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GP after Graham Parlett the cataloguer of the music of Sir Arnold Bax (1883-1953) G.P. (English, German f.) abbreviation of Generalpause (German: general pause), 'general pause' Gr. abbreviation of 'great', 'grand', 'Greek' gr abbreviation of gros (German: large, grand (French)) Grab (s.), Gräber (pl.) (German n.) grave, sepulchre, tomb Grab- (German) sepulchral Grabación (Spanish f.) recording Grabado (Spanish m.) engraving, print, illustration (in a book), recording (music, sound), enregistrement (French) Grabanlage (German f.) tomb group, kerb sets grabar (Spanish) to engrave, to record (on a disc, etc.) Grabarbeiten (German pl.) excavation works Grabbau (s.), Grabbauten (pl.) (German m.) tomb, sepulchral structure Grabbeigabe (s.), Grabbeigaben (pl.) (German f.) burial object, funerary object, grave goods (plural form), grave furnishings (plural form), funerary goods (plural form) grabbeln (German) to grope about, to grope around Grabbelsack (German m.) grab bag Grabbeltisch (German m.) bargain bin Grabbezirk (German m.) grave precinct, tomb precinct Grabdenkmal (s.), Grabdenkmäler (pl.) (German n.) monument, funerary monument, sepulchral monument, gravestone Grabegabel (German f.) garden fork, digging fork Grabble(s) ornamental note(s) or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appoggiaturas, turns, etc. Graben (s.), Gräben (pl.) (German m.) ditch, fosse, trench, rift, moat (castle), digging graben (German) to trench, to sink (a trench), to burrow, to delve, to dig, to grub (to dig) Grabenbagger (German m.) ditch excavator, trench digger Grabenbau (German m.) trenching Grabenbruch (German m.) rift valley, rift grabend (German) digging, spading, trenching Grabendolch (German m.) trench dagger Grabenfräse (German f.) trench cutting machine Grabengräber (German m.) ditcher (ditch digger) Grabenkampf (s.), Grabenkämpfe (pl.) (German m.) trench warfare (also figurative), turf war Grabenkrieg (German m.) trench warfare Grabenmesser (German n.) trench knife Grabensohle (German f.) ditch bottom Grabenverfüllung (German f.) trench reinstatement (in-filling, back-filling) Grabenwand (German f.) trench wall Gräber (s.), Gräber (pl.) (German m.) digger Gräberfeld (s.), Gräberfelder (pl.) (German n.) cemetery, burial site, burial ground, (prehistoric) grave field Grabesdunkel (German n.) sepulchral darkness Grabesernst (German m.) funereal gravity grabesernst (German) with funeral gravity Grabeskälte (German f.) deathly cold, sepulchral cold Grabeskirche (German f.) Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Church of the Resurrection (Jerusalem) Grabeskunst (German f.) funerary art Grabesluft (German f.) sepulchral air Grabesrand (German m.) edge of the grave Grabesruhe (German f.) peace of the grave Grabesstille (German f.) silence of the grave, funereal silence, sepulchral silence grabesstill sein (German) to be as silent as a grave Grabesstimme (German f.) sepulchral voice, funereal voice Grabestock (German m.) digging stick Grabfigur (s.), Grabfiguren (pl.) (German f.) tomb figure Grabfund (German m.) grave find Grabgabel (German f.) digging fork Grabgedicht (German n.) epitaph (poetic) Grabgefäß (German n.) funerary vessel Grabgesang (German m.) dirge, funeral hymn Grabgewölbe (German n.) catacomb, vault Grabhaus (German n.) mausoleum Grabheiligtum (German n.) tomb-sanctuary Grabhöhle (German f.) burial cave Grabhügel (German m.) burial mound, tumulus, grave mound, (ancient or prehistoric) barrow Grabinschrift (s.), Grabinschriften (pl.) (German f.) epitaph, sepulchral inscription, inscription on a gravestone Grabkammer (German f.) sepulchre, burial chamber, chamber tomb Grabkapelle (German f.) funerary chapel Grabkirche (German f.) basilica Grabkomplex (German m.) tomb complex Grabkranz (German m.) funeral wreath Grabkraut (German n.) (evergreen) box (tree / shrub) Grabkreuz (German n.) grave cross Grabkrone (German f.) burial crown Grabkunst (German f.) sepulchral art Grablage (German f.) burial place Grablegung (German f. - rare) interment Grablicht (German n.) memorial candle Grablied (German n.) dirge, funeral song Grabmal (s.), Grabmale (pl.), Grabmäler (pl.) (German n.) tomb, monument, sepulchral stone, gravestone Grabmal des unbekannten Soldaten (German n.) Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Grabmalereien (German pl.) tomb paintings Grabmalkunst (German f.) sepulchral art Grabmonument (German n.) funerary monument Grabpfahl (German m.) burial pole (Austrialia: Aboriginal) Grabpflege (German f.) care of the grave, care of graves Grabplatte (German f.) memorial slab, tombstone slab, ledger (slab of stone on a grave), gravestone (lying), grave slab, memorial plate Grabplatz (German m.) cemetery plot Grabraub (German m.) grave robbery, grave robbing Grabräuber (m.), Grabräuberin (f.), Grabräuber (pl.) (German) grave robber, tomb raider Grabräuberei (German f.) grave robbery Grabrede (German f.) committal service, funeral oration, eulogy Grabschänder (m.), Grabschänderin (f.) (German) grave desecrator Grabschändung (German f.) desecration of a grave, grave desecration grabschen (German) to snatch, to grope, to grab grabschen nach (German) to grab at Grabschrift (German f.) epitaph Grabstätte (German f.) grave, tomb, gravesite, sepulchre, burial ground, burial place, burial site, burying place Grabstein (s.), Grabsteine (pl.) (German m.) gravestone, tombstone, headstone, sepulchral stone Grabstein aus Granit (German m.) granite tombstone, granite headstone Grabstein aus Marmor (German m.) marble tombstone, marble headstone Grabstele (German f.) sepulchral stele, tomb stele Grabstelle (German f.) plot (in graveyard) Grabstichel (German m.) etching needle Grabstock (German m.) digging stick Grabtempel (German m.) funerary temple Grabtyp (German m.) tomb type Grabtypus (German m.) tomb type Grabung (s.), Grabungen (pl.) (German f.) excavation, dig, diggings (plural form) Grabungsbefunde (German pl.) excavation findings Grabungsbericht (German m.) excavation report Grabungsergebnisse (German pl.) excavation results Grabungsfläche (German f.) excavation area, dig area Grabungsfund (German m.) archaeological find Grabungsjahr (German n.) year of excavation Grabungsleiter (m.), Grabungsleiterin (f.) (German) excavation leader, excavation director, site director Grabungsmannschaft (German f.) excavation team Grabungsplatz (German m.) excavation site Grabungsresultate (German pl.) excavation results Grabungsschnitt (German m.) section Grabungsstätte (German f.) excavation site, dig (site), archeological site Grabungstagebuch (German n.) site notebook Grabungsteam (German n.) excavation team Grabwerkzeuge (German pl.) digging tools Grace (s.), Graces (pl.) the gift of God inhering in the soul, by which men are enabled to perform righteous acts in music, vocal or instrumental embellishments or ornaments Grace Notes grâce à (French) thanks to Gracefully with grace or elegance, gazioso (Italian), con grazia (Italian), anmutsvoll (German), anmuthsvoll (German), zierlich (German), gracieusement (French) Gracejo (Spanish m.) wit Grace note (s.), Grace notes (pl.) floritura (Spanish), florero (Spanish), abbellimento (Italian s.), abbellimenti (Italian pl.) fioritura (Italian), fioriture (French), agrément (French), ornement (French), Verzierung (German s.), Verzierungen (German pl.), Vorschläge (German), Vorschlagsnoten (German) vocal or instrumental embellishments or ornaments Grace Notes Grace note Grace note, short see 'short grace note' Gracht (s.), Grachten (pl.) (German f.) canal Grachtenrundfahrt (German f.) canal cruise Grachtenstadt (German f.) city of canals (Venice, Bruges, Amsterdam, etc.) Gracia (Spanish f.) wit (in the sense of humour), joke (Spanish f.) grace (a religious state), favour, pardon (Spanish f.) grace, graciousness, charm the Spanish phrase equivalent to the Italian con grazia is con gracia, which is found in the sheet music for 'De Mi Tierra', taken from "Maria Luisa Anido - Album de 10 Obras para Guitarra" (Seleccion Orquidea, Buenos Aires, 1948), where it is used at the start of a particularly melodic passage [entry provided by Weed] Gracias (Spanish f. pl.) thanks gracieusement (French) gracefully, becomingly, graciously "Andante characterizes a tempo that is marqué without being gai and that corresponds roughly to the one designated in French by the word gracieusement." - Rousseau (1768) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment of Rousseau has been taken gracieux (m.), gracieuse (f.) (French) graceful "This word is not used seriously in prose, unless it is a question of painting: "A painting has something gracieux about it."" - Bouhours, Remarques nouvelles (1675) "Does not mean precisely the same thing as agréable. Strictly speaking, gracieux means someone who pleases or wants to please. ... It is rather through their manners than through their bearing that men are gracieux. ... The word gracieux should not be confused with upright, civil, polite, affable. ... Gracieux and agréable do not always refer to personal qualities In that case, the word gracieux expresses, strictly speaking, something that flatters [flatter] the senses or the self-esteem; and the word agréable expresses something that suits one's goût and esprit." - Trévoux (1771) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comments of Trévoux and Bouhours have been taken gracile (Italian) small, thin, graceful, delicate, weak (English, slender and graceful (Italian) in music, reference to a small, thin or weak tone Graciosa (Spanish f.) soubrette Gracioso (Spanish m.) fool, comic character gracioso (Spanish) funny graciozo (Italian) play gracefully Grad (s.), Grade (pl.) (German m.) degree, step, grade, rank, order, level, rate, stage, standard, pitch (degree), degree (temperature: often n.) Grad a degree of tempering, 1/12 part of a Pythagorean comma. There are 613.81047 Grads to the octave. One Grad is the difference between a pure fifth of 701.955 cents and a 12-tET fifth of 700 cents and makes it a useful measure to describe temperings in a well-temperament. The name comes from Andreas Werckmeister (1645-1706) who used it to denote different divisions of a comma. It has a negligible difference to 1/11 part of a syntonic comma. Jan van Biezen calls this measure a Werckmeister, or Wm. Organ builders sometimes use this symbol, and approximate its size by 2 cents. Another useful property is that the minor diesis is almost exactly 21 Grad (21.002). So deviations from equal temperament of three consecutive major thirds when expressed in Grad always add up to 21. A Grad is 1.000655 times larger than a schisma Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken grad (German) just grad (s.), grads (pl.) abbreviation of 'gradual' (s.), 'graduals' (pl.) Grada (Spanish f.) step, row, tier (of seating in an amphitheatre) Gradación (Spanish f.) gradation Gradadverb (German n.) adverb of degree Grad an Genauigkeit (German m.) degree of accuracy Grad an Qualität (German m.) degree of quality gradare (Italian) to descend (step by step) gradatamente (Italian) by degrees, gradually (Italian) in music, reference to a gradual increase, or diminution, of speed, or intensity of tone Gradate (to cause to) pass gradually from one shade to another, to arrange in steps or grades of size, etc gradatim (Latin) gradually, step by step Gradatio extended anadiplosis. Unlike regular anadiplosis, gradatio continues the pattern of repetition from clause to clause Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Gradation (English, German f.) stage of transition or advance, a certain degree in rank, intensity, etc. a diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords (French) in music, gradual change within one parameter, or an overlapping of two blocks of sound (French) in linguistics, another term for ablaut Gradazione (Italian f.) or Graduazione (Italian f.), in music, reference to a gradual increase, or diminution, of speed, or intensity of tone Gradbogen (German m.) limb Grad Celsius (German m./n.) degree centigrade, °C, degree Celsius Grad der Abhängigkeit (German m.) degree of dependence Grad der Abweichung (German m.) degree of variance Grad der Automatisierung (German m.) degree of automation Grad der Empfindlichkeit (German m.) degree of sensitivity (for example, senses) Grad der Genauigkeit (German m.) degree of accuracy Grad der Intimität (German m.) level of intimacy Grad der Invalidität (German m.) degree of disablement Grad der Verwirrung (German m.) degree of confusion GradDipEd, Grad.Dip.Ed. abbreviation of 'Graduate Diploma in Education' grade (German) just Grade der Steigerung (German pl.) degrees of comparison Gradeinteilung (German f.) scale division, graduation, scale gradevole (Italian) agreeable, pleasing, graceful gradevolmente (Italian) pleasingly, gracefully, agreeably Grad Fahrenheit (German m./n.) °F, degree Fahrenheit Gradian also gon, grade or grad, a unit of plane angle corresponding to 1/400 of a full circle, 0.9 degrees Gradient (English, German m.) a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension gradieren (German) to refine Gradierung (German f.) gradation Gradino (Italian m., literally 'step') the note, or range of notes, where the lower 'chest voice' meets the higher 'head voice' gradire (Italian) to ascend (step by step) graditamente (Italian) in a pleasing manner graditissimo (Italian) very sweetly, most gracefully gradito (Italian) pleasant Gradleiter (German f.) scale gradlinig (German) straight-line Gradmerkmale (German pl.) intensity markers Gradmesser (German m.) indicator, gauge, yardstick (also figurative) Gradmesser für den Erfolg (German m.) performance benchmark Gradnetz (German n.) graticule (of a map) Grado (Italian m., Spanish m.) a degree, a step, degré (French) Grado ascendente (Italian m.) ascending step, ascending degree Grado congiunto (Italian m.) two notes that in a major or minor scale would be one degree apart Grado della scala (Italian m.) degree of the scale Grado descendente (Italian m.) descending step, descending degree Grado di scala (Italian m.) degree of the scale Grado disgiunto (Italian m.) two notes that, in a major or minor scale, would be more than one degree apart Grado musical (Spanish m.) degree of the scale Grados de la escala (Spanish m. pl.) degrees of the scale Gradskala (German f.) scale (of degrees), (degree) scale Gradual (English, Spanish m., possibly from Latin, gradus, so named from the position of the soloist, at the steps of the pulpit or ambo) the fourth item of the ordinary of the Mass, sung between the Epistle and the Gospel, a contraction of responsorium graduale. The texts of the gradual come primarily from the Psalms, and the melodies are generally melismatic and usually responsorial and are what is sung in the Mass by the choir or Graduale Romanum, a book of chants containing the graduals, introits and other antiphons of the Roman Catholic mass progressing by degrees, not rapid, steep, or abrupt Graduale (s.), Gadualien (German pl.) (German n., from Latin) gradual Graduale Romanum (Latin) book of chants containing the graduals, introits and other antiphons of the Roman Catholic mass Gradualism the belief that changes occur, or ought to occur, slowly in the form of gradual steps Gradualismus (German m.) gradualism graduallemente (French) gradually, by degrees or steps graduallemente plus douce (French) softer by degrees Gradually progressing by degrees, not rapidly or abruptly, poco a poco (Italian), allmälig (German), peu à peu (French) Gradually slower alongez (French), cédez (French), zurückhalten (German), ritardando (Italian) gradualmente (Italian) gradually, by degrees or steps (Spanish) gradually Gradual modulation modulation in which some chord, taken before the modulating chord, may be considered as belonging either to the original key or to the new key graduatamente (Italian) gradually, by degrees or steps Graduate one who has obtained a academic degree to mark out in degrees or parts (for example, graduated cylinder for measuring out liquids by volume) Graduation (French f.) gradation Graduazione (Italian f.) gradation Grad über Null (German pl.) degrees above freezing, degrees above freezing point, degrees above zero graduell (German) gradual, gradually, gradatim graduellement (French) gradually graduieren (German) to graduate graduiert (German) graduated graduierte Skala (German f.) graduated scale Graduierten- (German) postgraduate (prefix) Graduiertenfakultät (German f.) graduate school Graduiertenfeier (German f.) graduation ceremony Graduiertenkolleg (German n.) post graduate programme Graduiertenschule (German f.) graduate school Graduiertenstipendium (German n.) postgraduate scholarship Graduierter (m.), Graduierte (f.) (German) postgraduate graduierter Betriebswirt (German m.) Master of Business Administration Graduierung (German f.) classification, grading, graduation Graduierungsfeier (German f.) graduation ceremony Grad unter Null (German pl.) degrees below freezing, degrees below freezing-point Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin) a treatise or dictionary of peotical words and phrases designed to facilitate the composition of Latin verse a manual or treatise facilitating verse composition in other languages Johann Joseph Fux (1660-1741), teacher of Antonio Caldara (1670-1736) in 1716, Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745) and Johann Joachim Quantz (1697-1773) in 1717, and imperial court composer in Vienna from 1715, is better known today as the author of Gradus ad Parnassum (1725), a treatise on sixteenth-century counterpoint in the style of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c.1526-1594). In 1745 Gradus was translated into German by J.S. Bach's pupil Lorenz Christoph Mizler (1711-78). J.S. Bach (1685-1750) obtained a copy soon thereafter gradweise (German) by degrees, gradually Gradzahl (German f.) degree value gradzahlig (German) even-numbered Grad-Zeichen (German n.) degree sign, ° Graeco-Roman of the Greeks and Romans Graetz-Schaltung (German f.) full-wave bridge circuit, full-wave bridge rectifier Graf (s.), Gräfin (f.), Grafen (pl.), Gräfinnen (f.pl.) (German m.) count (m.), earl (m.), countess (f.) Grafem (s.), Grafeme (pl.) (German n.) grapheme Grafenschloss (German n.) count's castle Grafenstand (German m.) earldom Grafentitel (German m.) earldom Grafentochter (German f.) earl's daughter Grafenwürde (s.), Grafenwürden (pl.) (German f.) earldom Graffa (Italian f.) brace Graffel (German n. - Austria, Southern Germany) junk Graffito (s.), Graffiti (pl.) (English, German m./n.) a type of deliberate application of a media made by humans on any surface, both private and public. It usually takes the form of publicly painted art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's consent it constitutes vandalism, although in many countries the owner must press charges before it would be considered a crime. Graffiti has existed at least since the days of ancient civilizations such as classical Greece and the Roman Empire a method of architectural decoration produced by scratching through a thin layer of plaster to a layer of a different colour Graffiti from which this extract has been taken Graffiti (German n.) daub, scratchwork, graffiti Graffitibeseitigung (German f.) graffiti removal Graffitientfernung (German f.) graffiti removal Graffitikünstler (s.), Graffitikünstler (pl.) (German m.) graffiti artist, writer (graffiti writer) Graffiti-Sprayer (German m.) graffiti sprayer Graffitisprüher (German m.) writer (colloquial: graffiti artist) Graffiti-Sprüher (German m.) graffiti sprayer Graffitiszene (German f.) graffiti scene Gráfica (Spanish f.) graph Gráfico (Spanish m.) graph gráfico (Spanish) graphic Grafik (s.), Grafiken (pl.) (German f.) graphic, chart, graphics, graphic work, diagram, artwork, graphic arts Grafik- (German) graphics (prefix) Grafikabteilung (German f.) graphics department Grafikbildschirm (German m.) graphic display screen Grafikdesign (German n.) graphic design Grafikdesigner (m.), Grafikdesignerin (f.) (German) graphic designer Grafik-Designer (m.), Grafik-Designerin (f.) (German) graphic designer Grafikdrucker (German m.) graphics printer Grafiker (m.), Grafikerin (f.) (German) graphic designer, graphic artist grafikfähiger Drucker (German m.) graphics printer Grafikkarte (German f.) videocard, graphics card, display adapter, graphics adapter, display card Grafik mit hoher Auflösung (German f.) high-resolution graphics grafikorientiert (German) graphics-oriented Grafikstudio (German n.) graphic art studio Grafiktablett (German n.) graphics pad, graph tablet, graphical tablet, graphics tablet, drawing tablet Grafik-Tablett (German n.) graphics pad, graph tablet, graphical tablet, graphics tablet, drawing tablet Grafikzeichen (German n.) graphics character grafisch (German) graphic, graphical, graphically grafisch dargestellt (German) diagrammed grafisch darstellen (German) to plot, to chart, to graph grafische Anzeige (German f.) graphic display grafische Benutzeroberfläche (German f.) graphical user interface grafische Darstellung (German f.) chart, graph, graphic representation, graphical presentation, graphical representation, graphics, plot (chart, graph), plotting grafische Gestaltung (German f.) graphic design grafische Sammlung (German f.) print room (in a museum) grafischer Bildschirm (German m.) graphic display grafischer Zeichensatz (German m.) font grafisches Modell (German n.) graphical model grafisches Zeichen (German n.) graphic character, graphic symbol Grafit (German m.) plumbago gräflich (German) comital, count's Grafschaft (s.), Grafschaften (pl.) (German f.) county, shire, earldom Grafschaft Devon (German f.) Devon (county) Grafschaften, die an London angrenzen (German pl.) Home Counties Grafschaftsrat (German m.) county council Grágas Lawbook (Old Norse, "greygoose") a section of the Codex Regius text that deals with wergild and Icelandic law; an important source for understanding the conflict in Icelandic sagas Grahambrötchen (German n.) granary roll Grahamweckerl (German n. - Austria) granary roll Graian Alps Alpi Graie (Italian), Alpes Grées (French), Grajische Alpen (German), a mountain range in the western part of the Alps Grail English name for the graduale (as in full Holy Grail) (in medieval legend) cup or platter used by Christ at the Last Supper Grain (of wood) Jahresring (German m.), pore (de bois) (French m.), gli anelli annuali (Italian), venatura (Italian f.), pattern of lines of fibre in wood Graine (French f.) seed Grains of Paradise the aromatic pungent seeds of a tropical West African plant, related to cardamom Graissage (French m.) lubrication Graisse (French f.) grease, fat graisser (French) to grease graisseux (m.), graisseuse (f.) (French) greasy Grajische Alpen (German pl.) Graian Alps Gral (German m.) grail Gralla traditional oboe-like, double-reed instrument made from wood, about 70 cm long. The cone shaped gralla is usually found in the Catalan region. In many other parts of Spain it is known as dulzaina Gralsbewegung (German f.) Grail Movement Gralshüter (m.), Gralshüterin (f.) (German) keeper of the Grail, guardian (figurative: of an ideal, tradition, etc.) Gralssuche (German f.) Grail quest Gram (German m.) grief, sorrow, affliction gram. abbreviation of 'grammatical' Grama an ancient standard scale from India Gramática (Spanish f.) grammar gramatical (Spanish) grammatical Gräme dich nicht. (German) Do not fret. gramerfüllt (German) careworn, woebegone, grief-stricken gramgebeugt (German) bowed down with grief, bowed down with sorrow, grief-stricken Graminology or agrostology, the scientific study of grasses grämlich (German) sullen, morose, surly, ill-humoured Gramm (German n.) gram, gramme Grammafono (Italian m.) gramophone (English), phonograph (US) Grammage the paper density or weight of a type of paper or cardboard, expressed as the mass of the product per unit of area (for example, gram/metre2) Grammaire (French f.) grammar Grammar the study or rules of a language's inflections or other means of showing the relation between words, or the observance or application of those rules Grammar Resources Grammarian expert in grammar or linguistics grammat. abbreviation of 'grammatical' Grammatical (English, French) conforming to the rules of grammar, the rules of a language's inflections or other means of showing the relation between words Grammatical function a category for words in inflected languages - typical examples include aspect, mood, and tense for verbs; person and case for pronouns; case and definiteness for articles, and number, case, and gender for nouns Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Grammatik (s.), Grammatiken (pl.) (German f.) grammar, grammar (book) grammatikalisch (German) grammatical, grammatically, grammatic grammatikalisches Wörterbuch (German n.) grammatical dictionary grammatikalisieren (German) to grammaticalise Grammatikalisierung (German f.) grammaticalisation Grammatikalität (German f.) grammaticality Grammatikbuch (German n.) grammar book Grammatiker (m.), Grammatikerin (f.) (German) grammarian Grammatikerwerb (German m.) acquisition of grammar Grammatikfehler (s.), Grammatikfehler (pl.) (German m.) slip in the grammar, grammatical error Grammatikographie (German f.) grammaticography Grammatikregeln (German pl.) rules of grammar Grammatikwörterbuch (German n.) grammar dictionary grammatisch (German) grammatic, grammatical, grammatically grammatisch beschreiben (German) to parse grammatische Analyse (German f.) grammatical analysis grammatischer Fehler (German m.) grammatical error grammatischer Wechsel (German m.) grammatical alternation grammatische Zergliederung (German f.) grammatical analysis grammatisch falsch (German) solecistic (grammatically incorrect) grammatisch korrekt (German) grammatical (grammatically correct) Grammatologie (German f.) grammatology Grammatology a term coined by the linguist Ignace Gelb in 1952 to refer to the scientific study of writing systems or scripts Grammatur (German f.) grammage Gramme (French m.) gram (unit of weight) Grammeln (German pl. - Southern Germany, Austria) greaves Grammgewicht (German n.) grammage Grammofon (German n.) gramophone, phonograph Grammofonstahlnadel (German f.) gramophone steel needle Grammophon (German n.) gramophone (English, French), phonograph (US) Gramm pro Liter (German pl.) grams per litre Grammy (German m.) Grammy (American Music Prize) Gramófono (Spanish m.) gramophone (English, French), phonograph (US) Gramophone (English, French m.) or, in the US, 'phonograph', a device for playing records Gramophone Gramophone card see 'talking postcard' Gramscianism pertaining to the works and theories developped by the Italian philosopher, writer, politician and political theorist Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937). His writings are heavily concerned with the analysis of culture and political leadership and he is notable as a highly original thinker within the Marxist tradition. He is renowned for his concept of cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the state in a capitalist society Antonio Gramsci from which some of this information has been taken Gramscianismus (German m.) Gramscianism gramvoll (German) sorrowful, grief-stricken Gran (German n.) grain (small particle) gran, grand', grande (Italian) large, big, great, full, complete the regular form is grande which becomes grand' before vowels and gran before consonants Grana (Spanish f.) scarlet (colour) Granadina a type of fandango from southern Spain Granalie (s.), Granalien (pl.) (German f.) granule Gran amor a la vida (Spanish m.) great love of life Gran amor a los animales (Spanish m.) great love of animals Gran angular (Spanish m.) wide-angle lens Granat (s.), Granate (pl.) (German m.) garnet Granatapfel (s.), Granatäpfel (pl.) (German m.) pomegranate (Punica granatum) Granatapfelbaum (German m.) pomegranate tree Granatarmband (German n.) garnet bracelet Granate (s.), Granaten (pl.) (German f.) shell, grenade, bombshell (colloquial: very attractive woman) Granatenhülse (German f.) cartouche granatenmäßig (German) like a bombshell, dynamite (colloquial) Granatenschock (German m.) shell shock granatenvoll (German) absolutely plastered (slang) Granatfeuer (German n.) shell fire, shelling Granatkette (German f.) garnet necklace Granatring (German m.) garnet ring Granatrot (German n.) garnet red Granatschleifleinen (German n.) garnet cloth (abrasive) Granatsplitter (s.), Granatsplitter (pl.) (German m.) shell splinter, shrapnel Granattrichter (German m.) shell-hole, shell crater Granatwerfer (German m.) mortar Gran Bretaña (Spanish f.) Great Britain Gran Canaria (German n., Spanish) Grand Canary Gran cassa (Italian f., literally 'big box') bass drum, big drum the stave for the bass drum is often prefixed by the two letters G.C. Gran cassa e piatti insieme (Italian) drum and cymbals combination Gran coro (Italian m.) full organ Grand a commonly used abbreviation of 'grand piano' in ballet, smoothly up onto pointe grand (m.), grande (f.) (French) great, big, large, full Grand allegro in ballet, the larger jumps and travelling steps of allegro Grand amateur (s.), grands amateurs (pl.) (French m.) an ardent lover of beautiful things, a collector of objets d'arts Grand aria see da-capo aria Grand atelier (s.), Grands ateliers (pl.) (French m.) a leading fashion-house Grand barré (French f.) placing the forefinger (first finger) of the left hand across more than three strings on a guitar, or indeed across all the strings at once Grand bass built in 1899 by John Geyer, the 'Grand Bass' stood 15 feet in height and was designed like Vuillaume's octobasse to sound several octaves below the double bass Grand battement in ballet, a quick and energetic throw of the leg into the air Grand bourdon (French f.) or double bourdon, an organ stop of 32 ft. tone Grand Canary one of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Tenerife Island Grand-chalumeau the larger of the two chanters of a musette de cour see petit-chalumeau Grand choeur (French m.) full organ a group of stops added to the fonds d'orgue (foundation stops) on a French organ Grand cornet a reed stop in an organ of 16 ft. scale, found on the manuals of some instruments Grand coup (French m.) a bold and successful stroke (of policy, etc.) Grand cru (French m.) a wine from a well-known vineyard or group of vineyards Grand détaché (French m.) in string playing, where the whole stroke of the bow is applied to each note, the direction reversed between alternating notes Grande (German m.) magnifico, grandee Grande amoureuse (French f.) a woman who devotes all her time and energy to her love-affairs Grande armie, la (French f.) the French Army assembled by Napoleon for his Russian campaign (1812) Grand écart (French m.) in dance, 'jump splits', a popular feature of the can-can in gymnastics, the same separation of the legs, so that they are at right angles to the body which lies perpendicular to them, is performed on the floor Grande cocotte (s.), Grandes cocottes (pl.) (French f.) a woman whose lover maintains her in great luxury Grand echappé (French) a version of the echappé sauté in which the legs are opened only at the moment of return to the floor Grande dame (French f.) a great lady, a woman of dignified and aristocratic bearing (the female equivalent of a grand seigneur) Grande école (s.), Grandes écoles (pl.) (French f.) a French quasi-military technical college, the best known being the École Polytechnique and the École Normale Supérieure Grande entrée (French f.) the privilege of admission (to Court, etc.) on a state occasion Grande épreuve, Grandes épreuves (pl.) (French f.) an important motor-race Grande marque, Grandes marques (pl.) (French f.) a famous make (of motor-car, etc.) grandement (French) grandly Grande messe (French f.) High Mass Grande mesure à deux temps (French f.) common time of two beats in a bar, marked 2/2 or sometimes with a large C Grande organo (Italian m.) full organ (Italian m.) or grand'organo, Great division in an organ (Italian m.) pipe organ Grande-orgue (French f.) full organ (French f.) Great division in an organ (French f.) pipe organ Grande partition (French f.) performance score, full score Grande passion (French f.) an overpowering love, the love of one's life Grandes machines (French f. pl.) large-scale works of art Grande sonnerie (French f.) a system of striking in clocks and watches whereby the quarter and the hour is struck at every quarter Grande tenue (French f.) full dress (uniform), evening dress, court dress Grande toilette (French f.) (a woman's) full evening dress Grande tradition (French f.) mainstream Grande vedette (French f.) a major star (of stage or screen) Grandezza (German f., Italian f.) grandeur, dignity Grandfather clause a provision in a statute that exempts those already involved in a regulated activity or business from the new regulations Grandfathering (English, German n.) the use of grandfather clause to allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations. It is often used as a verb: to grandfather means to grant such an exemption (particularly environmental protection, finance) Grand Guignol (French m.) (characteristic of) an entertainment consisting of a serious of horrific short plays the Grand Guignol was a theatre (Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol) in the Pigalle area of Paris (at 20 bis, rue Chaptal), which, from its opening in 1897 to its closing in 1962, specialized in naturalistic horror shows Grand Guignol from which the second entry has been taken Grand harmonicon musical glasses Musical glasses (Grand Harmonicon) grandig (German) strong grandios (German) terrific, sublime, superb, sublime (scenery), fantastic, wonderful, splendid, grandiose, grandiloquent (description), grandiloquently, grandiosely grandiose Landschaft (German f.) sublime scenery grandioso (Italian, Spanish) grand, noble, magnificent, splendid, majestic, lofty, elevated grandisonante (Italian) loud, sonorous (Italian) pompous, affected Grand jeté (French m.) in dance, a big leap in the air, in a full out split, flying across the stage Grand jeu (French m.) full organ, although in some French organ music, specifically a loud combination of reed stops as used in homophonic sections of larger pieces or standalone préludes (French m.) the name of a stop on the harmonium which brings into play the full power of the instrument Grand luxe (French m.) the highest degree of luxury Grandly splendidly, magnificently, imposingly, in a dignified manner, grandioso (Italian), nobilmente (Italian), grossartig (German), grandement (French) Grand Mal (German n.) grand mal Grand mal (French m.) a form of epilepsy characterised by convulsive spasms (as opposed to petit mal) Grand-Mal-Anfall (German m.) grand mal epileptic fit, grand mal seizure Grand-mal-Epilepsie (German f.) grand mal epilepsy Grand master title of the heads of the military orders of Templars and Hospitallers Grand Monarque, le (French m.) a reference to the French king Louis XIV (although the term is now used more generally for any absolute ruler) Grand motet (French m.) a substantial, sectional work (similar to a Lutheran church cantata but pleasing to Louis XIV because of its pomp and grandeur), most often a setting of one of the psalms, in which episodes for vocal soloists were interspersed with passages for small ensembles and chorus, while the orchestra provided both accompaniment and interludes. According to tradition, Louis XIV organized a contest between composers, giving them the same sacred text and time to compose the musical setting. He alone was the judge. Michel-Richard de Lalande (or Delalande) (1657-1726) was one of four winners assigned to compose sacred music for each quarter of the year (the other composers being Nicolas Coupillet (d. after 1713), Pascal Collasse (1649-1709) and Guillaume Minoret (1650-1720)). Although the model for the grand motet was created by Henry Dumont (de Thier) (1610-1684), who served in the royal chapel for twenty years from 1663 to 1683, it was two of his younger contemporaries - Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643-1704) and de Lalande (or Delalande) - who took the genre to its height the Abbé Perrin, in the preface to a collection of his own motet texts (1665), tells us that for Louis XIV's messe basse solennelle, the musical highpoint of daily worship at Versailles, "three [motets] are usually sung: a grand, a petit for the élévation, and a Domine salvum fac regem ('God save the king'). I have made the grands long enough that they can last a quarter of an hour ... and occupy the beginning of the Mass up to the élévation. Those of the élévation are shorter and can last up to the Post-Communion where the Domine [salvum] begins." Grand Ole Opry a weekly Saturday night country music radio program broadcast live on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee. It is the oldest continuous radio program in the United States, having been broadcast on WSM since November 28, 1925. It is also televised and promotes live performances both in Nashville and on the road Grand Ole Opry from which this extract has been taken Grand Oper (German f.) grand opera German Grand Opera Grand opera a style of opera characterized by grandiose scale. Heroic and historical subjects, large casts, vast orchestras, richly detailed sets, sumptuous costumes and spectacular scenic effects were all features of this genre, especially when the operas were first produced. However, some recent revivals have featured excessive short cuts in an effort to minimize costs. Other characteristics include continuous music (recitative instead of spoken dialogue), a four or five-act structure and the prevalence of ballets and large scale processions. While there were a number of earlier operas which exhibited many of the traits of grand opera, these are essentially precursors of what we now regard as grand opera. True grand operas are generally regarded as originating in Paris during the late 1820s with Auber's La muette de Portici. The format quickly travelled to near-by countries, especially Germany, Austria, and Italy. But it fell into disfavor towards the end of the nineteenth century, as the expense of staging these mammoth works and the problems in finding singers capable of executing them caused newer styles to gain in popularity. There also was a great deal of opposition to them in Paris on the part of avant-garde intellectuals such as Claude Debussy who were embarrassed by what they saw as the excesses of grand opera. Nevertheless, grand opera did not die out, many composers continued to write these works, and the style continued to be influential Grand Opera from which this extract has been taken Grand opéra (French) an opera, usually in five acts, based on a serious or historical subject, a style associated particularly with the Paris Opéra of the first half of the nineteenth century, and with the works of French composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864) French Grand Opera Grand orchestre (French m.) full orchestra Grand'organo (Italian m.) full organ, great organ Grand orgue (French m.) full organ, great organ Grand pause generally, a rest for the entire ensemble as a feature of the music of the Mannheim School, the Grand Pause is where the playing stops abruptly for a moment, resulting in total silence, only to restart in a vigorous manner Grand piano a large traditionally harp-shaped piano where the strings run horizontally. This is the preferred concert instrument and is available in several sizes from the baby grand (around 5 feet long) to the concert grand (around 9 feet long). The concert grand is also known as a '9-foot grand' even when it is not actually 9 feet in length Grand Pianoforte, by Conrad Graf, Vienna, c. 1836 Grand Piano, by Ludwig Bösendorfer, Vienna, c. 1867 Grand Piano, by Érard et Compagnie, Paris, 1881 Grand plié (French m.) in ballet, a position in which the legs are fully bent Grand Prix (s.), Grands Prix (pl.) (French m., German m.) a major international race (usually for motor-cars) in music, a major award (for example, as given at an international exhibition for pianos, etc.) (German m.) Eurovision Song Contest Grand Prix de Rome (French m.) prize awarded annually by the French government, through competitive examination, to students of the fine arts. It entitles them to four years' study at the Académie de France à Rome. The prize is open to all French painters, sculptors, architects, engravers, and musicians between the ages of 15 and 30 who have completed required work at the École des Beaux-Arts or elsewhere. It was instituted by Louis XIV in 1666 for the purpose of enabling talented artists to complete their education by study of classical art in Rome Prix de Rome Grand-Prix-Strecke (German f.) Grand Prix circuit (motor-racing circuit) Grand Promenade one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Grand seigneur (French m.) a great nobleman, a gentleman of dignified and aristocratic bearing (the male equivalent of a grande dame) Grand Siècle, le (French m.) the reign of Louis XIV, the Classical age of French literature Louis XIV of France Portal: France du Grand Siècle in French Grand staff or 'grand stave', the combination of a staff line notated in treble clef with one notated in bass clef plus a central line representing middle C, in total eleven lines (see reference below) the term is also used for the double staff used primarily in scoring for piano, and other keyboard instruments, but also sometimes used to score vocal works, such as hymns Grand staff Grand stave see 'grand staff' Grand system accolatura (Italian), accolade (French), Akkolade (German) two staves combined with a brace, usually used for piano music Grand Theory (English, German f.) a universal theory, although also used pejoratively for an overly abstract, universal social theory detached from real life Grand Tour an extensive journey to the Continent, chiefly to France, the Netherlands, and above all Italy, sometimes in the company of a tutor, that became a conventional feature in the education of the English gentleman in the eighteenth century. Such tours might take a year or more. It had a noticeable effect in bringing a more cosmopolitan spirit to the taste of connoisseurs and laid the basis for many collections among the landed gentry. It also helped the spread of the fashion for Neoclassicism and an enthusiasm for Italian painting. Among the native artists who catered for this demand were Batoni, Canaletto, Pannini, and Piranesi, and British artists (such as Nollekens) were sometimes able to support themselves while in Italy by working for the dealers and restorers who supplied the tourist clientele. There was also a flourishing market in guide books gran gusto (Italian) great taste, in a grand style Granit (German m.) granite granitartig (German) granitic Granitboden (German m.) granite floor Granitbruch (s.), Granitbrüche (pl.) (German m.) granite quarry graniten (German) granite Granitfliesen (German pl.) granite tiling Granitfußboden (German m.) granite floor granitisch (German) granitic Granitplatte (German f.) granite slab, granite top (kitchen, etc.) Granitsäule (s.), Granitsäulen (pl.) (German f.) granite column, granite pillar Granitskulptur (German f.) granite sculpture Granittisch (German m.) granite table Granittreppe (German f.) granite stairs, granite staircase granivor (German) granivorous, seed eating, seed predating Granivore (English, German m.) seed eater, seed predator granivore Vögel (German pl.) granivorous birds Granne (German f.) awn (grasses), beard (grasses) grano abbreviated form of grandioso (Italian/Spanish: grand, splendid, magnificent, majestic) Gran orquesta (Spanish m./f.) full orchestra, grand orchestre (French) Gran pezza (Italian f.) long time Gran rifiuto, il (Italian m.) the great refusal, the refusal of a high honour or reward possibly a reference to the resignation of Pope Celestine V who in 1294 resigned the Papacy to return to a hermit's cell Pope Celestine V Granskning (Danish) research Grant (German m. - Southern Germany, Austria) bad mood, ill temper Gran tamburo (Italian m.) bass drum granteln (German - Southern Germany) to be dour and critical Granth Saheb the sacred book of the Sikhs grantig (German - Southern Germany, Austria) grumpy, huffy (colloquial) grantig sein (German - Southern Germany, Austria) to be grumpy (colloquial) grantig über ... sein (German - Southern Germany, Austria) to grump about ... (something) (colloquial) Gran turismo (Italian m.) a high-performance car with ample luggage-space and comfortable seats for two persons Granuja (Spanish m./f.) rogue granular (German) granular Granularität (German f.) granularity Granular synthesis a sound synthesis method that operates on the microsound time scale. It is often based on the same principles as sampling but often includes analog technology. The samples are not used directly however, they are split in small pieces of around 1 to 50 ms (milliseconds) in length, or the synthesized sounds are very short. These small pieces are called grains. Multiple grains may be layered on top of each other all playing at different speed, phase and volume Granular synthesis from which this information has been taken Granulat (German n.) granules, granule, granulate material, resin, pellets Granulation (German f.) granulation granulato (Italian) non-legato granulieren (German) to granulate granulierend (German) granulating granuliert (German) granulated, grained, granular Granulierung (German f.) pelletising granulös (German) granular Grapefruchtsaft (German m.) grapefruit juice Grapefruit (s.), Grapefruits (pl.) (German f.) grapefruit Grapefruitbaum (German m.) grapefruit tree (Citrus paradisis) Grapefruitkernöl (German n.) grapefruit essential oil Grapefruitlöffel (German m.) grapefruit spoon Grapefruitmesser (German n.) grapefruit knife Grapefruitöl (German n.) grapefruit oil Grapefruitsaft (German m.) grapefruit juice Grapen (German m.) tripod skillet Grapevine the name of a dance figure, which may look different in different ballroom, club, and folk dances, but shares a common appearance: it includes side steps and steps across the support foot Grapevine from which this information has been taken Grapevine Twist one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Graph (s.), Graphen (pl.) (German m.) graph Graphaesthesia the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch Graphästhesie (German f.) graphaesthesia Graphem (s.), Grapheme (pl.) (German n.) grapheme Graphematik (German f.) graphemics graphematisch (German) graphematic Grapheme a written symbol that is used to represent speech Graphemics the branch of language study dealing with the relationship between speech sounds and the writing system of a language Graphemik (German f.) graphemics Graphen (German n.) graphene Graphene a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice Graphentheorie (German f.) graph theory Graphical score also 'graphic notation' or 'graphic score', a score characterized by non-traditional musical symbols arranged in a visual design rather than in conventional musical syntax Graphic notation Graphical scores [link recommended by Brandon Hendrix] Graphic Converter in 1966, Fernando von Reichenbach, at CLAEM (Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales / Latin American Center for Advanced Musical Studies) in Buenos Aires, invented the Graphic Converter, also known as Catalina, a device that allowed composers to write a graphic score on a paper roll. The images were then captured by a camera that transformed them into musical controls Graphic Converter from which this information has been taken Graphic notation see 'graphical score' Graphic score see 'graphical score' Graphik (s.), Graphiken (pl.) (German f.) graphics Graphikbildschirm (German m.) graphics screen Graphikcursor (German m.) graphics cursor Graphikdrucker (German m.) graphics printer Graphiker (m.), Graphikerin (f.) (German) graphic artist, graphic designer Graphikfähigkeit (German f.) capability for graphic representation Graphikfunktion (German f.) graphics function Graphikkartensteckplatz (German m.) graphics card slot Graphikmonitor (German m.) graphics monitor Graphiktablett (German n.) graph tablet, digitiser tablet, graphics tablet graphisch (German) graphic, graphical, graphically graphisch darstellen (German) to chart, to plot, to portray graphische Anzeige (German f.) graphic display graphische Darstellung (German f.) graph, graphical representation, chart, diagram, diagrammatic representation graphische Gestaltung (German f.) pictorial design graphische Kunst (German f.) graphics graphische Notation (German f.) graphic notation graphische Partitur (German f.) musical notation including non-traditional graphic elements graphischer Ideengestalter (German m.) visualiser graphische Sammlung (German f.) print room (in a museum) Graphit (s.), Graphite (pl.) (German m.) graphite, plumbago (graphite), black lead Graphite soft, steel-gray to black, hexagonally crystallized allotrope of carbon with a metallic lustre and a greasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, etc. Graphitfettstift (German m.) graphited grease pencil, graphited chinagraph pencil graphitiert (German) graphited graphitmoderiert (German) graphite-moderated graphitmoderierter Kernreaktor (German m.) graphite-moderated reactor graphitmoderierter Reaktor (German m.) graphite-moderated reactor Graphitpulver (German n.) graphite powder Graphitstaub (German m.) graphite dust Graphitstift (German m.) conductive pencil, electrographic pen, graphite pencil Graphologe (German m.) graphologist Graphologie (German f.) graphology (handwriting analysis) graphologisch (German) graphologic, graphologically, graphological Graphology the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition) Graphophobia dislike of writing Graphophobie (German f.) graphophobia Graphosemantics the study of meaning where it is communicated through the relationship of letter form and its interpretation, as, for example, comparing grey and gray (different spelling conventions in different standardised varieties may be interpreted in two different ways: grey with positive connotations (viz. she has lovely grey eyes), and gray with negative connotations (viz. It was a gray, gloomy day) Graphosemantik (German f.) graphosemantics Graphospasmus (German m.) graphospasm, writer's cramp Grappa (Italian f.) the brace that connects two of more staves (English, German m., Italian f.) a spirit distilled from wine, a kind of strong brandy grapschen (German) to grope, to snaffle (colloquial), to grab grapschen nach (German) to grab at Grapscher (German m.) groper (colloquial) grapsen (German - Austria) to snatch (steal) Gras (s.), Gräser (pl.) (German n.) grass, herbage, pot (colloquial: marijuana), weed (colloquial: marijuana) gras (French) fat, plump Gras- (German) grassy (prefix) Grasa (Spanish f.) grease grasähnlich (German) grasslike, grass-like grasartig (German) grass-like, grasslike, grassy grasbedeckt (German) grassy, grass-covered grasbewachsen (German) grass-covered, grassy, grass-grown, overgrown with grass Grasbrand (German m.) grass fire Grasbüschel (German n.) hassock, clump of grass, tuft of grass Grasebene (German f.) prairie, grassy plain Grasen (German n.) browse (of cows, goats, etc.), grazing grasen (German) to browse, to graze, to pasture grasend (German) browsing, grazing Gräserkunde (German f.) graminology, agrostology Gräserpollenallergie (German f.) grass pollen allergy Grasfangsack (German n.) grass bag (on a lawn mower) Grasfläche (German f.) patch of grass grasfressend (German) halmophagous Gras fressend (German) graminivorous Grasfresser (German m.) grazer, graminivore Grasfrosch (German m.) grass frog, common (brown) frog (Rana temporaria) grasgrün (German) grass-green Grashalm (s.), Grashalme (pl.) (German m.) blade of grass, culm, grass stalk Grashöhe (German f.) grass height Grashügel (German m.) grassy knoll Grashüpfer (s.), Grashüpfer (pl.) (German m.) grasshopper grasiento (Spanish) greasy grasig (German) grassy, green, herbal gräsig (German) gross (colloquial: vile) grasiger (German) grassier grasigste (German) grassiest grasioso an alternative spelling of grazioso found in Weber's Clarinet Concerto no. 2 [information supplied by Cassidy Maley] Graskorb (German m.) grass box (of a lawn mower) Grasland (German n.) pastureland, grassland, grasslands Graslandschaft (German f.) grassy landscape graslos (German) grassless Grasmücke (German f.) (typical) warbler (genus Sylvia) Grasnarbe (s.), Grasnarben (pl.) (German f.) sward, turf, greensward, sod Graspiste (German f.) grass runway Grasplatz (s.), Grasplätze (pl.) (German m.) grass-plot, lawn, green (large area of grass), grass court (tennis) Graspollenallergie (German f.) grass pollen allergy Gras rauchen (German) to smoke weed (marijuana) grasreich (German) grassy Grass (German n.) grass (colloquial: marijuana) Grassamen (s.), Grassamen (pl.) (German m.) grass seed Grassavanne (German f.) grassland Grasschrift (German f.) cursive script (Chinese calligraphy) grasseyé (French) (an r-sound) produced by the vibration of the uvula (the erm is used mainly of an exaggerately harsh and unpleasant sound) grasseyement (French) faulty (guttural) pronounciation grasseyer (French) to pronounce gutturally Grasshopper escapement an unusual, low-friction escapement for pendulum clocks invented by British clockmaker John Harrison in around 1722 Grasshopper-Hemmung (German f.) grasshopper escapement grassieren (German) to be rife, to spread (epidemically), to be rampant grassierend (German) rampant Grasski (German m.) grass ski grässlich (German) dire, dreadful, ghastly, grisly (archaic), horrid, horridly, direly, hideous, abominable, atrocious, awful, horrible, monstrous, putrid (colloquial), abominably, sick-making (colloquial) gräßlich (German - old form) abominable, atrocious, awful, dire, ghastly, horrible, monstrous grässliche Tat (German f.) atrocious act grässlicher (German) direr, grislier grässlicher Hut (German m.) awful hat grässlicher Terror (German m.) villainous terror grässliches Durcheinander (German n.) awful mess grässliches Kleid (German n.) horrible dress grässliches Monster (German n.) abominable monster Gräßlichkeit (German f. - old form) atrocity Grässlichkeit (German f.) grisliness, abomination, atrocity, bloodiness (colloquial: horribleness) grässlichste (German) direst, grisliest Grassode (German f.) divot, sod (divot) Grasstängel (German m.) grass stem Gras-Start- und Landebahn (German f.) grass runway Grasstengel (German m. - old form) grass stem Grasstreifen (German m.) grassy strip Grasvorrat (German m.) grass supply Graswachstum (German n.) grass growth Graswurzelbewegung (German f.) grassroots movement Graswurzeln (German pl.) grass roots Grat (s.), Grate (pl.) (German m.) flash, fin, ridge (long hilltop), burr, grout, arête, groin, chine (of mountains), crest (hill, mountain), edge (of knife), spine Gratanzieher (German m.) burnisher Gratbildung (German f.) feathering Gratbogen (German m.) groin Gräte (s.), Gräten (pl.) (German f.) fish bone, bone Gräten entfernen (German) to bone grätenfrei (German) boneless (fish) Gratentfernung (German f.) deburring gratfrei (German) burr-free Grathobel (German m.) dovetail plane Gratias agimus tibi (Latin, literally 'We thank you'S) part of the Gloria in a Mass Graticule a network of fine lines, dots, cross hairs, or wires in the focal plane of the eyepiece of an optical instrument the grid of intersecting lines of latitude and longitude on which a map is drawn Gratificación (Spanish f.) bonus (payment) Gratification (French f.) bonus (payment) Gratification de fin de service (French f.) golden handshake Gratifikation (s.), Gratifikationen (pl.) (German f.) bonus, gratuity, bonus payment, gratification Gratifikationsaufschub (German m.) deferred gratification, delayed gratification grätig (German) bony (fish), quick-tempered, sulky Gratin (French m., German n.) the 'upper crust' (of society), the most exclusive people gratiné, gratinée (French) sprinkled with cheese or breadcrumbs and browned under a grill (au gratin) gratinieren (German) to gratinate, to gratiné gratiniert (German) au gratin, gratiné, gratinée gratioso (Italian) grazioso gratis (Italian, Spanish, German) free, free of charge, gratuitous, unjustifiably, gratuitously, at no charge, for nothing, free of cost, without charge, complimentary, buckshee (colloquial), cost-free, for free, costless Gratis- (German) comp (colloquial: complimentary), buckshee (colloquial), freebie (colloquial) Gratisabonnement (German n.) complimentary subscription Gratisaktie (s.), Gratisaktien (pl.) (German f.) bonus share Gratisangebot (German n.) free deal, free offer, incentive offer Gratisanzeige (German f.) free advertisement Gratisbeigabe (German f.) give-away Gratisbeilage (German f.) free supplement Gratisblatt (German n.) giveaway paper (free paper) (gratis) dazugeben (German) to throw in (as a free extra) Gratisexemplar (s.), Gratisexemplare (pl.) (German n.) free copy, presentation copy, specimen copy, complimentary copy Gratisgeschenk (German n.) freebie (colloquial) Gratismuster (German n.) free sample Gratisparkplätze (German pl.) free parking Gratisprobe (German f.) free sample Gratisübersetzung (German f.) free translation (not strict) Gratisurlaub (German m.) bonus leave Gratiszeitschrift (German f.) giveaway magazine Gratiszeitung (s.), Gratiszeitungen (pl.) (German f.) free daily (newspaper), giveaway newspaper gratitud (Spanish) graditude Grätsche (German f.) straddle grätschen (German) to straddle grätschend (German) straddling Grätschsprung (German m.) spread eagle jump (skiing), straddle vault Gratsparren (German n.) hip rafter (roof) gratter (la guitare) (French) to strum (the guitar) gratuit (French) free, gratuitous Gratuität (German f.) gratuity (gratuitousness) gratuito (Italian, Spanish) free, gratuitous (Italian, Spanish) uncalled for (figuratively) Gratulant (German m.) congratulator, congratulant, felicitator, well-wisher Gratulation (German f.) congratulation, congratulations, congrats (colloquial: congratulations) Gratulation! (German) Congratulations! Gratulations... (German) congratulatory Gratulationsrede (German f.) congratulatory speech Gratulation zu (German f.) congratulations on Gratuliere! (German) Congrats! (colloquial: congratulations) Gratulieren (German n.) congratulating gratulieren (German) to congratulate gratulierend (German) congratulating, congratulant gratuliert (German) congratulated Gratung (German f.) bearing edge (drum) Gratverbindung (German f.) housed joint, sliding dovetail joint Gratwanderung (German f.) tightrope walk (figurative), balancing act (figurative), ridge walk (not figurative) grau (German) grey Grau (German n.) grey, cendrée, drabness (figurative: of life), hueless (achromatic), gloomy, drab (sky), ashen (face) Grauabstufungen (German pl.) shades of grey grauäugig (German) grey-eyed Graubär (s.), Graubären (pl.) (German m.) grizzly graubeige (German) grey beige Graublau (German n.) copenhagen blue graublau (German) perse (rare), greyish blue, grey-blue graubraun (German) drab, dun, mole-coloured, grey-brown Graubrot (German n.) brown bread (made with wheat and rye flour) Graubünden (German n.) Grisons (canton of Switzerland) Grauburgunder (German m.) pinot gris Grauchen (German n.) donkey graue Eminenz (German f.) éminence grise, grey eminence Graue Glockenheide (German f.) bell heather (Erica cinerea) graue Haare (German pl.) grey hair graue Haare bekommen (German) to go grey Gräuel (s.), Gräuel (pl.) (German m.) horror, aversion, anathema, abomination, atrocity graue Liste (German f.) grey list graue Literatur (German f.) grey literature, non-conventional literature Gräuelmärchen (German n.) atrocity story Gräuelpropaganda (German f.) atrocity propaganda Gräueltat (s.), Gräueltaten (pl.) (German f.) atrocity, outrage, bestiality, monstrosity (cruel deed) Gräueltaten begehen (German) to commit atrocities Grauen (German n.) dread, horror grauen (German) to dawn (morning) grauenerregend (German) blood-curdling Grauen erregend (German) bloodcurdling, blood-curdling, terrifying grauenhaft (German) atrocious, nightmarish, horrendous, horrifically, gruesome, harrowing, ghastly, ghoulish grauenhafte Erfahrung (German f.) harrowing experience grauenhafte Zustände (German pl.) atrocious conditions grauenhaftes Ungeheuer (German n.) hideous monster Grauenhaftigkeit (German f.) hideousness grauenvoll (German) horrid, grim (task, sight, news), harrowing, horridly, gruesome, gruesomely grauenvoller (German) more horrid grauenvollste (German) most horrid Grauen vor (German n.) horror of grauer (German) greyer grauer Amber (German m.) ambergris Grauer Bund (German m. - Switzerland) Grey League grauer Körper (German m.) grey body grauer Markt (German m.) grey market grauer Star (German m.) cataract (Grauer) Wolf (German m.) grey wolf, (Canis lupus lupus) (graues) Büromäuschen (German n.) (little) office mouse (colloquial) graues Haar (German n.) grey hair graueste (German) greyest graue Substanz (German f.) grey matter graue Zellen (German pl.) grey matter (brain as intelligence) Graufleckigkeit (German f.) micropitting Graugans (German f.) grey goose graugelb (German) biscuit graugrün (German) grey green, sage(-green) Grauguss (German m.) (grey) cast iron Grauguß (German m. - old form) Gußeisen (German n.), Eisenguß (German m.), cast iron grauhaarig (German) grizzled, grey-haired Grauhörnchen (German n.) grey squirrel Grauimporte (German pl.) grey imports grau in grau (German) grey and drab Graukarte (German f.) grey card Graukeil (German m.) grey scale graulen (German) to drive out gräulich (German) greyish, grizzly, horrid, horridly, abominable, detestable, frightful, heinous, dreadful, ghastly, ghoulish gräulich behandeln (German) to bedevil graumeliert (German) flecked with grey, greying, pepper and salt (hair), salt-and-pepper (hair) grau meliert (German) greying, flecked with grey, pepper and salt (hair) Graupe (s.), Graupen (pl.) (German f.) grain of pearl barley, pearl barley (plural form) Graupel (German f.) sleet, freezing rain, soft hail, snow pellet graupelig (German) sleety graupeln (German) to sleet graupelnd (German) sleeting Graupelschauer (German m.) shower of sleet Graupensuppe (German f.) barley broth Graus (German m.) horror grausam (German) cruel, savage, barbarous, cruelly, ferocious, ghastly, horrible, sanguinary, unkind, barbarously, ferociously, atrocious, bloody, bloody-minded, brutal, cold-blooded (cruel), gruesome, merciless, butcherly, boarish (figurative), gruesomely, barbaric, vicious, truculent (cruel), malevolent (fate), terrible grausame Beschreibung (German f.) ruthless description grausame Handlung (s.), grausame Handlungen (pl.) (German f.) act of cruelty, cruelty grausame Verfolgung (German f.) savage persecution grausam gegen (German) cruel to grausam gegen ... (German) cruel to ... (osmebody) grausamer (German) ghastlier, crueller grausamer Folterer (German m.) cruel tormenter grausamer Kerl (German m.) brutal man grausamer Mord (German m.) barbarous homicide grausames Schicksal (German n.) cruel fate grausames Ungeheuer (German n.) monster of cruelty grausames Verhalten (German n.) barbarousness grausam hartes Urteil (German n.) savage sentence Grausamkeit (s.), Grausamkeiten (pl.) (German f.) barbarism, bloodiness, cruelty, ferocity, ghastliness, gruesomeness, inhumanity, cruelness, brutality, savagery, atrocity, act of cruelty Grausamkeit begehen (German) to commit an act of cruelty Grausamkeiten begehen (German) to commit acts of cruelty Grausamkeit gegen Kinder (German f.) cruelty to children Grausamkeit gegen seine Ehefrau (German f.) cruelty to one's own wife Grausamkeit gegen seine Eltern (German f.) cruelty to one's parents Grausamkeit gegen seine Mitbürger (German f.) cruelty to one's fellow citizens grausamste (German) cruellest, ghastliest grausam vorgehen (German) to act cruelly grausam zu Tode kommen (German) to die a horrible death Grauschattierung (s.), Grauschattierungen (pl.) (German f.) shade of grey Grauschimmel (German m.) grey mould, botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) Grauschleier (German m.) fog grauschwarz (German) greyish-black Grausen (German n.) horror grausig (German) macabre, gruesome, horrible, gruesomely, grim (weather, times), grisly (archaic), ghastly grausige Nachricht (German f.) grim news Grausigkeit (German f.) gruesomeness Grauskala (German f.) grey scale grauslich (German - Austria, Southern Germany) gruesome Grauslichkeit (German f. - Austria) gruesomeness Graustrom (German m.) grey electricity Graustufe (s.), Graustufen (pl.) (German f.) grey level, shade (of grey), grey scale graustufig (German) greyscale Grautier (German n.) donkey Grauton (s.), Grautöne (pl.) (German m.) shade of grey, tone of grey grau unterlegt (German) greyed out Grauwasser (German n.) grey water, sullage grauweiß (German) off-white Grauwerden (German n.) greying grau werden (German) to turn grey grau werdend (German) greying Grauwert (German m.) grey tone, grey level, grey-scale value Grauwertstufe (German f.) grey level Grauzone (German f.) grey area, twilight area, twilight zone, legal grey area Grava (Spanish f.) gravel, crushed stone Gravação (Portuguese) recording Gravadlax raw, thinly sliced, cured salmon seasoned with dill and served usually as an appetiser Gravador (Portuguese) (sound) recorder, as, for example, a 'tape-recorder' or a 'CD-recorder' Gravamen (s.), Gravamina (Latin pl.), Gravamens (English pl.) (English, Latin, Spanish m.) obligation, grievance, burden, tax the part of a charge or an accusation that weighs most substantially against the accused gravar (Spanish) to burden, to tax gravarse (Spanish) to get worse Grave (French m.) the lowest register (of an instrument's range) in French, the three parts of an instrument's range are l'aigu, le médium and le grave grave (Italian, French, Spanish) heavy and very slow, solemn (Italian, French, Spanish) solemn, weighty (has great authority in what he or she is saying), serious (acting or speaking with a sagacious air, with dignity and circumspection), grave, solemnly, sedately, majestically (Italian, French, Spanish) very deep (pitch), low (in pitch) or gravement, "In music it means a slow tempo, but not as slow as the one indicated by the word lentement, in French music." - Trévoux (1771) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment of Trévoux has been taken Gravecembalo (Italian m.) harpsichord Gravecembalum (Latin) harpsichord Gravedad (Spanish f.) graveness, seriousness, gravity Grave enfermedad (Spanish f.) serious disease Gravely seriously, weightily, importantly, in a dignified manner, solemnly, sombrely, grave (Italian), gravemente (Italian), gewichtig (German), gravement (French) gravement (French) heavily (although not in the sense of pesamment, but rather in ther sense of grave and composé), ponderously, gravely, solemnly, sadly, majestueux or grave, "In music it means a slow tempo, but not as slow as the one indicated by the word lentement, in French music." - Trévoux (1771) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment of Trévoux has been taken gravemente (Italian) heavily, ponderously, gravely, in a dignified and solemn manner Graver see burin graves (Portuguese) bass (as in 'low frequency') Gravettian toolmaking culture a specific archaeological industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic era prevalent before the last glacial epoch Gravettien (German n.) Gravettian Graveur (s.), Graveure (pl.) (German m.) an engraver Graveur (m.), Graveuse (f.) (French) engraver Graveur d'épargne (French m.) etching with parts left in relief Gravezza (Italian f.) gravity, solemnity Gravicembalo (Italian m.) harpsichord Gravicembalo col piano e forte (Italian m., literally 'harpsichord with soft and loud') the name given by Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori (1665-1731), the first person to create a successful hammer-action keyboard instrument, to his new instrument for which, accordingly, he deserves to be credited as the inventor of the piano Grand Piano, 1720 Bartolomeo Cristofori, Florence, Italy Gravicembolo (Italian m.) harpsichord Gravid in an advanced stage of pregnancy gravid (German) gravid Gravidez (Spanish f.) pregnancy Gravidität (German f.) gravidity gravido (m.), gravida (f.) (Spanish) full, pregnant Gravieranstalt (German f.) engraver's workshop or place of business Gravieren (German n.) engraving gravieren (German) to engrave, to sink (to engrave) gravieren auf (German) to engrave upon gravierend (German) aggravating, grave, serious, severely, sensible (error) gravierender Fehler (German m.) sensible error Gravierfräser (German m.) engraving cutter Graviermaschine (German f.) engraving machine Graviernadel (German f.) burin, graver, engraving stylus graviert (German) engraved Graviertechnik (German f.) engraving technology Gravierung (German f.) engraving Gravierungsmaschine (German f.) an engraving machine Gravikord invented and built by Bob Grawi, this instrument is 54 inches long, weighs approximately 5 pounds and has a welded stainless steel frame, wood tuning block, guitar type tuning machines, and a carved bridge with piezoelectric pickup Gravikord from which this extract has been taken Gravilla (Spanish f.) fine gravel Gravimeter (German n.) gravimeter, gravitometer Gravimetrie (German f.) gravimetric analysis, gravimetry gravimetrisch (German) gravimetric Gravimetry of or relating to measurement by weight Gravis (Greek) earliest form of musical notation from the two signs of Greek prosody indicating stress, pitch and length of syllables in the text to be performed; the gravis indicates a falling inflection and is one of the accentus ecclesiastici (German m.) grave, grave accent, accent grave (French) (Latin) heavy, ponderous Gravisakzent (German m.) grave accent, accent grave (French) gravissimo (Italian) lowest Gravità (Italian f.) gravity, seriousness, majesty Gravitación (Spanish f.) gravitation (force) gravitacional (Spanish) gravitational gravitar (Spanish) to gravitate, to rest on, to loom Gravitas (Latin) seriousmindedness, dignity and solemnity of bearing Gravität (German) gravitas, gravity, seriousness, majesty (elevated style, dignity or solemnity of manner) Gravité (French) gravity, seriousness, majesty Gravitation (English, German f.) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe, gravity, force of gravity Gravitations- (German) gravitational (prefix) Gravitationsfeld (German n.) gravitational field, gravitation field Gravitationsgesetz (German n.) law of gravitation, law of gravity Gravitationskonstante (German f.) gravitational constant Gravitationskraft (German f.) gravitational pull, gravitational force Gravitationszentrum (German n.) centre of gravity gravitätisch (German) ponderously (seriously), grave gravitativ (German) gravitational gravitieren (German) to gravitate gravitierend (German) gravitating gravitiert (German) gravitated Gravlax (German m.) gravadlax gravoso (m.), gravosa (f.) (Spanish) onerous, expensive, costly, burdensome Gravur (s.), Gravuren (pl.) (German f.) gravure, engraving Gravure (French f.) engraving (French f.) groove, channel Gravure printing in printing, a process in which the printing areas are below the non-printing surface. The recesses are filled with ink and the surplus is cleaned off the non-printing area with a blade before the paper contacts the whole surface and lifts the ink from the recesses Gravurzeichen (German n.) an engraved symbol graz. abbreviated form of grazioso Grazia (Italian f.) grace, elegance, comeliness (Italian f.) graces (i.e. ornamentation) Grazie (German f.) grace, elegance, comeliness, gracefulness grazil (German) gracile, delicate, delicately, svelte, sylphlike Grazil- (German) gracilised grazil- (German) gracilised graziös (German) gracious, graceful graziosamente (Italian) gracefully, smoothly, agreeably grazioso (German) gracefully grazioso (m.), graziosa (f.) (Italian) graceful, smooth, elegant gräzisieren (German) to Grecise Gräzismus (German m.) Grecism Gräzist (m.), Gräzistin (f.) (German) Greek scholar, scholar of Greek Gräzistik (German f.) Greek studies graznar (Spanish) to caw (of a crow, rook, etc.), to quack (of a duck), to squawk Graznido (Spanish m.) caw (of a crow, rook, etc.), quack (of a duck), squawk, squawking grazo abbreviated form of grazioso Great of a size, amount, intensity, extent, importance, pre-eminence, ability or character considerably above or beyond the normal or average, grosso (Italian), gross (German), grosse (French) Great American Song Book, the the compositions of the leading American popular music composers, including, George Gershwim, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Duke Ellington, etc. Great American Song Book Great bass recorder a "C" recorder written in the bass clef sounding an octave higher than written Great Blessing of the Waters in the Eastern Rite, there are two rites for blessing holy water: the Great Blessing of Waters which is held on the Feast of Theophany, and the Lesser Blessing of Waters which is conducted according to need during the rest of the year. Both forms are based upon the Rite of Baptism. Certain feast days call for the blessing of Holy Water as part of their liturgical observance Holy Water from which this extract has been taken Great division a grouping of organ pipes, normally not enclosed, played from the bottom manual of a 2-manual organ (or the middle manual of a 3-manual organ). It includes the loudest and brightest ranks of the Principal family, intended for accompanying congregational singing, and usually also contains a chorus of Flutes and often Reeds as well Greater the terms 'greater' and 'lesser' were used formerly to identify the species of third in a scale; thus, a scale with a greater third was a major scale, while a scale with a lesser third was a minor scale Greater Doxology see doxologia major Greater sixth an archaic term for the major sixth Greater third an archaic term for the major third Great Hurricane of 1780 also known as Hurricane San Calixto, the Great Hurricane of the Antilles, and the 1780 disaster, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. Over 20,000 people died when the storm passed through the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean between October 10 and October 16 Great Hurricane of 1780 from which this extract has been taken Great Lakes chain of five lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) central North America in the United States and Canada draining through the St. Lawrence River Great Moravian Empire or Great Moravia, a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century Great Nineteenth Century Rhythm Problem, The if you write eight bars of a waltz in 3/4 time in a popular idiom (which implies 8 bar phrases), if you're not careful (or not a good composer) two bars will soon be subsumed into what sounds like a 6/8 bar (i.e. compound duple), the next two bars likewise - then those two 6/8-like bars will be mentally subsumed into a 12/8 bar. The same happens to the next four bars, which leaves you with two 12/8 bars - i.e. two bars of "four", rather than eight bars of three. It was, as Cone put it in Musical Form and Musical Performance (1968), "the tyranny of the four measure phrase", although conceding that "it is never in the music of the masters, a tyrant. This is because it is for them a rhythmic, not a metric entity." The Great Nineteenth Century Rhythm Problem from which this explanation has been taken Great octave the octave from C(2) (two leger lines below the bass clef), up to but not including C(3) Great organ principale (Italian), Haupt Manual (German), Grand-orgue (French), the chief manual of an organ, the part of an organ which is distinguished from the Choir and Swell organ by more numerous and more powerful stops, usually the flue pipes of largest scale and the most powerful reeds. Each division, Great, Choir and Swell, has a separate keyboard Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution see 'cultural revolution' Great Purge a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in 1936-1938 Great scale the entire series of musical sounds from the lowest to the highest Great Seljuq Empire (1037-1194) a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral sea, the Seljuqs advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia Great Seljuq Empire from which this extract has been taken Great service see 'Short service' Great staff a theoretical combination of eleven lines that encompass the bass clef and treble clef staves with the common line between them designating middle C which identifies the position of the third clef (C clef) Great Stalacpipe Organ for many years the world's largest musical instrument lay below ground in a cave with stalactites covering 3 1/2 acres of the surrounding caverns and produce notes of symphonic quality when electronically tapped by rubber-tipped mallets. This unique instrument was invented in 1954 by Mr. Leland W. Sprinkle of Springfield, Virginia, a mathematician and electronic scientist at the Pentagon Great Stalacpipe Organ Great Treck (in the history of South Africa) the migration of Boer farmers from the Cape Colony to the north and east from about 1836 to 1845 to escape British authority Great White Way a nickname for Broadway in the Midtown Manhattan section of New York City, specifically that stretch that encompasses the Theatre District, between 42nd and 53rd streets. Nearly a mile of Broadway was illuminated in 1880 by Brush arc lamps, the first electrically-lighted avenue in the United States. The journalists' sobriquet was inspired from the millions of lights on theatre marquees and billboard advertisements that illuminate the area, especially around Times Square Great White Way from which this information has been taken Greaves the sediment of skin, etc. formed when animal fat is melted down for tallow Greca (Spanish f.) fret, fretwork (architecture) (Spanish f., Latin America) filter coffee-maker Grecia (Spanish f.) Greece Grecism the style or spirit of Greek culture, art, or thought - something done in imitation of Greek style or spirit Greco (Italian m.) Greek, Grecian Greda (Spanish f.) fuller's earth, clay Greek cross a cross with each of the four arms the same length Greek fire an incendiary preparation first used by the Byzantine Greeks to set fire to enemy ships, etc. Greek folk song Greek folk song can be divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th- and 10th-centuries A.D. and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence struggle in 1821. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes, love songs, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is an indivisible unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death. There is, however, a difference between dhimotiko traghoudhi (folk song) and laiko traghoudhi (popular song). A "folk song" refers to the old songs of a given people; whereas, a "popular song " refers to more recent musical creations. Folk songs refer to all songs created before the 1821 War of Independence, which belong to the akritic and klephtic cycle A Short History of Greek Music from which this information has been taken Greek gift a gift given with the intention of tricking and causing harm to the recipient Greek hip hop Greek hip hop Greek mode the ancient Greeks identified their modes by the sequence of intervals in a falling scale. When, much later, music theorists tried to understand new musical ideas in terms derived from what the ancient Greeks had written, or more accurately in terms derived from what they understood of the ancient Greek musical system, they applied the names to the wrong scales. Today we used the Medieval naming convention and not that of the ancient Greeks. From the seventeenth century onwards, the modal basis of Western music was replaced slowly by the major-minor system which remains, in contemporary Western musical culture, the most widely used harmonic system Ancient Greek Origins of the Western Scale Greek music, Ancient Greek music theory understood scales in terms of tetrachords (series of four notes with a compass of a perfect fourth) which succeed each other in two ways - either the last note of one tetrachord coincides with the first note of the adjoining tetrachord (this being called synaphe, conjunction) or an interval of a tone is left between them (this being called diazeuxis, separation) Ancient Greek Music Ancient Greek Music Tutorial on Ancient Greek Tetrachord Theory by Joe Monzo Greek poetry until fourth century BC, poetry was mainly transmitted orally (not written) and poetry was sung (sung poetry which composers called melopoioi or melikoi). Lyric poetry (a term not used before the Hellenistic times) refers to a song usually accompanied by the lyre (and/or the aulos) Greek wine (in medieval cooking) a generic term which relates to any sweet full-bodied wine Green colour or pigment resembling the color of growing grass, a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area, not fully developed or mature, not ripe, looking pale and unhealthy, naive and easily deceived or tricked, (in cooking) fresh or uncooked (usually applied to fish) Green Card (German f.) green card (required by foreigners wishing to reside in the US) Green ginger fresh root of the ginger plant (Zingiber officinale) Greenlandic hip hop Greenlandic hip hop Greenlight the go-ahead for a film to be made, a show to be put on, a project to be put into effect Green room a room generally behind the platform or stage where musicians or actors prepare before their performances Green Room - thoughts on the origins of this description Greenwicher Zeit (German f.) Greenwich Mean Time Greenwich-Zeit (German f.) Greenwich Mean Time Greffier (French m.) a notary gregär (German) gregarious gregario (Spanish) gregarious Greghesca (Italian f.) in the mid-sixteenth century, light songs sung to a text written in a dialect which was a literary (especially theatrical) imitation of the way in which Venetian was spoken by Greek residents in the Republic, the so-called greghesco. Its development and decline centred firstly on the stage (the last comedy in which a character speaks greghesco was published in 1562) and then in poetry and prose (for example, in a novella of 1609). Venice created a number of other stylized theatrical dialects including tedesca (Venetian-German), albanese (Venetian-Albanian) and zingaresca (Venetian-Gypsy) Gregor (German m.) Gregory Gregoriaans (Dutch) plainsong, plainchant Gregorian Association, The The Gregorian Association was founded in 1870 to promote the singing of Gregorian Chant to English texts, and to overcome the prejudice which existed against doing so. Its policy has recently increased in scope, so that the it is now fully oecumenical, and promotes and uses the chant in Latin as well as Modern English and that of the Book of Common Prayer The Gregorian Association (London, England) Gregorian chant canto gregoriano (Italian, Spanish), Gregorianische Gesang (German), chant grégorien (French) monophonic melodies, a type of plainsong, believed for some time to have been systematised by Pope Gregory I (590-604), although recent research has shown that the Pope Gregory involved in the creation of the liturgy was more probably Pope Gregory II (r. 715-731). We now use the term Old Roman for the chant contemporary with Pope Gregory I and what we call 'Gregorian chant' is more properly called Carolingian chant. Aaccording to the traditional view Greorian chant was imported from France into Spain in the late eleventh century at the time of the suppression of the native Spanish liturgy and chant. Manuscripts of Gregorian chant preserved in Spain, which were for the most part copied there, bear witness to the imposition of non-Spanish chant on Spain. However, a close examination of these manuscripts also reveals several chants and melodies that do not appear in sources outside of Spain, and hence are not borrowed from France. These must have been composed in Spain itself Gregorian Chant Gregorian Chant Chant Links Gregorian chant notation Gregorian Chant Notation gregorianisch (German) Gregorian gregorianischer Choral (German m.) Gregorian chant, plainchant, plain chant, plain song gregorianischer Gesang, gregorianische Gesang (German m.) Gregorian chant gregorianischer Kalender (German m.) Gregorian calendar Gregorian modes Modes gregoriano (Italian, Spanish) Gregorian chant grégorien (m.), grégorienne (f.) (French) Gregorian Gregoriusfest (German n.) Feast of Gregory Gregorsmesse (German f.) Mass of St. Gregory (the Great) Gregory walker modern variant of the passomezzo moderno, popular in America Passomezzo moderno Gregueria (Spanish f.) uproar Greif- (German) prehensile (prefix) Greif (German m.) griffin, gryphon Greifarm (German m.) gripper arm Greifarmbewegung (German f.) robot arm movement Greifbacke (German f.) gripper jaw greifbar (German) tangible, tangibly, seizable, concrete, corporeal, palpable, available greifbarer Vorschlag (German m.) concrete proposal greifbares Ergebnis (German n.) tangible result Greifbarkeit (German f.) concreteness, palpableness, tangibility, tangibleness greifbar machen (German) to realise greifbar nah (German) within one's reach, within one's grasp (figurative) Greifbeutel (German m.) clutch bag, clutch purse Greifbewegung (German f.) grasping movement Greifen (German n.) bite greifen (German) to grip, to grasp, to snatch, to take hold of, to grab, to bite (wheels, screw), to be effective, to reach (for) greifend (German) snatching greifen nach (German) to claw at, to clutch at, to reach for Greifen Sie nicht unter das Werkstück. (German) Do not reach under the workpiece. greifen zu (German) to betake to Greifer (German m.) grasper, gripper, picker arm, claw Greiferfalz (German m.) gripper fold Greiferkante (German f.) gripper margin, gripper edge, gripper area (printing) Greiferrand (German m.) gripper edge, gripper area, gripper margin (printing) greiffähig (German) prehensile Greifkraft (German f.) gripping force, grip strength Greifpinzette (German f.) gripping tweezers Greifraum (German m.) space within reach Greifschwanz (German m.) prehensile tail greift (German) snatches greift zu (German) accesses Greifvogel (German m.) bird of prey, raptor Greifzange (German f.) gripping pliers, gripper tongs, prehensile claw Greifzehen (German pl.) prehensile toes Greifzirkel (German m.) calipers, callipers Greinen (German n. - Southern Germany) whining greinen (German - Southern Germany) to whine Greinerei (German f.) wailing Greis (m.), Greisin (f.), Greise (pl.) (German) old man (m.), aged man (m.), old woman (f.), aged woman (f.) greis (German) venerable (through old age), aged, very old (person), senile, geriatric Greisenalter (German n.) senility, old age greisenhaft (German) senile, feeble Greisenhaftigkeit (German f.) senility Greißler (German m. - Austria) general store proprietor Greißlerei (German f. - Austria) general store greislig (German - Southern Germany) ugly grell (German) glaring, garish, garishly, gaudily, lurid, luridly, glary, blinding, glaringly, bright (glary), dazzling, flamboyant, piercing (cry, voice, etc.), sharp (piercing), strident (colour), loud (colour), gaudy (colour), grating (voice) the term is applied particularly to brass instruments where it refers to a shrill, strident tone [information provided by Wesselin Christoph Karaatanassov] grellbunt (German) gaudily coloured, garishly, garish Grelle (German n.) glariness grelle Buntheit (German f.) tawdriness grelle Farbe (s.), grelle Farben (pl.) (German f.) gaudy colour, strong colour, dazzling colour, screaming colour greller (German) glarier greller Blitz (German m.) vivid flash of lightning greller Schein (German m.) garish light greller Schmuck (German m.) flamboyancy greller Schrei (German m.) loud cry, sharp cry grelles Leuchten (German n.) glaring grelles Licht (German n.) dazzling light, glaring light, harsh light, strong light grelle Stimme (German f.) sharp voice, strident voice, shrill voice, grating voice Grellheit (German f.) sharpness, hardness, shrillness, stridency, garishness grellrot (German) bright red, gaudy red, garish red grell scheinen (German) to glare grellste (German) glariest grell weiß (German) dazzlingly white Grelot (s.), Grelots (pl.) (French m.) small bell(s) (for example, sleigh bell(s)), cascabel (Spanish) Gremienarbeit (German f.) committee work Gremium (s.), Gremien (pl.) (German n.) board, panel, council, caucus, committee, body Grenada (English, German n.) an island state in the West Indies in the southeastern Caribbean Sea Grenader (m.), Grenaderin (f.), Grenader (pl.) (German) Grenadian Grenadier (German m.) infantryman, rifleman, Private (lowest enlisted rank in German infantry forces designated as Grenadier) Grenadiermütze (German f.) mitre (cap) (espiecially British), grenadier cap Grenadin in cooking, small larded slice of veal fillet Grenadine (s.), Grenadinen (pl.) (German f.) a syrup prepared flavoured with pomegranate, pomegranate (Punica granatum) grenadisch (German) Grenadian Grenouille (French f.) frog Grenz- (German) marginal, borderline (on or near a border or boundary), boundary (prefix) Grenzänderung (German f.) boundary change, change of boundary Grenzansiedler (German m.) frontiersman Grenzauflösung (German f.) limiting resolution Grenzbahnhof (German m.) frontier station, border station Grenzbeamter (German m.) immigration officer (at customs), border official Grenzbereich (German m.) borderline, threshold Grenzbetrag (German m.) marginal amount Grenzbewohner (m.), Grenzbewohnerin (f.), Grenzbewohner (pl.) (German) borderer, frontiersman (m.), frontierswoman (f.), inhabitant of the border area Grenzbezirk (German m.) border district grenzdebil (German) extremely stupid Grenzdorf (German n.) border village, small border town Grenze (s.), Grenzen (pl.) (German f.) border, boundary, periphery (boundary), barrier, bound (boundary, limit), compass (limits of an area), perimeter (of grounds), divide (dividing line), confines (plural form), line (dividing line), bourne (archaic: boundary), skirt (outskirts), limit, frontier, edge, margin (outer edge), line (border) Grenze einer Stadt (German f.) skirt of a town Grenze mit Ungarn (German f.) frontier with Hungary grenzen (German) to abut, to border grenzen an (German) to abut on, to adjoin to, to touch, to be bounded by, to border (country), to adjoin, to border on grenzen an ... (German) to neighbour (on) ... (something) Grenzen beachten (German) to observe limits grenzend (German) abutting, bordering Grenzen des Landes (German pl.) country's frontiers Grenzen des Römischen Reiches (German pl.) Frontiers of the Roman Empire Grenzen einhalten (German) to observe limits grenzenlos (German) boundless, boundlessly, interminable, limitless, limitlessly, interminably, illimitable, shoreless, unlimited, infinite, infinitely, immeasurable, abysmally, unbounded grenzenlose Dummheit (German f.) abysmal stupidity grenzenlose Fläche (German f.) boundless expanse grenzenlose Freude (German f.) boundless joy grenzenlose Liebe (German f.) adoration grenzenloser Ehrgeiz (German m.) unbounded ambition Grenzenlosigkeit (German f.) boundlessness, immensity, infinity, immeasurableness Grenzen neu ziehen (German) to redraw boundaries (also figurative) Grenzen respektieren (German) to recognise boundaries, to respect boundaries Grenzen setzen (German) to set limits to, to set bounds to Grenzer (German m.) frontiersman, border guard, customs man, customs officer, frontier guard Grenzertragsböden (German pl.) marginal lands grenzerweiternd (German) boundary expanding Grenze zwischen (German f.) border between Grenzfall (German m.) borderline case, border-line case, marginal case, worst case, limiting case Grenzfestung (German f.) border fortress Grenzfläche (s.), Grenzflächen (pl.) (German f.) interface, boundary, boundary layer grenzflächenaktiv (German) surface-active Grenzflächenmikrofon (German n.) pressure zone microphone Grenzflächenspannung (German f.) interfacial tension Grenzfluss (German m.) border river (river forming the border or frontier) Grenzformalitäten (German pl.) border formalities Grenzfrage (s.), Grenzfragen (pl.) (German f.) border issue, boundary issue Grenzfrequenz (German f.) critical frequency, cut-off frequency, limiting frequency Grenzgänger (s.), Grenzgänger (pl.) (German m.) cross-border commuter Grenzgebiet (s.), Grenzgebiete (pl.) (German n.) borderland, border area, frontier area, frontier (area), frontier district Grenzgebirge (German n.) border mountain range (a mountain range forming the border or frontier) Grenzgraben (German m.) sunk fence, boundary ditch Grenzkonflikt (German m.) border dispute, boundary dispute, border clash Grenzkontrolle (s.), Grenzkontrollen (pl.) (German f.) border control, border controls, cross-border control, border check Grenzkrieg (s.), Grenzkriege (pl.) (German m.) border war, border warfare, brushfire (plural form) Grenzland (German n.) border area, border land, border country, frontier (especially outlying areas) Grenzlehrdorn (German m.) plug gauge Grenzlinie (German f.) boundary line, demarcation line, line (border, limit), border-line, boundary, limit Grenzlinien ziehen (German) to draw boundaries Grenzmarkierung (German f.) boundary mark, landmark Grenzmauer (German f.) boundary wall, border wall grenznah (German) near the border, close to the border Grenzöffnung (German f.) opening of the border Grenzort (German m.) boundary town, border town Grenzpatrouille (German f.) border patrol Grenzpfahl (German m.) boundary post, boundary-post Grenzpfosten (German m.) boundary post Grenzpolizei (German f.) frontier police, border police Grenzpolizist (German m.) border policeman Grenzposten (German m.) border guard (person), border post (station) grenzquerend (German - Switzerland) cross-border Grenzrachenlehre (German f.) caliper gauge, calliper gauge Grenzraum (German m.) border region, border area Grenzregion (German f.) border region, frontier region, border area Grenzschicht (German f.) barrier, boundary layer Grenzschild (German n.) border sign Grenzschließung (German f.) closing of the border Grenzschutz (German m.) frontier police, border guard, border patrol Grenzsituation (German f.) borderline situation Grenzsoldat (German m.) border guard Grenzspannung (German f.) cut-off voltage Grenzstaat (s.), Grenzstaaten (pl.) (German m.) border state Grenzstadt (German f.) frontier town, border town, border city Grenzstädtchen (German n.) small border town Grenzstamm (German m.) border tribe Grenzstein (s.), Grenzsteine (pl.) (German m.) boundary stone, landmark, border stone Grenzstreifen (German m.) border strip Grenzstreit (German m.) border dispute, boundary dispute, border disagreement Grenzstreitigkeit (s.), Grenzstreitigkeiten (pl.) (German f.) boundary dispute Grenztruppen der DDR (German pl.) East German border troops Grenzüberfall (German m.) border raid Grenzübergang (s.), Grenzübergänge (pl.) (German m.) border crossing point, checkpoint, border crossing, border checkpoint Grenzübergangspunkt (German m.) border crossing point, frontier crossing point Grenzübergangsstelle (German f.) point of entry, border crossing point Grenzübergangsstelle bei der Einfuhr (German f.) point of entry grenzübergreifend (German) trans-border, trans-boundary, cross-border (dispute, trade) grenzübergreifende Streitfälle (German pl.) cross-border disputes grenzüberschreitend (German f.) trans-border, trans-national, cross-border, cross-frontier, trans-boundary, border-crossing grenzüberschreitender Verkehr (German m.) cross-border traffic grenzüberschreitender Warenverkehr (German m.) cross-border trade grenzüberschreitender Wettbewerb (German m.) cross-border competition grenzüberschreitendes Abkommen (German n.) cross-border agreement Grenzüberschreitung (German f.) frontier crossing, border crossing Grenzübertritt (German m.) border crossing Grenzübertrittsstelle (German f.) border crossing point Grenzunruhen (German pl.) border disturbances Grenzverkehr (German m.) border traffic Grenzverlauf (German m.) boundary line, course of the border Grenzverschiebungen (German pl.) shifting boundaries Grenzvertrag (German m.) border treaty, boundary treaty Grenzvolk (German n.) border people Grenzwache (German f.) border guard, frontier guard Grenzwall (German m.) boundary wall Grenzwert (German m.) limit, limiting value, threshold value, boundary value, extreme value, marginal value, limit value, limit of a sequence Grenzwertbedingungen (German pl.) marginal conditions grenzwertig (German) marginal, borderline (for example, remark) grenzwertige Situation (German f.) borderline situation Grenzwertsätze (German pl.) limit theorems Grenzzaun (German m.) border fence, line fence (US, Canada) Grenzzeit (German f.) critical time, time limit Grenzziehung (s.), Grenzziehungen (pl.) (German f.) demarcation, drawing up (of) a border Grenzzone (German f.) border zone Grenzzwischenfall (German m.) border incident Grès (French m.) sandstone, stoneware (pottery) Gresca (Spanish f.) uproar, quarrel grésiller (French) to sizzle, (radio) to crackle Gretchenfrage (German f.) or Kernfrage (German f.), crucial question, litmus test (question), crunch question (colloquial) Gretchenfrisur (German f.) hair in coils Greuel (s.), Greuel (pl.) (German m. - old form) horror, aversion, abomination, anathema, atrocity Greuelmärchen (German n. - old form) atrocity story Greuelpropaganda (German f. - old form) atrocity propaganda Greueltat (s.), Greueltaten (pl.) (German f. - old form) atrocity, outrage, monstrosity (cruel deed) greulich (German - old form) horrid, horridly, dreadful, ghoulish Grève (French f.) strike, shore (river, etc.) Grève du zèle (French f.) work-to-rule Grève de la faim (French f.) hunger strike Gréviste (French m./f.) striker Grève sauvage (French f.) wildcat strike Greyerzerkäse (German m.) Gruyere cheese Greyerzer Käse (German m.) Gruyere cheese Greylisting (German n.) grey-listing (temporary rejection of e-mail) gr.Fl. (German) abbreviated form of grosse Flöte, the standard orchestral flute Griaß di! (German - Southern Germany, Austria) Hi! Griaß eich! (German - Southern Germany, Austria) Hi! gribouiller (French) to scribble Gribouillis (French m.) scribble gridando (Italian) shouting, calling out Grido (Italian m.) cry, shout, scream Grieben (German pl.) greaves Griebenschmalz (German n.) crackling fat griech. abbreviation of griechisch (German: Greek - grac (French)) Grieche (m.), Griechin (f.), Griechen (pl.), Griechinnen (f.pl.) (German) Greek Griechenland (German n.) Greece Griechentum (German n.) Hellenism Griechen wie Römer ... (German) Both the Greeks and the Romans ... Griechisch (German n.) Greek griechisch (German) Greek, Grecian griechisch-ägyptisch (German) Greco-Egyptian griechische Architektur (German f.) Greek architecture griechische Buchstaben (German pl.) Greek letters griechische Küche (German f.) Greek cuisine griechische Mythologie (German f.) Greek mythology griechischer Chor (German m.) Greek chorus griechischer Knoten (German m.) psyche knot, Grecian knot griechisches Alphabet (German n.) Greek alphabet Griechisches Feuer (German n.) Greek fire griechisches Kreuz (German n.) Greek cross griechische Schmuckleiste (German f.) cyma griechische Stil (German m.) Greek style, Graecism Griechischlehrer (s.), Griechischlehrerin (pl.) (German) Greek teacher griechisch-orthodoxe Kirche (German f.) Greek Orthodox Church griechisch-römisch (German) Graeco-Roman griechisch-römische Antike (German f.) Greco-Roman antiquity griechischsprachig (German) Greek-speaking griechischstämmiger Amerikaner (German m.) Greek American Griechischwörterbuch (German n.) Greek dictionary griechisch-zypriotisch (German) Greek Cypriot Grief intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death) (French m.) grievance Grief, with see 'with grief' griego (Spanish) Greek grienen (German - Northern Germany) to smirk grienend (German - Northern Germany) smirking, with a smirk Griesel (German m.) sleet Griesgram (German m.) splenetic, churl, curmudgeon, moper (grump), grump (colloquial), grouch (colloquial) griesgrämig (German) morose, curmudgeonly, grouchily, acidulous, sour, grouchy, crabby, grumpy, crabbed (person), surly, mopish griesgrämige alte Frau (German f.) grumpy old woman griesgrämiger (German) grouchier griesgrämiger alter Mann (German m.) grumpy old man Griesgrämigkeit (German f.) peevishness griesgrämigste (German) grouchiest griesgrämisch (German) grouchy griesgrämlich (German) grouchy Grieß (German m.) semolina, snow (TV screen), graininess (TV picture), grit (sand, etc.), gravel Grießbrei (German m.) semolina pudding, semolina (paste) Grießflammeri (German m.) semolina flummery, semolina pudding (served warm) grießig (German) grainy (TV picture), sabulous, sandy, gritty grießiges Bild (German n.) snowy picture (colloquial), grainy picture Grießkloß (s.), Grießklöße (pl.) (German m.) semolina dumpling Grießklößchen (s.), Grießklößchen (pl.) (German n.) (little) semolina dumpling Grießknödel (s.), Grießknödel (pl.) (German m.) semolina dumpling Grießkoch (German m. - Austria) semolina porridge Grießnockerl (s.), Grießnockerln (pl.) (German n. - Southern Germany, Austria) semolina dumpling Grießnockerlsuppe (German f.) soup with semolina dumplings Grießpudding (German m.) semolina pudding Grießschnitte (German f.) semolina slice Grießsuppe (German f.) semolina soup Griezyne Lithuanian fiddle Griff (s.), Griffe (pl.) (German m.) grab (hand-hold), knob (for example, on a drumstick), hug, bow, holder, haft, clutch, stock (handle), fingering, grip (hand-hold), grasp, butt (pistol), hold (judo, climbing, etc), hilt, handle, hand-hold Griffbereich (German m.) reaching area of the hands griffbereit (German) ready to hand, handy, ready (availability, supply), close at hand, at hand griffbetätigt (German) handle-operated Griffbrett (s.), Griffbretter (pl.) (German n.) touche (French f.), tastiera (Italian f.), fingerboard of a stringed instrument such as the violin, guitar, lute, etc. (as in am Griffbrett, on or at the fingerboard), fretboard Griff der Hand (German m.) clasp of hand Griffel (s.), Griffel (pl.) (German m.) pen, stylus, pistil, slate pencil, paw (dated: finger), mitt (dated: finger) Griffelkasten (German m.) pencil box griffgünstig platziert (German) handily placed (controls) griffgünstig plaziert (German - old form) handily placed (controls) Griffhöhe (German f.) grip height griffig (German) anti-skidding, catchy (slogan, tune, etc.), non-slip, handy (useful) griffiger (German) handier Griffigkeit (German f.) grip griffigste (German) handiest Griffkraft (German f.) grip strength Griffloch (s.), Grifflöcher (pl.) (German n.) finger-hole, tone-hole, foro (Italian m.), Fingerloch (German n.), trou (French m.), agujero (Spanish m.) (German n.) fingering Griff lösen (German) to let go (of) (loosen one's grip) Griffmutter (German f.) knurled nut Griff nach ... (German m.) grab for ... (something) griffnahe (German) within easy reach Griffposition (German f.) handle position Griffrücken (German m.) backstrap Griffschale (German f.) grip plate Griffschraube (German f.) knurled screw Griffschrift (German f., literally 'finger-notation') tablature Grifftabelle (German f.) fingering chart Grifftabelle für Querflöte (German f.) flute fingering chart grifftrocken (German) touch-dry Grigoro hasapiko or grigoros hasapikos, the fast version of the hasapiko see hasapiko Grill (English) or grilling, in cooking, a quick, dry-heat cooking method over charcoal, wood or gas flames a screen or mesh located in front of a speaker to protect it from damage and provide visual appeal to examine thoroughly (English, German m.) barbecue, rotisserie Grillade (German f.) grill Grillanlage (German f.) barbecue area Grillanzünder (German m.) charcoal lighter Grillblech (German n.) grill pan Grille (s.), Grillen (pl.) (German f.) cricket (zoology), caprice, whim (figurative), fancy (notion), maggot (archaic: idea), whimsy (French) a grating (particularly one through which people may speak) Grille d'accords (French f.) chord chart Grillen (German n.) barbecueing, grilling grillen (German) to broil, to grill, to barbecue grillend (German) broiling, grilling, barbecueing Grillen fangen (German - dated) to be moody, to mope, to think gloomy thoughts grillenhaft (German) freakish, capricious Grillenhaftigkeit (German f.) whimsicalness, freakishness Grilletta (German f. - East Germany) hamburger Grillfass (German n.) barrel grill, barbecue Grillgabel (German f.) grill fork, grilling fork, barbecue fork Grillgericht (German n.) grill dish Grillgut (German n.) food to be grilled Grillhähnchen (German n.) grilled chicken, barbecue chicken Grillhandschuh (German m.) BBQ glove Grillhendl (German n. - Austria) grilled chicken grillieren (German - Switzerland) to barbecue, to broil, to grill Grillkohle (German f.) charcoal (for the barbecue) Grillo (Spanish m.) cricket (insect) Grillparty (German f.) cookout (barbecue), barbecue Grillpfanne (German f.) grill pan, griddle pan Grillplatz (German m.) barbecue area Grillrestaurant (German n.) grillroom, grill restaurant Grillsaison (German f.) barbecue season Grillschürze (German f.) grill apron Grillspieß (German m.) kebab, skewer Grillunfall (German m.) barbecue accident Grilse (English, German m.) a young Atlantic salmon on its first return from the sea to fresh or brackish waters Grimace a contortion of the face Grimasse (s.), Grimassen (pl.) (German f.) grimace, snoot, gurn, girn Grimassen-Film (German m.) facial expression film (genre) Grimassen schneiden (German) to grimace, to gurn, to girn, to pull faces Grimassen schneidend (German) grimacing Grimassieren (German n.) grimacing grimassieren (German) to gurn, to girn, to grimace Grime a genre of urban music which first emerged in London in the early 2000s, primarily a development of UK garage and electronic music Grime from which this extract has been taken Grimm (German m.) fierceness, wrath (dated: anger, fury) grimm (German - dated) wrathful Grimmdarm (German m.) colon Grimmen (German n.) colic grimmig (German) fierce, grimly, ferocious, vicious, grim, furious, bitter grimmiger (German) grimmer, more furious grimmiges Gesicht (German n.) grim face grimmige Stimme (German f.) ferocious voice grimmig kalt (German) beastly cold, bloody cold (colloquial) Grimmigkeit (German f.) grimness grimmigste (German) grimmest, most furious grimmig wie ein Wolf (German) as fierce as a dragon grimmsch (German) Grimm (of or pertaining to the bothers Grimm) grimmsches Wörterbuch (German n.) Grimm's dictionary Grimm'sches Wörterbuch (German n.) Grimm's dictionary Grimms Märchen (German) Grimms' Fairy Tales Grimoire (French f., German n.) a textbook of magic. Books of this genre, typically giving instructions for invoking angels or demons, performing divination and gaining magical powers, have circulated throughout Europe since the Middle Ages Grind (German m.) scurf, head (Switzerland), scab (Southern Germany: crusted wound-cover) Grindcore an extreme form of hardcore punk and heavy metal, related to both death metal and crust punk, but historically formed by combining elements of Hardcore Punk and early thrash metal Grindcore from which this extract has been taken Grinder-organ alternative name for a barrel-organ grindig (German - Austria) scurfy (slang: disgusting) Gringo (m.), Gringa (f.) (German, Spanish) Yankee (in Latin America), American Grinsen German n.) grin, smirk, sneer grinsen (German) to grin, to smirk, to sneer grinsend (German) sneering, grinning, smirking grinsen, ducken und wegrennen (German) grinning, ducking, and running grinsen wie ein Honigkuchenpferd (German) to grin like a Cheshire cat (colloquial) Griot music see jeli Griot (English, German m.) the West African equivalent of a minstrel Grip (s.), Grips (pl.) an assistant who moves and sets up camera tracks and film equipment (film industry) grippal (German) flu-like, fluish grippaler Infekt (German m.) common cold Grippe (s.), Grippen (pl.) (French f., German f.) influenza, flu (short: influenza) grippeähnliche Symptome (German pl.) flu-like symptoms Grippeanflug (German m.) bout of flu Grippeepidemie (German f.) influenza epidemic, flu epidemic Grippefall (German m.) flu case Grippeimpfstoff (German m.) flu vaccine, influenza vaccine Grippeimpfung (German f.) flu shot (colloquial), flu vaccination, influenza immunisation, flu jab (colloquial) grippekrank (German) flu-suffering Grippekranker (m.), Grippekranke (f.) (German) flu-sufferer Grippelgspiel (German n. - Austria) skinny rake Grippemittel (German n.) a remedy for colds, cold remedy Grippepandemie (German f.) flu pandemic Grippesaison (German f.) flu season Grippeschutzimpfung (German f.) influenza virus vaccination Grippewelle (German f.) flu epidemic Grips (German m.) brains, brain, savvy (colloquial), nous (colloquial: to rhyme with mouse), gumption (colloquial) Gripzange (German f.) gripping pliers, locking pliers, mole grips, grip wrench, self-grip wrench Gris (Spanish m.) grey gris (Spanish) grey Grisaille (French f., German f.) a design (painting, stained-glass, book illustration, etc.), usually more abstract than pictorial, executed in various shades of grey, originally a style popular in 13th century stained-glass (not common in 15th-century English book illustration but is, however, more commmon in continental manuscripts) Grisette (French f., German f.) a young working-class Frenchwoman (particularly a shop-assistant who might combine this with part-time prostitution - the name refers to the cheap unbleached, grey cloth, of the same name, formerly worn by such people) Grislibär (German m.) grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Grislybär (German m.) grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) grisoller (French) to sing like a lark gritar (Spanish) to shout (for), to boo (cry of protest), to shout griteria (Spanish f.) uproar Grito (Spanish m.) shout, cry, scream Gritos de angustia (Spanish m.pl.) anguished cries Grizzlybär (German m.) grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) Grizzly Bear, The a dance that started in San Francisco, along with the 'Bunny Hug' and 'Texas Tommy' and which was also performed on the Staten Island ferry boats in the 1900s Grizzly Bear from which this extract has been taken GRM acronym for Groupe de Recherches Musicales founded in 1958, in Paris, by Pierre Schaeffer, with François Bayle, Luc Ferrari, Iannis Xenakis, and others GRM from which this extract has been taken GRNSM, G.R.N.S.M. abbreviation of 'Graduate Royal Northern School of Music (UK)' grob (German) coarse, rude (rough, coarse), deep, gross (coarse), low voice, bass, coarsely, roughly, rudely, grossly, bluntly, gruffly, rudely, truculently, crude, crassly, uncouthly, bastard (file), brutal, crudely (estimate, drawing), rowdy, rough (also: approximate), brusque, churlish, truculent (cruel), rugged (for example, a statue), unsubtle, abrasive (also figurative), uncouth, gruff, gross (flagrant, serious), raw (coarse: also figurative: very frank), crass (behaviour), uncivil, schematic (diagram) Grobabgleich (German m.) coarse tuning grob abschätzen (German) to make a rough estimate Grobabstimmung (German f.) coarse tuning, flat tuning grob bearbeiten (German) to rough-work grob behandeln (German) to manhandle grob behandelt werden (German) to get a raw deal grob behauen (German) to rough-hew (stone, wood) grobblasig (German) coarse bubble (diffuser) grob definiert (German) broadly defined grobe Arbeit (German) rough work grobe Berechnung (German f.) rough calculation, rough estimate grobe Fahrlässigkeit (German f.) act of gross negligence, gross carelessness, culpable negligence, wanton negligence grobe Fehler machen (German) to blunder Grobeinstellung (German f.) coarse adjustment, rough adjustment grobe Misshandlung (German f.) gross ill-treatment (grobe) Netzstrümpfe (German f.) fishnet hose (grobe) Netzstrumpfhose (German f.) fishnet tights Grobentwurf (German m.) rough copy, preliminary design grober (German) coarser, coarser, crasser grobe Rechnung (German f.) rough calculation grobe Regel (German f.) broad rule grober Entwurf (German m.) rough draft, rough sketch grober Fehler (German m.) blunder, bad blunder, bloomer (colloquial), elementary mistake, gross error, gross mistake, bad mistake grober Hieb (German m.) coarse cut (file) grober Kies (German m.) coarse gravel (grober) Krümelzucker (German m.) granulated sugar (grober) Netzslip (German m.) fishnet briefs (grober) Netztanga (German m.) fishnet thong (grober) Netz-Tanga (German m.) fishnet thong grober Plan (German m.) rough plan grober Scherz (German m.) coarse joke (grober) Scheuersand (German m.) scouring grit grober Schnitzer (German m.) blunder, howler grober Schnupftabak (German m.) rappee (snuff) (grober) Streuzucker (German m.) granulated sugar grober Schrot (German m.) buckshot grober Umriss (German m.) broad outline grober Unsinn (German m.) bloody nonsense grober Verstoß gegen (German m.) gross violation of grober Wollstoff (German m.) hodden, wadmel grobe Schätzung (German f.) guesstimate, rough estimate, rough guess, ball-park figure grobe Scherze (German pl.) barrackroom jokes, coarse jokes grobe Schimpfreden (German pl.) coarse jokes grobes Gewebe (German f.) coarse weave grobe Skizze (German f.) rough draft grobes Leinen (German n.) coarse linen, drabbet, canvas grobes Material (German n.) coarse material grobes Mehl (German n.) grout, meal grobes Netz (German n.) coarse net grobes Salz (German n.) coarse salt grobes Sieb (German n.) coarse screen, coarse sieve grobes Tuch (German n.) coarse cloth grobe Übersetzung (German f.) rough translation grobe Umrisse (German pl.) broad outline (of a work) grobe Untersuchung (German f.) rough inspection grobe Unwahrheit (German f.) gross falsehood grobe Verletzung (German f.) gross misconduct,gross violation grobe Wolle (German f.) shag (tangle or mass, especially of rough wool) grob fahrlässig (German) reckless, grossly negligent grob fahrlässige Gefährdung (German f.) reckless endangerment grob fahrlässiges Verhalten (German n.) grossly negligent conduct Grobfisch (German m.) coarse fish (generic term for any freshwater fish other than a salmonid) grob gearbeitet (German) rough-and-ready Grob gedackt (German) large stopped diapason, of full tone grob gemacht (German) coarsened grob gemahlen (German) coarsely ground grob gemahlener Kaffee (German m.) coarsely-ground coffee grob gemahlener Pfeffer (German m.) coarsely-ground pepper grob gerechnet (German) approximate, roughly (calculated), as a rough estimate, at a rough estimate grob gerippt (German) grosgrain grob gerippte Seide (German f.) grosgrain silk grob gesagt (German) broadly speaking, roughly speaking grob geschätzt (German) roughly, at a rough estimate, at a rough guess, at an approximate estimate grobgesponnen (German) coarse-spun grob gesprochen (German) loosely speaking Grobgewinde (German n.) coarse thread Grobheit (German f.) crassness, incivility, roughness, rudeness, uncouthness, grossness, crudity Grobheit bringt dir gar nichts ein. (German) Rudeness will get you nowhere. Grobian (s.), Grobiane (pl.) (German m.) brute, ruffian, churl, boor, coarse person grobjährig (German) wide-ringed (wood) Grobkalkulation (German f.) rough calculation grob kalkuliert (German) at a rough calculation Grobkeramik (German f.) heavy clay ceramics, coarse ware Grobkies (German m.) pebble gravel, coarse gravel grobknochig (German) big-boned Grobkonzept (German n.) basic concept, main concept Grobkorn (German n.) coarse grain, coarse grit grobkörnig (German) coarse-grained, coarse (coarse-grained), gritty, rough-grained grobkörniger (German) coarser-grained grobkörniger Kies (German m.) pebble gravel Grobkörnigkeit (German f.) coarseness Grobleinwand (German f.) coarse linen gröblich (German) gross, grossly grob machen (German) to coarsen grobmaschig (German) coarse-meshed, large-meshed, loose-knit grobmaschiges Sieb (German n.) coarse-meshed sieve Grobmotorik (German f.) gross motor skills grobmotorische Fähigkeiten (German pl.) gross sensory motor skills (of dyspraxia, etc.) Grobplanung (German f.) rough planning grobporig (German) coarse-pored, open-grained (wood) Grobreinigung (German f.) coarse cleaning Grobschätzung (German f.) rough estimate grobschlächtig (German) coarse (build, make), heavily built (man) grobschlächtiger Kerl (German m.) yahoo (boorish lout - Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels) Grobschliff (German m.) snagging, coarse sanding Grobschmied (German m.) blacksmith, smithy (blacksmith) Grobsieb (German n.) coarse sieve grobsinnlich (German) earthy grob skizzieren (German) to knock up gröbste (German) grossest, rudest, crassest, coarsest Grobstruktur (German f.) macrostructure, coarse structure Grobsuche (German f.) coarse search, rough search Grobtrieb (German m.) coarse drive (for example, microscope) grob unbillig (German) grossly unfair Grob- und Feinplanung (German f.) general and detailed planning grob unvollständig (German) grossly incomplete Grobvakuum (German n.) low vacuum grob vereinfachend (German) simplistic grob verletzen (German) to grossly violate grob werden (German) to cut up rough, to show fight, to coarsen grob zerkleinern (German) to crack, to hackle grob zu ... sein (German) to be hard on ... (someone), to be rough on ... (somebody) Grocheio (or Grocheo), Johannes de (c. 1255-c.1320) a Parisian musical theorist of the early fourteenth century. His French name was Jean de Grouchy, but he is more commonly known by his Latinized name. A Master of Arts, he is the author of the treatise Ars musicae ("The art of music") (ca. 1300), an attempt to describe the music of his time as it was practiced in and around Paris Johannes de Grocheio from which this extract has been taken Grog (s.), Grogs (pl.) (German m.) or rum toddy, hot drink made with water or 'small beer' (a weak beer) and rum Groin angle at the intersection of two surfaces in a vault Groin vault vault formed by the meeting at right angles of two tunnel vaults Grölen (German n.) bawling, bellowing, roar (of a crowd) grölen (German) to bawl, to bellow, to caterwaul, to bawl out (a song), to rumble, to roar (a crowd) grölend (German) bawling, bellowing, roaring (crowd), noisy (crowd) grölende Menge (German f.) clamorous crowd, noisy crowd Groll (German m.) resentment, dudgeon (for example, in high dudgeon), grude, ill will, grievance, spleen, pique, rancour, anger, malice Grollen (German n.) grumble grollen (German) to be angry (with), to rumble (thunder), to grumble, to be sore, to grudge, to resent, to be resentful, to huff grollend (German) glowering grollender Donner (German m.) rumbling thunder Groll hegen (German) to bear a grudge, to bear grudges, to hold a grudge gronder de (French) to scold for Grondligging (Dutch) root position Grondtoon (Dutch) key note, tonal center, findamental, root Grönland (German n.) Greenland Grönländer (m.), Grönländerin (f.), Grönländer (pl.) (German) Greenlander Grönländisch (German n.) Greenlandic grönländisch (German) Greenlandic Grönländisches Inlandeis (German n.) Greenland ice sheet Grönlandpaddel (German n.) Greenland paddle (kayak) Grönlandsee (German f.) Greenland Sea groote trommel (Dutch, archaic) bass drum (the correct word today is or grote trom) groot Interval (Dutch) major interval groot Manuaal (Dutch) great organ groot Orkest (Dutch) big band Groove (English, German m.) a popular music term, used in the sense of rhythm, for meter and its embellishment by a rhythm section - in particular, the way in which all the members of the rhythm section work well together (i.e. 'in the groove') a channel for conducting the wind from the windchest of the organ to the pipes. The grooves are of different widths and lengths according to the amount of wind that is necessary to enable the pipe to speakabbreviated to G.C., Groove (popular music) from which this extract has been taken GROOVE designed and implemented at Bell Labs in 1967 by Max Mathews, F. Richard Moore, and others, 'GROOVE' (Generated Realtime Operations On Voltage-controlled Equipment) was one of the earliest examples of what was called a hybrid system, i.e. a system in which a digital computer was programmed to control an analog synthesizer GROOVE from which this extract has been taken Groovebox a self-contained instrument for the production of live, loop-based electronic music, with a high degree of real-time user control. A groovebox consists of three integrated elements, one or more sound sources (such as a drum machine, a synthesizer or a sampler), a music sequencer, and a control surface (i.e. a combination of knobs (potentiometer or rotary encoder), sliders and buttons, and display elements (LED and/or LCD)) Groovebox from which this extract has been taken Groove jazz see 'acid jazz' Groove metal also called 'half-thrash or ost-thrash, a subgenre of 'thrash metal' which took its current form during the early 1990s Groove metal from which this extract has been taken grooven (German) to groove (slang) groppetto (Italian) synonymous with gruppetto groppo (Italian) synonymous with gruppo Gros (German n.) gross (144 pieces), majority, bulk, major part gros (m.), grosse (f.) (French) great, big, large Groschen (s.), Groschen (pl.) (German m.) groat, penny, hundredth of an Austrian schilling (Austria), 10 Pfennig coin (worth 1/10 Deutsche Mark: translated into English as 'penny' for the title of Kurt Weil's opera) (Germany) Groschengrab (German n.) slot machine (pejorative) Groschenheft (s.), Groschenhefte (pl.) (German n.) penny dreadful, chapbook, pulp fiction (plural form) Groschenliteratur (German f.) pulp fiction Groschenroman (German m.) novelette, penny dreadful, dime novel Gros de Naples (French m.) a heavy silk fabric formerly manufactured in Naples Groseille (French f.) red or white currant Groseille à maquereau (French f.) gooseberry Grosería (Spanish f.) coarseness, coarse remark grosero (Spanish) coarse, rude Gros-fa archaic term given to church music written with square notes, semibreves and minims Grosgrain (French) a strong corded silk fabric (used for ribbons, hat bands, etc.) Grosor (Spanish m.) thickness Gros point (French m.) cross-stitch, embroidery executed in cross-stitch gros poissons mangent les petits, Les (French) Big fish eat little fish gross, grosse (German) great, large, grand (referring to style) (German) on the organ, a term indicating a lower pitch pipe, usually an octave lower than a standard pipe major (particular intervals, as in grosse Terz, major third) groß, große (German) greater, large, largely, big, capital (letter), capitalised, heavyset, great, tall, sizably, ample, sizeably, grand, large-sized, massive, sized, swell, vast, major (of great extent), august (grand), particularly Groß- (German) greater (used with reference to cities), large-scale, large-capacity Großadmiral (German m.) Lord High Admiral, Admiral of the Fleet, Grand Admiral Großalarm (German m.) major alarm Großalmosenier (German m.) Grand Almoner großangelegt (German) of wide scope, comprehensive, large-scale groß angelegt (German) large-scale groß angelegte Art (German f.) elaborateness (for example, of a scheme) großangelegte Kampagne (German f.) major campaign groß angelegter Roman (German m.) novel of heroic proportions Großangriff (German m.) major offensive, large-scale attack, massive attack großartig (German) splendid, excellent, genial (characterised by genius), grand, grandiose, grandiosely, grandly, greatly, magnificent, gorgeous, brilliant, splendidly, admirable, de luxe, fabulous, great, lovely, sublime, superb, superbly, wonderful, hot (colloquial), cracking, the cat's pyjamas (slang), beautiful (excellent), flamboyant (gesture), marvellous, marvellously, terrific (colloquial), magnificently Großartig! (German) Great! Love it! (colloquial) großartig aussehen (German) to look magnificent großartige Aussicht (German f.) magnificent view großartige Gelegenheit (German f.) grand opportunity großartige Leistung (German f.) great achievement großartiger (German) greater großartiger Dichter (German m.) sublime poet großartiger Erfolg (German m.) splendid success großartiger Palast (German m.) monumental palace großartige Sache (German f.) wow (colloquial) großartige Schau (German f.) magnificent spectacle großartiges Erlebnis (German n.) great experience großartiges Feuerwerk (German n.) grand display of fireworks großartiges Gebäude (German n.) grand building großartiges Mädchen (German n.) superb girl großartige Stadt (German f.) superb town großartige Zeit (German f.) smashing time großartige Zukunft (German f.) great future großartig in ... sein (German) to be great at ... (something) Großartigkeit (s.), Großartigkeiten (pl.) (German f.) immensity, admirability, gloriousness, grandioseness, prodigiousness, splendidness, stupendousness, grandiosity, grandness, sublimity, superbness, fineness, magnificence, immenseness (plural form) großartigste (German) greatest Großaufgebot (German n.) a large number (of police, etc.) groß aufgemacht (German) sensational Großaufnahme (s.), Großaufnahmen (pl.) (German f.) close-up Großauftrag (German m.) big order, bulk order, major contract, large-scale order großäugig (German) round-eyed Großbank (s.), Großbanken (pl.) (German f.) high street bank Großbären (German pl.) (large) bears Groß-Basel (German n.) Greater Basel Großbassblockflöte (German f.) great bass recorder (in C) Großbestellung (German f.) bulk order Großbetrieb (German m.) large concern, large firm Großbild- (German) large-screen (prefix) Großbildfernseher (German m.) large-screen TV Großbildkamera (German f.) large format camera Großbildschirm (German m.) jumbo screen Großbourgeoisie (German f.) upper classes, upper bourgeoisie Großbrand (German m.) conflagration, blaze, large fire Großbritannien (German n.) Great Britain, Britain, UK (although the UK is not technically the same as Great Britain) Großbuchstabe (s.), Großbuchstaben (pl.) (German m.) capital letter, upper-case character, capital, majuscule (letter) großbürgerlich (German) upper-class Großbürgertum (German n.) upper classes großbusig (German) big-breasted, buxomly, buxom Großchance (German f.) clear-cut chance Großcousine (German f.) second cousin (non-genealogical usage: distant cousin) Großdemo (German f.) large-scale rally Großdemonstration (German f.) mass demonstration, large-scale demonstration, mass rally Großdeutschland (German n.) Greater Germany großdimensioniert (German) large-sized, large-dimensioned Großdruck (German m.) large print Großdruckausgabe (German f.) large-print edition Große (s.), Größen (pl.) (German f.) size, extent, height, magnitude, bigness, bulk, grandness, item, largeness, sizableness, variable, breadth, factor, splendour, grandeur, dimensions, greatness, quantity (in mathematics), great figure (a person) große Abweichungen (German pl.) wide variations große Achtung (German f.) high regard große Ähnlichkeit (German f.) close resemblance, spitting image große Amplitude (German f.) large amplitude (große) Augen machen (German) to be in for a surprise große Angst (German f.) dread große Angst haben (German) to be very frightened, to dread große Annehmlichkeit (German f.) great convenience große Anstrengung (German f.) big effort, great efforts große Anstrengungen machen (German) to put in great efforts große Anstrengungen unternehmen (German) to go to great lengths Große Antillen (German pl.) Greater Antilles große Anzahl (German f.) great many, great number, large number, enormous number, mass (large number), numerousness, vast number große Anzahl von Fehlern (German f.) mass of errors, great many errors, large number of errors große Anziehungskraft (German f.) great appeal große Attraktion (German f.) great attraction große Auflage (German f.) mass circulation große Aufregung (German f.) a lot of excitement große Augen (German pl.) wide eyes große Ausführung (German f.) large format große Aussicht (German f.) wide view große Auswahl (German f.) large choice, wide choice große Auswahl an Hüten (German f.) wide choice of hats große Auswahl an Ware (German f.) variety of goods große Auswahl von (German f.) wide range of große Auswahl von Hüten (German f.) large choice in hats große Bassgeige (German f.) double bass große Bedeutung (German f.) major importance große Bedeutung haben (German) to carry great weight große Beliebtheit (German f.) enormous popularity große Berge (German pl.) massive mountains große Beteiligung (German f.) large attendance große Beträge investieren (German) to invest large sums of money (große) Betonplatte (German f.) (large) concrete panel große Bevölkerung (German f.) large population große Blockbuchstaben (German pl.) block capitals Große Brennnessel (German f.) stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) Grosse caisse (French f.) or Grosse Trommel, big drum, bass drum Grosse caisse et cymbales ensemble (Italian) drum and cymbals combination große Chance (German f.) great chance, lucky break (colloquial), great opportunity große Dankesschuld (German f.) great debt of gratitude große Datenmenge (German f.) large bulk of data, mass of data Große Depression (German f.) Great Depression (economic crisis of 1929) große depressive Phase (German f.) major depressive episode Größe des Ausblicks (German f.) breadth of view Größe des Marktes (German f.) market size, size of the market große Dezime (German f.) major tenth, compound major third (i.e. major tenth) große Diësis (German f.) a musical interval defined by the frequency ratio 1296:1250, equivalent to about 62.57 cent große Dezime (German f.) major tenth, compound major third große Dinge schaffen (German) to achieve great things große Distanz (German f.) good distance große Dosis (German f.) heavy dose Große Ebenen (German pl.) Great Plains große Ehre (German f.) great honour große Eile (German f.) big hurry Größe einer Stadt (German f.) size of a town Größe eines Hauses (German f.) size of a house Größe eines Landes (German f.) size of a country Größe eines Zimmers (German f.) size of a room große Einfälle (German pl.) big ideas große Einsparung (German f.) great saving große Entfernung (German f.) great distance große Enttäuschung (German f.) great disappointment große Erfahrung (German f.) broad experience große Erwartungen hegen (German) to cherish great expectations große Familie (German f.) big family, large family große Feier (German f.) great celebration große Flasche (German f.) magnum (bottle size) große Fortschritte (German pl.) grand strides (progress) große Fortschritte machen (German) to make great strides, to make great progress große Freude (German f.) great pleasure, intense joy große Freude bereiten (German) to give great pleasure große Gebiete erobern (German) to conquer vast territories große Geduld (German f.) abundance of patience große Gefahr (German f.) great danger große Geister (German pl.) people with great minds Große Geister denken gleich. (German) Great minds think alike. große Gewissenhaftigkeit an den Tag legen (German) to take great care große Güter (German pl.) broad acres große Haselnuss (German f.) cobnut große Hilfe (German f.) lifesaver, great convenience große Hoffnungen in ... setzen (German) to have high hopes of ... (somebody) große Höhen (German pl.) high altitudes große Ideen (German pl.) big ideas Großeinkauf (s.), Großeinkäufe (pl.) (German m.) bulk purchase, bulk buying, shopping spree, spending spree groß einkaufen gehen (German) to go on a spending spree Großeinsatz (German m.) large scale operation Großeinstellung (German f.) close-up große Intervalle (German n. pl.) major intervals Große Juristische Staatsprüfung (German f.) bar exam große Kampagne (German f.) huge campaign große Kanone (German f.) big gun große Kapazität (German f.) large capacity große Kaufkraft (German f.) mass purchasing power große Kessel (German pl.) cauldrons große Klappe und nichts dahinter (German) all mouth and (no) trousers (colloquial) große Klasse sein (German) to be a humdinger (colloquial) große Koalition (German f.) grand coalition große Korbflasche (German f.) demijohn große Kosten (German pl.) a lot of expense große Kraft (German f.) large force Große Kreisstadt (German f.) major district town, major county town große Kundschaft (German f.) wide clientele große Leere (German f.) great blank große Leistung (German f.) feat Große Leonoren-Ouvertüre (German f.) Leonore (Overture) No. 3 (L. van Beethoven, op.72a) großelterlich (German) grandparental, of one's grandparents Großeltern (German pl.) grandparents große Lücke (German f.) wide gap große Lust haben, ... zu tun (German) to have a great mind to do ... (something) große Lust haben zu (German) to have a good mind to große Macht ausstrahlen (German) to radiate immense power große Mannschaft (German f.) large force große Masse (German f.) huge mass große Mehrheit (German f.) sweeping majority, large majority, vast majority große Mehrheit aller Fälle (German f.) vast majority of cases große Mehrheit der Emissionen (German f.) vast majority of issues große Mehrheit der Kunden (German f.) vast majority of customers große Menge (German f.) abundance, great deal, great quantity, an awful lot, vast amount, bulk, barrel (colloquial: for example, a barrel of laughs), bundle (colloquial: for example, a bundle of laughs) große Menge Leute (German f.) large crowd, sizeable crowd große Milchkanne (German f.) churn (container for milk) große Mode (German f.) rage große Mode sein (German) to be trendy, to be all the rage (colloquial) große Mühe (German f.) violent effort Größenabhängigkeit (German f.) size dependence große Nachfrage (German f.) great demand große Nachrichtenmenge (German f.) mass of information Größenänderung (German f.) resizing, resize Größenanpassung (German f.) resizing (großen) Aufwand treiben (German) to be (very) extravagant Grosse Nazard (German) also Grosse Nasard, Grosse Nassat, Grosse Nasat, an organ stop sounding a fifth above the diapasons Größenbestimmung (German f.) sizing großen Ehrgeiz haben (German) to have great ambitions großen Einfluss auf ... haben (German) to have a big say in ... (something) großen Einfluss auf ... nehmen (German) to have a big say in ... (something) großen Erfolg erreichen (German) to attain great success großen Erfolg haben (German) to flourish (writer, artist, musician, etc.) große Nervosität (German f.) great nervousness großen Ferien (German) summer holidays Großenkel (m.), Großenkelin (f.), Großenkel (pl.) (German) great grandson (m.), great granddaughter (f.), great grandchildren (pl.) große None (German f.) major ninth, compound major second (i.e. major ninth) Größenordnung (German f.) order of magnitude, magnitude, dimension, order, scale Größenphantasien (German pl.) delusions of grandeur Größenprogression (German f.) progression in size Größenreduktion (German f.) size reduction großen Respekt haben vor (German) to have great respect for großen Rummel um ... machen (German) to make a great fuss about ... (somebody, something) großen Rummel um ... veranstalten (German) to make a great fuss about ... (somebody, something) Größenskalierung (German f.) dimensional scaling Größentabelle (German f.) size chart großenteils (German) largely, to a great extent, for the greater part große Nummer (German f.) big-wig (colloquial), bog shot (colloquial), big gun (colloquial) großen Unterhaltungswert haben (German) to be good entertainment value Größenunterschied (German m.) size difference größenveränderbar (German) resizeable Größenvergleich (German m.) size comparison Größenverhältnis (German n.) ratio, proportion Größenvielfalt (German f.) variety of sizes Größenvorteile (German pl.) economies of scale Größenwahn (German m.) megalomania, delusions of grandeur, delusion of grandeur, Napoleonic complex (dated) größenwahnsinnig (German) megalomaniac, megalomaniacal größenwahnsinnig sein (German) to have delusions of grandeur größenwahnsinnig werden (German) to get too big for one's boots, to get too big for one's britches größenwahnsinnige Fantasien (German pl.) megalomaniacal fantasies größenwahnsinnige Forderungen (German pl.) megalomaniacal demands Größenwahnsinniger (m.), Größenwahnsinnige (f.) (German) megalomaniac (person) größenwahnsinniger Anführer (German m.) megalomaniacal leader großen Wert auf Pünktlichkeit legen (German) to put great stress on punctuality (großen) Wert darauf legen, ... zu tun (German) to make a point doing ... (something) großen Zulauf haben (German) to enjoy a large clientele, to be very popular großen Zuspruch finden (German) to enjoy popularity großen Zuspruch genießen (German) to enjoy popularity großen Zuspruch haben (German) to be very popular große Öffnung (German f.) wide mouth, wide opening große Oktave (German f.) great octave große Plätze (German pl.) large squares große Portion (German f.) large helping große Prahlerei (German f.) great boast große Preiserhöhung (German f.) big price rise Grosse Principal (German) an organ stop of 32 ft. scale, of the open diapason species große Produktpalette (German f.) wide range of products Grosse Quint (German) or Gross-quinten-bass, an organ stop, in the pedals, sounding a fifth or twelfth, to the bass of 32 ft. or 16 ft. größer (German) bigger, greater, larger, taller, largish, grander großer Abenteurer (German m.) big adventurer Großer Afrikanischer Grabenbruch (German m.) Great African Rift Valley größer als (German) greater than (symbol >) größer als die Summe seiner Teile (German) greater than the sum of its parts größer als ursprünglich angenommen (German) wider than initially thought Größer-als-Zeichen (German n.) greater-than sign > (großer) Anfangsbuchstabe (German m.) initial großer Ansturm (German m.) big hurry großer Anteil (German m.) good deal großer Anwendungsbereich (German m.) wide field of application großer Ärger (German m.) a great deal of annoyance, a lot of trouble große Rasenfläche (German f.) large lawn großer Auftrag (German m.) fat contract, big job, large order großer Ausverkauf (German m.) great sale Großer Bär (German m.) Ursa Major, Greater Bear (consellation) großer Barrégriff (German m.) full barre (guitar technique) großer Bereich (German m.) wide reach großer Betrag (German m.) big sum, great amount, capital sum, huge sum, large amount, vast sum großer Bewunderer (German m.) great admirer großer Blutkreislauf (German m.) systemic circulation (of the blood) großer Bohrer (German m.) auger, gimlet großer Briefschreiber (German m.) great letter-writer großer Brocken von einem Mann (German m.) big lump of a man großer Bruder (German m.) older brother großer Buchstabe (German m.) large letter großer Bursche (German m.) tall fellow großer Chef (German m.) big boss großer chromatischer Halbton (German m.) limma ascendant, greater chromatic semitone, semitone medius, chromatic semitone or major chroma, an interval with the ratio 135/128 größer denn je (German) bigger than ever before großer Dienstanzug (German m.) dress uniform großer Dummkopf (German m.) big fool großer Durseptakkord (German m.) major seventh chord größere (German) major größere Abmessungen als ... (German pl.) dimensions greater than ... größere Abweichung (German f.) greater variance größere Änderungen (German pl.) major modifications größere Aufgabe (German f.) major task größere Bedeutung gewinnen (German) to take on greater significance größere Beträge (German pl.) substantial amounts größere Brieftasche (German f.) deeper wallet (figurative) große Rechnung (German f.) stiff bill (large bill) große Reden halten (German) to spout große Reden schwingen (German) to talk big (colloquial) große Region (German f.) huge region größere Geschütze (German pl.) bigger guns (also figurative) Großereignis (s.), Großereignisse (pl.) (German n.) mega event, huge event, big event großer Einfluss (German m.) wide influence größer eingestellt (German) sized großer Einkaufsmarkt (German m.) hypermarket größere Investition (German f.) major investment größere Kosten (German pl.) considerable expenses, considerable outgoings größere Menge (German f.) larger quantity größere Nachlässe (German pl.) considerable reductions größerenteils (German) mostly größeren Umfangs (German) of substantial length größere Pause (German f.) considerable lapse of time großer Empfangssaal (German m.) grand reception room großer Epilepsieanfall (German m.) grand mal seizure (rare) größerer Anteil (German m.) major part größerer Ärger (German m.) considerable trouble größerer Aufwand (German m.) considerable expenditure größerer Beitrag (German m.) major contribution größerer Betrag (German m.) considerable sum of money, large sum of money, considerable sum größere Reparatur (German f.) major repair größerer Fehler (German m.) major error, major defect großer Erfolg (German m.) wow (colloquial), roaring success, big hit, great success größerer Fortschritt (German m.) major advance größerer Geldbetrag (German m.) largish sum of money, considerable sum of money größerer Irrtum (German m.) major error großer Ermessensspielraum (German m.) wide discretion größerer Schrecken (German m.) major scare größerer Teil (German m.) major part größerer Verlust (German m.) considerable loss, major loss größerer Zeitabschnitt (German m.) considerable lapse of time größere Schwierigkeit (German f.) considerable trouble, major difficulty größeres Einkommen (German n.) substantial income größere Spannung (German f.) considerable tension größeres Problem (German n.) major problem großer Esser (German m.) great eater, heavy eater größere Städte (German pl.) larger towns größere Summe (German f.) considerable sum größere Veränderung (German f.) major change größere Verantwortlichkeit zeigen (German) to bring in greater accountability größere Verbesserungen (German pl.) considerable improvements größere Verzögerung (German f.) considerable delay größere Wirtschaftsunternehmen (German pl.) major commercial enterprises größere Zweigniederlassung (German f.) major branch großer Fang (German m.) big catch großer Fehler (German m.) big mistake Großer fermatscher Satz (German m.) Fermat's Last Theorem großer, flacher Teller (German m.) dinner plate Großerfolg (German m.) great success, big success großer Fortschritt (German m.) major step forward Großer Frauentag (German m. - Austria, Southern Germany) Assumption Day großer Freundeskreis (German m.) large circle of friends, wide circle of friends großer Friedhof (German m.) necropolis (cemetery) großer Ganzton (German m.) major whole tone, an interval with the ratio 9/8 großer Geldbetrag (German m.) large sum of money großer Gesäßmuskel (German m.) gluteus maximus großer Geschäftsabschluss (German m.) big deal größergleich (German) equal to or greater Größer-gleich-Zeichen (German n.) greater-than-or-equal sign (≥) Großer Gott! (German) Good God! My God! großer Hafen (German m.) capacious harbour großer Haufen Bücher (German m.) big heap of books großer Held (German m.) worthy hero, worthy (pejorative) Großer Hexenmeister (German m.) Grand Wizard (Ku Klux Klan) großer Hunger (German m.) big appetite Großer Hurrikan von 1780 (German m.) Great Hurricane of 1780 große Rippe (German f.) cutoff bar (sound-board) großer Junge (German m.) big boy großer Kapitalist (German m.) big capitalist großer Kerl (German m.) big hunk of a man (colloquial) großer Kessel (German m.) cauldron großer Knall (German m.) big bang großer Knüppel (German m.) big stick großer Konzern (German m.) big (business) concern großer Korb (German m.) big basket großer kräftiger Mann (German m.) strapping man, strapper großer Kunde (German m.) large customer großer Kundenkreis (German m.) wide circle of customers großer Künstler (German m.) great artist Großer Kurfürst (German m.) Great Elector großer Lauschangriff (German m.) (electronic) eavesdropping operation (in private residences) großer Lügner (German m.) great liar großer Mangel (German m.) severe shortage großer Mann (German m.) great man großer Mollseptakkord (German m.) major-minor seventh chord großer Name (German m.) great name, big name größer oder gleich (German) greater or equal Großer Österreichischer Staatspreis (German m.) Grand Austrian State Prize Großer Ozean (German m.) Pacific Ocean Großer Panda (German m.) giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Großer Preis (German m.) Grand Prix großer Preisnachlass (German m.) big cut in price großer Preisverfall (German m.) big drop in prices großer Prunksaal (German m.) large ceremonial room Großer Rat (German m. - Switzerland) cantonal parliament großer Regentropfen (German m.) big raindrop großer Renner (German m.) big hit großer Saitenabstand (German m.) high action (stringed instrument) Großer Salzsee (German m.) Great Salt Lake großer Schaden (German m.) extensive damage großer Schmiedehammer (German m.) sledge großer Schmuggler (German m.) big smuggler großer Schritt voran (German m.) big step forward großer Schurke (German m.) big rascal, great rascal größer sein als (German) to exceed großer Septakkord (German m.) major seventh chord großer Servierteller (German m.) charger (archaic: platter) großer Soldat (German m.) great soldier großer Spielraum (German m.) ample scope Großer Sprung nach vorn (German m.) Great Leap Forward (China) großer Sprung vorwärts (German m.) great leap forward großer Supermarkt (German m.) big supermarket großer Tag (German m.) great day großer Tagungsraum (German m.) big room Großer Teich (German m.) big pond (colloquial: Atlantic Ocean) großer Teil (German m.) great deal, large part, large percentage großer Teil der Zeit (German m.) good deal of the time großer Teil seines Einkommens (German m.) large proportion of his income großer Ton (German m.) large tone großer Tor (German m.) big fool, bloody fool (colloquial) Großer Treck (German m.) Great Trek, Die Groot Trek Großer Tümmler (German m.) bottle-nosed dolphin großer Überblick (German m.) vast overview großer Umfang (German m.) vast size großer Unsinn (German m.) bunch of bollocks (slang) großer Unterschied (German m.) great difference, huge difference, wide difference Großer Vaterländischer Krieg (German m.) Great Patriotic War (in the Soviet Union, name given to the Second World War from their entry into it: 1941-45) großer Verdruß (German m. - old form) a great deal of annoyance großer Verdruss (German m.) a great deal of annoyance großer Verhandlungsraum (German m.) big room Großer Wagen (German m.) Ursa Major (constellation) großer Wald (German m.) big forest großer Wälzer (German m.) big book großer Wandel (German m.) big switch großer Wert (German m.) great value großer Winkel (German m.) wide angle großer Wunsch (German m.) big ambition großer Zeh (German m.) big toe Größer-Zeichen (German n.) greater-than sign (>) großer Zeiger (German m.) big hand großer Zeitaufwand (German m.) enormous amount of time großer Zuwachs (German m.) great increase großer Zweig (German m.) arm großer Zwischenraum (German m.) wide interval, wide spread großes Abenteuer (German n.) big adventure große Sache (German f.) big deal (slang), big production großes Ansehen (German n.) great renown großes Ärgernis (German n.) great nuisance Große Säuberung (German f.) Great Purge großes Aufsehen erregen (German) to make a great stir große Sause (German f.) jamboree großes Ausmaß (German n.) vast extent, great extent großes Beiboot (German n.) longboat großes Bierglas (German n.) beer tumbler, schooner (large glass) großes C (German n.) pedal C große Schieferplatte (German f.) slab of slate große Schlagzeilen (German pl.) big headlines große Schritte (German pl.) bounding strides, grand strides, great strides große Schritte machen (German) to stride, to stride along, to stride out große Schuldenlast (German f.) heavy debts große Schwester (German f.) older sister große Schwierigkeit (German f.) huge difficulty Große Seen (German pl.) Great Lakes großes Ehrenwort (German n.) scout's honour großes Einkommen (German n.) big salary großes einschneidiges Taschenmesser (German n.) Barlow knife (a popular single-bladed folding knife) große Sekunde (German f.) major second große Seltenheit (German f.) great rarity großes Entzücken (German n.) great delight große Septime (German f.) major seventh großes Ereignis (German n.) great event großes Essen (German n.) capital dinner große Sexte (German f.) major sixth großes Fass (German n.) butt (barrel), big barrel großes Fest (German n.) great festival großes Festessen (German n.) banquet großes Festzelt (German n.) marquee großes Feuer (German n.) mass of fire großes Finale (German n.) grand finale großes Gehalt (German n.) large salary, big salary großes Gejammer (German n.) a lot of wailing großes Geschäft (German n.) great bargain, big deal, great deal, immense business großes Geschick erfordern (German) to demand great skill Großes Geschworenengericht (German n.) grand jury (US) großes Gewicht auf ... legen (German) to attach great importance to ... (something), to attach great weight to ... (something), to attach importance to ... (something) großes Glas Bier (German n.) large (glass of) beer großes, grobes Sieb (German n.) riddle großes Interesse (German n.) large interest, great interest großes Interesse an ... zeigen (German) to show great interest in ... (something), to be greatly interested in ... (something) großes Interesse erregen (German) to arouse great interest großes Interesse finden in einem bestimmten Publikum (German) to find broad interest in a given audience großes Interesse finden unter einem bestimmten Publikum (German) to find broad interest among a given audience großes Interesse wecken (German) to arouse a great deal of interest großes Intervall (German n.) major interval Großes leisten (German) to set the Thames on fire (figurative), to set the world on fire (figurative) großes Lob (German n.) great praise großes Los (German n.) first prize großes Maß an Geduld (German n.) considerable amount of patience großes Missgeschick (German n.) grave misfortune Grosse Sonate (German f.) grand sonata großes Pensum (German n.) a great deal of work großes Problem (German n.) great problem großes Publikum (German n.) large attendance, large audience großes Schlachten (German n.) wholesale slaughter großes Schlafzimmer (German n.) master bedroom Grossesse (French f.) pregnancy großes Orchester (German n.) full orchestra große Sorge bereiten (German) to cause great anxiety große Sorgfalt (German f.) great care, high diligence große Spanne (German f.) wide margin, wide reach große Speisekarte (German f.) full menu großes Sherryglas (German n.) schooner (large glass for sherry) großes Sortiment (German n.) large assortment großes Stück (German n.) hunk, big piece, chunk großes Stück Brot (German n.) hunk of bread großes T (German n.) upper-case T großes Talent (German n.) great talent großes Taschenmesser (German n.) Barlow knife, jackknife (a single-bladed folding frontier knife) große Steinplatte (German f.) flagstone großes Theater (German n.) legitimate stage großes Thema (German n.) big talking point großes Tier (German n.) huge beast, big animal, big beast (also figurative), big shot (colloquial, figurative) große Stücke auf ... halten (German) to think the world of ... (somebody) (figurative), to have a high opinion of ... (somebody) große Summe (s.), große Summen (pl.) (German f.) huge sum, spates (plural form) großes Unglück (German n.) great misfortune großes Verlangen haben (German) to have a great wish großes Vermögen (German n.) great fortune großes, weiches Brötchen (German n.) bap (bread roll) großes Zeitungsformat (German n.) broadsheet großes Zelt (German n.) marquee großes Zimmer (German n.) big room große Täler (German pl.) great valleys große Terz (German f.) major third (German) an organ stop producing the third or tenth, above the foundation stops grosse Terz (German f.) major third (German) an organ stop producing the third or tenth, above the foundation stops große Textmenge (German f.) mass of text große Tiefe (German f.) great depth große Töne spucken (German) to talk big große Tredezime (German f.) major thirteenth, compound major sixth große Trommel (German f.) big drum, bass drum (Große) Tulpenmanie (German f.) tulip mania, tulipomania (große) Übersichtsschau (German f.) comprehensive exhibition große Umarmung (German f.) great big hug Große Umarmung und Kuss! (German) Great big hug & kiss. Grosseur (French f.) (volume) size, lump große Verbreitung (German f.) wide distribution große Verdienste (German pl.) abundant merits große Verluste erleiden (German) to take a hammering große Verspätung (German f.) lengthy delay große Vielfalt (German f.) large variety große Vielfalt an (German f.) wide range of große Vollkommenheit erreichen (German) to arrive at great perfection Große Wasserweihe (German f.) Great Blessing of the Waters große Werke vollbringen (German) to achieve great things große Wichtigtuerei (German f.) air of great importance große Wut (German f.) fury große Zahl (German f.) numerousness, large number große Zahl an Quellenangaben (German f.) copious references große Zehe (German f.) big toe große Zweifel an ... hegen (German) to have grave doubts about ... (something), to entertain grave doubts about ... (something) Großfahndung (German f.) large-scale manhunt, dragnet operation Großfalkonier (German m.) Grand Falconer Großfamilie (s.), Großfamilien (pl.) (German f.) extended family Großfeuer (German n.) large fire, conflagration, massive wildfire Großfläche (German f.) large area Großflächenbrand (German m.) wildfire großflächig (German) extensive, widespread, large-scale, large (extensive) großflächiger Schaden (German m.) extensive damage Großflughafen (German m.) major airport Großflugzeug (German n.) large aircraft, large-capacity aircraft, jumbo jet Großformat (German n.) large size, broadsheet (paper size), large format großformatig (German) large-size, large-sized, large-format großformatige Anzeige (German f.) big splurge ad (colloquial) großformatige Zeitung (German f.) broadsheet (newspaper) Großformatkamera (German f.) large format camera Großformat-Kamera (German f.) large format camera Großforschungseinrichtung (German f.) major research institution Großfürst (m.), Großfürstin (f.) (German) Grand Duke (m. title), Grand Duchess (f. title, especially Russian), Grand Prince (title m.) Großfürstentum (German n.) grand duchy Großfürstentum Moskau (German n.) Grand Duchy of Moscow Großfusion (German f.) mega-merger Gross gedackt (German) in an organ, double-stopped diapason, of 16 ft. tone groß genug (German) big enough Großgeschäft (German n.) jumbo deal, major transaction großgeschrieben (German) capitalised, written in capitals, written in capital letters, with a capital ... (letter) (figurative) groß geschrieben (German) capitalised, written in capitals großgewachsen (German) huge-grown, tall Großgewinn (German m.) big win Großgrabung (German f.) large-scale excavation Grosgrain (German m.) grosgrain Großgriechenland (German n.) Greater Greece Großgroßgroßonkel (German m.) three-times great uncle Großgrundbesitz (German m.) large scale land-holding, large estate Großgrundbesitzer (German m.) big landowner, large landowner Großhandel (German m.) wholesale, wholesale trade, wholesaling Großhandels- (German) wholesale Großhandelseinkaufsgenossenschaft (German f.) wholesale cooperative society Großhandelskaufmann (German m.) wholesaler Großhandelspreis (German m.) wholesale price, trade price Großhandelsrabatt (German m.) wholesale discount, trade discount Großhandelsverkaufsstelle (German f.) wholesale outlet Großhandelszentrum (German n.) wholesale centre Großhändler (m.), Großhändlerin (f.), Großhändler (pl.) (German m.) wholesaler, wholesale merchant Großhandlung (German f.) wholesaler, wholesale business groß herausbringen (German) to hype (up) (publicise excessively) groß herauskommen (German) to make it big großherzig (German) big-hearted, magnanimous, large-hearted, great-hearted (magnanimous), magnanimously großherziger (German) nobler (more magnanimous) Großherzigkeit (German f.) magnanimity großherzigste (German) noblest Großherzog (m.), Großherzogin (f.) (German) Grand Duke (m.), Grand Duchess (f.) großherzoglich (German) Grand Ducal Großherzogtum (German n.) grand duchy Großherzogtum Niederrhein (German n.) Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine Großhirn (German n.) cerebrum Großhirnblutung (German f.) cerebral haemorrhage Großi (German f. - Old German) granny (colloquial: grandmother) Grösi (German n. - Switzerland) grandmother, granny (colloquial), grandma (colloquial) grossier (m.), grossière (f.) (French) coarse, rough, crude (imitation, instrument), coarse (vulgar), rude (insolent), gross (error) grossièrement (French) roughly (summarily), coarsely (vulgarly) Grossièreté (French f.) coarseness, crudeness, rudeness, rude word Großindustrieller (m.), Großindustrielle (f.) (German) industrial magnate, industrialist Größing (s.), Größings (pl.) (German n. - Northern Germany) grandmother, grandparents (plural form) Großinquisitor (German m.) high inquisitor, grand inquisitor grossir (French) to swell, to put on weight (person), to magnify (microscope, exaggerate, overstate), to grow (augment) Großjährigkeit (German f. - Austria) age of legal majority Großkaliber- (German) large calibre (prefix) Großkanzler (German m.) Lord High Chancellor Großkatze (s.), Großkatzen (pl.) (German f.) big cat Großkaufmann (German m.) merchant Großkind (German n. - Switzerland) grandchild Großkirchen (German pl.) mainline churches Groß-Klein-Umschaltung (German f.) case shift Großknecht (German m. - dated) chief (farm) hand Großkomponenten (German pl.) large components Großkönig (German m.) Great King Großkonzern (German m.) major corporation Großkopf (German m.) big head, big-head großkopfig (German) big-headed (colloquial) Großkopfigkeit (German f.) bigheadedness Großkotz (German m.) big-head großkotzig (German) snooty (colloquial), swanky (colloquial) Großkreis (German m.) great circle (on the surface of a sphere) Großkreisnavigation (German f.) great circle navigation Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes (German n.) Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Großküche (German f.) canteen kitchen, commercial kitchen Großkunde (s.), Großkunden (pl.) (German m.) important customer, major customer, key account, wholesale customer, large (important) customer Großkunden- (German) key account Großlager (German n.) bulk storage Großlebensversicherung (German f.) whole-life insurance Großleinwand (German f.) big screen, large screen Groß-London (German n.) Greater London Großmacht (s.), Großmächte (pl.) (German f.) great power, big power, major power, Great Powers (plural form) Großmachtzeit (German f.) period as a great power (especially Sweden) Großmährisches Reich (German n.) Great Moravian Empire Großmama (German f.) grandma (colloquial) Großmannssucht (German f.) craving for status Großmanöver (German n.) major exercise Großmarkt (German m.) central market Großmarschall (German m.) Grand Marshal Großmaschinenbau (German m.) heavy engineering großmaßstäbig (German) large-scale großmaßstäblich (German) large-scale Großmaul (German n.) loud-mouth, big mouth (colloquial), scaramouch großmäulig (German) mouthy (colloquial), loud-mouthed, big-mouthed (colloquial) Großmeister (German m.) Grand Master (head of Hospitallers, Templars), grand master (chess), grandmaster (chess) Großmeister der Freimaurer (German m.) Grand Master of Freemasons Großmenge (German f.) bulk Großmengenspeicherung (German f.) bulk storage Großmufti (German m.) Grand Mufti Großmünster (German m.) Great Minster (Zurich) Großmut (German f.) generosity, magnanimousness, magnanimity, greatness of heart, greatheartedness, unselfishness, openhandedness großmütig (German) magnanimous, magnanimously, nobly, noble, generous (kind) großmütiger Charakter (German m.) noble character großmütigerweise (German) generously großmütig sein (German) to open one's heart großmütigste (German) noblest Großmutter (s.), Großmütter (pl.) (German f.) grandmother, grandma (colloquial) großmütterlich (German) grandmotherly Großmutter mütterlicherseits (German f.) maternal grandmother Großmutter-Prinzip (German n.) grandmother principle (see grandfather principle) Großmutter väterlicherseits (German f.) paternal grandmother Großmutti (German f.) grandma (colloquial) Grossnasart see Nasard Großnase (German f.) big nose (also figurative) Großneffe (German m.) grandnephew, great-nephew Großnichte (German f.) grandniece, great-niece grosso (Italian) large, full, great, deep, heavy, grand Großoffensive (German f.) large-scale offensive, major offensive Großoffizier (German m.) Knight Commander Großonkel (German m.) great-uncle, great uncle Großösterreich (German n.) Greater Austria (1848/49) Großpackung (German f.) giant-size pack, jumbo package Großpackung für Gaststätten (German f.) catering size Großpapa (s.), Großpapas (German m.) grandpa (colloquial) Großpönitentiar (German m.) grand penitentiary großporig (German) large-pored Großproduktion (German f.) mammoth screen epic Großprojekt (German n.) large-scale project, major project, large project, mega-project Großrabbiner (German m.) chief rabbi Großraum (German m.) wider area Großraumbüro (German n.) open-plan office Großraum London (German m.) Greater London Großraumflugzeug (German n.) wide-bodied aircraft großräumig (German) large-scale, broad, spacious, over a wide area großräumig beobachtet (German) observed over a wide area Großraumlimousine (German f.) people carrier, MPV Großraumwagen (German m.) open coach, open carriage, open car, saloon coach Großraumwasserversorgung (German f.) district water supply Großraumzelt (German n.) marquee Großrazzia (German f.) large-scale raid Großrechner (s.), Großrechner (pl.) (German m.) mainframe, mainframe computer Großreich (German n.) great empire Großreinemachen (German n.) spring clean, spring cleaning Großrisiko (s.), Großrisiken (pl.) (German n.) major risk Großsäuger (German m.) large mammal Grossbueb (German m. - Switzerland) grandson Großschnauze (German f.) big mouth großschnauzig (German) big-mouthed großschreibend (German) shifting Großschreibung (German f.) capitalisation, upper case Großschrift (German f.) capitalisation, upper case Großsegel (German n.) mainsail Großsegler (German m.) tall ship Großseldschukisches Reich (German n.) Great Seljuk Empire Großserbien (German n.) Greater Serbia Großserien- (German) high-volume Großserienfertigung (German f.) line production, large-batch production Großsiegelbewahrer (German m.) Lord Privy Seal Grossist (s.), Grossisten (pl.) (German m.) wholesaler Grossmäitli (German f. - Switzerland) granddaughter grosso modo (German) roughly, roughly speaking Großsohn (German m. - dated) grandson Großsprecher (German m.) gascon (pejorative) großsprecherisch (German) boastful, magniloquently, thrasonical großspurig (German) pompous, pompously, arrogant, arrogantly, cockily, grandiloquently, cocky (overly self-assertive) Großspurigkeit (German f.) pomposity großspurig reden (German) to talk large, to talk big Grosssohn (German m. - Switzerland) grandson Großstadt (s.), Großstädte (pl.) (German f.) large city, city, metropolis, big city, major city Großstadtbewohner (German m.) metropolitan Großstadtdschungel (German m.) urban jungle Großstädter (m.), Großstädterin (f.) (German) city slicker, metropolitan, city dweller Großstadthotel (German n.) metropolitan hotel großstädtisch (German) city, metropolitan, urban, urbanly, big city Großstadtleben (German n.) city life Großstadtlegende (German f.) urban legend Großstadtluft (German f.) big city atmosphere (figurative) Großstadtmädchen (German n.) big city girl Großstadtmythe (German f.) urban legend Großstadtmythos (German m.) urban myth, urban legend Großstadtregion (German f.) metropolitan area Großstadtrummel (German m.) the hurly-burly of city life Großsteingrab (German n.) megalithic (chambered) tomb Grosstochter (German f. - Switzerland) granddaughter großstückig (German) lumpy Großstudie (German f.) major study Großsyrien (German n.) Greater Syria größt (German) main, sovereign größt- (German) superlarge (colloquial) Großtante (German f.) great aunt, grand aunt Großtat (German f.) feat, exploit größte (German) tallest, most, ultra-large, biggest, greatest, largest, major größte ... aller Zeiten (German) biggest-ever ... größte ..., die es jemals gab (German) biggest-ever ... größte Abweichung (German f.) maximum deviation großtechnisch (German) commercially Großteil (German m.) large proportion, bulk, bigger part, greater part, majority, large portion, large part (large proportion of something), large part (large component) großteils for the most part, in great measure, largely, in the main größte je dagewesene (German) largest-ever großtenteils (German) mostly, for the greater part, mainly, chiefly, to a great extent, in large part, pretty much, for the most part, in great measure, largely, in the main größte Packung (German f.) maximum size größter (German) most, superlative, utmost (urgency), prime (importance), greatest (speed) größter Anreiz (German m.) greatest attraction größter anzunehmender Unfall (German m.) worst case scenario größter Arbeitgeber (German m.) dominant employer größter gemeinsamer Teiler (German m.) greatest common divisor, greatest common factor, highest common factor größter Rivale (German m.) main rival größter Teil (German m.) majority größte Sammlung der Welt (German f.) world's largest collection größtes Anliegen (German m.) greatest concern größte Schwierigkeit (German f.) chief difficulty größtes Format (German m.) maximum size größte Sorge (German f.) greatest concern größte Stadt (German f.) chief town, largest city größte Stadt des Bezirks (German f.) chief town of a district größtes Unternehmen (German n.) biggest enterprise größtes Werk (German n.) magnum opus (finest work - of an artist) größte Verachtung (German f.) supreme contempt größte Wahrscheinlichkeit (German f.) highest probability größte Wirkung (German f.) maximum effect größte Zufriedenstellung bieten (German) to offer maximum satisfaction größtmöglich (German) maximal, greatest possible, maximum possible, largest possible, biggest possible, highest possible (greatest possible) größtmögliche Sicherheit bieten (German) to offer maximum security größtmögliche Überraschung (German f.) maximum surprise Großtochter (German f. - dated) granddaughter Größtrechner (German m.) supercomputer Großtrombe (German f.) tornado Großtuer (German m.) snob, swaggerer Großtuerei (German f.) panache, swagger, ostentation (pretentious display of skills, etc.) großtuerisch (German) ostentatious großtuerische Art des Geldausgebens (German f.) ostentatious spending großtuerische Zurschaustellung (German f.) ostentatious profundity großtun (German) to brag, to name drop, to swagger groß und klein (German) young and old groß und schlank (German) tall and slim groß und stark werden (German) to grow big and strong Großungarn (German n.) Greater Hungary (Hungary, Slovakia, Transsylvania, Croatia, etc., 1867-1918) Großunternehmen (s.), Großunternehmen (pl.) (German n.) large scale enterprise, big firm, large concern, large-scale enterprise, large-scale operation, large business Großunternehmer (German m.) large scale manufacturer Großvater (s.), Großväter (pl.) (German m.) grandfather, grandad, grandsire großväterlich (German) grandfatherly Großväterlichkeit (German f.) grandfatherliness Großvater mütterlicherseits (German m.) maternal grandfather Großvaterrechte (German pl.) grandfather rights Großvateruhr (German f.) grandfather clock Großvater väterlicherseits (German m.) paternal grandfather Großveranstaltung (German f.) mass rally, mega event, major event Großverbrauch (German m.) large-scale consumption Großverbraucher (German m.) bulk consumer, large-scale consumer Großverdiener (m.), Großverdienerin (f.) (German) big earner Großversammlung (German f.) mass-meeting Großversuch (German m.) large-scale test großvolumig (German) large-volume groß werden (German) to grow up Großwesir (German m.) grand vizier Großwetterlage (German f.) general weather situation Großwild (German n.) big game (wild animals) Großwildjagd (German f.) big-game hunting, big-game shooting Großwildjäger (s.), Großwildjäger (pl.) (German m.) big game hunter Großwindkraftanlage (German f.) large wind-powered device Großwissenschaft (German f.) big science (19th century) Großwörterbuch (German n.) unabridged dictionary, large dictionary, comprehensive dictionary Großzeh (German m.) great toe Großzehe (German f.) big toe Großzettel (German pl.) placards Großziehen (German n.) raising (children) großziehen (German) to bring up, to rear, to nurse (rear), to educate (raise) großzügig (German) liberal, permissive, bounteous, freehanded, lordly, tolerant, noble, broadminded, bounteously, freehandedly, big-hearted, freely, generous (liberal, lavish), generously, spacious, lavish, unstinting, magnanimous, liberally, charitable, lavishly, magnanimously, giving, warm-hearted (action, gesture), broad-minded, charitably, ungrudgingly, unstintingly, amply, handsomely (generously) großzügig auftragen (German) to apply liberally großzügig ausbauen (German) to embellish on a grand scale großzügig ausgelegt (German) spacious, well-spaced großzügige Ansichten (German pl.) wide views großzügige Auffassung (German f.) broad view of a matter großzügige Gabe (German f.) largesse (gift) großzügiger Schnitt (German m.) generous cut großzügiger Spender (German m.) liberal donor großzügigerweise (German) liberally großzügiges Geschenk (German n.) lavish present, liberal gift großzügiges Trinkgeld (German n.) generous tip großzügiges Wesen (German n.) generous nature großzügig Geld ausgeben (German) to spend money freely großzügig geplante Arbeit (German f.) work planned on generous lines Großzügigkeit (s.), Großzügigkeiten (pl.) (German f.) generosity, generousness (plural form), liberality, liberalness, lordliness, magnanimity, broad-mindedness, munificence, largesse, bounty großzügig sein (German) to be generous, to stretch a point Gros tambour (French m.) a big, or bass, drum, the same as grosse caisse grote Drieklank (Dutch) root position grotesco (Spanish) grotesque Groteske (German f.) grotesque (literary form) (German n.) grotesque, grotesqueness grotesk (German) grotesque, grotesquely, ludicrous, baroque, preposterous, bizarre, gross (colloquial: grotesque), ludicrously groteske Figur (German f.) grotesque grotesker (German) more grotesque groteskeste (German) most grotesque Groteskheit (German f.) preposterousness, ludicrousness Groteskschrift (German f.) sans serif, grotesque lettering Grotesque in art, decorative form interweaving human and animal features Grotesque, Grotesquely incongruous, absurd, comically or repulsively distorted, burlesco (Italian), Grotesk (German), grotesque (French) Grotesquerie (pseudo-French) fantastic absurdity, picturesque extravagance grote Trom (Dutch) bass drum Grotte (s.), Grotten (pl.) (German f.) grotto, grot grottendoof (German) (as) thick as two short planks (colloquial) grottenfalsch (German) totally wrong grottenhässlich (German) incredibly ugly grottenscharf (German) supercool (colloquial) grottenschlecht (German) abysmal (colloquial: extremely bad), extremely bad grottenschlecht sein (German) to be abysmal Grottesca (s.), Grottesche (pl.) (Italian) a style of decoration in which human and animal figures are fantastically interwoven with foliage and flowers (a reference for mural paintingsfound in grottoes, the excavated chambers of ancient houses) grottesco (m.), grottesca (f.) (Italian) grotesque, comic grottig (German) extremely bad, abysmally poor (colloquial) Grotto (s.), Grottos (pl.), Grottoes (pl.) a small cave or cavern - also an artificial structure or excavation made to resemble a cave or cavern Ground well-known 'grounds' include the passamezzo antico, romanesca, folia (all closely related), ruggiero, and passamezzo moderno that all took their names from popular dances that had spread throughout Europe Ground bass basso ostinato (Italian), Grundbass (German), basse contrainte (French) see basso ostinato, passacaglia, chaconne Ground beat in jazz, the basic metric beat, most often in crotchets (quarter-notes), whether explicitly stated or not Groundlings while the upper class paid two pennies to sit in the raised area with seats, and some nobles paid three pennies to sit in the Lords' rooms, the majority of viewers who watched Shakespeare's plays were called groundlings or understanders. They paid a single penny for admission to the ground level in the yard of the Globe theatre and remained standing for the entire play (often up to four hours in length) Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Group a short series of notes sung on one syllable several short notes beamed together, that is there tails are joined together by one or more beams a section of an orchestra including all the instruments of that class, as for example, the strings a ensemble that plays pop-music Group dances those danced by groups of people simultaneously, as opposed to individuals dancing alone or individually, and as opposed to couples dancing together but independently of others dancing at the same time, if any Group dances Groupe (French m.) band Groupe de Recherches Musicales (French m.) see 'GRM' Groupe en résidence (French m.) house band Groupe des Six see Six, Les Group genetive a genitive construction in which the 's appears at the end of a phrase modifying a word rather than the head or beginning of a phrase. For instance, "the applicant who lives in New York's resumé arrived today." Here, the word applicant in red is the actual possessor of the resumé, but because the long phrase who lives in New York appears between it and the possessed object (the resumé), most English speaker's take the possessive marker and attach it to the proper noun New York. Collectively, this formation is a group genitive Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Groupie (s.), Groupies (pl.) (English, German n.) a fan, especially a young woman, who follows a rock group around on tours (English German n.) an enthusiastic supporter or follower Group improvisation several musicians improvising at the same time Group Sounds a genre of Japanese rock (J-Rock) music that was popular in the mid to late 1960s and where Japanese bands imitated The Beatles, Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones, along with other Appalachian folk music, psychedelic rock, mod and pther similar genres Group sounds from which some of this extract has been taken Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians, considered by most scholars to be the best general reference source on the subject in the English language. Along with MGG, it is the largest Western music reference work. Initially released through the vision and toil of George Grove, it was brought to a new height by Stanley Sadie and is the leading music reference source in English for both encyclopedic information and bibliographies Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians from which some of this extract has been taken Growl in jazz, the word has two meanings a raspy voice, for example to emphasize pain or sensuality to make a harsh sound on a wind instrument Growling this was originally one of the many saxophone effects often used as a novelty. Apart from the fact that it is now one of the main hallmarks of rock and blues saxophone playing, it was also used in mainstream jazz: notably Ben Webster, Illinois Jacquet and Earl Bostic. Charlie Parker also growled on occasions as did avant garde pioneers John Coltrane and Archie Shepp. The saxophone growl is made by singing or humming a note at the same time as playing. This note is not necessarily the same note as the player is fingering/playing. The ideal note to sing can vary, it could be a harmony note or the same note slightly out of tune Growling note Schnarrender Ton (German m.), ton ronflant (French m.) Gr.Tr. (German) abbreviated form of grosse Trommel, the bass drum Grub (German f. - regional) pit Grubber (German m.) cultivator, grubber Grübchen (s.), Grübchen (pl.) (German n.) dimple, (small) pit Grube (s.), Gruben (pl.) (German f.) pit, pothole, mine, (waste-disposal) dump Grübelei (German f.) musing, rumination Grübeln (German n.) cogitation, rumination grübeln (German) to muse, to speculate, to ponder, to ruminate (figurative: ponder), to think (long and hard), to brood (figurative: ponder) grübelnd (German) pondering, musing, poring, ruminant, ruminative, ruminatively grübeln über (German) to mull over, to brood about, to brood over Grubenarbeit (German f.) pit work Grubenarbeiter (German m.) pitman, mine worker, miner, collier, coal miner Grubenbahn (German f.) mine railway, mine train Grubenbaue (German pl.) mine workings Grubenelektriker (German m.) mine electrician Grubenentleerer (German m.) cesspool cleaner, cesspit emptier Grubengas (s.), Grubengase (pl.) (German n.) firedamp, mine gas, colliery gas Grubenhaus (German n.) pit-house, pit house Grubenholz (German n.) pit prop, stull (timber prop) Grubenhunt (German m.) tram, mining car Grubenlampe (German f.) safety lamp, Davy lamp, Wolf safety lamp, miner's lamp, mine lamp Grubenlok (German f.) mine loco Grubenlokomotive (German f.) mine locomotive Grubenotter (German f.) pit viper Grubenpferd (German n.) mine horse, pit pony Grubenpickel (German m.) miner's pick Grubenpony (German n.) pit pony Grubenschacht (German m.) mine shaft Grubenschmelz (German m.) champlevé Grubensicherheit (German f.) mine safety Grubenstempel (s.), Grubenstempel (pl.) (German m.) pit prop Grubenstützholz (German n.) stemple Grubenunglück (German n.) pit disaster, mine disaster, mining disaster, mining accident Grubenwasser (German n.) mine water Grubenwehr (German f.) mine rescue team Grubenwetter (German n.) fire damp Grübler (German m.) contemplator grüblerisch (German) contemplative, brooding Grueso (Spanish m.) fat, stout (with reference to a person's build) Grüezi! (German - Switzerland) Hello! Hi! Grufti- (German) goth Gruft (s.), Grüfte (pl.) (German f.) vault, tomb, crypt (burial crypt), undercroft, grave Grufti (s.), Gruftis (pl.) (German m./f.) wrinkly (colloquial), crumbly (colloquial: old person), old fogey (colloquial: old person), goth (colloquial) Gruftiband (German f.) goth band Gruftimusik (German f.) goth (music genre) Gruftistil (German m.) goth Gruftiszene (German f.) gothic scene Grummeln (German n. - regional) murmur grummeln (German) to grunt, to grumble grummelnd (German) grumbling Grummet (German n.) aftermath (chiefly archaic)