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Bar, Bar.
abbreviation of 'baritone' (voice), 'euphonium'
Bar
(English, German f.) a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter, boozer (colloquial), watering hole (figurative), café (US)
or barrathea, a soft fabric, with a hopsack twill weave giving a surface that is lightly pebbled or ribbed. The yarns used cover various combinations of wool, silk and cotton
Baratija
(Spanish f.) trinket
Baratillo
(Spanish m.) junk shop, cheap goods
Baratin
(French m.) sweet talk, smooth talk
baratiner
(French) to chat up, to sweet talk
Barato
(Spanish m.) sale
barato
(Spanish) cheap, cheaply
barattare
(Italian) barter
Baratterie (s.), Baratterien (pl.)
(German f.) barratry
Baratto
(Italian m.) barter
Barattolo
(Italian m.) jar, tin
Barratry
to engage in persistently instigating lawsuits, typically groundless ones
the most famous and skilled court musician of the Sassanid Empire of Persia. He created the first ever musical system in the Middle East, known as the Royal Khosravani, dedicated to the king Khosrau II, who reigned from 590 to 628. This musical system conceived by Barbad consisted of seven royal modes, thirty derivative modes, and three-hundred sixty melodies. This was the oldest Middle Eastern musical system of which some traces still exist. Its enduring heritage is the names given to some of today's gushehs of the various dastgahs in the modern system of Persian music
(English, German n.) a country occupying the easternmost island of the West Indies
Barbagianni
(Italian m.) owl, blockhead
Barbaglio
(Italian m.) dazzle
Barbakan (m.), Barbakane (f.)
(German) barbican (the gateway or outworks defending the drawbridge)
Barbar (s.), Barbaren (pl.)
(German m.) barbarian
Barbara Allen
the heroine ofan old ballad given in Percy's Reliques (1765), although the first known reference to the song has been found in Samuel Pepys' diary for 1666 where he refers to it as the "little Scotch song 'Barbary Allen'"
(Italian f.) black Piedmontese grape, the wine made from the barbera grape
Barberia
(Spanish f.) barber's shop
Barbero
(Spanish m.) barber
(Italian m.) barb (horse), Barbary horse
Barbershop-gesang
(German m.) barbershop (singing)
Barbershop harmony
a popular, banal style of close harmony singing, originally all male, begun in the US in the late nineteenth century but derived from a seventeenth-century European tradition of singing in barbershops. Today, when using four male voices, the disposition is generally bass, baritone, lead (who has the melody) and tenor (who is pitched higher than the lead) although more recently women too have taken up this a cappella genre
a gun-turret, particularly naval guns fired from a turret rather than through a port-hole
(French) or gorget, a piece of white linen pinned to a woman's hair at each side of the head and draped around the chin and in front of the neck. Survives in nun's attire. Worn in the 13th and 14th centuries
bar bezahlen
(German) to pay cash, to pay cash down
bar bezahlt
(German) cash paid
Barbiche
(French f.) goatee
Barbier
(German m.) shaver, barber (dated), gentlemen's hairdresser (dated)
Barbiere
(Italian m.) barber, hair-dresser
barbieren
(German) to barber, to work as a barber
Barbieria
(Italian f.) barber's shop
barbilampiño
(Spanish) beardless, inexperienced (figurative), green (figurative)
Barbilindo
(Spanish m.) dandy
Barbilla
(Spanish f.) chin
Barbiton
(Latin, Greek) or barbitos, considered an invention of Terpander and described in the archaic lyric poetry of Alcaeus, Simonides and Sappho, it is a lyre characterized by longer strings and, therefore, a lower pitch. Aristotle says that it is used for pleasure and not for educational purposes. Sappho is shown often playing the barbitos in Lesbos where it was called the barmos
central nervous system depressant, some of which may be used before surgery to relieve anxiety or tension, while, in addition, some are used as anticonvulsants. If used too frequently (more than a couple of days per week), this class of drug can be habit-forming
Barbituratvergiftung
(German f.) barbiturate poisoning
Barbitúrico
(Spanish m.) barbiturate
Barbiturique
(French m.) barbiturate
Barbitursäurepräparat
(German n.) barbiturate
Barbitursäurepräparate
(German f.) barbiturates
Barbone
(Italian m.) long beard, long-bearded man, vagrant (familar), poodle (dog)
barbotar
(Spanish) to mumble
barbotear
(Spanish) to mumble
Barboteo
(Spanish m.) mumbling
barboter
(French) to paddle, to splash
(French) to pinch (steal)
Barbotine
(French, German f.) slip, a creamy mixture of kaolin and water used to ornament pottery, also pottery ornamented in this way
barbottare
(Italian) to grumble
barbouiller
(French) to daub (paint), to smear, to scribble
barbrüstig
(German) topless
barbu
(French) bearded
barbudo
(Spanish) bearded
barbugliare
(Italian) to stammer, to stutter, to falter
Barbuglione
(Italian m.) stammerer
barbusig
(German) topless, bare-breasted, bare-bosomed
barbusige Tänzerin
(German f.) topless danseuse, topless dancer
Barbut
or barbute, a visorless war helmet of fifteenth century Italian design, often with distinctive "T" shaped or "Y" shaped opening for the eyes and mouth. The barbute resembles classical Greek helmets and may have been influenced by a renewed interest in ancient artifacts
(Italian f., Spanish f.) barcarolle (English, French), auf dem Wasser (German), Barcarole (German)
(Italian f., Spanish f.) a song or instrumental piece associated with boats and boating generally (although often associated by the songs of boatmen or gondolieri, in Venice, Italy) in compound duple (6/8) or compound quadruple (12/8) time
Barcarole
(German m.) boatman, barcarolo
(German f.) also Barkarole (German m.) or Barcarolle (German m.) a song or instrumental piece associated with boats and boating generally, barcarola [entry clarified by Michael Zapf]
Barcarolle
(French f., English, German m.) also Barkarole (German m.) or Barcarolle (German m.), barcarola
Barcarolo
(Italian m.) boatman (for example, the gondolieri, in Venice, Italy)
Barcaruola
(Italian) barcarola
Barcata
(Italian f.) boat-load
Barcaza
(Spanish f.) barge
Barcellona
(Italian f.) Barcelona
Barcelona
(English, Spanish, German n.) Spanish city
Barceloner
(German pl.) Barcelonans
Barcelonés
(Spanish m.) native of Barcelona
barcelonés
(Spanish) of Barcelona, from Barcelona
Barchan
(German m.) Barkhan (a city located in Balochistan, Pakistan), an arc-shaped sand ridge formed from well-sorted sand
Barchent
(German m.) fustian, a coarse sturdy cloth made of cotton and flax, any of several thick twilled cotton fabrics, such as corduroy, having a short nap
Barchetta
(Italian f.) small boat, skiff, dingy
Barchino
(Italian m.) midget
Bar chords
also 'barre chords', a type of guitar chord where one or more fingers are used to press down multiple strings across the guitar fingerboard (like a bar pressing down the strings). Barring the strings enables the guitarist to play a chord not restricted by the tones of the guitar's open strings
in music written for the guitar, bar chords are usually signified by a large C followed by the Roman numeral representing the fret where the player's index finger is to be placed
(English, German m.) an automatic identification system that allows data (printed as a series of vertical bars of different width) to be captured about people, materials, methods, machines, measurements
Barco de vapor
(Spanish m.) steamer, steam boat
Barco de vela
(Spanish m.) sailing boat
Barcollamento
(Italian m.) staggering, rocking, reeling, tottering
barcollare
(Italian) to stagger, to reel, to rock, to totter
Barcollio
(Italian m.) continual rocking, continual reeling, continual tottering
Barcollone
(Italian m.) stumble, stagger
Barcone
(Italian m.) barge, pontoon, lighter
Barcorelle
(French) an alternative spelling for the more correct barcarolle
Bard
(Welsh Bardd, Irish Bard) poet, minstrel, priest and prophet of the Celts, who composed and recited verses celebrating the legendary exploits of chieftains and heroes
the word in modern usage has become a synonym for any poet. Shakespeare in particular is often referred to as "the Bard" or "the Bard of Avon"
in 1822, ancient bardic performance contests were revived in Wales. These contests are called in Welsh Eisteddfodau (singular Eisteddfod). In modern Welsh, the term bardd refers to any participant who has competed in an Eisteddfod
(German n.) an old name for a stopped flute register of soft 8 ft. (sometimes 16 ft.) tone, which is now called Stillgedakt
Barème
(French m.) list, table, scale (dimension)
bärenartig
(German) ursine, bearlike
Bärendienst
(German m.) disservice
Bärenfell
(German n.) bearskin, bear skin
Bärenfellmütze
(German f.) bearskin
Bärengraben
(German m.) bear pit
bärenhaft
(German) bearish
Bärenhaut
(German f.) bearhide, bearskin
Bärenhetze
(German f.) bear baiting, bearbaiting
Bäreninsel
(German f.) Bear Island
Bärenjunges
(German n.) bear cub
Bärenklau
(German m.) acanthus (Acanthus), bear's breeches
Bärenkräfte
(German pl.) Herculean strength
bärenstark
(German) strong as an ox, strapping (man)
Barentnahme (s.), Barentnahmen (pl.)
(German f.) cash withdrawal
Bärentraube
(German f.) bearberry (the name derives from the edible fruit said to be greatly enjoyed by bears. The fruit, also called bearberries, are edible and sometimes gathered for food. The leaves of the plant are used in herbal medicine)
Bärentraubenblättertee
(German m.) bearberry leaf tea
Barentssee
(German f.) Barents Sea
Bärenzwinger
(German m.) bear-pit, bear pit
barer Betrag
(German m.) value in cash
barer Unsinn
(German m.) perfect nonsense, plain nonsense, utter nonsense
barer Zahlungsvorgang
(German m.) cash-based transactions
Bares
(German n.) hard cash
bares Geld
(German) cash
bares Geld sparen
(German) to save ready cash
Barett
(German n.) beret, bonnet
(German n.) biretta, beretta, berretta (a stiff square ecclesiastical cap with three or four ridges across the crown)
barettartige Frauenhüte
(German pl.) toques (women's small, brimless, close-fitting hats; plumed velvet caps with a full crown and small rolled brim, worn in 16th-century France)
Barflittchen
(German n.) bar floozie
Barform
(German f.) Bar form
Bar form
taken from the German term for strophe, Bar, a two part form used in German Minnelieder and chorales, in which the first section or strophe, called the Stollen, is repeated (this section with its repeat termed the Aufgesang) coupled with a second contrasted section, which is not repeated, called the Abgesang. The rhyming structure of the Abgesang is relatively free, and may include a line that does not rhyme with any other line called a Waise (German, 'orphan'), unless the 'orphan' rhymes with the corresponding line in another stophe in which case it is called a Korn
surgery that is performed in order to help an individual lose weight, also called weight loss, anti-obesity, or obesity surgery
bariatrischer Eingriff
(German m.) bariatric surgery
Bari
(Bonaire) a song performed during the festival of the same name, as well as at other times, led by a single singer who improvises lyrics commenting on local events and figures (such a singer is similar to a calypsonian)
the Bari dance, which is performed during the Bari festival, is accompanied by a bongo-like drum called a bari. The first part of the dance features men competing in a stylized, ritual dance for women, followed by a part where the couples dance, though they don't touch (it is similar to tumba)
(French m., literally 'barrel') barrel socket (in a wind instrument), barilotto (Italian m.), Birne (German f.), Wulst (German m.), barillet (French m.), barrilete (Spanish m.)
Barile
(Italian m.) barrel, cask
Bariletto
(Italian m.) small cask
Barilaio
(Italian m.) cooper (a maker of barrels)
Barilla
bushy plant of Old World salt marshes and sea beaches having prickly leaves; burned to produce a crude soda ash
Barillakraut
(German n.) barilla
Barillet
(French m.) barrel socket (in a wind instrument), barilotto (Italian m.), Birne (German f.), Wulst (German m.), baril (French f.), barrilete (Spanish m.)
Barilotto
(Italian m.) barrel socket (in a wind instrument), Birne (German f.), Wulst (German m.), baril (French m.), barillet (French m.), barrilete (Spanish m.)
(Italian m.) keg
Barilozzo
(Italian m.) keg
Baring
the removal of covering, denudation, stripping, uncovering, husking
Bariolage
(French) rapid alternation of usually open (or unchanging stopped) and various notes on a stopped string or several stopped strings (those neighbouring the open string) on the violin
(from the Greek meaning 'heavy-tone') male voice lying between high tenor and low bass with a range of two octaves from G on the bottom line of the bass clef to g' (the G above middle C) (G2-G4)
the baritone voice may be subdivided according to the tessitura and timbre and its suitability for various operatic roles:
Germany
Spielbariton, Heldenbariton, hoher Bariton, Kavalierbariton and Bass-Bariton
Italy
baritono brilliante and baritono cantante
France
bariton, bariton-Martin and, in baroque music, basse-taille
any instrument with an in-between range, for example, baritone saxophone
(C clef variant) chiave di baritono (Italian f.), Baritonschlüssel (German m.), clé d'ut cinquième ligne (French f.), clef d'ut cinquième ligne (French f.), clé d'ut 5e (French f.), clef d'ut 5e (French f.), clave de do en quinta (Spanish f.), clave de barítono (Spanish f.)
(F clef variant) chiave di baritono (Italian f.), Baritonschlüssel (German m.), clé de fa troisième ligne (French f.), clef de fa troisième ligne (French f.), clé de fa 3e (French f.), clef de fa 3e (French f.), clave de fa en tercera (Spanish f.), clave de barítono (Spanish f.)
or barytone clef, 'so-called ' C and F clefs used for 'baritone' instruments
in American drum and bugle corps, a baritone horn is a bugle in the key of G that is usually played by trombonists or euphoniumists. It has 3 valves and a face-forward bell and is the middle voice of a drum corps, between the high sopranos and the low contras. It has a forceful tone, as if sounding like a tenor trumpet
in general musical usage, a baritone is a B-flat brass instrument controlled by valves. Sometimes mistaken for a little tuba, it is much smaller, with a smaller bell and higher pitch. The baritone is very similar to the euphonium, but has cylindrical tubing, is smaller and has a brighter, lighter tone. There are usually three piston valves, although some baritones are made with four valves. The euphonium may have one or two more valves than the baritone. Structurally, the baritone horn used in a European-style brass band is upright, with the bell pointing upward. The tone of the instrument is midway between the bright sound of the trombone and the mellow timbre of the euphonium. The baritone is almost never used as a solo instrument, as its agility and range are quite limited in comparison with the euphonium. The baritone is generally assigned the tenor part in a four-part setting. During the 1830s, instrument manufacturers in Germany and Austria began experimenting with designs of brass instruments in the tenor and baritone range, which eventually led to the present-day baritone and euphonium. In 1843, Sommer of Weimar, a German concertmaster, designed a "wide-bore, valved bugle of baritone range," at first called the euphonium in Germany. Its name was later changed to baryton. Ferdinand Hell of Vienna designed a similar instrument to the euphonium, a bass baritone of tenor range, called the hellhorn. Throughout the nineteenth century, so many similar instruments appeared - the phonikon, saxhorn, kaiserbariton, double-belled euphonium and tenor tuba - in various keys, sizes, shapes and names, that an official conference in instrumentation standardization was convened in 1921 at London's Kneller Hall. Baritones were taken out of wind bands and limited primarily to the brass band
source
baritone
euphonium
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
narrow bore (accurate photo)
wide bore; warm, large tone; deep-cup mouthpiece; tenor of tuba family
International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians
smaller bore & tone; semi-conical cup mouthpiece; 3 valves
(Italian m.) baritone voice, barítono (Spanish), bariton (French), Bariton (German)
Barítono
(Spanish m., Portuguese m.) baritone horn
(Spanish m., Portuguese m.) baritone voice, baritono (Italian), bariton (French), Bariton (German)
Baritonsaxofon (s.), Baritonsaxofone (pl.)
(German n.) baritone saxophone, saxofón baritono (Spanish m.), sassofono baritono (Italian m.), Baritonsaxophon (German n.), saxophone baryton (French m.) [clarification by Michael Zapf]
Baritonsaxophon (s.), Baritonsaxophone (pl.)
(German n.) baritone saxophone, saxofón baritono (Spanish m.), sassofono baritono (Italian m.), saxophone baryton (French m.)
(German f.) boat, lateen (a ship fitted with a sail in the shape of a right-angled triangle)
Barkeeper (s.), Barkeeper (German pl.)
(English, German m.) an employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar, a bartender
Barkellner (m.), Barkellnerin (f.)
(German) barkeeper
Barkentine
(German f.) barquentine (vessel with the foremast rigged square, and the other masts rigged fore-and-aft)
Barker
the master of cermonies at a morris dancing performance, often dressed as The Fool
Barker lever
see 'Barker machine'
Barker machine
(English, Barker-Maschine (German f.)) when the French organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (1811-1899) was building his first major organ in the region around Paris (at the Basilica of St. Denis), he ran into trouble. It took too much force to press down a key, because the mechanical action had to overcome the resistance generated by large amounts of wind, and the sounds he wanted needed the wind. Cavaillé-Coll solved the problem by adapting something that had been invented by Charles Spackman Barker (1804-1879), an Englishman who had made several devices to improve the mechanical workings of organs. The specific device adapted by Cavaillé-Coll used the wind pressure of the organ to assist in opening the pallets that allowed wind to enter the pipes. Today this device is sometimes called a "Barker lever," or sometimes - when a lot of the levers are used together, as they usually are - a "Barker machine." Today, this use of his name is about the only way we remember the man who invented a device that is part and parcel of the Cavaillé-Coll organ
Barker Lever from which this extract has been taken
Barker-Maschine
(German f.) Barker machine
Barkodeleser
(German m.) bar code pen, bar code reader, bar-code scanner
Bärlauch
(German m.) ramson, wild garlic
Bärlauchtopfen
(German m. - Austria) curd cheese with wild garlic
Barline
or 'bar-line', linea (Italian), stanghetta (Italian), barra (di divisione) (Italian), barre (de mesure) (French), Taktstrich (German)
called a 'bar' in the U.S., a vertical line (or lines) drawn across a staff (or if there are many lines, across a number of staves) to mark off bars (or 'measures' in the U.S.) of a particular length, i.e. containing a number of notes and/or rests whose total time value is given by the time signature
in the diagram above, from the left, we have marked a single bar-line (or bar) which is commonly used to separate music into bars (or measures), a double bar (with two fine lines), usually used to marked sections within a piece of music, a close or double bar (a fine line followed by a heavier line) used to mark the end of a movement or complete work, an 'open repeat' sign (a heavy line, a fine line and two dots, one placed above the other) which marks the beginning of a section to be repeated and a 'close repeat' sign (two dots, one placed above the other, a fine line and a heavy line) that marks the end of a section to be repeated
a systemic barline is a line placed at the beginning of the system connecting two or more staves together
(German m.) bar spoon (a long-handled spoon used for mixing)
Barlow lens
a lens placed in front of a telescope eyepiece that increases focal length and magnification
Barlow-Linse
(German f.) Barlow lens
Barlow'sches Rad
(German n.) Barlow's wheel
Barlow's wheel
name given to an early demonstration of a homopolar motor, designed and built by English mathematician and physicist, Peter Barlow in 1822. An electric current passes through the hub of the wheel to a mercury contact on the rim; this is contained in a small trough through which the rim passes. Due to health and safety considerations brine is sometimes used today in place of mercury. The interaction of the current with the magnetic field of a U-magnet causes the wheel to rotate. The presence of serrations on the wheel is unnecessary and the apparatus will work with a round metal disk, usually made of copper
Barlume
(Italian m.) glimmer, gleam
Barm
the foamy yeast that appears on the top of malt liquors as they ferment - in the past, ale barm was commonly used as the yeast element in breads and batters
Barmädchen
(German n.) bar maid, bar girl
Barmann
(German m.) barman
Barmaß
(German n.) jigger, bar measure
Barmen Declaration
the Barmen Declaration or The Theological Declaration of Barmen (1934) is a statement of the Confessing Church opposing the Nazi-supported "German-Christian" movement. The "German Christians" who were hostile to the Confessing Church combined extreme nationalism with anti-Semitism. The Barmen Declaration specifically rejects the subordination of the church to the state. Rather, the Declaration states that the church "is solely Christ's property, and that it lives and wants to live solely from his comfort and from his direction in the expectation of his appearance"
barn dances are the product of the colonial United States of America. Early Americans recreated them from England's country dances. They were performed in halls and barns as get-togethers among North America's first social gatherings
(German f.) baroque music, music of the Baroque period
Barockoboe
(German f.) Baroque oboe, baroque oboe
Barockoper
(German f.) Baroque opera, baroque opera
Barockorchester
(German n.) baroque orchestra
Barockorgel
(German f.) Baroque organ, baroque organ
Barockrahmen
(German m.) baroque frame
Barockschloss
(German n.) baroque palace, Baroque palace
Barockspiegel
(German m.) baroque mirror
Barockstadt
(German f.) baroque city, baroque town
Barocksuite
(German f.) Baroque suite, baroque suite
Barocktheater
(German n.) Baroque theatre, baroque theatre
Barocktrompete
(German f.) Baroque trumpet, baroque trumpet
Barockvioline
(German f.) Baroque violin, baroque violin
Barockzeit
(German f.) baroque period
Barografo
(Italian m.) barograph, recording barometer
Barogramm
(German n.) barogram (a barograph is a recording aneroid barometer that produces a paper or foil chart called a barogram that records the barometric pressure over time)
(German m.) banneret (an order of knighthood, originally conferred for valiant deeds done in the king's presence on the battlefield)
Barón (m.), Baronesa (f.)
(Spanish) baron, baroness
Barone (m.), Baronessa (f.)
(Italian) baron, baroness
Baroness
(German f.) baroness (baron's daughter)
Baronesse
(German f.) baroness (baron's daughter)
Baronet
(English, German m.) a British nobleman of the lowest rank, a nobleman of continental Europe ranked differently in various countries
Baronie
(German f.) barony
Baronin (s.), Baroninnen (pl.)
(German f.) baroness (baron's wife)
Baronswürde
(German f.) barony
Barontitel
(German m.) baronetcy
Baroque
(French) the word baroque is derived from the Portuguese barocco, meaning 'an irregularly shaped pearl'. The usage of this term originated in the 1860s, in the writing of the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897), to describe the highly decorated style of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century religious and public buildings in Germany and Austria, as typified by the very baroque angelic organist adorning the Gottfried Silbermann organ completed in 1714 for the Cathedral in Freiberg, Saxony. Later, during the early-to-mid 1900s, the term baroque was applied by association to music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, and today the term baroque has come to refer to a very clearly definable type or genre of European music from the period c.1580 to c.1730
in painting and sculpture there were three main forms of Baroque: (1) sumptuous display, a style associated with the Catholic Counter Reformation and the absolutist courts of Europe (Bernini, Rubens); (2) dramatic realism (Caravaggio); and (3) everyday realism, a development seen in particular in Holland (Rembrandt, Uermeer). In architecture, there was an emphasis on expressiveness and grandeur, achieved through scale, the dramatic use of light and shadow, and increasingly elaborate decoration. In a more limited sense the term Baroque often refers to the first of these categories. The development of the Baroque reflects the period's religious tensions (Catholic versus Protestant); a new and more expansive world view based on science and exploration; and the growth of absolutist monarchies
the baroque style of dance evolved during the middle of the seventeenth century, although our knowledge of it comes primarily from texts published in the last decade of the century and in the first thirty-five years of the eighteenth century. This is the first time that dance steps are accompanied by highly codified use of the hands and arms. Dance notation is no longer verbal, and it is necessary to study contemporary dance manuals in order to understand the relevant diagrams
a term used to signify the transverse flute in use during the baroque period, an instrument usually fitted with a single key on the lowest hole, hence its alternative name, the one-keyed flute
an early form of the modern guitar, normally double strung with five courses unlike the six single strings on the modern instrument. The key to the universal success of the baroque guitar as a serious instrument hinged upon its acceptance at the French court. France at that time was unofficially ruled by Cardinal Mazarin, who surrounded himself with a sumptuous Italian life-style that included a score of Italian musicians. The Dauphin - destined to become Louis XIV (1638-1715) - became passionately interested in both dancing and music; indeed, Voltaire later rather bluntly remarked that "the only thing he ever learned was to dance and to play the guitar".
the orchestral horn, or French horn, was developed about 1650 in France and is a large version of the smaller crescent-shaped horns that had been redesigned with circularly coiled tubing. The French hunting horn, which entered the orchestra in the early 1700s, produced about twelve tones of the natural harmonic series. The horn gained greater flexibility about 1750 with the invention of the technique of hand-stopping. Hand-stopping involves placing a hand in the bell of the horn to alter the pitch of the natural notes by as much as a whole tone. Despite this advance, cumbersome lengths of tubing, called crooks, were necessary for playing in many keys
Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 to 1750. This era is said to begin in music after the Renaissance and to be followed by the Classical music era. The original meaning of "baroque" is "irregularly shaped pearl", a strikingly fitting characterization of the architecture and design of this period; later, the name came to be applied also to its music. Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon. It is widely performed, studied and listened to. It is associated with composers and their works such as J.S. Bach's Fugues, George Friedrich Händel's Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah, Antonio Vivaldi's Four Seasons, and Claudio Monteverdi. During the period, music theory, diatonic tonality, and imitative counterpoint developed. More elaborate musical ornamentation, as well as changes in musical notation and advances in the way instruments were played also appeared. Baroque music would see an expansion in the size, range and complexity of performance, as well as the establishment of opera as a type of musical performance. Many musical terms and concepts from this era are still currently in use.
Baroque music from which this extract has been taken
(cor anglais, tenor oboe) the tenor oboe is tuned in F, a fifth lower than the oboe and the bell is flared. It was called da caccia because the instrument was used for hunting in the early eighteenth century. Later, the tenor oboe developed a curve or angle, and was called cor anglais, possibly a mis-spelling of the old French cor angle (angled horn). The name has stuck to the instrument ever though, in the nineteenth century, it was straightened out again
(hautbois d'amore, alto oboe) according to Walther's Lexikon (1732), the oboe d'amore "first appeared about 1720 and is described as being in every way similar to the oboe except that the bell was contracted at the lower end, leaving an opening just wide enough to admit a man's finger." The early eighteenth-century instruments that survive are approximately sixty-one centimeters in length. A short brass crook, slightly curved, is inserted into the top end of the body. The oboe d'amore sounded a minor third lower than the oboe, and its range extended from a to b''. It was first used by the composer G. P. Telemann in his Der Sieg der Schönheit (1722)
Baroque opera
in 1637 the idea of a "season" (Carnival) of publicly-attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in Venice. Influential seventeenth-century composers of opera included Francesco Cavalli and Claudio Monteverdi whose Orfeo (1607) is the earliest opera still performed today. Monteverdi's later Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1640) is also seen as a very important work of early opera. In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, sponsored by Venice's Arcadian Academy (not a physical school, but rather a group of like-minded aristocrats and pedants), but which came to be associated with the poet Pietro Trapassi, called Metastasio, whose librettos helped crystallize so-called opera seria's moralizing tone. Once the Metastasian ideal had been firmly established, comedy in Baroque-era opera was reserved for what came to be called opera buffa. Before such elements were forced out of opera seria, many librettos had featured a separately unfolding comic plot as sort of an "opera-within-an-opera." One reason for this was an attempt to attract members of the growing merchant class, newly wealthy, but still less cultured than the nobility, to the public opera houses. These separate plots were almost immediately resurrected in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the commedia dell'arte, (as indeed, such plots had always been) a long-flourishing improvisitory stage tradition of Italy. Just as intermedi had once been performed in-between the acts of stage plays, operas in the new comic genre of intermezzi, which developed largely in Naples in the 1710s and '20s, were initially staged during the intermissions of opera seria. They became so popular, however, that they were soon being offered as separate productions. Italian opera set the Baroque standard. Italian libretti were the norm, even when a German-born, but Italian-trained, composer like Handel found himself writing for London audiences. Italian libretti remained dominant in the classical period as well, for example in the operas of Mozart, who wrote in Vienna near the century's close
Baroque Opera from which this material has been taken
Baroque organ
a form of organ associated with the baroque period
Renaissance recorders have a less conical bore and much larger tone holes than their Baroque counterparts and usually play over a range of an octave and a fifth. Their bore and tone hole configuration, produces an open, strong sound throughout the range.
The Baroque recorder makers increased the complexity of the bore and used smaller, often undercut tone holes, and extended the upper register with strong clear high notes but less powerful low notes. Most modern plastic recorders, for example, are based on a baroque recorder design ethos
(French) a collection of objects decorate in the baroque manner
Baroque suite
a collection of movements based on dance forms, usually consisting of allmande, courante, sarabande and gigue. Other dances were added later to extend the form, for example, minuet, bourrée and gavotte
Baroque trumpet
also called the 'natural trumpet', an instrument made of brass, 7-8 feet long, wound back on itself, and consisting of two sections, one having a cylindrical bore and the other a conical bore. These ended in a truncated cone or bell-shaped flare. Built commonly in the key of D, the instrument had no valves, and was played by overblowing the partials of its respective harmonic series. With a tone crook, or additional length of tubing, the instrument's pitch could be lowered to the key of C. From the seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, crooks were employed to lower the trumpet's pitch to specified keys. The later cavalry trumpet was a form of natural trumpet having neither keys nor pistons
the techniques used in the violin's construction were (and some still are) shrouded in secrecy, passed from father to son or a master to apprentice. North Italy was the birthplace of these secrets. Brescia took the lead in producing the first highly prized instruments with makers such as da Salo and the Maggini family, but by 1600 this violinistic hegemony had been ceded to nearby Cremona where the Amati family worked. It was in their workshops that many of the finest Italian luthiers learned their trade as well as the Tyrolean maker Jacob Stainer (?1617-1683) and of course the greatest of them all, Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737). While all makers brought (and are still bringing) their own ideas and styles to the violin, the work of Amati, Stainer and Stradivari elevated the instrument to such a state of perfection that they can be seen as the violin's (if not western music's) sine qua non. The violin displaced its rival, the viol, in the seventeenth century, when King Charles II introduced a band of violins to the English court, while Louis XV of France formed Vingt-Quatre Violons du Roy. Later in the eighteenth century, the strong influence of the Italian style brought about numerous violin virtuosi, notably Corelli, Vivaldi, Veracini, Locatelli, et al. This brought the violin to the forefront of Baroque era. The difference between the baroque and the modern violin are mainly in the construction. Baroque violins tended to have shallower neck angles, and did not have the conveniences of modern gadgets like chin rests, shoulder rests, fine tuners, etc. The baroque violin was entirely strung in gut, with an equal tension throughout each of its strings
Barouche
(English, from the German Barutsche) a four-wheeled four-seater carriage with a hood
Baroud d'honneur
(French m.) gallant last fight
Bärpfeife
(German f., literally 'bear-pipe') an obsolete reed stop of soft 8 ft. or 16 ft. tone. The name is also applied to a gentle 8 ft. flue-stop
Barpreis
(German m.) spot price, cash price, price for cash
Barquarde
(French) obsolete term for barcarolle
Barquarola, (s.), Barquaroli (pl.)
(Italian) synonymous with barcarola
Barque
(French f.) small boat
Barquero
(Spanish m.) boatman
Barquette
(French f.) a boat shaped pastry tartlet, also a mould for baking such
(Spanish f.) or barra de bajos, bass bar (in a violin)
Barrabasada
(Spanish f.) mischief, prank
Barrabatt einräumen
(German) to allow for cash
Barraca
(Spanish f.) hut, shack, shanty
Barracan
a thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet, used still for outer garments in the Levant
Barra de bajos
(Spanish f.) or barra armónica, bass bar (in a violin)
Barra de compás
(Spanish f.) or línea divisatoria, bar-line, barre de mesure (French)
Barra de compàs
(Catalan f.) bar-line, barre de mesure (French)
Barra de compás simple
(Spanish f.) single bar-line
Barra de compasso
(Portuguese) bar-line
Barra de división
(Spanish f.) oblique line (/)
Barra de fin de música
(Spanish f.) double bar-line (at the end of a movement or of a piece of music)
Barra de fin de repetición
(Spanish f.) end-repeat sign
Barra de labios
(Spanish f.) lipstick
Barra de principio de música
(Spanish f.) bar-line at the beginning of the staff
Barra de principio de repetición
(Spanish f.) begin-repeat sign
Barra de repetición
(Spanish f.) repeat
Barra di divisione
(Italian f.) bar-line
Barra divisoria
(Spanish f.) (single) bar line
Barra divisoria, doble
(Spanish f.) double bar line
Barra divisoria punteada
(Spanish f.) dotted bar line
Barrage
(English, French m.) dam, road-block
(English) any continuous attack, whether with artillery or machine-gun fire
(French) in music, guitar-technique employing barré
Barra inversa
(Spanish f.) inverse oblique line (\)
Barranco
(Spanish m.) ravine, gully, cliff, precipice
Barra oblicua
(Spanish f.) oblique line (/)
Barras
(German m.) army
Barrathea
see 'Barathea'
Barratterie
(German f.) barratry
Barra vertical
(Spanish f.) vertical line (|)
Barra vertical partida
(Spanish f.) broken vertical line (¦)
Barre
(French f., German f.) bar (in river, harbour)
(French f.) line, stroke, beam (in music notation)
(French f., German f.) beam, as for example, the wooden bar running, at waist height, along the walls of a ballet studio used as an aid to balance when dancers are exercising
(French f.) the low bridge found on some stringed instruments
(French f.) alternative spelling of barré (French), a device that clamps to the neck of a plucked string instrument (e.g. a guitar) and which change its tuning by shortening the sounding length of every string, Kapodaster (German) capotasto (Italian, English), capodaste (French)
Barré
(French f.) a device that clamps to the neck of a plucked string instrument (e.g. a guitar) and which change its tuning by shortening the sounding length of every string, Kapodaster (German) capotasto (Italian, English), capodaste (French)
(French f., from which Italian, English, German) on the guitar (or some other plucked string instrument), the placing of a forefinger so that it stops several strings simultaneously. If more than three strings are so stopped, the technique is called grande barré
Barreau
(French m.) bar, rung (of a ladder)
Barred-C
a capital letter C with a perpendicular line drawn through its centre, denoting alla breve or 2/2 time
Barré chord
or 'moveable chord', a chord achieved when playing a fretted instrument by placing the index finger across the fret and using the other three fingers to select the notes of the chord
(French f.) bar-line, barra de compás (Spanish), línea divisatoria (Spanish), Taktstrich (German)
Barredera
(Spanish f.) road-sweeper
Barre de répétition
(French f.) repeat (whence it can also refer to a thick line used to mark the repetition of a group of notes)
Barre de reprise
(French f.) repeat
Barredura
(Spanish f.) rubbish
Barrégriff
(German m.) bar chord (barre), barré chord, barreing (guitar)
Barre harmonique
(French f.) bass-bar
Barreing
playing a fretted instrument by placing the index finger across the fret and using the other three fingers to select notes of the chord
Barrel
also 'cylinder' or Walze (German), a pinned cylinder, usually of wood, on which the arrangements of musical compositions were laid out, for use in barrel organs, barrel pianos, orchestrions, and the like. In a musical box the barrel is made of thin brass through which the tapered pins are driven tightly with the addition of an effective sealing cement
Barrel drum
a large two-headed drum that is laid horizontally
Barrelhouse
originally a cheap drinking and usually dancing establishment. The term came later to refer to the type, and rough style of music which emulated from these establishments, a strident, uninhibited, and forcefully rhythmic style of jazz or blues
Barrelhousestil
(German m.) barrelhouse style
Barrel orchestrion
an automatic music player in which the musical arrangements are set out on rotating pinned cylinders
Barrel organ
or 'street organ', a mechanical pipe organ operated by a rotary handle, which both works the bellows to supply air, and turns a pinned wooden cylinder which, as it is turned, raises keys which cause the sounding of the appropriate pipes. Some, more softly voiced barrel organs found their way into English and French churches
a coin-operated automatic music player in which the musical arrangements are set out on rotating pinned cylinders, designed to be louder than the standard barrel orchestrions because they were to be operated in cafes, bars, etc.
Barrel socket
(in a wind instrument) barilotto (Italian m.), Birne (German f.), Wulst (German m.), barillet (French m.), baril (French f.), barrilete (Spanish m.)
Barrel vault
also called a tunnel vault, semicylindrical in cross-section, is in effect a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space
Barren (s./pl.)
(German m.) (gold-)bar, ingot, parallel bars (sport)
Barrena
(Spanish f.) drill, bit
barrenar
(Spanish) to drill
Barrengold
(German n.) gold bullion, gold in bars
Barrenkupfer
(German n.) copper in bars
Barreno
(Spanish m.) large (mechanical) drill
Barrensilber
(German n.) silver bullion
Barrenturnen
(German n.) work on the bars, work on the parallel bars
Barrenübung
(German f.) exercise on the bars, exercise on the parallel bars
barrer
(French) to block, to bar (a door), to cross out, to steer (a ship)
(Spanish) to sweep, to sweep aside
Barrera
(Spanish f.) barrier
Barrera del sonido
(Spanish f.) sound barrier, muro del suono (Italian m.), Schallmauer (German f.), mur du son (French m.)
Barrette
(French f.) cross-stay, hair-slide
Barrework
in dance, the daily classroom exercises performed at the barre by a dancer
Barriada
(Spanish f.) district
Barricada
(Spanish f.) barricade
barricare
(Italian) to barricade
Barricata
(Italian f.) barricade
Barrido
(Spanish m.) sweeping
Barriera
(Italian f.) barrier, road-block
Barriera razziale
(Italian f.) colour bar
Barriere (s.), Barrieren (pl.)
(German f.) barrier, barrage, bar, boom, railing
Barrière
(French f.) gate, fence, barrier
barrierefrei
(German) barrier-free
Barrierefreiheit
(German f.) accessibility
Barriereriff
(German n.) barrier reef
Barriga
(Spanish f.) pot-belly
barrigón
(Spanish) pot-bellied
barrigudo
(Spanish) pot-bellied
Barrikade (s.), Barrikaden (pl.)
(German f.) barricade
Barrikaden errichten
(German) to erect barricades, to build barricades
Barrikadenstürmer
(German m.) revolutionary (figurative)
barrikadieren
(German) to bar, to barricade
Barril
(Spanish m.) barrel
Barrilete
(Spanish m.) keg, small barrel
(Spanish m.) barrel socket, barilotto (Italian m.), Birne (German f.), Wulst (German m.), barillet (French m.), baril (French f.),
Barriles
drums made of wood and covered with goatskin, similar to the Cuban conga drums
Barrio
(Spanish m.) district, area
barriobajero
(Spanish) vulgar, common
Barrios bajos
(Spanish m.) poor quarter, poor area
Barrique
(French f., German n.) barrel
(German f./n.) oak barrel
barrire
(Italian) to trumpet
Barrister werden
(German) to practise at the bar, to practise as a barrister
Barrito
(Italian m.) trumpeting
Barro
(Spanish m.) mud, clay, earthenware
Barroco
(Spanish m.) Baroque style
barroco
(Spanish) Baroque
Barrote
(Spanish m.) heavy bar
barruntar
(Spanish) to sense, to have a feeling
Barrunte
(Spanish m.) sign, feeling
Barrunto
(Spanish m.) sign, feeling
Bars
(German pl.) cafes (US), bars
BarSax
abbreviation of Bariton-Saxophon (German: baritone saxophone - saxophone baryton (French))
(German m.) open cheque, personal cheque, cash cheque, uncrossed cheque
Barsendung
(German f.) remittance in cash
Barsieb
(German n.) (bar) strainer, bar strainer
Barsoi
(German m.) borzoi (any of a breed of tall, slender dogs having a narrow, pointed head and a silky, predominantly white coat, originally developed in Russia)
Barstuhl
(German m.) bar chair, bar stool
Bart (s.), Bärte (pl.)
(German m.) beard [corrected by Michael Zapf]
Bart.
abbreviation of 'Baronet'
Bartaxt
(German f.) bardiche, beard axe (used primarily as a tool for woodwork and for cutting and smoothing planks)
Barter
an equal exchange of goods or services in which money is not involved
Bartergeschäft
(German n.) barter
Barthaar
(German n.) hair of the beard, whisker
Bartholomäus
(German) Bartholomew
Bartholomäusnacht
(German f.) St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (from August 24, 1572 and lasting for several months, a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots, French Calvinist Protestants), Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy (French)
bärtig
(German) bearded, whiskered (bird, but not cat), barbate, whiskery [clarified by Michael Zapf]
Bartisch
(German m.) bar table
Bartkamm
(German m.) beard comb
Bartkratzer
(German m., dated) barber
bartlos
(German) beardless, clean-shaven, glabrous (hairless, without projections, pubescent, smooth)
Bartlosigkeit
(German f.) barefacedness
Bartók chord
The Wooden Prince begins with an evocation of nature modeled upon that which begins Wagner's Das Rheingold except that, in Bartók, the first seven harmonics are combined (as opposed to the first five in the Wagner) to create the 'Bartók chord'
Bartók pizzicato
or 'snap pizzicato', a term which instructs string performers to play a pizzicato note to pull the string away from the fingerboard so that it snaps back percussively on the fingerboard
Bar tracery
window tracery wich divides the window into patterns with bars of stone, characteristic of later Gothic
Bartransaktion
(German f.) cash transaction
Bartschatten
(German m.) five o'clock shadow
Bartsteuer
(German f.) beard tax
Bartstoppeln
(German pl.) five o'clock shadow, (beard) stubble
Barttracht
(German f.) beard style
Bártulos
(Spanish m. pl.) things
Bartwisch
(German m. - Southern Germany, Austria) hand brush
Barüberweisung
(German f.) cash transfer
Baruffa
(Italian f.) scuffle
Barulho
(Portuguese) noise
Barullo
(Spanish m.) uproar, confusion
Barutensilien
(German pl.) bar equipment
Barvergütung
(German f.) cash bonus
Barverkauf
(German m.) cash sale
Barverlust
(German m.) net loss
Barverrechnung
(German f.) cash settlement
Barvorschuss
(German m.) cash advance
Barwert
(German m.) actual cash value, cash equivalent, cash value, current worth, fair market value, present value
Barynya
a fast Russian folk dance, an alternation of chastushkas and frenetic dancing
a type of folk music
Barynya from which this short extract has been taken
Baryphonus
(Latin) a bass singer, with a deep or coarse voice
Baryton
(German m., English) or viole di bordone, the baryton demands a complex and involved technique from its players. In the hollowed neck behind the baryton's fingerboard, which accomodates 6 or 7 bowed strings, there is an additional set of as many as 27 metal, "sympathetic" strings, which the thumb of the player's left hand is meant to strum, creating a lute-like accompaniment, while using the free fingers of the left hand to stop, and the right hand to bow the strings above the fingerboard. Because of the additional plucked strings, this string instrument has an especially rich sound. Although it is so complicated to play, the instrument attracted a number of passionate devotees, among them Prince Nikolaus Esterházy (1714-1790), who commissioned about 175 works from his Kapellmeister, Joseph Haydn
the musical writer Charles Burney was not an admirer of the instrument. In the 1760s, he wrote, "[The baryton] was practised longer in Germany than elsewhere; but since the death of the late Elector of Bavaria ... the instrument seems laid aside. [...] The tone of the instrument will do nothing for itself, and it seems with Music as with agriculture, the more barren and ungrateful the soil, the more art is necessary in its cultivation. And the tones of the viola da gamba are radically so crude and nasal, that nothing but the greatest skill and refinement can make them bearable. A human voice of the same quality would be intolerable"
(French m.) the French designation for a light, flexible baritone between the baritone and the tenor range, named for the singer Jean-Blaise Martin (1768-1837). Examples of roles written for this rare voice type include Pelléas in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande and Ramiro in Ravel's L'Heure espagnole. Pierre Bernac, Jacques Jansen and Camille Maurane were famous barytons-martin
(German f.) cash payment, cash, cash disburstment, cash settlement, down payment, payment in cash
Barzahlung bei Auftragserteilung
(German f.) cash with order
Barzahlung bei Bestellung
(German f.) cash with order
Barzahlungsangebot
(German n.) cash offer
Barzahlungsbedingungen
(German pl.) cash terms
Barzahlungskäufer
(German m.) cash buyer
Barzahlungskunde
(German m.) cash customer
Barzahlungspreis
(German m.) cash price
Barzahlungsrabatt
(German m.) cash discount
Barzahlungsskonto
(German n.) cash discount
Barzahlungsverkauf
(German m.) cash-and-carry sale
Barzange
(German f.) champagne tongs, bar tongs
Barzelletta
(Italian f., literally 'jest' or 'joke') from early sixteenth-century Italy, the most popular verse form of the frottola. The barzelletta is similar, in prosody, to the ballata, the French virelai, the lauda and the Spanish cantiga or villancico, that had been cultivated in Spain longer than the madrigal. The villancio goes back to the eighteenth century (Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X El Sabio). The villancico was probably derived from the twelfth century Moorish zejél and it was similar in structure to the French virelai. Spain had been under the dominion of the Moors for eight centuries, until 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs reconquered the Iberian peninsula. Because of its simple form consisting of several stanzas linked by a refrain, the possibilities of the villancico as a poetic-musical form were endless. By the end of the fifteenth century, the villancico, originally based on strophic forms, like the virelai and fourteenth-century ballata, changed to resemble a frottola, especially the barzalletta
it divides into two sections:
a refrain (ripesa)
four lines in the rhyme scheme ABBA or ABAB
a stanza
six or eight lines set in pairs with identical rhymes (mutazioni or piedi). The last part of the stanza contains a volta or a couplet with the last line rhyming with the first line of the refrain. The rhyme scheme for the stanza is often CDCDDA (six-lines) or CDCDDEEA (eight-lines). There are typically from two to five stanzas with either the entire four-line refrain or generally only part of the refrain (two lines) preceeding each stanza
Barzoi
(German m.) borzoi (any of a breed of tall, slender dogs having a narrow, pointed head and a silky, predominantly white coat, originally developed in Russia)
Barzuschuss
(German m.) cash allowance
Bas
(Dutch, Danish, Swedish) bass
Bas
(French m.) bottom, stocking, quiet
bas (m.), basse (f.)
(French) low, grave (low, softly, piano), base (cowardly, despicable)
Basa
(Spanish f.) base, basis (figurative)
Basalt
(English, German m.) A hard, dense, dark volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine, and often having a glassy appearance
basaltgrau
(German) basalt grey
basaltisch
(German) basaltic
basaltisches Gestein
(German n.) whinstone (any of various hard, dark-colored rocks, especially basalt and chert)
Basalumsatz
(German m.) resting metabolic rate, basal metabolism
Basamento
(Spanish m.) base, basis (figurative)
basané
(French) tanned
Basar
(German m.) bazaar, bazar
basar
(Spanish) to base
basare
(Italian) to base
basarse en
(Spanish) to be based on
basarsi su
(Italian) to be based on
bas bleu
(French) blue-stocking, a learned or cultured woman
BASBWE
British Association of Symphonic
Bands and Wind Ensembles
a Turkic ethnic group that lives mostly in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan, a Turkic language with many dialects, spoken in parts of Russia, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan
Bashkiria
also the Bashkir Republic or Bashkortostan, a constituent republic of East Central Russia, in the South Urals
Baschkirien
(German) Bashkiria
Baschkirisch
(German n.) Bashkir
Baschkortostan
(German) Bashkiria
Basco
(Italian m.) beret
Bascosidad
(Spanish f.) filth
Báscula
(Spanish f.) scales
bascular
(Spanish) to tilt
Bascule
(French f.) scales (weighing)
(French) the rocking movement made by a horse when jumping high obstacles correctly
basculer
(French) to topple over, to tip up
basculer d'une langue à l'autre
(French) to switch from one language to another
Bas de casse
(French m.) lower case
Bas de laine
(French m.) nest egg
Bas-dessus
(French m.) mezzo-soprano, second treble
Bas de tach
a carnival dance
Base, Basen (German pl.)
an obsolete form of the word bass
(French f.) base, basis
(German f.) female cousin, base
(German n.) (baseball) base
(Italian f.) basis, foundation
(Spanish f.) basis, basis, foundation
base
(Italian) basic
Baseball
(English, German m.) a game played with a bat and ball by two teams
Baseballhandschuh
(German m.) baseball glove, baseball mitt
Baseballkappe
(German f.) baseball cap
Baseballmütze
(German f.) baseball cap
Baseballschläger
(German m.) baseball bat
Base Call Number
the part of a Library of Congress call number which indicates the subject of materials shelved in that location. It is made up of one or more letters followed by a number. For example, the base call number for symphonies is M1001
(German n.) BASE jumping (parachuting from the top of buildings, etc.)
Basel
(German n.) Basle (Swiss city)
Baseler
(German m.) person from Basle
Baseline
(English, German f.) an observation or value that represents the background level of a measurable quantity
Base morpheme
a free or bound morpheme, to which other meaningful sounds can be added to form words. Examples of base morphemes include base in basic, or frame in reframe
bas, en
low, as in the placement of the arms
Basenji
(English, German m.) a small brown African hunting-dog
baser
(French) to base
Basese
popular Malagasy dance rhythm from Diego Suárez, in the north-east
Basetta
(Italian f.) sideburn
Bas-fonds
(French m. pl.) shallows (water), dregs
Basic
(German n.) acronym for 'Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code', a programming language
Basic chords
the chords on the tonic (I), dominant (V) and subdominant (IV)
(German f.) Membrana basilaris, basilar membrane (a membrane inside the cochlea which vibrates in response to sound and whose vibrations lead to activity in the auditory pathways)
Basilarmembrane
(German f.) Membrana basilaris, basilar membrane (a membrane inside the cochlea which vibrates in response to sound and whose vibrations lead to activity in the auditory pathways)
Basilect
the variety of speech that is most remote from the prestige variety, especially in an area where a creole is spoken
Basilekt
(German m.) basilect
Basilic
(French m.) basil (Ocimum basilicum), an aromatic herb
Basilica
(Italian f. from the Greek stoa basilike literally 'king's hall') a church building, usually facing east, with a tall main nave and two or four side aisles of lesser height. There may also be a transept between the nave and the choir, which is reserved for the clergy. Originally, the basilica was an ancient Greek administrative building, and the Romans used this form for markets and law courts; it then became a place of assembly for the early Christians, and thus a church
Basilicata
a region of southern Italy bordering on the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranta
Basilico
(Italian m.) basil (Ocimum basilicum), an aromatic herb
Basilienkraut (s.), Basilienkräuter (pl.)
(German n.) basil (Ocimum basilicum), an aromatic herb
Basilika (s.), Basiliken (pl.)
(German f.) basilica
Basilikata
(German f.) Basilicata
Basilikum
(German n.) basil (Ocimum basilicum), an aromatic herb
Basilique
(French f.) basilica
Basilique du Sacré-Cœur
(French f.) Basilica of the Sacré Cœur in Montmarte, Paris, France
Basilisk
(English, German m.) or cockatrice, a fabulous animal which was believed to be so deadly that even its breath or its glance was fatal to those who came near it
Basiliskenblick
(German m.) basilisk glance
Basilius
(German) Basil
Basiliusliturgie
(German f.) Liturgy of St. Basil
Bas instruments
(French bas, literally 'soft') soft instruments suitable for chamber music, for example, vielles, rebecs, lutes, recorders, and the like
(Swedish) bass clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff
Baskulierfeile
(German f.) oval file
Basler
(German m.) person from Basle
Basler Brunsli
(German pl.) Basel chocolate balls
Basler drum
parade drum, Basler Trommel or Paradetrommel (German), tambour d'empire (French), tamburo di Basilea (Italian), tambor de Basilea (Spanish)
the Basler drum is a deep military type snare drum, which, because of its larger head, requires a stick technique that is quite different from that used on the standard snare drum
Basler Trommel
(German f.) Basler drum
Basmatireis
(German m.) basmati rice
Basmati-Reis
(German m.) basmati rice
Basnøgle
(Danish) bass clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff
Basophobia
an abnormal fear of standing erect or walking
Basophobie
(German f.) basophobia
Basque
(French) the part of a woman's tailored jacket below the waist line
Basques
a term applied to rhythmically complex dance music of Basque origin
(French m.) low relief, sculpture in which the figures project less than half their true proportion from the surface
Bass (s.), Bässe (German pl.)
(English, German m.) bajo (Spanish), basso (Italian), basse (French)
lowest part
colloquial name for the 'bass guitar', also called 'electric bass guitar'
in an orchestral context, colloquial name for the 'double bass'
(English) lowest male voice, with a range between C and d', which can be sub-divided according to range and character (C2-D4)
the bass voice may be subdivided according to the tessitura and timbre and its suitability for various operatic roles:
Germany
tiefer Bass, Bass-buffo or komischer Bass, and hoher Bass
Italy
basso profondo, basso comico or basso-buffo, basso cantate
France
basse-bouffe, basse de caractère, basse chantante or basse noble, and in baroque music, in baroque music, basse-contre
often the lowest in a family of instruments, for example, bass saxophone, bass clarinet, bass trombone, etc.
in acoustics, the lower end of the musical scale, the range (below about 200Hz) in which there are difficulties, principally in the reproduction of sound, due to the large wavelengths involved
(German m., older spelling) pasha (a civil or military authority in Turkey or Egypt)
bassa (f.), basso (m.), bassi (pl.)
(Italian) low, deep
8va bassa tells the performer to play the notes an octave lower
Bassadanza
(Italian) while it is clearly related to the later fifteenth-century Burgundian basse dance, they have some stylistic differences that separate them. Among these differences are the more flexible choreographies of the bassadanza as opposed to the more limited step patterns possible in the basse-dance
see misure
Bass and drums
'bass and drums' are an inseparable duo, the bass providing tone for the drums, and the drums providing kick and power for the bass
Bassanello
a double-reed instrument known only from illustrations in Praetorius' Syntagma musicum
Bassa ottava
(Italian) the passage so marked is to be played an octave lower than it is written
Baßbalken
(German m., older spelling) bass-bar
Bassbalken
(German m.) bassbar (of a stringed instrument), catena (Italian f.), barre (d'harmonie) (French)
Bassbanjo
(German n.) banjo-bass
Bassbar
or bass-bar, a long strip of softwood glued under the belly of a sound board to support one foot, normally the left-hand foot, of the bridge, so improving the instrument's bass frequency resonance response
clarinetto basso (Italian m.), Bassklarinette (German f.), clarinette basse (French f.), clarinete bajo (Spanish m.)
though others had attempted to make a bass clarinet, Sax created the first successful such instrument by the time he was twenty years old! The modern bass clarinet has changed very little in basic design from Sax's model
chiave di Fa2 (Italian f.), Bassschlüssel (German m.), F-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de fa (French f.), clé de fa (French f.), clé de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clef de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clave de fa (Spanish f.), clave de fa en cuarta (Spanish f.)
Turish drum, gran cassa (Italian), grancassa (Italian), tamburo grande (Italian), tamburo grosso (Italian), Grosse Trommel (German), grosse caisse (French), bombo (Spanish)
(English) a large membranophone of indefinite pitch that is played with a soft-headed stick, for example, in military marching bands. Bass drums are very deep two-headed drums, that in the orchestra stand or are suspended vertically or horizontally and can be anywhere between 50cm and 2m in diameter
(French f.) in Italian basso cantante or basse recitante, a high bass voice, or the singer that possesses such a voice. In French, a term synonymous with basse-taille. In instrumental writing, the basse chantante is performed by the cellos while the basso secondo (or basse continue) is performed by the duoble basses
Basse chiffre
basse chiffrée
Basse chiffrée
(French f.) basso continuo, thorough bass
Basse-clef
(French f.) bass clef
Basse continue
(French f.) basso continuo, thorough bass
see basse chantante
Basse contrainte
(French f.) ground bass (a theme of a few bars length that is repeated throughout a piece while the melody in the upper part or parts varies continuously)
(French m.) the double-bass
Basse-contre
(French m.) synonymous with basse, the double bass
(French m.) a deep bass voice called basso profondo in Italian
Basse-cornet
(French f.) an organ stop
Basse-cour
(French f.) farmyard
Basse d'Alberti
(French f.) Alberti bass, bajo de Alberti (Spanish)
Basse dance
(from the French basse-danse, literally 'low dance') a very early dance type, in which the feet are kept close to the ground, remembered for the way in which basse dance tunes continued to inspire composers long after the dances themselves had become extinct, probably sometime in the sixteenth century. The dance may be in duple or triple time, or a mixture of the two, often improvised over a tenor cantus firmus. An afterdance, for example a tordion or recoupe, would be livelier
(German f. although some sources suggest m.) basse-dance [information provided by Michael Zapf]
Basse de cremona
(French f.) old French name for the bassoon or fagotto (Italian)
Basse de cremorne
(French f.) old French name for the bassoon or fagotto (Italian)
Basse de cromorne
(French f.) old French name for the bassoon or fagotto (Italian)
Basse de flûte à bec
(French f.) bass recorder
Basse de flûte traversière
(French f.) bass flute
Basse de hautbois
(French f.) old French name for the bassoon or fagotto (Italian)
Basse des Italiens
(French f.) synonymous with the basse be violon, except that that it is tuned a minor third lower, thus, A (first space bass clef), E, B and F sharp
Basse de viol
(French f.) bass viol, viola da gamba
Basse de violon
(French f.) double-bass, contra-basso (although the term was also applied formerly to a smaller form of the standard orchestral double bass also called the bassetto)
(French f.) solo bass, basse chantante (French m.)
Bassesse
(French f.) baseness, base act
Basse-taille
(French f.) enamel work in which the ground is carved in intaglio, the hollows being filled with translucent enamel through which the modelling can still be seen
(French m.) a tenor voice strong in the lower register, a true tenor being called haute-taille or haute-contre
(French m.) a baritone voice extending from G, first line bass clef, to the octave of its seventh (it is a third deeper than the concordant or baritono, and higher than the basse contre)
Bassetchen
(German n.) a term used by seventeenth- and eighteenth-century music theorists to designate a basso continuo accompaniment in a register other than the bass
Basset clarinet
see 'clarinet'
Basset horn
cuerno basset (Spanish m.), trompa de basset (Spanish f.), corno di bassetto (Italian m.), Bassetthorn (German n.), cor de basset (French m.)
a now rarely-used wide-bored alto or tenor clarinet in F which has a brass bell at its lower end, invented in about 1765, similar in shape and tone to the modern bass clarinet, with a range of F, first space below the bass clef, to F, the fifth line of the treble clef. W. A. Mozart (1756-1791) used the instrument in his Masonic Funeral Music (1785) and it features in Karlheinz Stockhausen's opera cycle LICHT (1977-2002)
a guitar tuned lower than the standard guitar, of which many variations exist, bearing names such as arch guitar, double-neck guitar, theorbo-guitar, harp guitar and chitarra decachorda
colloquial name for the 'electric bass guitar' which has a solid body and comes in several forms and tunings (lowest string first):
standard four-string electric bass
tuning: E-A-D-G (the lowest E string is the same as the lowest string on the double bass)
five-string electric bass
normal tuning: B-E-A-D-G
alternative tuning: E-A-D-G-C
six-string electric bass
B-E-A-D-G-C B-E-A-D-G-B and less often: E-A-D-G-B-E
seven-string bass
most common tuning: B-E-A-D-G-C-F
eight-string bass
most common tuning: F#-B-E-A-D-G-C-F
nine-string bass
most common tuning: F#-B-E-A-D-G-C-F-Bb
ten-string bass
most common tuning: C#-F#-B-E-A-D-G-C-F-Bb F#-B-E-A-D-G-C-F-Bb-Eb
eleven-string bass
most common tuning: C#-F#-B-E-A-D-G-C-F-Bb-Eb
twelve-string bass
Garry Goodman's Adler 12-string bass with 36 frets tuned in fourths spans 8 octaves and has the same range as a 97-note Grand Piano
eight-string, double course bass
tuning: E-e-A-a-D-d-G-g
twelve-string, triple course bass
tuning: E-e-e-A-a-a-D-d-d-G-g-g
tenor electric bass
tuning: A-D-G-C
piccolo electric bass
tuning: e-a-d-g, an octave higher than standard bass tuning
sub-contra electric bass
tuning: C#-F#-B-E, the E string being the same as the lowest string on standard basses
detuners, commonly called 'hipshots', allow one or more strings to be easily adjusted while playing (most commonly used to give the option of dropping the E string down to D on a four string bass). There are many alternative tunings used by bass-guitarists and we have only given the standard or most common tunings in this table
Bass Guitar from which this information has been taken
(German m.) running bass [information provided by Michael Zapf]
Basslaute
(German f.) bass lute
Bassleutel
(Dutch) bass clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff
Bassline
(English, German f.) a series of notes that are pitched low, usually at least an octave and a half below middle C. Although in principle any bass part in any kind of music can be referred to as a 'bassline', typically the term refers to a repeated melody characteristic of most forms of pop, rock and dance music
at any particularly point, the lowest note in a musical piece
Basso
(Italian m.) bass
when marked on a tenor (or viola) part, sometimes together with the word col, this expression denotes that the tenor (or viola) should perform in unison with the bass
basso
(Italian) low, short, shallow, vile
Basso
(Finnish) bass
Basso al ottava
(Italian) a bass part that is played one octave lower than it is written
Bassoavain
(Finnish) bass clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff
Bassoboe
(German f.) bass oboe
Bass oboe
the bass member of the oboe family, usually pitched one octave below the standard oboe
(Italian m.) lyrical higher bass voice, in French basse chantante, as opposed to the heavy, deep bass basso profondo
a term used for a vocal as opposed to an instrumental bass
Basso concertante
(Italian m.) principal bass line usually performed by the principal violoncello or bassoon
Basso concertato
(Italian m.) principal bass line usually performed by the principal violoncello or bassoon
Basso contanto
(Italian m.) 'singing' part of the bass voice
Basso continuo
(English, Italian, Dutch, German m.) 'continuous bass' or 'thorough bass', which appeared at the very beginning of the seventeenth century. The term is used also to refer to 'figured bass' from which seventeenth- and eighteenth-century keyboard players realised accompaniments
an effect found on certain early nineteenth-century Viennese pianos
an organ reed stop, with a soft slightly nasal timbre, of 8 ft. on the manual register and of 16 ft. on the pedal register
Bassoon à serpentine
a rackett
Bassoon, baroque
see 'baroque bassoon'
Bassoonist
a bassoon player
Bassoon pipe
or orchestral bassoon or Fagott (German), a reed pipe voiced somewhat between the clarient and saxophone pipes, used in automatic and other pipe organs
Basso ostinato
(German m., Italian m., literally 'persistent bass') ground bass, a pattern repeated several times over in the bass line to accompany one or more ever-varying upper parts
Bass ophicleide
the baritone/bass member of the ophicleide family, in the key of B flat
often written as basso profundo although this is not the correct in Italian
Basso recitante
(Italian m.) basse récitante (French f.)
Basso rilievo
(Italian m.) bas-relief, sculpture in which the figures project less than half their true proportion from the surface
Basso ripieno
(Italian m.) the bass line when played by all the bass instruments (i.e. tutti) and not just by a single member (as in a recitative)
Basso riverso
(Italian m.) or basso rivoltato, an inverted or retrograded bass
Basso rivoltato
(Italian m.) or basso riverso, an inverted or retrograded bass
Basso seguente
(Italian m., literally 'following bass') an instrumental bass (for example, played on an organ), which merely follows the lowest vocal part
Basso-trombone
(Italian) bass-trombone
Basspartie
(German f.) bass part
Basspedal
(German n.) bass pedal
Basspfeife
(German f.) drone, bass-pipe (archaic term for the bassoon)
Bass player
double bass player
Baßpommer
(German, older spelling) bass pommer, the lowest member of the Pommer family
Basspommer
(German m.) bass pommer, the lowest member of the Pommer family
Baßposaune
(German f., older spelling) bass trombone
Bassposaune
(German f.) bass trombone
Bassregler
(German m.) bass control
Bass run
although the term 'running bass' is also used, an instrumental break in which the main vocal or melody line rests (pauses, takes a "break") and the bass instruments and line are given the forefront. The technique seems to have originated in the marches of the "Sousa school"
(German f., older spelling) bass string, the bottom string on a bowed or plucked instrument
Basssaite
(German f.) bass string, the bottom string on a bowed or plucked instrument
Baß-saite
(German f., older spelling) bass string, the bottom string on a bowed or plucked instrument
Bass-saite
(German f.) bass string, the bottom string on a bowed or plucked instrument
Bass sax
see 'bass saxophone'
Baßsaxofon
(German n., older spelling) bass saxophone, sassofono basso (Italian m.), Basssaxophon (German n.), saxophone basse (French m.), saxofóno bajo (Spanish m.)
Basssaxofon
(German n.) bass saxophone, sassofono basso (Italian m.), Basssaxophon (German n.), saxophone basse (French m.), saxofóno bajo (Spanish m.)
Baßsaxophon
(German n., older spelling) bass saxophone, sassofono basso (Italian m.), Basssaxophon (German n.), saxophone basse (French m.), saxofóno bajo (Spanish m.)
Basssaxophon
(German n.) bass saxophone, sassofono basso (Italian m.), saxophone basse (French m.), saxofóno bajo (Spanish m.)
Bass saxophone
sassofono basso (Italian m.), Basssaxophon (German n.), saxophone basse (French m.), saxofóno bajo (Spanish m.)
the bass saxophone (or bass sax for short) is the second largest existing member of the saxophone family (or third largest, if the subcontrabass tubax is counted). It is similar in design to a baritone saxophone, but is larger and its loop, near the mouthpiece, extends further vertically. Unlike the baritone, the bass saxophone is not commonly used. While some composers (such as Percy Grainger in his work Lincolnshire Posy) did write parts for the instrument in their compositions, the bass sax part in today's wind bands is usually handled by the tuba, or in jazz and other popular-music bands by the double bass or electric bass, all of which have a lower range. Although originally available in either Bb or C (the latter for orchestral use), the modern bass saxophone is pitched in Bb, a perfect fourth lower than the baritone, and thus the same as the Bb contrabass clarinet. Sheet music for bass sax is written in treble clef, just as music for the other saxophones is written, but for the bass instrument, it sounds two octaves and a major second lower than written. Like the other members of the saxophone family, the lowest written note is Bb below the staff; for bass saxophone, this note is a concert-pitch Ab in the first octave (~ 51.9 Hz)
(German m.) bass clef, chiave di Fa2 (Italian f.), F-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de fa (French f.), clé de fa (French f.), clé de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clef de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clave de fa (Spanish f.), clave de fa en cuarta (Spanish f.)
on a piano, the strings of the lowest 30 or 32 notes of the piano. They are wrapped with one or two layers of pure copper; wire of several sizes, depending on the note or pitch they are to produce
Bass-strum style
a right hand technique on the guitar which involves picking a bass note then strumming the rest of the chord
Bass trombone
trombón bajo (Spanish), trombone basso (Italian), Bass-Posaune (German), basse-trombone (French)
the bass trombone is a slide trombone with two valves that are operated by the left thumb. The valves make it possible to lower the instrument's pitch from Bb to F or D. The entire chromatic scale only becomes available thanks to the thumb valve (F tuning) and an additional third-valve (D tuning). The bass trombone has a very wide range and is relatively easy to play in the lower register
Bass Trombone from which this extract has been taken
in 1828 the German instrument maker H. Stölzel had a trumpet in Bb in his catalog which he described as a tenor trumpet. In his Ring, Richard Wagner described deep trumpets in Bb, C, D and Eb as bass trumpets
tuba bassa (Italian f.), Basstuba (German f.), tuba basse (French m.), contrebasse à pistons (French f.), tuba baja (Spanish f.)
in 1835 Johann Moritz and the trombonist Wilhelm Wieprecht (1802-1872) were granted a Prussian patent in Berlin for the bass tuba. Although valved instruments in the bass register already existed (for example, the bombardon) this was the first instrument to bear the name bass tuba. The bass tuba was made of brass, keyed in F and had five piston valves ('Berlin valves'). The first three valves were operated by the right hand, the other two by the left. The 1st and 2nd valves lowered the fundamental note by a whole tone and a semitone respectively in relation to the key of F; the 3rd valve lowered the instrument's tuning by a fourth, from F to C. The 4th and 5th valves lowered the pitch from C by a whole tone and a semitone (wide half step, wide whole step) respectively. The relatively narrow bore meant that the bass notes were not particularly loud or powerful. In the course of the reorganization of Prussian military music Wieprecht introduced two bass tubas into every band, which aided the instrument's distribution and further development. Because the gap between the 1st and 2nd naturals could not be bridged on an instrument with three valves, subsequent tubas were made with four to six valves. In France, the tuba was known for a long time as the ophicléide-à-pistons
a bowed continuo instrument used for example in the orchestral writing of Purcell and his contemporaries, that resembles a very large cello and is tuned a tone below it, i.e. G C F Bb
Bassvioline
(German f., dated) bass violin (double bass)
Bass voice
see bass
Basswood
(name used in North America - genus Tilia), lime (name used in Europe - genus Tilia), europäische Linde (German), gemeine Linde (German), tilleul d'Europe (French), tilleul intermédiaire (French), tiglio olandese (Italian), tiglio comune (Italian)
in the percussion industry, basswood is sometimes used as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and their aesthetics. Basswood is also frequently used as a material for electric guitar bodies. In the past, it was typically used (along with Agathis) for favoured for less-expensive models. However, due to its better resonance at mid and high frequency, and better sustain than alder, it is now more commonly in use with superstrats. It can also be used for the neck because of its excellent material integrity when bent and ability to produce consistent tone without any dead spots
Basswood from which the second entry has been taken
Bass-Zeichen
(German n., old usage, the modern term is Bassschlüssel) bass clef [clarified by Michael Zapf]
Bast
(English, German m.) strong woody fibres obtained especially from the phloem of various plants
(German m.) raffia, antler velvet
Basta
(Spanish f.) tack, tacking stitch
basta
(Italian, German) enough, sufficient, stop
bastante
(Italian, Spanish) enough, quite a few, quite a lot of, rather, fairly, long enough
bastar
(Spanish) to be enough
bastar che
(Italian) provided that
Bastard
(of a person) begotten and born out of lawful matrimony, illegitimate
(more generally) lacking in genuineness, spurious
Bastard (s.), Bastarde (pl.)
(English, German m.) bastard, mongrel, chance-child (archaic), crossbreed, hybrid, bastards (plural form)
(English) Bastard Pop (German m.) or Bastard-Pop (German m.), a musical genre which, in its purest form, consists of the combination (usually by digital means) of the music from one song with the a cappella from another. Typically, the music and vocals belong to completely different genres. At their best, bastard pop songs strive for musical epiphanies that add up to considerably more than the sum of their parts
Bastard pop from which this extract has been taken
Bastard-Pop
(German m.) mashup
Bastardschaft
(German f.) bastardy
Bastardschwert
(German n.) bastard sword
Bastard sword
large, double-edged sword with a long grip which could be wielded with either one or two hands
Bastard title
or 'half title', a first page of some books displaying only the title of the book. Schmutztitel (German m.)
Bastardzeder
(German f.) bastard cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia)
bastare
(Italian) to be enough, to last
basta y sobra
(Spanish) that's more than enough
Bast-BH
(German m.) raffia bra, hula bra
Bastei (s.), Basteien (pl.)
(German f.) bastion
Bastelbuch
(German n.) activities book
Bastelei
(German f.) bricolage (the art of creating a piece of work by making with or putting together whatever materials happen to be available)
Bastelgeschäft
(German n.) arts and crafts shop
Basteln
(German n.) crafting
basteln
(German) to do handicrafts, to tinker, to perform handicraft work
basteln an
(German) tinker with
bastelnd
(German) doing handicrafts, tinkering
Bastelpapier
(German n.) construction paper (an economical, coarse and sturdy paper that comes in a variety of sizes and colours)
bastelt
(German) tinkers
bastelt zurecht
(German) rigs
Bastenach
(German n.) Bastogne (a town of southeast Belgium near the Luxembourg border)
Bastfaser
(German f.) bast fibre
Bastidor (s.), Bastidores (pl.)
(Spanish) frame, chassis (car), wings (plural form: of a stage)
Bastimento
(Italian m.) ship
Bastion (s.), Bastionen (German pl.)
(English, German f.) a small tower at the end of a curtain wall or in the middle of the outside wall
(German n.) Bastogne (a town of southeast Belgium near the Luxembourg border)
basto
(Spanish) coarse
Bastón
(Spanish m.) walking stick
Bastonade (s.), Bastonaden (pl.)
(German f.) bastinado (traditional form of punishment or torture involving beating particularly the soles of feet)
bastonare
(Italian) to beat
Bastonazo
(Spanish m.) blow (delivered with a stick)
Bastone
(Italian m.) stick, club (golf), walking-stick
Bastrock
(German m.) hula skirt, raffia skirt
Bastseide
(German f.) raw silk, unscoured silk
Basun
(Swedish) trombone
Basura
(Spanish f.) rubbish, garbage, litter
Basurero
(Spanish m.) dustman, garbage collector, rubbish dump, dustbin, garbage can
Basuri
see bansuri
Basutoland
(English, German n.) a landlocked constitutional monarchy in southern Africa (now Lesotho)
bat
(German n.) begged
Bat.
abbreviation of 'Batavia'
Bata
(Spanish f.) dressing-gown, white coat (doctor)
Batá (drums)
sacred hourglass-shaped drums of Yoruban/Nigerian origin used in the Santeria religious ceremonies, the batá drums can speak. Not in a metaphorical sense, but they really can be used to speak the Yorùbá language, and have been used traditionally to recite prayers, religious poetry, greetings, announcements, praises for leaders, and even jokes or teasing. The Yorùbá language, the mother tongue of over 10 million people, is a tonal language, like Chinese and many African languages. Yorùbá speakers use three basic tones, or pitches, and glides between them, as an essential part of how words are pronounced. This is how the unrelated hourglass-shaped 'talking drums' (called dundun in Yorùbá, and played with a curved stick) are able to speak Yorùbá praises and sayings. In a similar way, this is how batá and other drums can 'talk' [additional information by Donald Skoog]
bata drums, carved out of solid wood, are a set of three double-headed religious drums used in Cuba - the largest is iyá, the middle drum is itótele and the smallest drum, okónkolo or omelé. The smaller drumhead is called chacha and the larger the enu
Argentine dance derived from the Parisian ba-ta-clan
Bataclana
(Argentina) cabaret dancer
Bata de cola
(Spanish f.) Flamenco dress
Batá de fundamento
(Cuba) the sacred batá used in all ceremonies related to orishas and other religious ceremonies. Sacred batá drums in Yorubá and Cuban culture have religious rituals surrounding their construction, who can touch them, how to prepare to play them, and how to care for them. These sacred batá are treated as living creatures with names, care, and feelings, with various rules for their use. An uninitiated person may not touch them and they may not touch the ground. The spiritual force and mystery placed within the drum when it is made sacred, or consecrated, is called añá or ayán. Añá is also referred to as an orisha, or deity. A drummer may be initiated into añá through certain religious rituals practiced mostly in Cuba (and Nigeria), and receives the spiritual force needed to play the drums correctly to bring the orishas down to a ceremony to possess the devotees
(German f. (dated), French f.) battle, battaglia, fight (figurative)
Bataillon (s.), Bataillone (pl.)
(German n.) battalion
Bataisk
(German n.) Bataysk (a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located south-west of Rostov-on-Don)
Batak Church
the Batak Protestant Christian Church is the fruit of the work of the Rhineland Mission (Germany) which began to work in the Batak land of North Sumatra in 1861
Batakkirche
(German f.) Batak Church
Batalla
(Spanish f.) battle
(Spanish f.) also called 'horizontal Spanish trumpets', a characteristic stop found in Iberian organs
Batalla campal
(Spanish f.) pitched battle
Batallador
(Spanish m.) fighter
batallador
(Spanish) fighting
batallar
(Spanish) to fight, to battle
Batanga
a term related to salsa, rhythms, invented by Bebo Valdés in the 1950s, played with the sacred bata drums
Batar
Somalian drum
Bâtard
(French m./f.) bastard
bâtard
(French) hybrid (solution)
Batá-rock
see son-batá
Batá-rumba
the batá-rumba was developed in a big band setting by Los Irakere, who added batá drums to their rhythm section. The new genre, called son-batá or batá-rock, entered the Cuban musical mainstream in the 1970s. Batá-rumba creates a new kind of rhythmic complexity by 'crossing' rumba and batá drums, and by combining Kongo-based and Lucumí approaches to percussion and rhythmic patterns
Batata
(Spanish f.) sweet potato
Batate
(German f.) batata, sweet potato
Bataver (s./pl.)
(German m.) Batavian
Batavian Republic
the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands, it was proclaimed on January 19, 1795 and ended on June 5, 1806 with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the throne of the Kingdom of Holland
(English, German m.) a group, or collection, of items
Batea
a wooden vessel in the form of a very flat hollow cone, about 20 inches in diameter and 2 or 3 inches deep, used by Mexican and Californian miners to pan for gold
Bateau (s.), Bateaux (pl.)
(French m.) boat
Bateau-mouche (s.), Bateaux-mouches (pl.)
(French m.) sightseeing boat (particularly on the river Seine)
Bate-bate
Angolan percussion
baten
(German) asked for
Bateria
(Portuguese) percussion instruments
Batería
(Spanish f.) percussion instruments, a group of drummers
Batería de cocina
(Spanish f.) kitchen utensils, pots and pans
Baterista
(Spanish) percussionist
bathophob
(German) bathophobic
Bathophobia
fear of bathing
Bathophobie
(German f.) bathophobia
Bath-Orden
(German m.) Order of the Bath
Bathos
(English, German m., from Greek) anticlimax, the disappointment resulting from insincere or grossly sentimental attempts to elicit sympathy or pity, a descent from the sublime to the ridiculous
Bathurst-Insel
(German f.) Bathurst Island
Bathurst Island
a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Bathurst Island is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands in Nunavut Territory, Canada
Bathygraphie
(German f.) deep sea research
Bathymetric
of or having to do with the depth of large bodies of water
bathymetrisch
(German) bathymetric
Bathyphone
see Batyphon
Batida
(Portuguese) beat, battement (French)
Batida rítmica
(Portuguese) strumming, as on a guitar
Batido
(Spanish m.) milk shake
batido
(Spanish) beaten, whipped (cream), battu (French)
Batidora
(Spanish f.) beater
batifoler
(French) to fool about
Batik
(English, German f., from Javanese) a method of dyeing fabric in patterns by coating the part not to be dyed with wax - after dyeing the wax is removed. This process can be carried out many times to produce complicated results in a number of different colours
batikähnliche Färbetechnik
(German f.) tie-dye
Batik-Effekt
(German m.) batik effect
Batikfarbe
(German f.) batik dye
Batikrahmen
(German m.) batik frame
Bâtiment
(French m.) building, vessel (ship), building trade
Batimiento
(Spanish m.) beating (between two notes vibrating with different frequencies)
Batín
(Spanish m.) dressing-gown
batir
(Spanish) to beat, to hammer, to mint (money), to whip (cream), to knock down
bâtir
(French) to build
batir el récord
(Spanish) to beat the record
batir palmas
(Spanish) to clap
batirse
(Spanish) to fight
Bâtisse
(French f.) building (pejorative)
Batist (s.), Batisten (pl.)
(German m.) batiste, cambric
Batiste
(French) cambric, fine linen or cotton
Bat Mitzvah
(English, German f.) an initiation ceremony marking the 12th birthday of a Jewish girl and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility
Bat Mizwa
(German f.) bat mitzvah (Jewish ceremony)
Bato
(Nigeria) an ensemble of three double-headed drums
Batocchio
(Italian m.) clapper (on a bell)
Baton
(English) bâton
Bâton
(French m.) light tapered stick used as a visual aid by a conductor, first used in English in about 1820
in eighteenth century France, the bâton was a large heavy pole held vertically and raised up and down to give the beat
using such a device, Lully struck his foot which injury led ultimately to his death from septicaemia (blood poisoning)
the wooden key of a carillon keyboard
a jewel cut into a long rectangular shape
the name given to the thin rectangular marks used in place of numbers on the faces of clocks and, more often, watches
(French m.) a mark drawn perpendicularly upon two, or three lines of the musical staff, denoting a greater or lesser number of bars (measures) to be passed in silence (the mark is derived from the breve or double-whole rest)
Bâton à deux mesures
(French m.) a rest equal in duration to two bars (or measures)
Bâton à quatre mesures
(French m.) a rest equal in duration to four bars (or measures)
Bâton de mesure
(French m.) stick, rod or roll of paper used by a conductor to beat time
Bâton de reprise
(French m.) the repeat sign
Bâton de rouge
(French m.) lipstick
Batosta
(Italian f.) blow
Bat navigation
Lazzaro Spallanzani, an Italian biologist, demonstrated in 1794, the ability of bats to navigate accurately in the dark using echo reflection from high frequency inaudible 'ultrasound' sound
Battage
(French m.) (hard) plugging (promoting, advertising)
Battaglia
(Italian f., meaning 'battle' or 'fight') a piece suggesting a battle
battagliare
(Italian) to battle, to fight
Battaglio
(Italian m.) clapper (on a bell), knocker (on a door)
Battante
(French m.) clapper, flap
batte il tempo
(Italian) he beats time
batte le mani
(Italian) claps her hands
Battello
(Italian m.) boat, steamer (ship)
Battement
(French m., literally 'beating') beat, (heart) beat, beating
(French m.) a mechanical tremulo produced during performance
(French m.) trill or mordent
(French m.) the high kick of the French can-can
(French m.) oscillation, beat, vibration
(French m.) interval (time)
in dance, a beating action of the extended or bent leg. There are two types of battements, grands battements and petits battements. The petits battements are: battements tendus, dégagés, frappés and tendus relevés literally 'stretched', 'disengaged', 'struck' and 'stretched-and-lifted'
Battement from which this information has been taken
Battement dégagé
(French m., literally 'disengaged battement') in dance, a term of the Cecchetti method. The battement dégagé is similar to the battement tendu but is done at twice the speed and the working foot rises about four inches from the floor with a well-pointed toe, then slides back into the the first or fifth position. Battements dégagés strengthen the toes, develop the instep and improve the flexibility of the ankle joint. The same exercise is called battement tendu jeté (Russian School) and battement glissé (French School)
(French m., literally 'a large battement with a pendulum movement') a grande battement which continuously "swishes" forwards and backwards
Battement fondu développé
(French m., literally 'battement sinking down, developed') in dance, this is an exercise in which the supporting leg is slowly bent in fondu with the working foot pointing on the ankle. As the supporting leg is straightened, the working leg unfolds and is extended to point on the floor or in the air. The movement is done devant, derrière and à la seconde. In fondu forward, the conditional position sur le cou-de-pied devant is used. In fondu back, the basic position sur le cou-de-pied derrière is used
(French m., literally 'struck battement) in dance, an exercise in which the dancer forcefully extends the working leg from a cou-de-pied position to the front, side or back. This exercise strengthens the toes and insteps and develops the power of elevation. It is the basis of the allegro step, the jeté
(French m., literally 'gliding battement') a rapid battement normally taken to 2-3 centimetres off the floor
Battement, grand
(French m., literally 'large battement) in dance, an exercise in which the working leg is raised from the hip into the air and brought down again, the accent being on the downward movement, both knees straight. This must be done with apparent ease, the rest of the body remaining quiet. The function of grands battements is to loosen the hip joints and turn out the legs from the hips. Grands battements can be taken devant, derrière and à la seconde
(French m.) a battement normally taken to anywhere from 2cm off the floor up to 45 degrees, depending on the style
Battement lent
(French m.) a slow battement, normally taken as high as possible, which involves considerable control and strength
Battemento
(Italian) a species of mordant
Battement, petit
(French m.) a battement action where the bending action is at the knee, while the upper leg and thigh remain still
Battement sur le cou-de-pied, petit
(French m., literally 'small battement on the ankle') in dance, this is an exercise at the bar in which the working foot is held sur le cou-de-pied and the lower part of the leg moves out and in,changing the foot from sur le cou-de-pied devant to sur le cou-de-pied derrière and vice versa. Petits battements are executed with the supporting foot à terre, sur la demi-pointe or sur la pointe
(French m., literally 'battement stretched') in dance, a battement tendu is the commencing portion and ending portion of a grand battement and is an exercise to force the insteps well outward. The working foot slides from the first or fifth position to the second or fourth position without lifting the toe from the ground. Both knees must be kept straight. When the foot reaches the position pointe tendue, it then returns to the first or fifth position. Battements tendus may also be done with a demi-plié in the first or fifth position. They should be practiced en croix
Janequin's Missa La Bataille, Guerrero's Missa De la batalla escoutez, and Victoria's Missa pro Victoria are called 'Battle Masses' because they are based on Janequin's chanson La Bataille escoutez or La Guerre, and motives from or references to the model appear throughout the movements of all three
Battlements
a parapet with an alternately raised and lowered outline
Battle piece
programmatic chansons for which Clément Janequin (c.1485-1558) is famous were long, sectional pieces, and usually cleverly imitated natural or man-made sounds. Le chant des oiseaux imitates bird-calls; La chasse the sounds of a hunt; and La bataille, probably the most famous, and almost certainly written to celebrate the French victory over the Habsburgs at the Battle of Marignano in 1515, imitates battle noises, including trumpet calls, cannon fire and the cries of the wounded. Onomatopoeic effects such as these became a commonplace in later sixteenth century music, and carried over into the Baroque era; indeed "battle pieces" were to become a cliché, but they first came into prominence with Janequin. An example of a "battle piece" from the Baroque is Battaglia (1673) by Heinrich Biber (1644-1704)
battre
(French) to beat time
(French) to play a percussion instrument
(French) to thresh (grain), to shuffle (cards), to scour (search throughly, scan), to bang
battre des mains
(French) to clap
battre la semelle
(French) to stamp one's feet
battre le caisse
(French) to beat the drum
battre le mesure
(French) to beat time (with a stick, with the hand or with the foot)
battre le tambour
(French) to beat the drum
battre en retraite
(French) to beat a retreat
battre son plein
(French) to be in full swing (party)
battu
(French, literally 'beaten') in dance, any step embellished with a beat is called a pas battu, as, for example, in jeté battu
Battue
(English, French f.) a method of shooting in which the game is driven, by beaters, towards the guns
(Italian f.) a beat, Schlag (German m.), particularly a downbeat
(Italian f.) bar, measure
see a battuta
battuta, a
see a battuta
battute
(Italian) on a guitar-like instrument, to strum
Batucada
or batuque, Afro-Brazilian jam sessions, based on African dance and music from Cape Verde. In the batuque the dancers form a circle around one performer. This solo dancer chooses his successor for the exhibition spot while shouting the word sama
Batuco
popular in Cape Verde, originally a woman's folk music, batuco is an improvised music with strong satirical or critical lyrics
Batuffolo
(Italian m.) flock
Batuka
(Cape Verde) a celebration with songs and dances from Sao Tiago Island, featuring the txabeta dance and the finacon song
Batuque
see batucada
a slow samba
Batuta
(Spanish f.) baton
Batuta
a traditional Romanian dance tune played on a Jew's harp and accompanied by a cobza
Batwing
a long, broad sleeve shape made from a large triangular piece of fabric from the shoulder to the wrist then joining wrist to waist, very popular in the 1980s
Batyphon
(German n.) called bathyphone in French, a contrabass clarinet made in the early nineteenth century by Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht (1802-1872), the noted Musikdirektor of the German Confederation 10th Army Corps and inventor, and the Hof-Instrumentenmacher to the court in Berlin, Carl Eduard Skorra
(German m.) configuration, construction , building, structure (as in Bau einer Violine, literally 'structure of a violin'), frame, framework, build (body), building site, fabric, organisation, establishment (of a building, highway), make, texture, workings, lair, den (of an animal), earth (badger, fox, etc.), burrow, hole
im Bau (German: under construction)
Bau-
(German) architectural, constructional (prefix)
Bauabschnitt
(German m.) phase of building, construction stage, construction phase, stage of construction
Bauamt
(German n.) department of planning and building inspection, building authority, planning department and building control office
Bauantrag
(German m.) building application, planning application
Bauarbeit (s.), Bauarbeiten (pl.)
(German f.) construction work, earth work, engineering works (plural form), building works (plural form), road works (plural form)
Bauarbeiten ausführen
(German) to carry out masons' work
Bauarbeiten finanzieren
(German) to finance construction work
Bauarbeiter
(German m.) construction worker, building labourer, building worker
Bauart
(German f.) building technique, architecture, build, construction, design, style, architectonics
Bauartzulassung
(German f.) design approval
Bauaufseher
(German m.) site supervisor
Bauaufsicht
(German f.) building inspection
Bauaufsichtsrecht
(German n.) planning control law
Bauausführung
(German f.) building construction
Bauausführungsplan
(German m.) schedule for the construction
Bauausführungszeichnung
(German f.) working drawing
Baubeginn
(German m.) start of construction, start of construction work
baubegleitend
(German) during construction
Baubeschränkungen
(German pl.) restrictions on building, building restrictions
Baubeschränkungen in einer Zone
(German pl.) zoning restrictions
Baubesprechung
(German f.) site consultation meeting
Baubetrieb
(German m.) construction management
Baubetriebsplanung
(German f.) planning of the construction phase
Baubewilligung
(German f.) planning permission
Bauboom
(German m.) building boom, construction boom
Baubranche
(German f.) building industry, building sector, construction industry, construction sector
Baubude
(German f.) site hut
Baubüro
(German n.) site office, building-site office, construction site office, on-site office
Bauch (s.), Bäuche (pl.)
(German m.) abdomen, belly, stomach, paunch, bulge, tummy (colloquial), gut, middle (stomach) [entry corrected by Michael Zapf]
(German m.) peasant riot, peasant uprising, peasants' revolt
Bauernbarock
(German m./n.) rural Baroque (in central Europe)
Bauernbrot
(German n.) coarse rye bread
Bauernbub
(German m.) peasant boy
Bauernbursche (s.), Bauernburschen (pl.)
(German m.) swain
Bauerndichter
(German m.) peasant poet
Bauerndorf
(German n.) farming village, country village, peasant village, farm town
Bauernfamilie
(German f.) peasant family, farmer's family
Bauernfänger
(German m.) rook, conman, con man (colloquial), con artist (colloquial), confidence trickster, confidence man
Bauernfängerei
(German f.) confidence trick, dupery, trickery
Bauernflöte
(German f.) Bauerflöte
Bauernfrau (s.), Bauernfrauen (pl.)
(German f.) farmer's wife, peasant woman
Bauernfrühstück
(German n.) a hearty breakfast, farmer's breakfast
Bauerngarten
(German m.) cottage garden
Bauerngehöft
(German n.) farmstead
Bauernhaus (s.), Bauernhäuser (pl.)
(German n.) farmhouse
Bauernhof (s.), Bauernhöfe (pl.)
(German m.) farm, farmstead
Bauernhoftiere
(German pl.) farm animals
Bauernjunge
(German m.) country boy, country lad
Bauernkate
(German f.) farmer's cottage
Bauernkittel
(German m.) smock frock
Bauernknecht
(German m.) farm hand
Bauernkriege
(German pl.) Peasants' Wars
Bauernkrieger
(German m.) peasant warrior
Bauernleben
(German n.) farming life
Bauernlegen
(German n.) peasant clearance
Bauernleier
(German f.) hurdy-gurdy
Bauernlümmel (s./pl.)
(German m.) bumpkin
Bauernmädchen
(German n.) country girl, country lass, wench (archaic), country lass
Bauernmagd
(German f.) farm girl
Bauernmalerei
(German f.) decorative painting
Bauernmarkt
(German m.) farmers' market
Bauernmassen
(German pl.) peasant masses
Bauernmöbel (s./pl.)
(German n.) piece of rustic(-style) furniture, country furniture, rustic furniture
Bauernomelett
(German n.) diced bacon and onion omelet
Bauernopfer
(German n.) fall guy (colloquial), sacrificial lamb (figurative)
Bauernpartei
(German f.) farmers' party
Bauernpfeife
(German f.) Bauerflöte
Bauernpopulation
(German f.) peasant population
Bauernprinz
(German m.) peasant prince
Bauernregel
(German f.) country lore
Bauernrock
(German m.) peasant-style skirt
Bauernroman
(German m.) rustic novel
Bauernschläue
(German f.) shrewdness
Bauernsohn
(German m.) farmer's son, peasant's son
Bauernspeck
(German m.) farmhouse bacon
Bauernstaat
(German m.) peasant state
Bauernstand
(German m.) peasantry
Bauerntanz
(German m.) rustic dance
Bauerntochter
(German f.) farmer's daughter, peasant's daughter
Bauerntölpel (s./pl.)
(German m.) clodhopper (colloquial), country bumpkin
bauerntölpelhaft
(German) hick
Bauerntopf
(German m.) country casserole
Bauerntrampel
(German m.) yokel
Bauernunruhen
(German pl.) peasant unrest
Bauernverband
(German m.) farmers' association
Bauernversammlung
(German f.) peasant meeting
Bauernwanderung
(German f.) peasant migration
Bauernweisheit
(German f.) country lore
Bauernwirtschaft
(German f.) peasant economy
Bauerpfeife
(German f.) Bauerflöte
Bauersfrau
(German f.) countrywoman, farmer's wife
Bauersleute
(German pl.) agricultural people
Baufach
(German n.) architecture, building trade
baufällig
(German) dilapidated, haywire, ramshackled, tumbledown, derelict, ruinous, tumble-down, decrepit (building), in a state of disrepair, unsound (defective)
baufällig sein
(German) to be in a ruinous state (building), to be in ruinous condition (building)
baufällige Mauer
(German f.) derelict wall
baufälliges Gebäude
(German n.) dilapidated building, tumble-down building
(German m.) constructional defect, constructional fault
Baufirma (s.), Baufirmen (pl.)
(German f.) building enterprise, building firm, construction firm, building contractor
Baufläche
(German f.) building land
Baufonds
(German m.) building fund
Baugebiet
(German n.) building area
Baugelände (s./pl.)
(German n.) building site
Baugenauigkeit
(German f.) accuracy of construction
Baugenehmigung
(German f.) planning permission
Baugenehmigung
(German f.) planning permission, building licence, building permit
Baugenehmigungsantrag
(German m.) application for building permit
Baugeräte
(German pl.) construction equipment
Baugerüst (s.), Baugerüste (pl.)
(German n.) scaffolding, scaffold
Baugeschäft
(German n.) building firm
Baugesellschaft
(German f.) building society
Baugesuch
(German n.) planning application
Baugewerbe (s./pl.)
(German n.) building trade, building industry
baugleich
(German) structurally identical, of identical construction
baugleich (mit)
(German) identical in construction (to)
Baugrund
(German m.) building site, ground
Baugrundstück
(German n.) site, building plot
Bauhandwerker
(German m.) builder
Bauhaus
(German) or, more correctly, Staatliches Bauhaus, the name of a school of modern design whose set themselves the task of reconciling art with technology. The Bauhaus was founded at Weimar in 1919 by Walter Gropius, moved to Dessau in 1925 and finally closed down in 1933. They had an egalitarian approach believing everyone was entitled to live with art. Material shortages in the post war years were to be made up for with superior design that ignored precedent. Fine art was not differentiated from well designed goods, and they sought ways to produce products cheaply to bring them into everyday life. Unlike earlier movements (for example, The Arts and Crafts Movement) that emphasised the handwork of craftsmen, the Bauhaus embraced mass production and machine made interchangeable parts. Ironically some of their best designs only exist as hand crafted prototypes. Their greatest influence was on architecture in the creation of the 'International Style'
(German f.) clump of trees, cluster of trees, grove, group of trees
Baumharz
(German n.) resin
Baumhaus
(German n.) tree house
Baumhecke
(German f.) hedge of trees
baumhoch
(German) tree-high
Baumhöhe
(German f.) tree height
baumhohe
(German) tree-high
Baumhöhenmesser
(German m.) hypsometer (any device used for measuring tree height)
Baumhöhenmessung
(German f.) measurement of tree height
Baumhöhle
(German f.) hollow trunk (of a tree), tree hole
Baumkrone (s.), Baumkronen (pl.)
(German f.) treetop, crown, crown of a tree
Baumkronendach
(German n.) canopy
Baumkunde
(German f.) dendrology
baumlang
(German) exceptionally tall, very tall, towering (person)
baumlebend
(German) arboreal, tree-dwelling
Bäumlein
(German n.) little tree
baumlos
(German) treeless
Bäummaschine
(German f.) beaming machine (in textile industry)
Baum mit abfallenden Blättern
(German m.) deciduous tree
Baumnuss
(German f.) walnut
Baumnymphe
(German f.) dryad (a divinity presiding over forests and trees, a wood nymph)
Baumöl
(German n.) second pressing olive oil
Baumpflanztag
(German m.) tree-planting day
Baumpflanzung
(German f.) (tree) plantation, tree planting
Baumpfleger (m.), Baumpflegerin (f.)
(German) arborist
baumreich
(German) wooded, forested
Baumreihe
(German f.) a line of trees, a row of trees, line of trees
Baumriese
(German m.) giant tree
Baumrinde
(German f.) bark, bark of a tree
Baumrodung
(German f.) tree clearing
Baumsaft
(German m.) tree sap
Baumsäge
(German f.) segment saw, (framed) pruning saw
Baumsägenverlängerung
(German f.) pruner pole
Baumsarg
(German m.) tree trunk coffin
Baumschere
(German f.) pruning shears, pair of pruners, a pair of pruning shears, lopping shears, loppers, secateurs, (long-reach) pruning shears, (long-reach) pruners, (a pair of) loppers
Baumschmuck (s./pl.)
(German m.) Christmas tree ornaments, tree decoration
Baumschule (s.), Baumschulen (pl.)
(German f.) tree nursery, arboretum
Baumschuler
(German m.) nurseryman
Baumschwamm
(German m.) agaric (a term commonly used to describe a fungus having a cap (pileus), gills (lamellae), and a stem (stipe), what most people would call a mushroom)
Baumspitze
(German f.) top of the tree
Baumstamm
(German m.) tree-trunk, trunk, bole, trunk of a tree
Baumstammwerfen
(German n.) tossing the caber, caber toss
baumstark
(German) strong as a horse, beefy (colloquial)
Baumstruktur
(German f.) hierarchic structure, tree structure
Baumstumpf (s.), Baumstümpfe (pl.)
(German m.) tree stump, stock, snag (knitting)
Baumsturz
(German m.) fallen tree
Baumüberhang
(German m.) overhanging branches
Baumuster
(German n.) type of construction
Baumverhau
(German m.) abatis (trees felled with their tops facing in the direction of the enemy and the tips of the branches sharpened into spikes)
Baumwachs
(German n.) grafting wax
Baumwipfel
(German m.) treetop
Baumwollanbaufläche
(German f.) cotton-growing area
Baumwollanzug
(German m.) cotton suit
baumwollarmierter Schlauch
(German m.) cotton-braided hose, cotton-braid hose
(German m.) cotton cloth, cotton rag, cotton flannel
Baumwollmantel
(German m.) cotton coat
Baumwollnähfaden
(German m.) cotton thread
Baumwollpflanzer
(German m.) cotton grower, cotton planter
Baumwollpflücken
(German n.) cotton picking
Baumwollpflücker (m.), Baumwollpflückerin (f.)
(German) cotton picker
Baumwollpulli
(German m.) cotton jumper
Baumwollpullover
(German m.) cotton jumper, cotton jersey
Baumwollpullunder
(German m.) cotton tanktop, cotton slipover
Baumwollrock
(German m.) cotton skirt
Baumwollsachen
(German pl.) cotton things
Baumwollsamt
(German m.) velveteen
Baumwollsatin
(German m.) sateen
Baumwoll-Satin
(German n.) sateen
Baumwollschlüpfer
(German m.) cotton underpants, cotton briefs, cotton knickers, cotton panties
Baumwollschnur
(German f.) cotton cord
Baumwollseidenkabel
(German n.) silk-and-cotton-covered cable
Baumwollslip
(German m.) cotton briefs, cotton panties
Baumwollstoff
(German m.) scrim, calico, chintz, cotton cloth, cotton (fabric), cotton material
Baumwolltasche
(German f.) cotton case, cotton bag
Baumwolltragetasche
(German f.) cotton carrier bag
Baumwolltrikot
(German m.) stockinette, stockinet
Baumwoll-T-Shirt
(German n.) cotton T shirt, cotton tee-shirt, cotton tee (colloquial)
Baumwolltuch
(German n.) cotton cloth
baumwollumsponnen
(German) cotton-covered
baumwollumsponnenes Kabel
(German n.) cotton-covered cable
Baumwollunterhemd
(German n.) cotton vest, cotton undershirt
Baumwollunterhose
(German f.) cotton underpants
Baumwollvlies
(German n.) cotton fleece
Baumwollvliesstoff
(German m.) non-woven cotton
Baumwollwaschlappen
(German m.) cotton flannel
Baumwollwatte
(German f.) cotton wadding
Baumwollzone
(German f.) cotton belt
Baumwollzwirn
(German m.) cotton twine
Baumzucht
(German f.) arboriculture
Baumzweig
(German m.) (tree) twig
Baunivellier
(German m.) builder's level
Bauopfer
(German n.) building sacrifice (sacrifice performed at the construction of a building)
Bauordnung
(German f.) building regulations
Baupfuscher
(German m.) cowboy builder
Bauphase
(German f.) construction phase
Bauplan
(German m.) construction plan, floor plan
Bauplanung
(German f.) project planning, construction schedule
Bauplanungsgesetz
(German n.) construction planning law
Bauplatz
(German m.) site, building site, lot (US), (building) plot
Bauplatz im Grünen
(German m.) green field site
Bauprogramm
(German n.) construction programme, building programme
Bauprojekt
(German n.) development, construction project, building project
Bauprozess
(German m.) construction phase
Bauraum
(German m.) installation space
Baurecht
(German n.) building lease
Baureihe
(German f.) class, (production) series, range
Baurichtmaß
(German n.) basic dimensions
bäurisch
(German) rustic, uncouth, à la paysanne (French)
Bauruine
(German f.) unfinished building (construction abandoned)
Bausachverständiger
(German m.) building expert
Bausaison
(German f.) building season
Bausatz
(German m.) kit, assembly kit, building kit, construction set, assembly
Bausch, Pina (b. 1940)
born in Solingen, Germany, Pina Bausch began her dance studies at the age of 15 at the Folkwang School in Essen, where she studied with several teachers, including the renowned expressionist choreographer Kurt Jooss. Bausch went to New York in 1960 to study at The Juilliard School with Anthony Tudor, José Limon, Louis Horst, Alfredo Corvino, Margaret Craske, and La Meri, among others. At the same time she performed with the Paul Sanasardo and Donya Feuer Dance Company and the New American Ballet. Bausch later became a member of the Metropolitan Opera's ballet company and also worked with Paul Taylor. She has remarked that her two years in New York were among the most influential in her early life. In 1962, Bausch returned to Germany where she became a soloist in the newly-formed Folkwang Ballett, working once again with Kurt Jooss, and also with Hans Zülig, and especially with Jean Cébron. Her choreographic career began in 1968 with Fragmente, followed by Im Wind der Zeit (In the Wind of Time), which later won first prize at the Second International Choreographic Competition in Cologne. From 1969-73 she served as artistic director of the company, while continuing to dance and choreograph. Bausch's work was gaining notice and after creating the bachannale for Hans-Peter Lehmann's production of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser for the Wuppertal Opera Company in 1972, she was offered the directorship of the Wuppertal Opera Ballet. Not long after her arrival, the company became the Wuppertaler Tanztheater, and was later renamed the Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch. In her new position, Bausch helped revive modern dance in postwar Germany which has its roots in Ausdruckstanz, or "expressive dance," which looked to everyday movements to express personal experiences, and which gained popularity in the 1920s. But with the rise of the Nazis and the war, modern dance lost its vigour, many of its creators like Kurt Jooss left, and German dance became isolated. After the war, there was little enthusiasm for Ausdruckstanz, while classical ballet flourished. With Jooss's return in 1949, the re-established Folkwang School provided one of the only places for formal training in dance other than ballet. But it was not until the late 1960s and 1970s that German modern dance began to regain momentum, in part due to the student movement in West Germany. Young dancers felt constrained by the formalism of German ballet and American post-modern dance, and rebelled against the Americanization of their country. Some returned to the expressionism of Ausdruckstanz and started to venture into new ground, combining it with elements from the other arts. Toward the late 1970s, the term Tanztheater or 'dance theatre', began to be used to distinguish the work of these choreographers, one of them being Pina Bausch
in an interview with Jochen Schmidt, Bausch says, "I'm not interested in how people move, but what moves them." As in Ausdruckstanz, Bausch aims to use emotive gesture, but in a new way. For her the individual's experience is the critical component and is expressed in bodily terms, thus creating a new type of body language. By doing this, the role of the body is redefined from one in which it disappears into the function of creation and is objectified, as is typical in ballet and most dance, to one in which it becomes the subject of the performance. Each dancer's body tells its own story based on what it has experienced
Pina Bausch from which this information has been drawn
Bausch (s.), Bäusche (pl.)
(German m.) wad, plumper (a wad placed in the mouth to distend the cheeks), pledget (a small compressed cotton pad that is flat and absorbent), puff (dated)
Bauschärmel
(German pl.) puff sleeves
Bauschen (s./pl.)
(German m. - Southern Germany, Austria) wad
bauschen
(German) to billow, to puff out
bauschend
(German) bulging
bauschig
(German) bouffant, bulgy, baggy, puffy, full (skirt, curtain, sleeve), puffed out
bauschige Hosen
(German pl.) baggy trousers
Bauschlosser (s./pl.)
(German m.) building fitter
Bauschreiner
(German m.) carpenter
bauscht
(German) bulges
bauschte
(German) bulged
Bauschutt
(German m.) building rubble
bauseitig
(German) on site
bauseitige Leistung
(German f.) (to be) provided by customer (owner, etc.)
bauseitige Lieferung
(German f.) supplied by others
Bausparkasse (s.), Bausparkassen (pl.)
(German f.) building society, building association, co-operative building society
Bausparkassenhypothek
(German f.) building society mortgage
Bauspengler
(German m.) heating & ventilation fitter
Baustahl
(German m.) mild steel, low-carbon steel
Baustahlgewebe
(German n.) steel mesh fabric, steel wire fabric
Baustahlmatte
(German f.) reinforcement steel mesh
Baustahlmattenschneider
(German m.) steel wire mesh cutters
Baustein (s.), Bausteine (pl.)
(German m.) building block, module, brick, building brick, building stone
bausteinförmig
(German) modular
Bausteinkasten
(German m.) box of bricks
Bausteinprinzip
(German n.) modularity
Bausteinsystem
(German n.) modular system, unit construction system
Baustelle (s.), Baustellen (pl.)
(German f.) road works, building site, construction site, building lot, (building) site, area needing improvement (figurative)
Baustellenstraße
(German f.) temporary road
Baustellenverkehr
(German m.) construction traffic
Baustellenzaun
(German m.) (building) site fence
Baustil (s.), Baustile (pl.)
(German m.) architectural style, architecture, style
Baustillstandszeit
(German f.) standstill at the construction site
Baustoff (s.), Baustoffe (pl.)
(German m.) building material
Baustoffhändler
(German m.) builder's merchant
Baustruktur
(German f.) building structure, structure of a building, structure
baut
(German) constructs
baut ab
(German) retrenches
Bautätigkeit
(German f.) building, building activity
baut auf
(German) synthesises
baute
(German) constructed, built
baute ab
(German) retrenched
baute an
(German) grew
bautechnisch
(German) constructional
Bauteil (s.), Bauteile (pl.)
(German m.) component part, element, component, unit, structural element, part, member, structural component, building component
Bauteilausfall
(German m.) component failure
Bauteileliste
(German f.) list of components, component list
Bauteilgewicht
(German n.) component weight
Bauteilprüfung
(German f.) structural testing
Bauteiltoleranz
(German f.) component tolerance
Bauteilübersicht
(German f.) components list
Bauteilzeichnung
(German f.) part drawing
Bauten
(German pl.) buildings, constructions
Bautischler
(German m.) carpenter
bautismal
(Spanish) baptismal
Bautismo
(Spanish m.) baptism, christening
bautizar
(Spanish) to baptize, to christen
Bauträger (s./pl.)
(German m.) builder, property developer, real estate developer
baut um
(German) rebuilds
baut wieder auf
(German) reconstructs, rebuilds
Bauunternehmen (s.), Bauunternehmer (pl.)
(German m.) building firm, contractor, building contractor, builder, master builder, developer
Bauverbot
(German n.) ban on building, building ban, construction ban
Bauverfahren
(German n.) construction technique, building method, construction method
Bauvertrag
(German m.) building contract
Bauverwaltungen
(German pl.) building authorities
Bau von historischem Interesse
(German m.) building of historic interest
Bau von Kutschen
(German m.) coachbuilding
Bauvoranfrage
(German f.) outline building application
Bauvorbescheid
(German m.) outline building permit
Bauvorhaben
(German n.) building project
Bauvorrichtung
(German f.) construction equipment, assembly fixture
Bauvorschrift (s.), Bauvorschriften (pl.)
(German m.) building regulation
Bauweise
(German f.) architecture, structure, construction, design, means of construction
Bauwerft
(German f.) shipyard
Bauwerk
(German n.) building, architectural example, structure
Bauwesen
(German n.) civil engineering, architecture, building (as an activity), building and construction industry
Bauwilliger
(German m.) party, who is willing to develop the land
Bauwirtschaft
(German f.) building industry, construction industry, building trade, construction sector, building sector
Baux
see bail
Bauzaun
(German m.) hoarding, (building) site fence, construction hoarding
Bauzeichner
(German m.) architectural draftsman
Bauzeichnung
(German f.) architectural drawing, construction drawing
Bauzeit
(German f.) construction time, building time, construction period
Bauzustand
(German m.) state of construction, building construction in progress
Bauzustandsbesichtigung
(German f.) building-site progress inspection
Bav.
abbreviation of 'Bavaria', 'Bavarian'
Bava
(Italian f.) dribble, slobber
Bavaglino
(Italian m.) bib
Bavaglio
(Italian m.) gag
Bavard (m.), Bavarde (f.)
(French) chatterbox
bavard (m.), bavarde (f.)
(French) talkative
Bavardage
(French m.) chatter, gossip
bavarder
(French) to chat, to chatter, to gossip
Bavaria
a region and former duchy of southern Germany
Bavarian
the High German dialect of Bavaria and Austria, a person born in, or associated with Bavaria
Bavarian creme
or bavarois, a moulded cream, made from custard sauce or sweetened fruit puree, that is bound with gelatin and lightened with whipped cream
Bavarian Elite Academy
an institution serving the best students of the Free State of Bavaria who are deemed suitable for fulfilling leadership tasks in future. The main goals of the Bavarian Elite Academy are personality development and the cultivation of leadership qualities
Bavarois
(French m.) Bavarian cream (must have custard as its base)
Bavaroise
(French f.) a mild punch, tea or coffee based, containing egg yolks, sugar and a liqueur
Bave
(French f.) dribble, slobber
baver
(French) to dribble, to slobber
Bavero
(Italian m.) collar
baveux (m.), baveuse (f.)
(French) dribbling, runny (omelette)
Baveure
(French f.) smudge, mistake
Bawaa
see bewa
Bawoo
see bawu
Bawu
or bawoo, a flute-like pipe from China with a free reed in the mouthpiece
(Spanish) a small bassoon, an organ stop equivalent to an open diapason
Baxophone pipe
a reed pipe, named after its inventor Guillaume Bax, voiced somewhat between the clarient and saxophone pipes, used in automatic pipe organs, distinguished by wooden resonators with stoppers, each resonator having a large aperture on the front from which the reed tone emerges
Baya
(Spanish f.) berry
Baya
(India) see tabla
Bayadère
(French) a Hindu dancing-girl
Bayan
(India) see tabla
Bayan
(Russian) accordion
in the West the term bayan is only applied to the chromatic B-system Russian-style button accordion
(French) also Baiardo (Italian) or Beiaard (Dutch), a magic bay horse in legends derived from the chansons de geste, renowned for his spirit, and possessed of the supernatural ability to adjust his size to that of his riders
(German m.) War of the Bavarian Succession (1778/1779)
a war that occurred between 1778 and 1779 involving Austria, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia. The conflict is often known as the Potato War (Kartoffelkrieg) because of the extended time the Prussian and Austrian troops spent in manoeuvres in Bohemia to obtain or deny food-supplies to the enemy. It was fought largely to mantain the balance of power in Central Europe similar to the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War which preceded it
Bayerischer Wald
(German m.) Bavarian Forest
bayerisches Mädel
(German n.) Bavarian girl
Bayern
(German n.) Bavaria
Bayernkönig
(German m.) king of Bavaria
Bayeux tapestry
Tapisserie de Bayeux (French), a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft) long embroidered cloth which explains the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of England as well as the events of the invasion itself. The Tapestry is annotated in Latin. It is presently exhibited in a special museum in Bayeux, Normandy, France, with a Victorian replica in Reading, Berkshire, England
Bayeuxteppich
(German m.) Bayeux tapestry
bayrisch
(German) Bavarian
Bayrische Alpen
(German pl.) Bavarian Alps
Bayrische Creme
(German f.) bavarois, Bavarian cream
bayrische Küche
(German f.) Bavarian cuisine
bayrische Prinzessin
(German f.) Bavarian princess
Bayeta
(Spanish f.) floor-cloth
Bayin
Taiwanese Hakka instrumental music
Bayle
see baile
Bayou
(from the French) a sluggish offshoot of a river or lake
Bay Psalm Book
the first book entirely written and printed in the US Colonies, a mere 20 years after the first arrivals in Plymouth in 1620. The first printing press in New England was purchased and imported specifically to print this book. The translations were prepared by a committee of approximately thirty clergymen, including Richard Mather, John Eliot, and Thomas Weld. The preface is generally attributed to Mather, but some scholars believe it was written by John Cotton. For example, Zoltán Haraszti, in The Enigma of the Bay Psalm Book makes a very strong case for Cotton's authorship, based on the style of the writing, comparisons of the draft of the Bay Psalm Book preface with a longer essay on the same subject by Cotton, and finally an analysis of the handwriting in a draft copy of the preface that exists in the Boston Public Library with other known samples of Cotton's handwriting. No tunes were printed with the earliest editions, but there were instructions that indicated appropriate tunes which could be found in Ravenscroft's psalter. Later editions did include music. The book went through several editions and was in use for well over 100 years. The third edition (1651) was extensively revised by Henry Dunster and Richard Lyon. The ninth edition (1698), the first to contain music, included tunes from John Playford's A Brief Introduction to the Skill of Musik (London, 1654)
the town in Bavaria, Southern Germany where Richard Wagner (1813-1883) lived and where the Wagner theatre was built in 1876 as a performing centre for his operas. It incorporated many new ideas in theatre design including an enlarged orchestra pit extending below the stage and the projection of the sound both outwards and upwards into the auditorium
Bayreuther Blätter
edited by Baron Hans Paul von Wolzogen (1848-1938), a German writer on music and literature, from 1877 when he was invited to Bayreuth by Richard Wagner (1813-1883) until von Wolzogen's death sixty years later, the Blätter became a reactionary and extremely nationalistic publication, reflecting the views of the Bayreuth Circle. In addition to his work as the Blätter's editor, Wolzogen produced a series of thematic guides to Wagner's later works, which identified many leading motives and gave them names that are still in use today, and he edited three volumes of Wagner's letters
after Wagner's death in 1883, Bayreuth became a meeting place for a group of extreme right-wing Wagner fans that came to be known as the Bayreuth circle, endorsed by Cosima, Wagner's widow, who was much more anti-Semitic than Richard. After the death of Cosima and Richard's son Siegfried in 1930, the operation of the Festival fell to Siegfried's widow, English born Winifred, who was a personal friend of Adolf Hitler, a fan of Wagner's music. The Nazis frequently played Wagner during their rallies. Certain scholars have argued that Wagner's views, particularly his anti-Semitism, influenced the Nazis, but these claims remain controversial. Many aspects of Wagner's worldview would certainly have been unappealing to the Nazis, such as his pacifism and calls for assimilation
(Djibouti) a style of Somalian or Afar ballad at the heart of the qaraami genre
Baza
(Spanish f.) trick, advantage (figurative)
Bazaar
(from the Persian) an Oriental market, the sale of work for charity
Bazantar
invented by Mark Deutsch, a five string acoustic double-bass with an additional twenty-nine sympathectic strings and four drone strings. It has a five octave melodic range while the sympathetic strings span four octaves
(German f.) bacillophobia (a term used to describe a pathological fear of contact with dirt and to avoid contamination and germs)
Bazillus (s.), Bazillen (pl.)
(German m.) bacillus, bug (colloquial), germ, bactaria (plural form)
Bazofila
(Spanish f.) leftovers, rubbish
Bazzecola
(Italian f.) trifle
bazzicare
(Italian) to haunt
BB
indicating the catalogue prepared by László Somfai of the music of Béla Bartók (1881-1945)
Bb.
abbreviation of 'bishops'
bb
abbreviation of 'books'
B-Bar
abbreviation of 'bass-baritone'
BBC
abbreviation of 'British Broadcasting Corporation'
BBCM
abbreviation of 'Bandmaster of the Bandman's College of Music'
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
one of the sound effects units of the BBC, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop was created in 1958 to produce effects and new music for radio, and was closed in March 1998, although much of its traditional work had already been outsourced by 1995. It was based in the BBC's Maida Vale studios in London, growing outwards from the, then, legendary Room 13. The innovative music and techniques used by the Workshop has made it one of the most significant influences on electronic music today
(English, German n.) also 'B-girling', an alternative name for 'breakdancing'
BBWV
referring to the catalogue prepared by Yves Senden of the works of Buckinx Boudewijn (b.1945)
BC, B.C.
abbreviation of 'Before Christ', conventionally placed after a number standing for a year computed by counting back from the year once thought to be the year Christ was born. He is now most commonly thought to have been born three years earlier. BCE is used to the same purpose as BC, and avoids the overtly Christian bias inherent in BC. Although this system of numbering years is the globally dominant system, some cultures name years according to other schemes
bc, b.c.
or Bc, abbreviation of basso continuo (English, Italian), basse continue (French), 'bass clef' (suggested by Daniel Magnus Bennét Björck)
BCBG
abbreviation of bon chic bon genre (French: posh)
BCD-Darstellung
(German f.) binary-coded decimal representation
a method that use binary digits 0 which represent "off" and 1 which represent "on". BCD has been in use since the first UNIVAC computer. Each digit is called a bit. Four bits are called a nibble and is used to represent each decimal digit (0 through 9). The first binary number system was documented by Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century. In 1854 mathematician George Boole came up with a system of logic that is know today as Boolean Algebra (based on two elements 0s and 1s). The binary numbering system use a base of 2 whereas the decimal numbering system use a base of 10. When the binary number is 0, then the number is off; when the binary number is 1, then the number is on. The configuration of BCD is "8421" a 4 bit binary called a nibble. Therefore, the decimal 5 is a BCD 0101: where 0=8, 1=4, 0=2, 1=1; the 8 and 2 are turned off
BCE, B.C.E.
abbreviation of 'Before the Common era', this is used as an alternative to BC or B.C.. Use of BCE is now preferred to BC because it avoids the overtly Christian bias inherent in BC
B cancellatum
(Latin) an accidental sign, used to show that a note (originally the note B flat) should be raised one semitone in pitch. For this reason the modern meaning of B cancellatum can be either a sharp sign (a sign to raise a note by a semitone) or a natural sign (a sign to negate or cancel a flat sign)
B.Cl.
abbreviation of 'bass clarinet'
BCM
abbreviation of 'Boston Conservatory of Music' (USA)
BCMG
abbreviation of 'Birmingham Contemporary Music Group'
BCP
abbreviation of 'Book of Common Prayer'
BD
abbreviation of 'bound' (referring to a book), 'bold', 'bundle', 'broad', bande dessinée (French: comic strip)
B.D.
abbreviation of 'bass drum'
Bd.
abbreviation of Band (German: number, volume)
Bde
abbreviation of Bände (German: volumes)
bd.ft.
abbreviation of 'board foot' (measure of cut timber)
BDG
abbreviation of 'binding'
BDG/ND
abbreviation of 'binding/no date can be given'
bdl.
abbreviation of 'bundle'
bdle
abbreviation of 'bundle'
BDM
abbreviation of 'births, deaths, marriage' (notices in newspapers)
Bdmr
abbreviation of 'Bandmaster'
B-doppel B
(German n.) an older German name for the note B double flat
B double flat
the doubly flattened seventh note in the scale of C major, si doppio bemolle (Italian), si double bémol (French)
in German, the note B double flat is named Heses - the note B flat is named B and B natural is named H
B double sharp
the doubly sharpened seventh note in the scale of C major
in German, the note B double sharp is named Hisis - the note B sharp is named His and B natural is named H
B.Dr.
abbreviation of 'bass drum'
bds
abbreviation of 'boards', 'bundles'
B-Dur
(German n.) the key of 'B flat major'
B durum
(Latin) the note B natural (as opposed to B rotundum)
Bde
abbreviation of Bände (German pl.: volumes - the equilavent abbreviation in English is vols.)
