with gravity and majesty adagio di molto (Italian) or adagio adagio (Italian), very slow adagio, ma non troppo (Italian) not too slow adagio molto (Italian) or adagio di molto (Italian), very slow and expressive, sehr langsam (German) adagio non lento (Italian) slowly, but not dragging adagio non molto (Italian) not very slow adagio non tanto (Italian) not very slow adagio patetico (Italian) slowly and plaintive adagio pesante (Italian) slowly and heavily, schwer lastendes (German) adagio religioso (Italian) slowly and in a devotional manner adagiosissimo (Italian) or adagissimo (Italian), (as an indication of tempo) generally much slower than adagio (that is, excessively slowly), äußerst langsam (German), so langsam wie möglich (German) adagio sostenuto (Italian) slow and sustained adagissimo (Italian) or adagiosissimo (Italian), (as an indication of tempo) generally much slower than adagio (that is, excessively slowly), äußerst langsam (German), so langsam wie möglich (German) Adai-adai from Brunei, a group work song sung by fisherpeople ad alta voce (Italian) aloud, in a louder voice, mit lauter Stimme (German), laut (German) Adam and Eve one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures à damier (French) chequered Adamo (Nigeria) a talking drum (Italian m.) Adam Adam's apple the visible projection of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx at the front of the neck Definition of Adam's apple a raised larynx is a leading problem for many aspiring singers. If you put your finger on your Adam's apple and yawn, you will feel it move up and back down. The lower position is where you need it to stay. Try to sing up a scale with your finger lightly touching your Adam's apple; if it rises more than 1/2" then you have some problems. A raised larynx will make it so your throat closes making high notes impossible, it will also make it hard to produce resonance, vibrato, etc. It's something you need to work with a qualified vocal coach to verify and correct. Try singing in front of a mirror to make sure you do not develop any physical problems How to sing from which the second text entry has been taken Adam's profession gardening, agriculture Adaptación (Spanish f.) adaptation adaptar (Spanish) adapt, fit (adjust) Adaptation synonymous with 'arrangement' Adapted melodies adapted melodies are formed when the composer, having to put a melody to a new text, uses an extant traditional melody which he adapts, with such modifications as are necessary, to the new text adapter (French) adapt, fit (in the technical sense) Adaptation (English, French f.) a musical arrangement also called 'aural fatigue' or 'habituation', the process by which the ear's sensitivity to sound is changed by the presence of a constant sound or drone. The state of fatigue caused by such a load on the sensory cells and nerve fibres results in a gradual decrease in the apparent loudness of a constant tone or noise Adaptation from which the second entry has been taken Adaptador (Portuguese m., Spanish m.) crook (extra tubing for a brass instrument) Adaptive music see 'interactive music' adatare da (Italian) as from à dater de (French) as from adattabile (Italian) adaptable Adattamento (Italian m.) reduction, adaptation, fitness, suitablity, arrangement adattare (Italian) to adapt, to adjust, to apply, to fit (suitable for its purpose), to suit adattarsi (Italian) to adapt oneself, to accommodate oneself, to resign oneself, to be applicable, to suit, to fit adatto (Italian) suitable, right, proper, suitable, adapted adatto al mare (Italian) sea-worthy, sea-going ADC abbreviation of aide de camp (French: a confidential attendant) ad captandum vulgus (Latin, 'to appeal to the crowds'') to make promises solely to appeal to popular sentiment or prejudice a. d. Chor abbreviation of aus dem Chor (German: from the choir - tiré du choeur (French)) ad clerum (Latin) (a sermon or pastoral letter) addressed to the clergy ADCM, A.D.C.M. abbreviation of 'Archbishop of Canterbury's Diploma in Church Music', 'Associate Diploma in Church Music' ad crumenam (Latin) (an argument) intended to appeal to the listener's financial sense addebitare (Italian) to debit, to charge Added additional to, ajouté (French m.), ajoutée (French f.), adquisita (Greek) Added numbers separate songs added purely as display items at a time when singers were perceived to have a greater value than composers. Mozart supplied additional arias for other composers' works, while Melba used to have a piano wheeled onto the stage turning the scene into a ballad concert frequently ending with a performance of Home, Sweet Home Added seventh a minor or major seventh added to a concluding major triad, for example, in jazz, the minor seventh which is one of the blues notes, or the major seventh played in tremolo over a tonic major triad by jazz pianists Added sixth arising from Rameau's harmonic theories, and particularly his analysis of two chords in which the bass, as written, descends one degree, which his theory does not allow (for example, passing from the chord D F A C to C E G C), Rameau's solution was to treat the first chord as being F A C with an added sixth D so that the fundamental bass moves from F to C first used by Debussy and other early twentieth-century composers, where a sixth is added to the major tonic triad, preferably of the fourth degree (and therefore with a subdominant function), usually treated as a consonance at the end of a phrase, although according to the formal rules of harmony the chord should be resolved to the tonic or more usually to the dominant. In the key of C major, the major triad on the subdominant is F-A-C and the sixth is therefore D. The chord can be thought of also as the first inversion of the chord of the supertonic 7th chord. The added sixth was taken up later by jazz pianists Sixth chord Notes on "She Loves You" by Alan W. Pollack which includes some discussion of the use of a sixth chord Added tone chord a triadic chord with an extra "added" note, such as the added sixth. This includes chords with an added thirteenth and farther "extensions", but that do not include the intervening thirds as in an extended chord Added tone chord from which this extract has been taken Addendum (s.), Addenda (pl.) (Latin, from addendus, 'that which is to be added') a thing to be added, an appendix addentare (Italian) to eseize (with the teeth, etc.), to bite, to censure, to carp at, to indent addentato (Italian) cogged, notched (machinery) addentrare (Italian) to drive in, to put in addentrarsi (Italian) to penatrate, to plunge into, to study deeply addentro (Italian) inside, well within Addestramento (Italian m.) training (exercising), instruction, drilling (exercising) addestrare (Italian) to train (exercise), to drill, to exercise, to instruct, to discipline, to break in (a horse) Addetto (Italian m.) employee, (diplomatic) attaché addetto (Italian) assigned (to a role, position, etc.), attached, belonging (to) addi (Italian) or a di, the day of, on the Addierende Taktartbezeichnungen (German f.) additive time signature (for example, 2+3+2/8) Addietro (Italian m.) rear, hind part, stern (of a ship) addietro (Italian) back, backward, behind, previously, ago additato (Italian) fingered Addio (Italian m.) goodbye Additif (French m.) rider (note), additive (substance) Addition in music, an addition is a dot at the right side of a note, indicating that its duration is to be lengthened one half Addition (French f.) bill, check (in the US) (in a café, restaurant, etc.) Additional accompaniment instrumental part or parts added to or modified in a composition by some person other than the original author, for example, a realisation of a figured bass Additional keys those keys that play notes higher than f''' (F in alt) on the piano those keys that have been added to standardised key systems on wind-instruments, particularly flutes Classical Flutes; the "additional keys" Additive meter or 'additive time signature', patterns of beats that subdivide into smaller, irregular groups, for example, 3 + 2 + 3 = 8; a meter common in certain types of Eastern European music Additive rhythm Additive rhythm in music, additive rhythms are larger periods of time constructed from sequences of smaller rhythmic units added to the end of the previous unit. This is contrasted with divisive rhythms, in which a larger period of time is divided into smaller rhythmic units see 'additive meter' Additive rhythm additive Synthese (German f.) additive synthesis Additive synthesis the process of constructing a complex sound using a series of fundamental frequencies (pure tones or sine waves). Each of the fundamental frequencies usually has its own amplitude envelope which allows independent control of each partial (harmonic). Pipe organs or Hammond organs are both instruments which are based on additive synthesis Electronic Music Dictionary from which the extract above has been taken Additive time signature see 'additive meter' Additivo (Italian m.) additive addizionale (Italian) additional addizionalmente (Italian) additionally addl abbreviation of 'additional' addn(s) abbreviation of 'addition(s)' addobbare (Italian) decorate (for example, a room) Addobbo (Italian m.) decoration addolcendo (Italian) becoming sweet, softing, soft or dolce, sanft werdend (German), abmildernd (German), en adoucissant (French) addolcire (Italian) tone down (a colour), soften addolcirsi (Italian) mellow (figurative) addolorare (Italian) grieve addolorato (Italian, literally 'pained') plaintive, in a mournful manner, sorrowfully, sadly, with an expression of grief, wehmütig (German), schmerzerfüllt (German) Addome (Italian m.) abdomen addominale (Italian) abdominal addossarsi (Italian) crowd, shoulder (responsibility) addurre (Italian) adduce addurre esempi (Italian) give examples Add2 chords Add2 Chords Ad-duff (Mozambique) frame drum adecentar (Spanish) clean up, tidy up à découvert (French) exposed, openly (figurative) Adecuación (Spanish f.) suitability adecuadamente (Spanish) suitably adecuado (Spanish) suitable à défaut de (French) for lack of adeguare (Italian) adjust adeguarsi (Italian) conform adeguato (Italian) adequate, consistent (conforms) Adel (German m.) nobility, for example mit Adel (German: in a lofty style) Adelantado (Spanish m.) the governor of a (Spanish) province, a grandee (hence any figure of importance) in English usage, sometimes shortened to lantedo adelantando (Spanish) advanced, precocious (child) Adem (Dutch) breath Ademán (Spanish m.) gesture Ademáns (Spanish m. pl.) manners Ademhalingstechniek (Dutch) breathing technique à demi (French) (only) half à demi détaché (French) or détaché (French), slightly separated, halb abgestoßen (German) à demi-jeu (French) with (only) half the power or strength of the instrument, equivalent to mezza voce (Italian) and mezzo forte (Italian) à demi-voix (French) with (only) half the power of the voice, equivalent to mezza voce (Italian) and mezzo forte (Italian) adentrarse en (Spanish) study thoroughly a Deo at Rege (Latin) from God and the King A.Dep. abbreviation of anno depositionis (Latin: in the year of completion - a calendar used by some Royal and Select Masters (Masons) which begins at the completion of Solomon's Temple, where 1000 is added to the Christian Era date) Royal and Select Masters (Masons) calendar adept (from Latin adeptus, 'having reached', 'attained') thorough and accomplished Ader (German f.) purfling Aderente (Italian m./f.) follower, adherent aderente (Italian) adhesive, tight (fit of clothing) Aderenza (Italian f.) adhesion Aderenze (Italian f. pl.) connections aderton (Swedish) eighteen a deshora (Spanish) at an unusual time, at an inconvenient time, very late Adesione (Italian f.) adhesion, agreement adesivo (Italian) adhesive a despecho de (Spanish) in spite of à dessein (French) intentionally Adeste Fideles (Latin) O come, all ye faithful a destiempo (French) à contre-temps (French), against the beat, syncopated à destination de (French) (going) to a destra (Italian) for the right hand, rechts (German), für die rechte Hand (German) a detrimento di (Italian) detrimental to ad eundem gradum (Latin) (reference) to admission to the same degree at a different university à deux (French) (a meeting, a meal) for two persons, two persons in private together without the presence of a third person (i.e. tête-à-tête), in zweistimmiger Besetzung (German: (music) scored for two (performers)) à deux with reference to meter, abbreviation of à deux temps (French: in duple time, i.e. two beats in a bar or measure), zu zweit (German: two at a time) (French) the equivalent of a due (Italian), a dos (Spanish) - the exact meaning of which depends on context: orchestral instruments normally two on the same staff (for example flute 1 and flute 2 the two instruments should play in unison and is often used after a divisi group of instruments normally all in unison, for example, all the first violins they should divide each half taking one of the two lines on the staff, that is they should divisi vocal or instrumental music indicates that the work has two independent parts à deux choeurs (French) for two choirs, a due cori (Italian) à deux claviers manuels (French) double manual, a due manuali (Italian) à deux cordes (French) in string playing, playing on two strings, usually the same note played on both strings to strengthen the note, auf zwei Saiten (German), zweichörig (German), a due corde (Italian), sobre dos cuerdas (Spanish) on the piano, using the left hand pedal, a half shift (so that two rather than the normal three strings per note are struck by the hammers), a due corde (Italian), beim Klavierspiel mit halber Verschiebung (German) à deux cymballes (French) with two cymbals à deux huit (French) in 2/8 time à deux mains (French) for two hands, zu zwei Händen (German), zweihändig (German - piano music), a due mani (Italian) à deux quatre (French) in 2/4 time à deux temps (French) in common time, in duple time (usually 2/2 time), a due tempi (Italian) à deux voix (French) for two voices, in two parts, für zwei Stimmen (German), zweistimmig (German), a due voci (Italian) ad finem (Latin) towards the end (of a page, chapter, etc.), bis zum Ende (German), gegen Ende zu (mit Musizieranweisung) (German) ad fontes (Latin, 'to the sources') motto of Renaissance Humanism adgo abbreviated form of adagio adgo abbreviated form of adagio Adhan (Arabic) the Islamic call to prayer, which is heard from the minaret (a tower attached to the mosque) at the times of prayer throughout the Arab and Muslim world Adherencia (Spanish f.) adhesion, adherence (figuratively) Adhérent (m.), Adhérente (f.) (French) member Adherente (Spanish m.) adherent adhérer (French) adhere, stick adhérer à (French) stick to Adhésif (French m.) adhesive adhésif (m.), adhésive (f.) (French) adhesive Adhésion (French f.) membership Adhesión (Spanish f.) adhesion, support (figuratively) Adhesive binding a term used in the printing industry, a style of threadless binding in which the leaves of a book are held together at the binding edge by glue or synthetic adhesive and suitable lining Adhesivo (Spanish m.) adhesive ad hoc (Latin, literally for this') for a particular reason or purpose, hastily improvised, made up at the time ad hominem (Latin, literally 'to a man') appealing to someone's sentiments or prejudices rather than to their intellect ad honorem (Latin) honour that carries no material advantage adiacente (Italian) adjacent adiacente a (Italian) next to Adiaphone an instrument developed from the Adiaphonon, a keyboard instrument in which hammers strike tuning forks instead of strings or metal rods Adiaphonon an instrument invented by the watchmaker Schuster of Vienna in 1819, a keyboard instrument with a range of six octaves in which hammers strike metal rods instead of strings a diario (Spanish) daily Adiastematic notation that gives an idea of how a melody moves (i.e. up or down) but without specify exact pitch, for example 'adiastematic neumes' adibire a (Italian) put to use as adicion (Spanish) addition adicionado (Spanish) added to adicional (Spanish) additional Adicto (Spanish m.) follower adicto (Spanish) devoted ad idem (Latin) of the same mind a dieittura (Italian) directly, straight adiestrado (Spanish) trained Adiestramiento (Spanish m.) training Adiestrar (Spanish) train Adiestrarse (Spanish) practise Adieu (s.), Adieux (pl.) (French m., from the phrase à Dieu vous commant, I commend you to God) goodbye, farewell originally 'farewell' was said to a person leaving, while 'adieu' was said to the person remaining a differenza di (Italian) unlike a digiuno (Italian) on an empty stomach ad infinitum (Latin) endlessly, to infinity, without end, forming an infinite series ad initium (Latin) at the beginning, am Anfang (German), zu Beginn (mit Musizieranweisung) (German) ad inquirendum (Latin) ordering an inquiry to be made into some matter of public interest ad interim (Latin) for the time being, temporary, provisional, provisionally Adiós (Spanish, from the phrase a dios vos acomiendo, I commend you to God) goodbye!, farewell!, adieu adiratamente (Italian) angrily, sternly, wrathful, zornig (German), aufgebracht (German), coléreusement (French) adirato (Italian) stizzito (Italian), angry, angered, irate, irritated, infuriated, erzürnt (German), wütend (German), zornerfüllt (German), en colère (French) adire (Italian) resort to adire le vie legali (Italian) take legal proceedings a discapito di (Italian) to the detriment of à discrétion (French) as much as one desires a dismisura (Italian) excessively a dispetto di (Italian) in spite of a distancia (Spanish) from a distance Adit (from the Latin, aditus, approach, entrance) entrance Aditamento (Spanish m.) addition, accessory aditivo (Spanish m.) additive adito (Italian) entrance (delight) adiuvare (Latin) assist Adivinación (Spanish f.) guessing (the answer to a question) Adivinanza (Spanish f.) riddle adivinar (Spanish) foretell, guess Adja (Brazil) metal bell adjoindre (French) appoint (a person) Adjoint (m.), Adjointe (f.) (French) assistant, deputy Adjudicación (Spanish f.) award adjudicar (Spanish) award adjudicarse (Spanish) appropriate adjudicatario (Spanish m.) the winner of an award adjuger (French) award, auction Adjunct (from the Latin, adjungere, joined to) closely related, as, for example, scales or keys to one another Adjunct notes notes not essential to the harmony (that is, auxiliary notes) whether they occur on accented or unaccented parts of the bar, although some authors restrict the term only to those non-essential notes that occur on unaccented parts of the bar adjuntar (Spanish) enclose Adjunto (Spanish m.) assistant adjunto dirección técnica (Spanish: assistant to the technical director, technical director assistant) adjunto (Spanish) enclosed Adjuster (English) or Feinstimmer (German m.), also called a 'string adjuster', a device fitted to stringed instruments to assist in the fine tuning of individual strings Adjuvant (s.), Adjuvanten (pl.) (German m.) assistant(s) Adjuvantchor (German m.) see Adjuvantenchor (German m.) Adjuvantenchor (s.), Adjuvantenchöre (pl.) (German m.) community church choir or chorus. An Adjuvantenchor can consist both of vocalists and instrumentalists although the Adjuvanten choirs existed sporadically in various parts of German during times when the interest in these organizations was growing, the main activities of such groups originated and were centered in Saxony and Thuringia with only some instances where they spread northwards to reach as far as Hamburg where records for such organizations were also found. In rural areas, where the Kantoreien were practically non-existent, the Adjuvantenchöre became the counterpart to the Kantoreien in the larger towns and villages and sang during the church services following the musical trends established by the Kantoreien elsewhere in more populated areas Men in Bach's Vocal Works from which this information has been taken Adjuvanten-gesellschaften (German, literally 'company of assistants') professional associations of men who sang in Lutheran choirs it was usual for school boys who had graduated and whose voices had changed to continue to sing for the church as adult tenors and basses. These singers were largely professionals who were moved by musical interests and devotion to continue singing. Membership fees were charged and members were entitled to elaborate music at their funerals. Rehearsals always closed with food and drink and wives were invited to these "collationes". They were most active from 1648 to 1700. The decline of Adjuvantenchöre came as a result of the attitudes promulgated by Pietism and later the Enlightenment, both of which frowned upon the activities of these organizations for different reasons. Nevertheless, some of them persisted well into the late eighteenth century. In all male choirs, the high soprano and alto parts were sung by falsettists Men in Bach's Vocal Works from which this information has been taken ad l. abbreviation of ad libitum (Latin: at will) ad lib. abbreviation of ad libitum (Latin: at will) Ad Libbing acting without having planned what to do or say, often done to cover up for something having gone wrong or for forgotten lines ad libit. abbreviation of ad libitum (Latin: at will) ad libitum (English, French, Spanish, ad-libitum (German), from Latin, literally 'at will') nach Belieben (German), at pleasure, as much as desired, as you wish it, synonymous with a piacere (Italian), recitativo (Italian), senza misura (Italian), senza tempo (Italian), a suo arbitrio (Italian), a capriccio (Italian), a piacimento (Italian), a bene placito (Italian), the opposite of obbligato. In other words, to depart from the written notes or script and improvise Ad libitum ad-libitum Besetzung (German f.) ad libitum instrumentation ad libitur (Latin) as desired ad litem (Latin) (a guardian approinted to represent an infant) in a suit or action at law ad locum (Latin) at the place Ad longum (Latin) or Gros-Fa, applied by early authorities to compositions consisting of notes of equal duration, and those the longest in use (breves or semibreves) ad maiorem Dei gloriam (Latin) for the greater glory of God, the motto of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) ad majorem Dei gloriam (Latin) for the greater glory of God, the motto of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) admettre (French) pass (a candidate in an examination) Adminiculo (Spanish m.) thing, gadget Administración (Spanish f.) administration, authorities, administrator's office, manager's office Administrador (m.), Adminstratora (f.) (Spanish) administrator, manager administrador (m.), adminstratora (f.) (Spanish) administrating, managing administrar (Spanish) to run ( a business, etc.), to manage, to give (to administer) Administrateur (m.), Administratrice (f.) (French) administrator, director Administrativo (m.), Adminstrativa (f.) (Spanish) a functionary, an official, an office worker administrativo (m.), adminstrativa (f.) (Spanish) administrative Admiración (Spanish f.) admiration Admirador (m.), Admiradora (f.) (Spanish) an admirer admirador (m.), admiradora (f.) (Spanish) admiring admirar (Spanish) to admire, to amaze, to surprise, to astound, to astonish admirarse (Spanish) be be astonished, to be amazed Admirateur (m.), Admiratrice (f.) (French) admirer Admiration originally meaning 'a wondering at', the meaning has weaken over time admirativo (m.), admirativa (f.) (Spanish) admiring ad misericordium (Latin) (an argument) appealing to the compassion of the listener, (a plea) for mercy Admisibilidad (Spanish f.) admissibility admisible (Spanish) acceptable Admisión (Spanish f.) admission, acceptance (Spanish f.) inlet, intake (technical) reservado de delrecho de admición (Spanish: the management reserves the right to refuse admission) admissible (French) eligible (candidate for a job, course, etc.) admitir (Spanish) to admit, to let in, to allow, to acknowledge, to hold (the capacity of a room) ADMT, A.D.M.T. abbreviation of 'Associate Diploma in Music Teaching' ad nauseum (Latin, 'to a sickening extent') to the point of making one sick ado abbreviated form of adagio (Italian: at leisure) Adobe (Spanish) an unbaked brick dried in the sun adocchiare (Italian) eye (look at), covet adocenado (m.), adocenada (f.) (Spanish) commonplace, common-or-garden, ordinary adocenarse (Spanish) to become commonplace Adoctrinamiento (Spanish m.) indoctrination Adodo (Ghana) a cluster of non-resonant bells forged to each end of a metal rod a doi see a duoi adolecer (Spanish) be ill adolecer de (Spanish) suffer with (some complaint) adombrare (Italian) darken, veil ad omnem tonum (Latin) from every note à domicile (French) at home a domicilio (Spanish) at home Adondo (Ghana) a talking drum Adonia see 'Adonic feasts' Adonic feasts or Adonia, ancient feasts instituted in honour of Aphrodite and Adonis, and observed with great solemnity in Assyria, Alexandira, Egypt, Judea, Persia, Cyprus, Greece and Rome. They that lasted two days, and were celebrated by women exclusively. On the first day, they brought into the streets statues of Adonis, which were laid out as corpses; and they observed all the rites customary at funerals, beating themselves and uttering lamentations, in imitation of the cries of Venus for the death of her paramour. The second day was spent in merriment and feasting; because Adonis was allowed to return to life, and spend half of the year with Aphrodite Adonia from which some of this extract has been taken Adonidie (Greek) a song of the ancient Greeks dedicated to Adonis Adonie (Greek) or adonion (Greek), a melody performed on flutes (tibiae embaterie) by the Lacedaemonians when led to battle a doppio (Italian) with two, paired, à deux, mit zwei Adoquin (Spanish) idiot (stupid or silly person) adorabile (Italian) adorable Adoración (Spanish, literally 'adoration') religious folksong from South America, form example, aguinaldo or villancico Adorador (Spanish m.) worshipper adorar (Spanish) adore adorare (Italian) adore Adorazione (Italian f.) adoration adorer (French) adore, worship a Dorio ad Phrygium an aphorism from ancient Greece, referring to two ancient modes, for the behaviour of those who, when engaged in argument, shift from one side to the other without sufficient grounds adormilarse (Spanish) doze (short sleep) adornamente (Italian) gaily, neatly, elegantly Adornamento (s.), Adornamenti (pl.) (Italian m.) ornament, embellishment adornando (Italian) ornando (Italian), adorning, zierend (German), schmückend (German), en ornant (French) adornar (Spanish) adorn adornare (Italian) adorn adornato (Italian) embellished, decorated, ornamented, florid, adorned, verziert (German), orné (French) Adorno (Spanish m., literally 'decoration') (musical) ornament Adornos musicales (Spanish m. pl.) musical ornamentation, ornamentation signs Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903-1969) the theories and opinions of the German philosopher Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno on popular music and the culture industry are still highly influential in the domain of media studies. His thoughts about these subjects were very critical, pessimistic even. Adorno analysed the workings of the culture industry in terms of "standardization" and used the concept of "pseudo-individualization" to describe its effects on the listeners to understand what he meant by these qualifications, the best you can do is to read his own writings. Here below you'll find links to some of these: On popular music, The culture industry, and The culture industry reconsidered Some writings of Adorno from which this introduction has been taken a dos (Spanish) a due (Italian), à deux (French) adosar (Spanish) lean adosar a (Spanish) lean against à dos de (French) riding on adosser (French) lean back (against) à double entente (French) with a double meaning A double flat the double flattened sixth note of the scale of C major A double sharp the double sharpened sixth note of the scale of C major adoucir (French) mellow Adoucissant (French m.) fabric softener Adowa adowa is by far the most widespread and frequently performed social dance of the Akan people of Ghana. The Akan are located in Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Eastern , Central and parts of the Volta Regions of Ghana. It is best described in Akan musical traditions as a women's dance because they dominate the performance. The few men that are seen during any performance handle the musical instruments. This dance is mostly performed at funerals, but can also be seen at yearly festivals, visits of important dignitaries, and other celebrations Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Adowa drums carved drums from Ghana with peg tuning. Fontomfrom and antumpan are headed with cowskin while the others are headed with the skin of antelope ad personam (Latin) (an argument) designed to appeal to the personal sentiments or prejudices of the listener adquirido (Spanish) acquired adquirir (Spanish) acquire, buy adquisición (Spanish) acquisition, purchase Adquista (Greek) added (applied by the Greeks to the note added at the bottom of the scale in each of the modes) Adrastea (from the Greek Adrasteia a reference to the daughter of Zeus, distributor of rewards and punishments, literally 'she from whom there is no escape') nemesis adrede (Spanish) on purpose ad rem (Latin) to the point, relevent to the subject under discussion Adresse (Danish, German f.) address (French f.) address, skill adresser (French) send, address (an envelope, etc.), address (a remark) adresser la parole à (French) speak to adressieren (German) address adrett (German) neat, neatly Adria (German f.) Adriatic Adrianalia (Latin) Hadrianea (Latin) or Hadrianalia (Latin), games (including music and theatre) that took place in several cities of the Roman empire during the reign of Adrian (in English, Hadrian (76-138)). There were two sorts of Hadrianalia, the one held every year, and the other every five years adriatico (Italian) Adriatic adroit (m.), adroite (f.) (from the French phrase à droit, 'to right') skilful, clever, dextrous à droitie (French) on the right, to the right adroitement (French) skilfully, cleverly adscribir (Spanish) appoint adscriptus glebae (s.), adscripti glebae (pl.) (Latin, literally 'bound to the land') in feudal servitude ADSR envelope (English, ADSR (German m.)) see 'Attack Decay Sustain Release' adsum (Latin) I am present a due (Italian) or a duoi (Italian), the equivalent of à deux (French), zu zweit (German: for two), doppelt besetzt (German: two part), in zweistimmiger Besetzung (German: in two parts), a dos (Spanish) - depending on context, the meaning varies: orchestral instruments normally two on the same staff (for example flute 1 and flute 2 the two instruments should play in unison and is often used after a divisi group of instruments normally all in unison, for example, all the first violins they should divide each half taking one of the two lines on the staff, that is they should divisi vocal or instrumental music indicates that the work has two independent parts a due corde (Italian) playing on two strings, usually the same note played on both strings to strengthen the note, auf zwei Saiten (German), zweichörig (German), à deux cordes (French), sobre dos cuerdas (Spanish) on the piano, using the left hand pedal, a half shift (so that two rather than the normal three strings per note are struck by the hammers), beim Klavierspiel mit halber Verschiebung (German), à deux cordes (French) a due cori (Italian) for two choirs, à deux choeurs (French) a due mani (Italian) for two hands, zu zwei Händen (German), zweihändig (German - piano music), à deux mains (French) a due manuali (Italian) double manual, à deux claviers manuels (French) a due stromenti (Italian) for two instruments a due tempi (Italian) two beats in a bar, à deux temps (French) a due violino (Italian) for two violins a due voci (Italian) for two voices, für zwei Stimmen (German), zweistimmig (German), à deux voix (French) a due volte (Italian) twice, zweimal (German) Adufé Portuguese and Brazilian tambourine, traditionally played by women, with a double-headed membrane covered with goat skin, and a frame made of pine within which seeds, grains or small pebbles may be placed Adufe Adufo seecuica Aduk-aduk (Brunei) a ceremonial dance performed by the Kedayan people during holidays, especially at the end of the harvest season Adulación (Spanish f.) flattery Adulador (Spanish m.) flatterer adulador (Spanish) flattering adular (Spanish) flatter adulare (Italian) flatter (praise) Adulation (from the Latin aduliari, 'to flatter' although the original meaning refers to the the wag of a fawning dog) flatter Adulatore (m.), Adulatrice (f.) (Italian) flatterer Adulazione (Italian) flattery, adulation aduler (French) adulate Adult album alternative also called 'Triple-A', 'AAA' or 'Adult Alternative', a radio format which has a broader, more diverse playlist than most formats and tends to appeal more to adults than to teenagers Adult album alternative from which this extract has been taken Adult contemporary music frequently abbreviated AC, a type of radio format that plays mainstream contemporary pop music, excluding hip hop and rap (mainly since it is geared more toward adults than teens, despite the fact that most singers are adults, yet perform music for all ages.) Adult contemporary music from which this extract has been taken ad una corda (Italian) for or upon one string, auf einer Saite (German), einchörig (German) a term used on the piano to mean use the una corda (Italian), una corde (French) or soft pedal (that is, to fully depress the left hand pedal, beim Klavierspiel mit voller Verschiebung (linkes Pedal) (German)) ad una mano (Italian) for one hand, für eine Hand (German), einhändig (German - keyboard music) ad una voce (Italian) for one voice, für eine Stimme (German), einstimmig (German) Adungu a seven to ten stringed harp of the Alur people from Uganda ad un tratto (Italian) suddenly a duoi (Italian) or a doi, for two A-Dur (German n.) the key of 'A major', La majeur (French), La maggiore (Italian) A-Dur-Tonleiter (German f.) the 'A major' scale adusto (Spanish) severe, harsh ad usum Delphini (Latin) bowdlerized ad usum filioli (Latin) bowdlerized, expurgated, made suitable for use by a child ad valorem (Latin, literally 'in proportion to value') used in reference to taxation, particularly duty Advenedizo (Spanish m.) upstart Advent (English, German m.) Christian religious observance which in the Western church takes place in the four weeks immediately before Christmas (commencing the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day, 30th November), and in Eastern churches, where it is also called the 'Nativity Fast', 'Winter Lent', or the 'Christmas Lent', it lasts forty days, beginning on November 15 (for those churches using the Julian calendar this is equivalent to November 28) Advent adventicio (Spanish) accidental Advent music in Italy, among other Advent celebrations, is the entry into Rome in the last days of Advent of the Calabrian pifferari, or bagpipe players, who play before the shrines of Mary, the mother of Jesus, the Italian tradition being that the shepherds played these pipes when they came to the manger at Bethlehem to pay homage to the Messiah Adversidad (Spanish f.) adversity Adversité (French f.) adversity adverso (Spanish) adverse, unfavourable Advertencia (Spanish f.) warning, (prefatory) note, foreward adviento (Spanish m.) Advent ad vitam (Latin) for life ad vitam aut culpam (Latin) during good behaviour ad vitam aeternam (Latin) for all time ad vivam (Latin) from the living model, life-like Advocación (Spanish f.) dedication advocatus diaboli (Latin) the devil's advocate, a fault-finder Adyá (Cuba) metal rattle adyacente (Spanish) adjacent, next to Adytum (s.), Adyta (pl.) (Latin) the sanctum or holy of holies of a pagan temple Adzogbo adzogbo originated from Benin (Dahomey) as a dzovu (spiritual/religious music and dance). It was called dzovu, because during any performance, the men participants would display their dzoka (juju/charms) especially the so-called 'love charms' to seduce women. When this music was brought to Togo and later Ghana in the late nineteenth century, its function changed. The southeastern Ewe of Ghana now performs it for entertainment during festivals and other social occasions. The women's section or phase of the dance is called kadodo Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken