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B referring to the catalogue prepared by István Homolya (b. 1940) & Daniel Benkö of the music of lutenist Balent Valentini Bakfark (1506-1576) after Jarmil Burghauser, the cataloguer of music by Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904) referring to Bernd Bäselt (1934-93), the cataloguer of music by Georg Frideric Handel (1685-1759) after Allan Badley, the cataloguer of music by Leopold Hofmann (1738-1793) or VB, after Bertil H. van Boer jr., the cataloguer of music by Joseph Martin Kraus (1756-1792) referring to the catalogue prepared by Stewart R. Craggs of the music written by Arthur Bliss (1803-1869) or Ben, referring to Rita Benton, the cataloguer of music by Ignaz Joseph Pleyel (1757-1831) referring to Pola Baytelman-Dobry, the cataloguer of music by Isaac Albeniz (1860-1909) referring to A. Peter Brown, the cataloguer of music by Karl von Ordoñez (1734–1786) (Carlos d'Ordoñez) referring to Paul Robey Bryan, the cataloguer of the symphonies of Johann Baptist Vanhal (1739-1813) B abbreviation of 'bass' (voice), basso or bassus, as, for example, in Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass, the four voices in a choir abbreviation of 'bassoon', 'Bachelor' (in academic degrees), Beatus (Latin: blessed), basso primo (Italian: principal bass as opposed to basso continuo or basso secondo), basse chantante (French: principal bass as opposed to basso continuo or basso secondo) on an alto part, and when preceded by the word col, signifies that the alto takes part or performs in unison with the bass placed in the course of a basso continuo, a sign that the voice should sing alone B (German n.) the flat sign B, b (German n.) except in German, the seventh note (leading note or subtonic) in the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called ti, si (Italian, French) (German n.) in German, the flattened seventh note in the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called te B (musical note) B short for 'black', indicating the softness of pencils, such that a larger number of B indicates a softer pencil which will produce a thicker, darker line with the same amount of writing or drawing pressure B the second section of a piece in binary form, i.e. the B section B used in music theory to designate the B-major triad B a system of paper sizes B0 1000 x 1414 mm B1 707 x 1000 mm B2 500 x 707 mm B3 353 x 500 mm B4 250 x 353 mm B5 176 x 250 mm B6 125 x 176 mm B7 88 x 125 mm B8 62 x 88 mm B9 44 x 62 mm B10 31 x 44 mm ISO International sizes intended primarily for posters, wall charts and similar items where difference in size of the larger sheets in the A series represents too large a gap b used in music theory to designate the b-minor triad b abbreviation of 'bass' (instrument) BA abbreviation of 'British Academy', 'Bachelor of Arts' (academic degree), 'British Association' (for example, reference to a standard screw thread) ba although no longer used, ba (pronounced bay) was the tonic sol-fa name for the sharpened sixth of the melodic minor scale Baaj in Indian classical music, a term meaning the 'style with which an instrument is being played' Baaksimba see 'Royal Music of the Kabaka of Buganda' Baas (Dutch) master, employer (the origin of the American word 'boss') Baazas (French) a type of guitar Bab (Spanish f.) spittle, saliva (Italian f.), Spucke (German f.), crachat (French m.), crachats (French m. pl.) Bab. abbreviation of 'Babylonia', 'Babylonian' ba-ba, le (French m.) or les élements de base (French m. pl.), the basics, le basi (Italian f. pl.), Wesentliche (German n.), los conceptos básicos (Spanish) Babala see 'Jumbie drum' Babar the subject of a series of books for children written by Jean de Brunhoff, first published in French in 1931, Barbar is an elegantly dressed elephant. François Poulenc wrote a set of piano pieces inspired by these stories Babashiko babashiko is a recreational music and dance of the Southeastern Anlo Ewe of Ghana, performed mostly at festivals, funerals and other social occasions Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Baba Yaga an ogress of Russian folk-lore, who steals and eats young children. The ninth piece in the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) is entitled The Hut on Hen’s Legs (Baba Yaga) Baba Yaga babbeln (German - Switzerland) to babble Babbeo (Italian m.) idiot, Idiot (German m.), idiot (French m.), idiote (French f.), idiota (Spanish m./f.) babbeo (Italian) foolish, dumm (German), idiot (French), tonto (Spanish) Babbitt the eponymous subject of the satirical novel by Nobel prize winning American author Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), published in 1922, which has come to mean 'middle American cultureless innocence' Babbitt Babbo (Italian m.) dad (familiar), daddy (children's use), Vati (German m. - both uses), papa (French m. - both uses), papá (Spanish m. - both uses) Babbo Natale (Italian m.) Father Christmas, Santa Claus, der Weihnachtsmann (German m.), le père Noël (French m.), Papá Noel (Spanish m.) Babbuccia (Italian f.) slipper, Hausschuh (German m.), pantoufle (French f.), zapatilla (Spanish f.) babear (Spanish) to drool, to slobber, to dribble, sbavare (Italian: to dribble, to drool), sbavarsi (Italian: to slobber), geifern (German: to drool, to slobber, to dribble), sabbern (German: to dribble, to slobber), baver (French: to drool, to dribble, to slobber) Babe in arms a baby too young to walk and must therefore be carried Babel (English, German) a confusion of noises and voices, a hubbub (an allusion to the story of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:1-11) (Spanish f.) bedlam, tumult, uproar and confusion, babilonia (Italian f. - figurative), baccano (Italian m. - figurative), chiasso (Italian m. - figurative), Tumultszene (German f. - figurative), tolle Durcheinander (German n. - figurative), chahut (French m.) Babeo (Spanish m.) dribble (spittle, saliva), bava (Italian f.), Tröpfeln (German n.), petite goutte (French f.) babeo (Spanish) drooling, dribbling Babeurre (French m.) buttermilk, siero di latte (Italian m.), Buttermilch (German f.), suero de la leche (Spanish m.) Babieca (Spanish m./f.) simpleton, sempliciotto (Italian m.), Dummkopf (German m.), Einfaltspinsel (German m.), Gimpel (German m.), Trottel (German m.), nigaude (French m.), nigaud (French f.), niais (French m.), niaise (French f.) babieca (Spanish) stupid, stupido (Italian), dumm (German), stupide (French), bête (French) Babil (French m.) chatter (babble, prattle, twitter), ciarle (Italian f. pl.: chatter), Geschwätz (German n: chatter), parloteo (Spanish m.: chatter) Babillard (French m.) chatterbox, chiacchierone (Italian m.), chiacchierona (Italian f.), Plaudertasche (German f.), parlanchin (Spanish m.), parlanchina (Spanish f.) babiller (French) to chatter, balbettare (Italian: to talk endlessly), plappern (German: to talk endlessly), parlotear (Spanish: to talk endlessly) Babilonia (Italian f.) bedlam (figurative), tumult, uproar and confusion, manicomio (Italian m.), baccano (Italian m. - figurative), chiasso (Italian m. - figurative), Tumultszene (German f.), tolle Durcheinander (German n.), chahut (French m.) Babinski-Reflex (German m.) Babinski reflex (an abnormal reflex in which the great toe moves upward and the toes fan upon stroking the bottom of the foot) Babiole (French m.) knick-knack, trinket, small token, trifle (figurative), triviality (figurative) Babone see tromboon Babosada (Spanish f.) a stupid thing, nonsense, rubbish (Spanish/Mexico) silly remark, stupid action, illogical action babosear (Spanish) to slobber over, to dribble over, to drool over (Spanish) to daydream about a person or thing with which one is captivated or obsessed Baboseo (Spanish m.) drooling, dribbling (Spanish m. - figurative) state of being captivated by or obsessed with a person or object Baboso (Spanish m.) a slobberer, person or thing that slobbers, slobber baboso (Spanish) slimy, slobbery (Spanish) moronic Babouche (French f.) a Turkish or oriental slipper, babucha (Spanish f.) Babu (Anglo-Indian, from the Hindi) a native clerk who writes English, a stilted, unidiomatic and florid style of English Babucha (Spanish f.) Turkish or oriental slipper, babouche (French f.) Babuschka (English, German f., from Russian) babushka (old woman or grandmother) Babyausstattung (German f.) layette Baby-Ausstattung (German f.) baby's outfit Babybett (German n.) baby cot Babydoll (English, German m.) short dress or night dress often in light weight sheer fabrics like chiffon and sometimes trimmed with feathers, beads and ribbon and reminiscent of children’s nightwear Baby-Gequassel (German n.) baby talk, baby-talk Baby grand a piano with a horizontal frame, strung horizontally, that is smaller than a concert grand Babykleidung (German f.) baby clothes, baby garments, babywear Baby-Kleidung (German f.) baby wear, baby's garment Baby-Körbchen (German n.) moses basket (for babies) Babylonian captivity the period 597 to 538 BC when the Jews were captives in Babylon. It is the story leading up to their freedom that forms the basis of William Walton's oratorio Belshazzar's Feast Belshazzar's Feast Babylonien (German n.) Babylonia Babylonier (m.), Babylonierin (f.) (German) Babylonian babylonisch (German) Babylonian babylonische Sprachverwirrung (German f.) Babylonian confusion, confusion of languages, confusion of tongues Babynamen (German pl.) babies' names Baby-Rassel (German f.) baby's rattle Babysitten (German n.) baby-sitting, babysitting babysitten (German) to baby-sit, to babysit Babysitter (m.), Babysitterin (f.) (German) babysitter, badysitter Babysprache (German f.) baby talk, nursery language, infant-directed talk, child-directed speech, baby language (as spoken by babies) Babysprechanlage (German f.) baby monitor Babyspeck (German m.) puppy fat (colloquial), baby fat Baby-Stuhl (German m.) baby's chair, baby-chair Babytrage (German f.) baby carrier Babytragetasche (German f.) carrycot Baby-Tragetuch (German n.) baby sling baby vleugel (Dutch) baby grand piano Babywagen (German m.) pram Bac. abbreviation of baccaleuréat (French: a school examination), Baccalaureus (Latin: bachelor) Baca (Spanish f.) luggage rack Bacaladilla (Spanish f.) small cod Bacalao (Spanish m.) cod bacato (Italian) wormeaten Bacbuc the sound of a bottle being poured or emptied, Rabelais' personification of 'The Oracle of Holy Bottle', which is consulted by Panurge Oracle of the Holy Bottle, Bacbuc Bacca (Italian f.) berry Baccalauréat (French m.) school-leaving certificate Baccalaureus (German m.) bachelor of arts Baccano (Italian m.) din Baccara (French) or baccarat, a card-game Bacchanal (English, German n. from Latin) song or dance pertaining to Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, who equates with the Greek Dionysus. His festival was celebrated on March 16 and 17. The Bacchanalia, orgies in honour of Dionysus, were introduced in Rome around 200 BCE. These infamous celebrations, notorious for their sexual and criminal character, got so out of hand that they were forbidden by the Roman Senate in 186 BCE. Bacchus is also identified with the old-Italian god Liber. The same term (or Bacchants or Bacchantes) is used for the priests and priestesses who participate in these celebrations Bacchanalia Bacchanale (French) Bacchanal Bacchanalia orgies, drunken revelries (originally Roman feasts held in honour of Bacchus, the Roman equivalent of the Greek Dionysus) Bacchanalian or Bacchic, pertaining to the revelries of Bacchanalia Bacchanalien (German pl.) bacchanalia bacchanalisch (German, dated) bacchanalian Bacchant (m.), Bacchante (f.), Bacchantes (pl.) (Latin) priestess of Bacchus, drunken women, man taking part in a bacchanalia Bacchant (m.), Bacchantin (f.), Bacchanten (pl.), Bacchantinnen (f.pl.) (German) bacchant (m.), bacchante (f.) bacchantisch (German) bacchanalian Bacchetta (s.), Bacchette (pl.) (Italian f.) stick, beater, striker, conductor's baton (Italian f.) rod, wand (magic) Bacchetta da tamburo (Italian f.) drumstick Bacchetta di cuoio (Italian f.) leather-headed stick Bacchetta di feltro (Italian f.) felt-headed stick Bacchetta di legno (Italian f.) wooden stick Bacchetta di spugna (Italian f.) sponge-headed stick Bacchetta imbottita (Italian f.) padded stick Bacchetta per piatti (Italian f.) cymbal stick Bacchetta per timpani (Italian f.) timpani stick Bacchette (Italian f. pl.) claves, drumsticks Bacchia a Kamschatka dance in duple meter Bacchic see Bacchanalian Bacchic song a drinking song, a chanson à boire (French) the term is used more properly for a dithryrambic ode or hymn Bacchius (English, German m., from Latin) a metrical foot of one short followed by two long syllables Bacchus (English, German m.) in classical mythology, god of wine, the Roman equivalent of Dionysus Bacchus cult the initial intrusion of Dionysic ideas into Roman culture probably occurred during the early 3rd century B.C., as Rome took control of the areas of southern Italy which had been colonized by Greek farmers some three hundred years before. Its initial presence is now imperceptable: perhaps it was sustained only by word-of-mouth description among Rome's slave population. Ancient texts indicate clearly enough, however, that by 186 B.C. the Bacchic cult had gained sufficient popularity to be regarded as a threat to the stability of the State. It was then that an official purge was ordered Roman Wine: Windows on a Lifestyle from which this extract has been taken Bacchuskult (German m.) Bacchus cult Bacchuslied (German n.) a Bacchanalian song Bacciocolo (Italian) a musical instrument from Tuscany Bach (s.), Bäche (pl.) (German m.) brook, stream, rivulet, runnel, ditch, back (Northern English), burn (Scottish), creek B-A-C-H or 'Bach motif', the letters making up J.S. Bach's surname, which in German nomenclature represent the notes B flat-A-C-B natural, which have been used by Bach and others as a melodic theme in fugues, etc.. Max Hinrichsen's Compositions Based on the Motive B-A-C-H (in Hinrichsen's Musical Yearbook: Vol. 7, ed. Max Hinrichsen, 379-81. London: Hinrichsen Edition, 1952) lists twenty-nine works the majority written by German composers. The first known example, however, is in a piece by Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in the seventeenth century - it is possible, though not certain, that he used it in homage to one of Johann Sebastian's ancestors, many of whom were themselves musicians BACH motif from which this information has been taken Bachata a genre from the Dominican Republic that is played with guitars and percussion, usually with lyrics that focus on love, treachery, jealousy and desperation. The music that today is called bachata emerged from and belongs to a long-standing Pan-Latin American tradition of guitar music, música de guitarra, which was typically played by trios or quartets comprised of one or two guitars (or other related stringed instrument such as the smaller requinto), with percussion provided by maracas and/or other instruments such as claves (hardwood sticks used for percussion), bongo drums, or a gourd güiro scraper. Sometimes a large thumb bass called marimba or marimbula was included as well. When bachata emerged in the early 1960s, it was part of an important subcategory of guitar music, romantic guitar music--as distinguished from guitar music intended primarily for dancing such as the Cuban son or guaracha--although in later decades, as musicians began speeding up the rhythm and dancers developed a new dance step, bachata began to be considered dance music as well. The most popular and widespread genre of romantic guitar music in this century, and the most influential for the development of bachata, was the Cuban bolero (not to be confused with the unrelated Spanish bolero). Bachata musicians, however, also drew upon other genres of música de guitarra that accomplished guitarists would be familiar with, including Mexican rancheras and corridos, Cuban son, guaracha, and guajira, Puerto Rican plena and jíbaro music, and the Colombian-Ecuadorian vals campesino and pasillo--as well as the Dominican merengue, which was originally guitar based Bachata from which this information has been taken Bachblüten (German pl.) Bach flowers, Bach flower extracts Bachblütenauszüge (German pl.) Bach flower extracts Bachblütentherapie (German f.) Bach flower therapy, Bach flower remedy Bachbogen (German m.) Bach bow Bach bow a twentieth-century invention by Emil Telmányi that uses a system of levers to temporarily slacken the bow hair and allow sustained three or four note chords but which has no historical precedent Bach Cantatas Bach Cantatas - Index to Recordings & Discussions a very useful resource Bach Compendium begun in 1985, by 1989 four volumes had appeared. This compendium gives source-critical and bibliographical information on all of Bach's works and was prepared by Schulze and Wolff Bach-Compendium (German n.) Bach Compendium Bach-Dokumente produced in three volumes (appearing 1963, 1969 and 1972), this collection contains every important documents by J. S. Bach and by his contemporaries about Bach Bache (Spanish m.) hole, bad patch (figurative) (German f.) wild sow, female wild boar Bâche (French f.) tarpaulin Bacheca (Italian f.) showcase bâcher (French) cover (with a tarpaulin) Bachelier (m.), Bachelière (f.) (French) holder of the baccalauréat Bachelor an unmarried man, an aspirant to the knighthood, the lowest rank of knighthood, one who has taken a first degree at a British university (German m.) a first degree at a British university Bachelor-Abschluss (German m.) bachelor's degree Bachelorarbeit (German f.) bachelor thesis (a thesis written as part of the requirement for a bachelor's degree) Bachelor of Music abbreviated B.Mus., the lowest of three musical degrees, the other two being Master (abbrev. M.Mus.) and Doctor (abbrev. D.Mus.) Bachelor's button similar to press-studs, used in dress-making and affixed without the need of sewing Bachelor's porch an old name for the north door of a church, a reference to a time when old men and menservants and old women and maidservants entered the church through different doors and sat in different parts of the church Bach flower therapy a holistic treatment using extracts of flowers to calm emotions and promote healing Bach-Gesellschaft (German f., literally 'Bach Society') initiated by Robert Schumann in 1850 (sponsored by the publishers Breitkopf & Härtel), dedicated to the revival and reprinting of Bach's music. In 1900, the Bach-Gesellschaft was transformed into the Neue Bachgesellschaft [clarification by Michael Zapf] Bachi a term applied in Japanese music to a drum stick and to the plectrum used to play a shamisen Plectrum (bachi) for lute (shamisen), Japan, 19th century Bachianas Brasileiras a series of works written by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) inspired by the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and the folkloric music of Brazil series number scoring date written date premiered No. 1 for an orchestra of cellos 1930 12 Sep. 1932 No. 2 for chamber orchestra 1930-31   No. 3 for piano and orchestra 1938 19 Feb. 1947 No. 4 for piano 1930-41 - orchestrated in 1942 15 Jul. 1942 No. 5 for voice and 8 cellos 1938 and 1945   No. 6 for flute and bassoon 1938   No. 7 for orchestra 1942 1944 No. 8 for orchestra 1944 1947 No. 9 for chorus or string orchestra 1944   Bachianas Brasileiras Bachillerato (Spanish m.) school-leaving examination Bach-Jahrbuch first produced in 1904, this scholarly Bach Yearbook publishes collection of articles on Bach's works Bachlandschaft (German f.) landscape with brook Bachlauf (German m.) course of a stream Bächlein (s/.pl.) (German n.) streamlet, brooklet, burn (small stream), little creek Bachot (French) or bac, colloquial French name for the Baccalauréat bachoter (French) cram (for an exam) Bach pitch throughout his life, Bach worked with instruments at a number of pitches including Cornett-Thon (around 470 Hz.), Kammerton (about 418 Hz.) and Tief Kammerton (403-395 Hz.). The notation of various voices varied, depending on where he was at the time (all pitches given as a' in Hz.) Weimar (1708-1717) the organ was at Cornett-Thon, and during his first year he wrote a part for an 'oboe' a major second higher than the other voices (organ, vocal, strings), implying that the strings and vocals were pitched to the organ, and that the oboe was pitched a note lower than that of the organ, pitched at the highest version of Kammerton. By the end of 1714, this oboe disappears and has been replaced with an 'hautbois' which was pitched a minor third lower, as were the bassoon and the recorder. Their pitch was Tief Kammerton. All his Weimar works show this disposition Köthen (1717-1723) the pitch is the same for all instruments. In trying to establish what it was, the vocal scores help. The range of the parts is unusually high, and when Bach used Köthen material in Leipzig, he lowered the vocal parts to Tief Kammerton. One can assume therefore that this was the Köthen pitch. The problematic trumpet part in the 2nd Brandenburg would be much easier on an instrument at Tief Kammerton. Leipzig (1723-1750) surviving sheet music for most of his vocal works shows that strings, vocals and woodwinds were all pitched at Kammerton, while the organ and the brass were higher by a major second. Bach's predecessor Kuhnau had mentioned in an earlier letter to Mattheson that the organs of the Thomas and Nikolai churches were at Cornett-Thon. But he had woodwinds at his disposal at both normal Kammerton and Tief Kammerton pitch, which therefore differed in pitch by a minor second. From the time of his appointment at Leipzig until 4th July 1724, Bach wrote a number of works in Tief Kammerton. In the 1730s, he transposed the Magnificat from E flat (Es) to D, most likely because he had no longer to deal with woodwinds pitched at Tief Kammerton. The combination of woodwind at pitches differing from that of the organ and stringed instruments offered Bach a way of exploring a wider range of keys in his orchestral writing [information supplied by Michael Zapf] see 'Venetian pitch' Bach trumpet a trumpet made by the company founded by Vincent Bach, who, combining his unique talents as both a musician and an engineer, created brass instruments which remain the sound choice of artists worldwide. Born Vincent Schrotenbach in Vienna during 1890, initial musical training was received on the violin. However, young Vincent preferred the majestic sounds of the trumpet and eventually switched. Also displaying an aptitude in science, Vincent graduated from the Maschinenbauschule with an engineering degree. His heart remained in music, leaving an engineering career for an uncertain future in music. Success soon followed as he toured throughout Europe, adopting the stage name of Vincent Bach while in England BachBrass from which the short extract immediately above has been taken a name given to the clarino or valveless Baroque trumpet Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) used one or more trumpets in several of his works. His whole life, Bach had trumpet players around him. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach was a string player, town piper and court trumpeter. His second father-in-law (the father of Anna Magdalena Wilcken) was also a court trumpeter. The most famous player connected to Bach was the Leipzig Stadtpfeifer, Gottfried Reiche Bach and the Trumpet from which the short extract immediately above has been taken Bachüberquerung (German f.) creek crossing Bachufer (German n.) brookside, bank of a stream Bachwasser (German n.) water from the creek Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (German n.) thematic-systematic listing of the works of J.S. Bach see 'BWV' baciandola (Italian) kissing it baciare (Italian) kiss baciarsi (Italian) kiss one another Bacile (Italian m.) basin Bacio (Italian m.) kiss Bacinella (Italian f.) small basin Bacino (Italian m.) basin, pelvis, dock (port) Bacitracin (Englisn, German n.) antibiotic ointment with an oily consistency, used for superficial burns Back Boden (German m.), fond (French m.), fondo (Italian m., Spanish m.), the lower surface of the soundbox of a stringed instrument, that is arched on members of the violin family and flat on members of the viol family in printing, the back of a book is the binding edge. To back a book is to shape the back of a previously rounded book, so as to make a shoulder on either side against which the front and back covers fit closely Back, to to support with money (as well as with influence and encouragement), to lay money on a horse, etc. Back and forward bows Ganassi's Regola Rubertina (1542) employs the Italian tablature for viol that showed the fingering, the upper finger-position above the frets and the bowing. A dot placed well below a symbol indicates a back bow (the weaker stroke) and a dot placed well above a symbol indicates a forward bow (the stronger stroke) Backbeat (English, German m.) or 'off-beat', the 2 and 4 beats in a four beat bar (measure) to play with a continuous heavy accent on beats 2 and 4 in jazz and rock and roll music Back beat Backblech (s.), Backbleche (pl.) (German n.) baking tin, baking plate, baking sheet, baking tray, griddle backbord (German) on the port side, to port Backbord (German n.) larboard (archaic), port (side) Backbord- (German) port, portside (prefix) backbords (German) on the port side, to port Backbordseite (German f.) port side backbordseitig (German) port, larboard (archaic) Back bow on a viol, the weaker bow stroke, where the bow travels from frog to point Backbrett (German n.) bread board, bread-board, breadboard Backbuch (German n.) baker's book, baking (recipe) book Back burner, the to put something on the back burner is to put something aside for the present, with the intention of returning to it at a later date at first glance, putting something on the back-burner may seem similar to procrastination, a type of behavior which is characterized also by deferment of actions or tasks to a later time. Psychologists often cite procrastination as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision. However, putting something on the back-burner is, generally, without the psychological undertones of procrastination, being a rational setting of priorities Backdoor pilot TV-pilot episode filmed as a standalone movie Backdoor progression in jazz music theory, the cadential chord progression from iv7-»I, or flat-VII7-»I has been nicknamed the 'backdoor progression'. This name derives from an assumption that the normal progression to the tonic (V7-»I, or the authentic cadence) is, by inference, the front door Backdoor progression from which this extract has been taken Back down, to to yield a point (in argument), to withdraw an earlier claim (or assertion) Backe (s.), Backen (pl.) (German f.) cheek, jaw (chuck on a lathe) Backe des Schraubstocks (German f.) cheek or jaw of a vice Backen (German f.) or Flanke (German f.), fianco (Italian m.), flanc (French m.), flank, side of a body (in the human body, the side between ribs and hip, the side of the waist) backen (German) to bake, to fry (German) to stick Backenbart (s), Backenbärte (pl.) (German m.) whiskers, whisker, muttonchops (side whiskers) backenbärtig (German) whiskery backend (German) baking Back end (of the year), the Autumn Backeneinzelverstellung (German f.) individual jaw adjustment (lathe chuck) Backenhörnchen (s./pl.) (German n.) chipmunk Backenknochen (German m.) maxillary bone, cheekbone Backennerv (German m.) buccal nerve (Nervus buccalis) (a nerve in the face) Backenschnellwechselsystem (German n.) quick-change jaw system (lathe chucks, vises) Backenschnellwechsel-System (German n.) quick-change jaw system (lathe chucks, vises) Backenstreich (German m., dated) slap (in the face) Backenverstellung (German f.) jaw adjustment Backenwechsel (German m.) change of jaws, jaw change (lathe chuck, vise) Backenzahn (s.), Backenzähne (pl.) (German m.) back tooth, molar (tooth) Bäcker (s.), Bäckerin (f.) (German) baker [correct by Michael Zapf] Bäckerallergie (German f.) flour allergy Bäckerasthma (German n.) baker's asthma Bäckerei (s.), Bäckereien (pl.) (German f.) bakery, bake-house, bakehouse, baker's, small pastry (Austria) Bäckergehilfe (German m.) baker's assistant Bäckergewerbe (German n.) bakery trade Bäckerhefe (German f.) baker's yeast Bäckerjunge (German m.) baker's boy, baker's apprentice Bäckerladen (German m.) baker's shop, bakery [correct by Michael Zapf] Bäckerlied (German n.) baker's song Bäckerlied - Mir vor allem auf der Welt Bäckermaschine (German f.) dough mixer Bäckermusik (German f.) a brass band formed of bakers Bäckermusik Ostschweiz Bäckermütze (German f.) baker's cap Bäckerschaufel (German f.) baker's shovel Bäckersdutzend (German n.) thirteen to the dozen, baker's dozen Bäckersfrau (German f.) baker's wife Bäckerwagen (German m.) baker's van Bäckerwaren (German pl.) bakery products Backfall a descending appoggiatura (seventeenth-century England) as opposed to a 'forefall' or an ascending appoggiatura on an organ part of the mechanism which intervenes between a key and the corresponding pallet, a horizontal lever which, when raised at the one end by a sticker, draws down with the other end (which 'falls back') the tracker communicating with the pallet see 'fall-board' Backfett (German n.) shortening (a white, flavourless, solid fat formulated for baking or deep frying) Backfisch (German m., literally 'fried fish') bobby-soxer, bobbysoxer (German m., literally 'small fry', now obsolete) a girl in her teens Backflip (German m.) back flip Backfolie (German f.) baking foil, baking wrap, cooking foil Backform (German f.) baking dish, baking tin, earthenware baking mould Back frame (in German, Rast) on the piano, the foundation, consisting of top and side-members and back posts, upon which other basic components such as wrest-plank, soundboard and plate depend for proper support Background a term used in jazz and popular music to describe lines played by melody instruments that accompany rather than lead Background music music that accompanies film or theatre productions but does not contribute to the action piped music, often intrusive, to be heard in shopping malls, supermarkets, etc. Background-Musiker (German pl.) background musicians Backgroundsänger (m.), Backgroundsängerin (f.) (German) backing vocal, backing singer Background-Sänger (German m.) backing vocal, backing singer backhalten (German) to backwind, to wind back Backhaus (German n.) bakehouse Backhefe (German f.) yeast, baker's yeast Backhendl (German n. - Austria) breaded fried chicken, fried chicken Backhuhn (German n.) fried chicken Backing-Sänger (German m.) backing vocal, backing singer Backing-up see 'perfecting' Backleading or 'anticipation', which, in social dancing that strongly relies on 'leading' and 'following', is considered a bad dancing habit, where the 'follower' executes steps without waiting for or contrary to the lead of the 'leader' see 'hijacking' Back list a publisher's list of books that were previously published and remain in print and therefore available Backmischung (German f.) baking mixture Backmulde (German f.) kneading trough Backnatron (German n.) baking soda Back-Natron (German n.) baking soda Back number back issues of a magazine or newspaper with the assumption that they contain news that is now stale (i.e. out of date) Backoblate (s.), Backoblaten (pl.) (German f.) wafer paper, wafer papers for baking (sometimes called rice paper) Back-Oblaten (German pl.) wafer papers for baking (sometimes called rice paper) Backobst (German n.) dried fruit Backofen (German m.) oven, furnace, baking oven backofenfest (German) ovenproof Backofenthermometer (German n. - in Austria and Switzerland m.) oven thermometer Back out, to to withdraw from an undertaking Backpacker (m.), Backpackerin (f.), Backpacker (pl.), Backpackerinnen (f.pl.) (German) backpacker Backpapier (German n.) parchment paper, baking paper, baking parchment Backpfeife (German f.) slap in the face Backpfeifengesicht (German n.) someone to slap around Backpflaume (German f.) prune Backpinsel (s./pl.) (German m.) pastry brush Backplane (English, German f.) physical connection between an interface processor or card and the data buses and the power distribution buses inside a chassis Backplatte (German f.) baking surface (of a waffle iron, griddle, etc.) Back-plucked string plucked far from the nut, close to the bridge, to produce round, flute-like tones (i.e. flageolet tones, so-called because the sound has relatively few overtones) Backpfeife (German f.) slap in the face Backpflaume (German f.) prune Backpulver (German n.) baking-powder Backpulver (German n.) baking powder, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate Backrezeptbuch (German n.) baking recipe book Backrohr (German n., used particularly in Austria) oven [clarified by Michael Zapf] Backschüssel (German f.) baking-dish Back seat, to take to play no direct role in managing a project, concern, etc. (figurative) Back-seat driver see armchair critic Backskiste (German f.) locker Backslash (German m.) a line sloping backwards from the upright, i.e. \ Backslide (English, German m.) although when most people think of the moonwalk they think of the signature Michael Jackson move, a variation of the modern-day moonwalk was invented by Cooley Jackson who calls it the 'backslide' Moonwalk Back slang a form of slang in which words are pronounced as the word is spelt backwards Backspace-Taste (German f.) backspace key Backstage that region of the theatre that lies behind the stage, often where the dressing rooms are to be found Backstein (German m.) brick, clinker, bakestone Backsteinarchitektur (German f.) brick work Backsteinbau (German m.) brick building, red-brick building Backsteingebäude (German n.) brick building Backsteingotik (German f.) brick Gothic, red brick Gothic Backsteinhaus (German n.) brick house Backsteinkäse (German m.) brick cheese Backsteinmauer (German f.) brick wall backt (German) bakes Backtag (German m.) baking day backte (German) baked Backteig (German m.) batter (for pancakes, waffles etc.) Backtemperatur (German f.) baking temperature Backtest (German m.) back test Back test a method for determining the predictive validity of an investment strategy using historical data Back to Bach movement also called 'neo-baroque', a movement in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century composition to seek inspiration from the forms and styles associated with the baroque period including the works of J.S. Bach Back to square one back to where one started Back to the wall a desperate situation Backtriebmittel (s./pl.) (German n.) baking agent, leavening agent, rising agent, raising agent, leaven Backtrog (German m.) baking tray, baking-tray, kneading trough Backturn an ornament that begins on a lower note, for example, an inverted turn Back- und Bratformen (German pl.) cooking tins Back up or 'back-up', an approach made by a vehicle moving in reverse gear a copy of electronic data, usually on removeable media, in order that should the original data become corrupted, the user may recover an earlier, hopefully, uncorrupted version of the data thus avoiding significant data loss or 'perfecting', in printing, printing the second side of a sheet already printed on one side Backup-Fazilitäten zur Verfügung stellen (German) to provide backup facilities Back up, to to give support to someone Backward blessing a curse Backware (s.), Backwaren (pl.) (German f.) pastries, baked goods (plural form) Backwerk (German n.) cakes and pastries Backzeit (German f.) baking time Backzutaten (German pl.) baking ingredients bâcler (French) botch, botch up Baco (Italian m.) worm Baco da seta (Italian m.) silkworm bacucco (Italian) decrepit Bad (German n.) bath, bathroom, pool, spa, watering place (spa), (swimming) baths, balneary (a bathing room) (archaic) Bada gourd drum from the Ivory Coast made from a large gourd with the top third cut off, a goatskin is fastened to the gourd with rope and tuned using Mali woven tension ropes Badajazo (Spanish m.) stroke (of a bell) Badajo (Spanish m.) clapper (of a bell), chatterbox badare (Italian) take care, look out badare a (Italian) take care of Badarmaturen (German pl.) bathroom fittings Badaud (m.), Badaude (f.) (French) onlooker (pejorative term) Bad blood ill-feeling, vindictiveness Bad debts debts unlikely to be paid Badeanstalt (German f.) swimming baths, baths, public baths, bath-house, bathhouse, swimming pool Badeanzug (s.), Badeanzüge (pl.) (German m.) swim-suit, bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing-dress, one piece swimsuit Badearzt (m.), Badeärztin (f.) (German) spa doctor, balneologist (a practitioner of the science of baths or bathing, especially of the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badebekleidung (German f.) swimming wear, bathing wear, swimwear Badeeinrichtungen (German pl.) bathing facilities Badeente (German f.) rubber duck Badegast (s.), Badegäste (pl.) (German m.) bather, spa visitor, visitor at a watering place, swimmer Badehandtuch (German n.) bathing towel, bath towel Badehaube (German f.) bathing cap, swimming cap, swimming hat Badehaus (German n.) bathhouse, bath Badehocker (German m.) bath seat Badehose (German f.) swimming trunks, bathing drawers, bathing slip, bathing trunks Badehütte (German f.) bathing hut, bathing-hut Badekabine (German f.) bathing hut, bathing cabin, bathing cubicle, changing cubicle Badekappe (s.), Badekappen (pl.) (German f.) bathing-cap, swimming hat, bathing cap [corrected by Michael Zapf] Badekarren (German m.) bathing machine Badekleidung (German f.) swimwear, bathing wear, swimming wear Badekostüm (German n.) bathing costume, swimming costume Badekur (German f.) spa therapy Badekurort (German m.) spa Badelatschen (German pl.) flip-flops Bademantel (s), Bademäntel (pl.) (German m.) bath robe, bathing gown, beach robe, bathing wrap, bathrobe (morning wear), dressing gown Badematte (German f.) bath-mat, bathmat Bademeister (German m.) bath attendant, (pool) attendant, pool supervisor Bademode (s.), Bademoden (pl.) (German f.) beach fashion Bademöglichkeiten (German pl.) bathing facilities Bademütze (German f.) bathing-cap, bathing cap, swimcap, swimming cap, swimming hat Baden (English, German) a historical region of southwest Germany which, in the 1840s it was a centre of the German liberal movement baden (German) to take a bath, to have a bath, to bath Baden-Baden (English, German) a city of southwest Germany in the Black Forest near the French border that was founded as a Roman garrison in the third century A.D and is noted as a health resort and spa badend (German) bathing, imbruing (wetting or moistening) Badender (German m.) bather badend in (German) imbruing (wetting or moistening) baden gehen (German) to be totally unsuccessful Badenixe (s.), Badenixen (pl.) (German f.) bathing beauty, bathing belle Baden verboten (German) bathing forbidden, bathing prohibited Baden-Württemberg (English, German n.) a Land of the Federal Republic of Germany in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine baden-württembergisch (German) of or from Baden-Württemberg Badeofen (German m., dated) geyser (water heater) Badeort (s.), Badeorte (pl.) (German m.) bathing resort, spa, bathing place, bathing-place, (seaside) resort Badepantoffel (s.), Badepantoffeln (pl.) (German m.) bathing slipper Badepantolette (s.), Badepantoletten (pl.) (German f.) bathing slipper Badeplatz (German m.) bathing place, place for bathing Bader (s./pl.) (German m.) barber surgeon, bath, bathhouse Bäderbehandlung (German f.) medical treatment using therapeutic baths Bäderdampfer (German m.) sea-side excursion steamer, tourist steamer Badereise (German f.) trip to a spa, visit to a spa Bäderkunde (German f.) balneology (the science of baths or bathing, including the study of the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badesachen (German pl.) bathing things, swimming things Badesaison (German f.) spa season Badesalz (German n.) bath salts Badesandalen (German pl.) flip-flops Badeschönheit (German f.) bathing beauty Badeschuh (s.), Badeschuhe (pl.) (German m.) bathing shoe, sandal, (bath) slipper Badeschwamm (German m.) bath sponge Badesee (German m.) lake for bathing, bathing lake, bathing pond Badessa (Italian f.) abbess, Äbtin (German f.), Äbtissin (German f.), abbesse (French f.), abadesa (Spanish f.) Badesteg (German m.) bathing jetty Badestrand (s.), Badestrände (pl.) (German m.) beach, bathing beach, strand badet (German) bathes, imbrues (wets or moistens) badete (German) bathed Badeteich (German m.) bathing pond Badetherapie (German f.) balneotherapy (the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badethermometer (German n.) bath thermometer Badetuch (s.), Badetücher (pl.) (German n.) bath-towel, bath towel Badeumhang (German m.) bath robe, bath wrap, bathing wrap Badeunfall (German m.) bathing accident Badeurlaub (German m.) holiday at the seaside, vacation by the sea Badeurlaub machen (German) to go to the seaside for one's holiday Badeverbot (German n.) bathing ban Badewanne (s.), Badewannen (pl.) (German f.) bath, bathtub, bath tub Badewannengriff (German m.) bath rail Badewärter (German m.) bathing attendant Badewasser (German n.) bathwater, bath water Badewasser einlassen (German) to draw a bath Badeweiher (German m.) bathing pond, swimming pond Badezeit (German f.) bathing hours Badezeug (German n.) bathing gear, bathing things, swimming things, bathing clothes Badezimmer (s./pl.) (German n.) bathroom, bath room, bath, bath-room, powder room Badezimmerfenster (German n.) bathroom window Badezimmerfliesen (German pl.) bathroom tiles Badezimmermatte (s.), Badezimmermatten (pl.) (German f.) bath mat Badezimmerschrank (German m.) bathroom cabinet Badezimmerspiegel (German m.) bathroom mirror Badezimmerwaage (s./pl.) (German f.) bathroom scale Badezimmerwaschbecken (German n.) bathroom sink, bathroom washbasin Badezimmerwaschtisch (German m.) bathroom vanity (sink, mirror and all the storage necessary for cosmetic activity in a bathroom) Badger in English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln in by 1252. It continued in use until the nineteenth century in Great Britain Badia (Italian f.) abbey Badigeon (French m.) whitewash Badigeonner (French) whitewash, daub Badile (Italian m.) shovel Bad im Freien (German n.) bathe badin (m.), badine (f.) (French) light-hearted (also 'cheerful', 'frivolous') Badinage (French, meaning 'jest') chaff, playfulness, banter, raillery, jesting, light-heatred fooling "Badinage [the act of bantering] is an innocent amusement in itself and agreeable to society; in order to badiner with bonne grâce [graciously], one must be extremely polite. One does not badiner about serious and respected things." Abbé Roubaud (1785) badiner (French) joke, banter, trifle with, toy with, tease in fun, jest the verb can be used about clothing or decorations attached to clothing, for example ils badinet, meaning 'they are fluttering' badiner avec (French) joke about badiner sur (French) joke about Badinerie (French, meaning 'jest') playfulness a quick eighteenth-century piece in 2/4 time, for example, a movement from Bach's Suite in B minor for flute and strings, light and playful in character badisch (German) Baden, associated with Baden (Germany) Badische Küche (German f.) cuisine of Baden, Baden cuisine Badman ballads songs that tend to romanticise the outlaw whether Robin Hood, Dick Turpin or Jesse James Badminton (English, German n.) a game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net badnerisch (German) Baden Bad note or nota cativa (Italian), a note that falls on the unaccented part of a bar (or measure) the opposite, a good note or nota buono (Italian), is one that falls upon the accented part of a bar (or measure) Bad patch a difficult time, a troubled period Bad quarter of an hour mauvais quart d'heure (French), a brief unpleasant experience Badvorleger (German m.) bath mat Bad way, in a gravely ill, in serious trouble Baedeker, Karl (1801-1859) author of a famous series of guidebooks, modelled on John Murray's Handbooks Baerpfeife (German f.) a stopped organ pipe of 8ft. or 16ft. tone baff (German) open-mouthed, gobsmacked (colloquial) Baffe (French f.) slap Baffi (Italian m. pl.) moustache, whiskers (animal) Baffinbai (German f.) Baffin Bay Baffin Bay an ice-clogged body of water between northeast Canada and Greenland Baffinbucht (German f.) Baffin Bay Baffininsel (German f.) Baffin Island Baffin Island an island off eastern Nunavut, Canada, west of Greenland, and which is the fifth-largest island in the world Baffle (French m.) speaker baff sein (German) to be flabbergasted baffuto (Italian) moustached, whiskered Bafoko West African calabash drum, covered by a goat skin Bafoué (m.), Bafouée (f.) (French) at person who is never going to be taken seriously bafoué (m.), bafouée (f.) (French) mocked at, derided bafouer (French) scoff at bafouiller (French) stammer BAFTA acronym for 'British Academy of Film and Television Arts' Bagabha see bagana Bagad (Breton) one or more specified number of pipe bands, composed of biniou (Breton bagpipes), bombardes and snare drums (one source suggests huit biniou, huit bombardes, quatre caisses claires, deux toms, une grosse caisse), that play mainly Breton music. However, for an unspecified number greater than one, the plural is bagadoù Bagage (French m.) bag, (store of) knowledge (German f.) rabble, baggage (dated) Bagages (French m.) luggage, baggage Bagages à main (French m.) hand luggage Bagaglio (Italian m.) luggage Bagagliaio (Italian m.) luggage van (train), boot (car) Bagaje (Spanish m.) baggage, beast of burden (animal), knowledge (figurative) Bagana or bagabha, a large eight to ten-string Ethiopian plucked lyre with a trapezoidal wooden frame Lyre (beganna), Ethiopia, first half of twentieth century Bägänna see bagana Bagarre (French f.) fight, rumpus, racket, scuffle bagarrer (French) fight Bagasse (English, German f.) the dry, fibrous residue remaining after the extraction of juice from the crushed stalks of sugar cane, used as a source of cellulose Bagatela (Spanish f.) trifle, bagatelle Bagatelldelikt (German n.) minor offence, petty crime, petty offence Bagatelldiebstahl (German m.) petty theft Bagatelle (French f.) trifle, trifling amount, something of no importance (French f.) a type of billiards Bagatelle (s.), Bagatellen (German pl.) (English, German f., French f., from Italian bagattella) trifle, unpretentious, unimportant, triva (plural form) (French f.) a sketch a short, light instrumental piece of music of no specified form, usually for piano, although François Couperin (1668-1733) composed Les Bagatelles for the harpsichord (German f.) fleabite (figurative) bagatellisieren (German) to minimize, to trivialise Bagatellschaden (German m.) minor loss, petty damage Bagatellverlust (German m.) trivial loss Bagattella (Italian f.) trifle, bagatelle (musical) Bagdad (German) Baghdad Båge (Swedish) slur Bagel (English, German m./n.) a ring-shaped bread roll Baggage a term applied to an immoral or flirtatious woman Bagger (s./pl.) (German m.) excavator, dredger, excavating machine, mechanical digger, earthmover, backhoe Baggergut (German n.) dredged material, spoil Baggerloch (German n.) flooded gravel-pit, quarry pond Baggermaschine (German f.) couloir (a steep chute, which may have snow or ice) Baggern (German n.) sharking (luring an employee from one restaurant to another) baggern (German) to scoop, to excavate, to dredge, to put the make on a girl (colloquial) Baggerpumpe (German f.) dredging pump Baggerschiff (German n.) dredger Baggerschute (German f.) hopper barge, mud lighter, mud boat, dredging barge Baggersee (German m.) flooded gravel-pit, quarry pond baggert (German) excavates baggert aus (German) dredges baggerte aus (German) dredged Baggy a British music scene popular in the early 1990's. The scene was extremely influenced by Madchester, although the scene was not geographically local to Manchester as was its predecessor. Baggy was characterised by psychedelia & acid house influenced guitar music, often with a "funky drummer" beat Baggy from which this extract thas been taken Baglama see baglamás Baglamás (s.), Baglamades (pl.) (Greek) a family of long-necked Turkish lutes, with a pear shaped body that is also found in Greece. This is the most common stringed instrument in Turkey. In Greece it is classified as a scaled-down version of the bouzouki. It is known as baglama, meydan sazi, divan sazi (court saz), bozuk, tambura, cura, üçtelli (three-string), onikitelli (twelve-string), çarta, irizva, cögür etc. depending on its size and region Baglama Baglama Baglama from which this extract thas been taken Baglama, Egypt, third quarter of twentieth century Bagliore (Italian m.) glare, flash (inspiration), gleam (figurative) Bagnante (Italian m./f.) bather Bagnard (French m.) convict bagnare (Italian) wet, soak, dip, water, bathe, wash, flow through bagnarsi (Italian) get wet, bathe bagnarto (Italian) wet, soaked Bagnino (Italian m.) life-guard Bagnio (English, from the Italian bagno, 'bath') a brothel, an Oriental slave prison Bagno (s.), Bagni (pl.) (Italian m.) bath, bathroom, bathe Bagnole (French f.) car Bagpipe gaita (Spanish), cornamusa (Italian), cornemuse (French), Dudelsack (German), tibia utricularis (Latin) very old musical instrument with a reed chanter, with fingerholes and/or keys operated by the player's fingers, one or more tunable drone pipes playing pre-set notes, powered by air generated either by a bag squeezed under the arm and refilled by the player's breath, or a mechanical bellows Bags trousers (slang) Bags under the eyes puffy bulges under the eyes Bague (French f.) ring (finger, etc.) baguer (French) ring (encircle) Baguette (s.), Baguettes (French pl.) (French f., German n.) an ornament in the form of a half cylinder, a small jewel cut into a thin rectangular shape (French f.) drumstick, baton of the conductor, the stick of a bow for a violin, etc. (French f., German f./n.) French loaf, French stick (loaf) Baguette de batterie (French f.) drumstick Baguette de bois (French f.) wooden drum stick Baguette (de chef d'orchestre) (French f.) conductor's baton Baguette de cuir (French f.) leather-headed stick Baguette de cymbales (French f.) cymbal stick Baguette de feutre (French f.) felt-headed stick Baguette d'éponge (French f.) sponge-headed stick Baguette de tambour (French f.) drum stick Baguette de timbales (French f.) timpani stick Baguette de triangle (French f.) triangle beater Baguette en bois (French f.) wooden drum stick Baguette rembourée (French f.) padded stick Baguettes de percussion (French f. pl.) claves Baguettes entrechoquées (French f. pl.) claves Baguettes moyennes (French f. pl.) medium (hardness) sticks Baguettes rigides (French f. pl.) hard sticks Baguettes souples (French f. pl.) soft sticks Bäh! (German) Yuck! Ugh! (colloquial) Bah. abbreviation of 'Bahamas' Baha (Island of Saint Kitts and Nevis) a blown metal pipe Bahaismus (German) Baha'i (religion), Bahaism Bahamaer (m.), Bahamaerin (f.), Bahamaer (pl.) (German) Bahamian (person born in or living in the Bahamas) bahamaisch (German) Bahamian Bahamas (English, German pl.) island country in the Atlantic east of Florida and Cuba, that is a popular winter resort Bähen (German n.) fomentation (incitement, substance or material used as a warm, moist medicinal compress, poultice) bähen (German) to foment (to incite, to apply a substance or material as a warm, moist medicinal compress, to apply a poultice) Bahia (Spanish f.) bay Bahn (s.), Bahnen (pl.) (German f.) path, pathway, course, web, way, track, orbit, width (cloth, paper), railway, train, tram, (bowling) alley Bahnanlage (German f.) railway system Bahnbeamter (m.), Bahnbeamtin (f.) (German) railway official Bahnbeförderung (German f.) rail transport Bahnbeschleunigung (German f.) path acceleration, tangential acceleration Bahnbetreiber (German m.) train operator Bahnbetriebswerk (German n.) depot, engine facilities, engine shed Bahnbogen (German m.) railway arch Bahn brechen (German) to break fresh ground, to break ground bahnbrechend (German) pioneering (figurative), epoch making, groundbreaking, trailblazing, seminal, innovative bahnbrechendes Ereignis (German n.) tectonic shift (figurative) bahnbrechendes Urteil (German n.) landmark decision Bahnbrecher (German m.) pathfinder, pioneer, trailblazer Bahnbrecher (für) (German m.) spearhead (of) (figurative) Bahnbrücke (German f.) railway bridge Bahndamm (German m.) railway embankment Bahnebene (German f.) ecliptic (the plane in which the Earth orbits the Sun) bahneigen (German) railway-owned Bahneinschnitt (German m.) railway cutting Bahnellipse (German f.) elliptical trajectory Bahnen schwimmen (German) to swim laps Bahnenkleid (German n.) panel dress Bahnenrock (German m.) panel skirt, gored skirt (skirt with a flirty, full hemline, flat front with elastic back and sides) Bahnfahrkarte (German f.) train ticket, rail ticket Bahnfahrplanauskunft (German f.) train schedule information, train timetable information Bahnfahrt (s.), Bahnfahrten (pl.) (German f.) train journey, rail ride, train ride, rail journey Bahnfracht (German f.) rail carriage, rail freight, railway freight Bahnfrachtunternehmen (German n.) freight train operator Bahngeschwindigkeit (German f.) speed (of trains) Bahngesellschaft (German f.) railway company, train company, train operator Bahngleis (German n.) track, rail track Bahnhof (s.), Bahnhöfe (pl.) (German m.) railway station, train station, station Bahnhof mit Personal (German m.) staffed station Bahnhofbuffet (German n. - Switzerland) station buffet Bahnhofplatz (German m.) station square Bahnhofsbuchhandlung (German f.) station bookshop Bahnhofsbuffet (German n. - Austria) station buffet Bahnhofseingang (German m.) railway station entrance, station entrance Bahnhofsgaststätte (German f.) station restaurant Bahnhofshalle (German f.) station concourse Bahnhofsplatz (German m.) station square Bahnhofspolizei (German f.) station police Bahnhofspostamt (German n.) (railway) station post office Bahnhofsrestaurant (German n.) station restaurant Bahnhofsuhr (German f.) station clock Bahnhofsviertel (German n.) area around the station Bahnhofsvorplatz (German m.) station forecourt Bahnhofsvorstand (German m. - Austria) stationmaster Bahnhofsvorsteher (German m.) stationmaster Bahnhofswerbung (German f.) railway station advertising Bahnhofswirtschaft (German f.) station bar Bahnhofvorstand (German m. - Switzerland) stationmaster Bahnknotenpunkt (German m.) rail hub, rail junction Bahnkunde (German m.) rail passenger Bahnkurve (German f.) trajectory Bahnlesung (German f.) course reading Bahnlinie (German f.) railway line, rail line, line bahnmäßig verpackt (German) packed for carriage by rail, packed for railway transport Bahnnetz (German n.) rail network, railway network Bahnpassagier (German m.) rail passenger Bahnpolizei (German f.) railway police Bahnpost (German f.) Travelling Post Office Bahnpostamt (German n.) railway post office Bahnreisen (German n.) rail travel Bahnreisender (s.), Bahnreisende (pl.) (German m.) rail traveller, railway passenger, train traveller Bahnreservierung (German f.) train reservation Bahnspediteur (German m.) rail forwarding agent Bahnspedition (German f.) rail forwarder (company), rail freight forwarder (company) Bahnsteig (German m.) (railway) platform, track (US) Bahnsteiggleis (German n.) platform line Bahnsteighalle (German f.) platform hall Bahnsteigkarte (German f.) platform ticket Bahnsteigüberführung (German f.) footbridge between platforms Bahnsteigunterführung (German f.) subway between platforms Bahnstrecke (German f.) railway line, railway track, rail route, track Bahnstreik (German m.) rail strike Bahnsystem (German n.) railway system, rail system Bahntarif (s.), Bahntarife (pl.) (German m.) train fare Bahntransport (German m.) carriage by rail, transport of goods by rail Bahntrasse (German f.) railway line Bahntunnel (German m.) rail tunnel Bahnübergang (German m.) railway crossing, level crossing Bahnübergang mit Schranken (German m.) railroad crossing with gates, gated railway crossing Bahnverbindung (German f.) rail service, rail link Bahnverlauf (German m.) trajectory Bahnwärter (German m.) signalman, level crossing keeper, linesman, line-keeper Bahnwärterhäuschen (German n.) line-keeper's lodge Bahrain (English, German n.) island nation in the Arabian Gulf Bahrainer (m.), Bahrainerin (f.), Bahrainer (pl.), Bahrainerinnen (f.pl.) (German) Bahraini (person born in or associated with Bahrain) Bahraini hip hop Bahraini hip hop bahrainisch (German) Bahraini Bahre (s.), Bahren (pl.) (German f.) stretcher, bier, barrow, litter, gurney (US) Bahrtuch (German n.) pall (burial garment in which a corpse is wrapped, synonymous with shroud, cerement, winding-sheet, winding-clothes) Baht (English, German m.) a weight measurement for gold (0.47 troy ounces = 14.6 grammes) used in Thailand, a currency used in Thailand bäht (German) foments bähte (German) fomented Bai small hand clappers from Ghana see hora (German f.) bay Baia (Italian f.) bay Baião a slow samba rhythm from Brazil. The traditional instrumental baião is a musical form based on an ancient figure dance or ballroom dance of European origin. Ceará, a Northeastern state in Brazil, seems to be the point of origin for this form, although it developed through most of Northeast Brazil. Here it was played by local bands that performed in salons and in private parties and various celebrations. The original instrumentation would have been one or two lead pífanos (small hand-carved bamboo flutes), a zabumba (a large bass drum), together with other smaller percussion instruments. This instrumentation became standard in the performance of traditional instrumental baião, for which these bands got to be known as bandas de pífanos. Luiz Gonzaga is credited with being the inventor of modern baião as we know it today. During the 1940s he got into a radio program in which he played baião with the accordion, accompanied by an orchestra with chorinho instrumentation (guitar and cavaquinho) and some minor percussion. They also incorporated wood blocks (taken from the American Westerns) and later the triangle for a fast polyrythmic music good for dancing typical lively Brazilian music Baião: A Dance Rhythm from Northern Brazil from which this extract has been taken Baião Baie (French f.) bay (geographical feature), berry (fruit), picture window Baie vitrée (French f.) picture window Baïf's Academy L'Academie de Poesie et de Musique was the first French academy officially instituted by royal decree. In 1570, Charles IX gave Jean-Antoine de Baïf and Joachim Thibault de Courville permission to found an academy that would endeavor to bring into use "both the kind of poetry and the measure and rule of music anciently used by the Greeks and Romans". Baïf and Courville had already been working toward this end, some three years before the royal decree, and had completed some attempts at "measured verses set to measured music in accordance with or as near as may be with the laws of the masters of music in the good old times". Turning to all available sources in an attempt to systematically determine the rules which governed the composition of ancient music, but working without extant material evidence, they were forced to theorize on what the modes of ancient music actually sounded like and how they achieved such diverse and wondrous effects. Based on his readings of ancient texts, Baïf believed that the effects of ancient music were dependent on a close union between poetry and music. He attempted to bring about such a union by experimenting with vers mesurés (measured verse). In addition to its artistic aims, Baïf's Academy also had an underlying moral objective which was informed by strong Neo-Platonist beliefs. Charles IX was no doubt well acquainted with the writings of Plato and Aristotle that related the powerful moral and psychological effects that music had on men's souls. He chose to support the work of the academy on political grounds because he hoped that the revival of ancient music and poetry would bring about a moral and spiritual reformation in his kingdom. The humanist belief in the restorative effects of "ancient" music and verse also stems from that Pythagorean philosophy which endeavored to explain the physical universe in terms of harmony and number, and which spoke of a relationship between the harmony of the universe and the structure of the human soul Baif's Academy - Musical Humanism from which this extract has been taken Baignade (French f.) bathing, swimming baigné (French) or, in Italian, campanella, in which neighbouring notes or repeated notes are plucked on different strings of the lute so that the first note continues to sound even while the second is being played baigné de (French) bathed in (sweat), soaked in (blood) baigner (French) bathe, bath baigner dans (French) soak in, be steeped in Baigneur (m.), Baigneuse (f.) (French) bather Baignoire (French f.) bath, bath-tub (French f.) a stage-box, a box at the theatre on the same level as the stalls Baikalsee (German m.) Lake Baikal (situated in south-east Sirberia, the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world) Bail (s.), Baux (pl.) (French m.) lease Baila when the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in the fifteenth century, they brought with them cantiga ballads, ukuleles and guitars, along with African slaves, who further diversified the musical roots of the island. These slaves were called kaffrinha, and their dance music was called baila, originally consisting of songs to the accompaniment of a guitar and handclaps or other improvised percussion. Baila remains at the roots of modern Sri Lankan music bailable (Spanish) dance Bailador (Spanish m.) dancer bailador (Spanish) dancing Bailantas (Spanish) tropical dance parties Bailaor (m.), Bailaora (f.) (Spanish) flamenco dancer bailar (Spanish, Portuguese) to dance Bailarín (Spanish m.) professional dancer, danseur (French), ballerino (Italian) Bailarina (Spanish f., Portuguese f.) dancer, ballerina (classical dance), danseuse (French) Bailarina principal (Spanish f.) principal dancer Bailarino (Portuguese m.) danseur (French) Bailarino nobre (Portuguese m.) danseur noble (French) Baile (Spanish m.) also bayle or ballet (French, Spanish), dance, ballo (Italian) (Spanish m.) flamenco dance (Spanish m.) knees-up Baile a lo agarrado (Catalan, literally 'embracing in order to dance') one of the Catalan dance forms Bailecito typical festive Bolivian handkerchief dance Baile de candil (Spanish m., literally 'candle dance') a ball given in a room lit by candlelight or, later, by oil lamp (Spanish m.) a dance associated with Andalusia Baile de etiqueta (Spanish m.) ball (formal dance) Baile del maní (Spanish m.) only known from engravings and writings, a fighting dance from Cuba, danced by two Bantu men moving to the yuka drums, that is similar to capoeira Baile di Sinta (Bonaire, Spanish m.) a popular fertility dance, performed around a maypole Baile Funk a term that through mistranslation, has earned a dual meaning, where usage depends largely on geography and native language. Most English speakers believe 'Baile Funk' is a type of street music from Brazil, basically, Brazil's version of 'Miami Bass'. However, this is a mistranslation. Brazilians are quick to point out that 'Baile' loosely translates to "ball", as in "a dance party", and "funk" describes what type of dance party is in question. The actual term for the music is itself is 'Funk Carioca', which translates to "Funk from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Alternatively, it is simply referred to as "Funk" by most Brazilians Baile funk from which this extract has been taken Baile popular (Spanish m.) traditional dance (as distinct from formal, court or stage dancing) Baile por sevillanas (Spanish m.) a four-section dance that is not part of the flamenco tradition but rather is associated with the sevillanas, a type of folk music, sung and written in Seville, Spain. Schools teaching baile por sevillanas may be found in nearly every town in Spain Baile suelto (Catalan, literally 'dancing alone') one of the Catalan dance forms Baile típico de Auvernía (Spanish m.) a dance from the Auverne, particularly the bourrée Bailiff's Daughter of Islington a ballad given in Percy's Reliques. In this case Islington refers to a place near King's Lynn, Norfolk Baîllement (French m.) yawn baîller (French) yawn, gape Bailleur de fonds (French m.) (financial) backer Baîllon (French m.) gag baîllonner (French) gag Bain (French m.) bath, bathe Bain de bouche (French m.) mouthwash Bain de soleil (French m.) sunbathing Bain-marie (French m.) a flat-bottomed vessel of boiling water into which saucepans, etc. are placed to simmer or to keep food hot Bain-Marie (German f.) bain-marie, double boiler Baion see baião bairisch (German, dialect) Bavarian Bairisch-Österreichisch (German n.) Austro-Bavarian Baiser (French m.) kiss (German n.) meringue baiser (French) to kiss (hand) Baisergebäck (German n.) meringue pastry Baiserkuchen (German m.) meringue cake Baiser mit Eiscreme (German n.) ice-cream meringue Baiser mit Schlagsahne (German n.) meringue chantilly Baisertorte (German f.) meringue cake Baisha xiyue (Chinese, literally 'Baisha fine music') a classical orchestral musical form, with 24 qupai (tunes), played on antique Chinese musical instruments, such as flute, shawm, Chinese lute, and zither. It is derived from the ritual music of Taoist and Confucian ceremonies from the fourteenth century and is one of the two surviving forms of traditional music of the Naxi (Nakhi or Nahi) of Lijiang, China. The Naxi are believed to be the descendants of the nomadic Qiang, an ethnic group inhabiting the Tibetan plateau Baisha xiyue from which this extract has been taken Baisse (French f.) fall, drop (German f.) slump, bear market, depression, downturn, fall baisser (French) lower (as 'to tune down a violin string', 'lower the volume on a sound system'), turn down (light, radio, etc.), go down, fall, fail Baithak an informal Hindustani classical music session where the listeners sit in close proximity to the performer Baixi (China) in effect a 'variety show' in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), with performances being held in entertainment houses called washe and goulan, which served generally as arenas for folk arts Baixo (Portuguese) bass (instrument or voice) Baixo cifrado (Portuguese) figured bass Baja (Spanish f.) drop, fall Bajada (Spanish f.) slope, descent Bajamar (Spanish m.) low tide Bajan (English, German n.) see bayan Baja por maternidad (Spanish f.) maternity leave bajar (Spanish) to lower, to get down, to bow (of the head) bajar el diapasón (Spanish) to lower the tone of one's voice bajar la escalera (Spanish) to go downstairs, to go down, to fall (temperature, price) bajar la mano (Spanish) to lower one's hand bajarse (Spanish) to bend down bajarse de (Spanish) to get out of, to get off (bus, horse, etc.) Baja sexto (Spanish) an acoustic bass guitar, with six pairs of strings, that resembles a twelve-string guitar tuned an octave lower. The heavy gauge strings generate a large string tension, yet the guitar is built relatively lightly. The baja sexto began to be used in Texas in the 1920s with the rise of 'Tex-Mex' music. The standard tuning is: E-e-A-a-D-d-G-g-C-c-F-f (capital letters are an octave below the smaller letters) Bajeza (Spanish f.) vile deed Bajiaogu (China) a single-headed frame drum, used in tan xian pai zi qu, a popular style of narrative music of the Beijing region Bajiaogu from which this extract has been taken Bajio (Spanish m.) sandbank Bajflöjt (Swedish) drone flute Bajo (Spanish m.) lowland, sandbank, bass bajo (Spanish) low, short, small, lowered, humble, vile, pale (colour), deep (Spanish) quietly, low, deep, below (temperature) (Spanish) bass, as in cantado el bajo meaning bass singing Bajo cantante (Spanish m.) best described as basse-taille (French), a tenor voice strong in the lower register, the baritone voice, a high bass voice, basso cantante (Italian), basse chantante (French) Bajo cifrado (Spanish m.) figured bass, basse chiffrée (French), basse continue (French) Bajo continuo (Spanish m.) basso continuo Bajo de Alberti (Spanish m.) Alberti bass, basse d'Alberti (French) Bajo de la una (Spanish m.) a bass guitar with 8 strings with a large body that is played with a plectrum, called at the time una del perro, hence its name de la una Bajo de viola (Spanish m.) viola da gamba, the bass viol, viole de gambe (French) Bajo eléctrico (Spanish m.) electric bass (guitar) bajo la lluvia (Spanish) in the rain bajo los auspicios de (Spanish) sponsored by Bajón (Spanish m.) drop, decline (health), slump (business) (Spanish m.) also baxón, bassoon Bajonett (s.), Bajonette (pl.) (German n.) bayonet Bajonettangriff (German m.) bayonet charge bajonettförmig (German) bayonet-shaped bajonettierend (German) bayoneting bajonettierte (German) bayoneted Bajonettstift (German m.) bayonet pin (a pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it) Bajonettverbindung (German f.) bayonet joint (a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed onto a rifle) Bajonettverschluss (German m.) bayonet joint (a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed onto a rifle) Bajonettzange (German f.) bayonet rongeur (surgical instrument) Bajo sexto (Spanish m., literally 'lower sixth') a Mexican twelve-string (six courses) acoustic bass guitar. The standard tuning is E-e-A-a-D-d-g-g-b-b-F-f (capital letters are an octave lower than the small letters) Bajo sexto Bajazzo, Der (German m., 'clowns') the German title of the opera Pagliacci, an opera in two acts written and composed by Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857-1919). It is the tragedy of a jealous husband in a commedia dell'Arte troupe. It premiered in Milan in 1892, and it is Leoncavallo's only successful opera. The title is sometimes incorrectly rendered I Pagliacci (The Clowns) Pagliacci from which most of this information has been taken Bajs Istrian double-bass Bak formed of up to six pieces of wood bound together at one end by a strip of leather, sound is produced by spreading and closing the bundle Bak Bakchich (French m.) bribe Bake (German f.) marker buoy, beacon Bake-Hardening-Stahl (German m.) bake-hardening steel Bakelit (German n.) bakelite Bakelite Bakelite (TM) is the original name for phenol plastic; but now usually covers a range of different types of plastic. This material has featured in a number of musical instruments including the Dolmetsch 'Dolonite' plastic recorders made between 1947 and 1967 Bakelitfeile (German f.) file for plastics Bakerinsel (German f.) Baker Island Baker Island an atoll, located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, with an area of approximately 1 square mile and about 1650 miles from Hawaii Baker's biographical dictionary of musicians the standard US biographical dictionary of music which primarily covers figures from the western classical tradition and includes composers, performers, and scholars. Published by Schirmer Books, NY, USA Bakersfield sound a genre of country music developed in the mid- to late 1950s in and around Bakersfield, California Bakersfield sound Baker's knee knock-knee Bakewell tart a jam pastry with an egg and ground almond enriched filling which is also called a Bakewell pudding, particularly in the Derbyshire town of Bakewell in which it originated Bakewell tart from which this extract has been taken Bakewell-Törtchen (German n.) Bakewell tart Bakewell-Torte (German f.) Bakewell tart Bakkalaureat (German n.) baccalaureate Bakkalaureus (German m.) bachelor Bakkalaureus der Chirurgie (German m.) Bachelor of Surgery Bakkalaureus der Ingenieurwissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Engineering Bakkalaureus der Literatur(wissenschaft) (German m.) Bachelor of Literature Bakkalaureus der Medizin (German m.) Bachelor of Medicine Bakkalaureus der Musik (German m.) Bachelor of Music Bakkalaureus der Naturwissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Science (natural sciences) Bakkalaureus der Philosophie (German m.) Bachelor of Arts Bakkalaureus der philosophischen Fakultät (German m.) Bachelor of Arts Bakkalaureus der Theologie (German m.) Bachelor of Divinity Bakkalaureus der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Economic Science Bakkalaureus des Rechts (German m.) Bachelor of Laws Bakkarat (German n.) baccarat (a game of chance) Bakou trilling vocals that accompany Wolof wrestling Bakschisch (German m.) baksheesh, bakshish Baksheesh (English, from the Persian) or bakshish, a gratuity, a tip Bakshish (English, from the Persian) or baksheesh, a gratuity, a tip Bakshy Turkmen folk music made by travelling musicians also called bakshy see ashiq Bakshy Baksimba a royal dance of the Baganda people from Uganda Bakst, Léon Nikolayevich (1866-1924) Russian painter and scene- and costume- designer who revolutionized the arts he worked in Léon Bakst from which this extract has been taken Bakterie (s.), Bakterien (pl.) (German f.) bacterium, bacteria (plural form) bakteriell (German) bacterial, bacterially bakterielle Infektion (German f.) bacillus infection, bacterial infection Bakterien- (German) bacterial (prefix) bakterienabtötend (German) bactericidal,bactericidally bakterienfrei (German) abacterial, free from bacteria Bakterieninfektion (German f.) bacterial infection Bakterienkunde (German f.) bacteriology Bakteriologe (m.), Bakteriologin (f.), Bakteriologen (pl.) (German) bacteriologist Bakteriologie (German f.) bacteriology bakteriologisch (German) bacteriological, bacteriologically, bacterial Bakterium (German n.) bacterium Bakterizid (s.), Bakterizide (pl.) (German n.) bactericide bakterizid (German) bactericidal, antibacterial, bactericidally Baktrien (German n.) Bactria (an ancient country of southwest Asia which was an eastern province of the Persian Empire before its conquest by the Greeks in 328 BC) Baktrisches Kamel (German n.) Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Bal (French m.) ballo, dance, ball, dance-hall bal. abbreviation of 'balance' (in book-keeping) bal(s) abbreviation of 'ballad opera(s)' Bala also balo or balofon, a West African xylophone made with strips of wood, increasing in length, connected together with thread, and with hollow gourd resonators of varying sizes attached to the bottom to achieve a greater tonal range Balaphone Bala (German n.) Bahla (a town in Ad Dakhiliyah, Oman, famous for its its ancient fort and its pottery) Balaam in printing, matter kept in type for filling up odd spaces in periodicals, also called 'fill-ups' (English, German m.) a Biblical character an island in Northern Russia Balaam's basket or 'Balaam's box', printer's slang for the recepticle for storing 'Balaam' Balaban or balaman, a short Persian cylindrical oboe Balaban Balada (Spanish f.) or balata, ballad, ballade (French) Balade (French f.) stroll a common misspelling of the French word ballade Baladeur (French m.) personal stereo baladi (Spanish) trivial baladrón (Spanish) boastful Baladronada (Spanish f.) boast baladronear (Spanish) boast Balafo (Spanish m.) bala Balafon (French m.) bala Balafre (French f.) gash, scar balafré (m.), balafrée (f.) (French) gashed, scarred balafrer (French) gash Balai (s.), Balais (pl.) (French m.) wire or steel brush (drumming), broom (for sweeping) Balai-brosse (French m.) garden broom Balais de batterie (French m. pl.) brushes, special sticks used when playing the drums Balais de jazz (French m. pl.) wire or rhyhtm brushes Balakadri a traditional quadrille music that was performed for balls in Guadeloupe called balkadri or simply kadri Balakovo a town in Saratov Oblast, Russia, founded in 1762 Balakowo (German n.) Balakovo Balalaica (Italian f., Spanish f.) balalaika (English, French), Balalaika (German) Balalaika (English, German f., French f., from the Russian) or balalaica (Italian , Spanish), establis