| Hoar | white or greyish-white colour, of a white or greyish-white colour | |||
| Hoarseness | dysphonia | |||
| Hob | after Anthony van Hoboken (1887-1983), the cataloguer of the works composed by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) | |||
| Hobbledehoy | an awkward rustic adolescent boy or teenager. A hobbledehoy is naïve, gawky, and shy around women. He is neither a boy nor a man, and so is also called a 'halfling'. The root word 'hob' is also used to describe the little men of fairy tales, like hobs, hobgoblins, and hobyahs | |||
| Hobbymusiker (m.), Hobbymusikerin (f.) | (German) a person for whom music is a hobby | |||
| Hobo | (Dutch) oboe | |||
| Hoboe (s.), Hoboen (pl.) | (German f.) oboe, hautboy | |||
| Hoboist | (German) hautboy player | |||
| Hoboken | see 'Hob' | |||
| Hobokenverzeichnis | (German n.) Anthony van Hoboken's catalogue of the works composed by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) [entry provided by Brian A. Jefferies] | |||
| Hoboy | (English) old word for 'oboe', derived from the French hautbois | |||
| Hocetus | (Latin) hocket | |||
| hoch | (German) high, sharp | |||
| Hochachtung | (German f.) high esteem | |||
| Hochachtungsvoll | (German) Yours faithfully (as at the end of a letter) | |||
| Hochamt | (German n.) High Mass | |||
| Hochbarock | (German n.) high baroque | |||
| hochbegabt | (German) highly gifted | |||
| Hochbetrieb | (German m.) great activity | |||
| Hochburg | (German f.) stronghold (figurative) | |||
| Hochdeutsch | (German n.) High German (a form of the German language) | |||
| hoch-dramatischer Sopran | (German m.) Wagnerian soprano | |||
| Hochdruck | (German m.) high pressure | |||
| Hochebene | (German f.) plateau | |||
| Hochet | (French m.) clapper | |||
| hochfahren | (German) to go up, to start up, to flare up | |||
| hochfeierlich | (German) extremely solemn | |||
| hochfliegend | (German) ambitious (figurative) | |||
| hochgestellt | (German) high ranking, superior (status/rank) | |||
| hoch gewölbt | (German) high arched, bombé (French), voûté (French), molto bombata (Italian), bombatura alta (Italian) | |||
| Hochhorn | (German n.) hautboy | |||
| Hochhornbläser | (German m.) player on the hautboy | |||
| Hochgesang | (German m.) ode, hymn | |||
| hochgewachsen | (German) tall | |||
| Hochglanz | (German m.) high gloss | |||
| hochgradig | (German) extreme, extremely | |||
| hochhackig | (German) high-heeled | |||
| hochhalten | (German) to hold up, to uphold (figurative) | |||
| Hochhaus | (German n.) high-rise building | |||
| hochheben | (German) to lift up, to raise (head, hand) | |||
| hochherzig | (German) magnanimous, magnanimously | |||
| hochkant | (German) on end | |||
| hochkommen | (German) to come up, to get up, to get on in the world (figurative) | |||
| Hochkonjunktur | (German f.) a boom, a period of execeptional economic activity, a boom, the peak holiday period (for example, in the tourist industry) | |||
| hochkrempeln | (German) to roll up | |||
| hochleben lassen | (German) to give three cheers for | |||
| Hochlied | (German n.) ode, hymn | |||
| Hochmesse | (German f.) High Mass | |||
| Hochmut, Hochmuth | (German m.) dignity, aloofness, pride, arrogance | |||
| hochmütig | (German) superbo (Italian), altero (Italian), haughty, arrogant, arrogantly, hautain (French) | |||
| hochnäsig | (German) snooty (familiar) | |||
| hochnehen | (German) to pick up, to tease (familiar) | |||
| hochragen | (German) to rise, to rise up, to soar (tower) | |||
| Hochrenaissance | (German f.) high renaissance | |||
| Hochromatik | (German f.) high romantic | |||
| Hochruf | (German m.) a cheer | |||
| Hochsaison | (German f.) high season | |||
| Hochschätzung | (German f.) high esteem | |||
| hochschlagen | (German) to turn up (collar) | |||
| hochschrechen | (German) to start up | |||
| Hochschule | (German f.) college, high school, academy (art, music) | |||
| hochsehen | (German) to look up | |||
| Hochsommer | (German m.) midsummer | |||
| Hochspannung | (German f.) high tension, great tension (figurative) | |||
| hochspielen | (German) to magnify (figurative) | |||
| Hochsprache | (German f.) standard language | |||
| Hochsprung | (German m.) high jump | |||
| höchst | (German) highest, most, extremely | |||
| Hochstapler | (German m.) a confidence trickster | |||
| höchste, höchster, höchsteres | (German) highest, tallest, top | |||
| höchste Dringlichkeitsstufe | (German f.) or höchste Priorität (German f.), top priority | |||
| höchstens | (German) at most, except perhaps | |||
| höchste Priorität | (German f.) or höchste Dringlichkeitsstufe (German f.), top priority | |||
| höchster Stimme | (German f.) the highest part | |||
| höchst langweilig | (German) as dry as dust | |||
| Höchstmaß | (German n.) maximum | |||
| höchstpersönlich | (German) in person | |||
| Höchstpreis | (German m.) top price | |||
| Höchsttemperatur | (German f.) maximum temperature | |||
| Höchstwahrscheinlich | (German) most probably | |||
| hochtrabend | (German) pompous, pompously | |||
| hochtreiben | (German) to push up (price) | |||
| Hochverrat | (German m.) high treason | |||
| Hochwasser | (German n.) high tide, floods | |||
| Hochwürden | (German m.) Reverend, Father | |||
| Hochzeit | (German f.) wedding, nuptials | |||
| Hochzeitfeiern | (German) to get married | |||
| Hochzeitgedicht | (German n.) epithalamium, nuptial poem, wedding song | |||
| Hochzeit haben | (German) to be married | |||
| hochzeitlich | (German) nuptial | |||
| Hochzeitlied | (German n.) epithalamium, nuptial poem, wedding song | |||
| Hochzeitmarsch | (German m.) wedding march, festival march | |||
| Hochzeits- | (German prefix) nuptial, bridal | |||
| Hochzeitsbräuche | (German f.) nuptial rites | |||
| Hochzeitsempfang | (German m.) wedding reception | |||
| Hochzeitsfeier | (German f.) bridal, wedding | |||
| Hochzeitsfeierlichkeiten | (German f.) wedding reception | |||
| Hochzeitsgeschenk | (German n.) wedding present | |||
| Hochzeitsgesellschaft | (German f.) wedding guests | |||
| Hochzeitskleid | (German n.) wedding dress | |||
| Hochzeitskuchen | (German m.) wedding cake | |||
| Hochzeitsmahl | (German n.) marriage meal | |||
| Hochzeitsparty | (German f.) wedding party | |||
| Hochzeitsreise | (German f.) honeymoon trip | |||
| Hochzeitstag | (German m.) wedding day, wedding anniversary | |||
| Hochzeitszeremonie | (German f.) wedding ceremony | |||
| Hochzeitszug | (German m.) wedding procession | |||
| hochziehen | (German) to pull up, to hoist, to raise (eyebrows) | |||
| Hocker | (German m.) a stool | |||
| Höcker | (German m.) a bump, a hump (camel) | |||
| Hocket | ('hocket' is an old word for 'hiccup') the term hocket is used in various ways. In modern parlance it refers to a musical technique by which two or more voices or instruments sing or play in alternation. When one voice stops after one or a few notes, another begins, and so on. Singing or playing instruments in this way is found in music of various style periods and locales. According to late medieval Latin treatises a hocket is made by cutting up sound, and the term designates both that musical technique and the type of music that features it. In medieval French poetry it denotes various kinds of music in addition to learned polyphonic hockets. It is not known how the hocket technique came about in Western medieval music | |||
| Hocketus | (Latin) hocket | |||
| Hocquetus | (Latin) hocket | |||
| Hoddu | (Senegal) or molo, a Tukolor lute with four, five, or nine strings | |||
| Hoe down | similar to a jig or reel, usually associated with square dancing, syncopated American dance in 2/4 time | |||
| Hoener | after Hans Hoener, the cataloguer of music by Georg Phillip Telemann (1681-1767) | |||
| Hofcapelle | (German f., archaic) court chapel | |||
| Hofconcert | (German n.) court concert | |||
| Hofdichter | (German m.) poet laureate | |||
| Hoff | after Adolph Hoffman, the cataloguer of music by Georg Phillip Telemann (1681-1767) | |||
| Hoffnung | (German f.) hope | |||
| Hofii | from Algeria, a Tlemcenian women's vocal music, first mentioned by Ibn Khalduun in his Muqqadima in the fourteenth century, and still sung today most often to the accompaniment of the kwitra, a local four-course lute | |||
| Hofkapelle | (German f.) royal chapel | |||
| Hofkapellemeister | (German m.) court musical director, court Kapellmeister | |||
| Hofkomponist | (German m.) court composer | |||
| Hofkonzertmeister | (German m.) court music director | |||
| höflich | (German) pleasing, graceful | |||
| Höflichkeit | (German f.) in a pleasing and graceful style | |||
| Hoflied | (German n.) Renaissance song originating within courtly or aristocratic circles rather than from the middle classes (Gesellschaftslied) or from folksong (Volkslied) | |||
| Hofmusicus | (German m.) court composer | |||
| Hofmusikant | (German m.) court musician | |||
| Hoforchester | (German n.) court orchestra | |||
| Hoforganist (m.), Hoforganistin (f.) | (German) court organist | |||
| Hoftanz | (German m.) in the sixteenth century, the German counterpart to the French basse dance | |||
| Hoftheater | (German n.) court theatre | |||
| Hoga | taepyongso | |||
| Hogaku | Japanese classical music | |||
| Höhe | (German f.) height, elevation, acuteness | |||
| hohe Ansprüche stellen | (German) be very demanding | |||
| hohe Lage | (German f.) of the register of a voice or instrument, 'high' | |||
| Hohe Lied | (German n.) the Song of Solomon | |||
| hohen | (German) high, upper | |||
| höher | (German) superior, above, higher, upper | |||
| Hoherbass | (German m.) or Heldenbariton, dramatic or heroic baritone | |||
| the term Hoherbass may also be applied to a lyric bass | ||||
| höher stimmen | (German) to tune up | |||
| Hohlflöte | (German f., literally 'hollow-toned flute') a flute-stop on the organ which is found from 1 ft. down to 16 ft. It has a thick, powerful hollow tone, each pipe having two holes in it, both near to the top and opposite to each other | |||
| Hohlquinte | (German) a quint stop of the Hohlflöte species | |||
| Hoijakka | see 'ring polska' | |||
| Hoi polloi | (Greek) the masses, the common throng | |||
| Hojas de partitura | (Spanish f.pl.) sheet music (plural) | |||
| Hojok | taepyongso | |||
| Hoketus (s.), Hoketi (pl.) | (German m.) hocket | |||
| Hokey Cokey, the | see 'Hokey-Pokey' | |||
| Hokey Pokey, the | known in the UK as the 'Hokey-Cokey', a participation dance that became popular in the USA in the 1950s | |||
| ||||
| Hokku | (Japanese) in Japanese poetry, the term hokku literally means "starting verse." A hokku was the first starting link of a much longer chain of verses known as renga or linked verse. The hokku was traditionally three lines long, with a syllable count of 5/7/5 syllables in the three lines (i.e., the hokku was identical in structure to the modern haiku, the independent genre that later developed out of the hokku). The hokku was always the the most important and best known part of a renga much in the way that the first verse and chorus of a popular song are often well-known even when the other verses are poorly known or ignored. Because the hokku ultimately evolves into what we today call the haiku, it is common to the find scholars make a distinction between "modern haiku" (haiku) and "classical haiku" (hokku) | |||
| ||||
| Hokum | (probably blend of hocus-pocus and bunkum - derived form Buncombe county, N.C., from a remark made by its congressman, who defended an irrelevant speech by claiming that he was speaking to Buncombe, meaning insincere or foolish talk) a sub-genre in urban blues which was popular in the late 20s/early 30s. It is characterized by danceable rhythms and clever lyrics which heavily relied on double entendres | |||
| Hold | in the U.S., a pause, fermata | |||
| (German) pleasing, agreeable, graceful | ||||
| Holder's comma | see 'Holdrian comma' | |||
| Hold High the Gate | one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing | |||
| Holding back the speed, Holding back the tempo | ritardando (Italian), ritenuto (Italian), slentando (Italian), verweilend (German), en retenant (French) | |||
| Holding note | a note sustained in one part, while other parts move | |||
| Hold over | in the film industry, when a director decides to use an actor for an extra day not originally scheduled | |||
| Hold pedal | a MIDI effect, which when on, holds (i.e. sustains) notes that are playing, even if the musician releases the notes. (i.e. the 'Note Off' effect is postponed until the musician switches the 'Hold Pedal' off). On a multitimbral device, each Part usually has its own 'Hold Pedal' setting | |||
| Holdrian comma | or Holder's comma (sometimes called the Arabian comma), a musical interval equivalent to 1/53 of an octave (i.e. 2^(1/53)) | |||
| Holdrian's comma originates from setting each tone or a major scale equal to 9 Holdrian commas (that is 2^(9/53)) and each semitone equal to 4 Holdrian commas (that is 2^(4/53)), so that the succession of tones and semitones in a major diatonic scale is made up of 53 commas | ||||
| Hold-to-light card | a postcard that alters its appearance when held up to a source of light. When most cards of this type are held to a light they glow in areas where holes were die-cut into the front piece of card stock and a translucent coloured paper, usually red and yellow, is inserted between it and a backing card. The most desired effect was to transform a daylight scene into a night view. On some hold-to-light cards a thin printed image is pasted over another on card stock and when backlit the two layered images combine into a new one often altering its narrative | |||
| Holdudwa | Ethiopian trumpet-like animal horn, similar to the shofar | |||
| Holi | see Phagwa | |||
| Holiday cards | postcards containing the iconic imagery and symbolism of a collective commemorated holiday | |||
| Hollesley Bay Colony [1904-11] | a 1300 acre site of former Agricultural Training College acquired by Joseph Fels for the Central Unemployment Committee. The college could accommodate 355 men. There were eight glasshouses and 200 acres of gardens, thirty cottages, four groups of farm buildings, an open-air swimming bath, workshops, a warehouse on the river front, a wharf and a tramway connecting the wharf to the farmers' gardens. 300 unemployed men worked there. George Lansbury, and others from Toynbee Hall came down at week-ends to organise classes and recreation. In the end the Local Government Board turned it back into a deterrent workhouse | |||
| Hollandaise | a rich egg and butter sauce served warm | |||
| Hollow-body guitar | an electric guitar body style with a thin body similar to an acoustic guitar | |||
| Holly | (German Stechpalme, French Houx, Dutch Hulst, European Species: Ilex aquifolium, American Species: I. opaca: Average Weight: ranges from 45 to 55 pounds per cubic foot) Holly is a dense wood that stains well. It was used for inlays and marquetry from at least the sixteenth century on and for small carving pieces | |||
| ||||
| Holocaust | in classical Greek literature, a holocaust was a sacrifice offered to the gods through burning | |||
| Holograph | a manuscript wholly in the hand of its composer | |||
| Holographic will | a will and testament that has been entirely handwritten and signed by the testator | |||
| Holy Communion | the sacrament of the Eucharist | |||
| Holy Eve | see 'All Hallows Eve' | |||
| Holy Orders | the higher grades of the Christian ministry; those of bishop, priest and deacon | |||
| Holy See | the diocese of the Bishop of Rome; commonly used to denote the authority and jurisdiction of the papacy | |||
| Holy Trinity | the three persons of God; the Father, Son and Holy Ghost | |||
| Holy water stoup | a small stone basin containing holy water | |||
| Holz | (German n.) wood, timber, lumber, forest, billet | |||
| Holzbläser | (German m. pl.) woodwind | |||
| (German m.) woodwind player | ||||
| Holzbläserquintett | (German n.) an ensemble made up of one each of flute (German: Flöte), oboe (German: Oboe), clarinet (German Klarinette), French horn (German: Horn) and bassoon (German: Fagott) | |||
| Holzblasinstrument (s.), Holzblasinstrumente (pl.) | (German n.) woodwind instrument, woodwind (collective) | |||
| Holzblock | (German m.) wood block | |||
| Holzblocktrommel | (German m.) wood block | |||
| hölzern | (German) wooded | |||
| hölzernes Gelächter | (German n.) xylophone | |||
| Holzfaser | (German f.) (wood) grain | |||
| Holzflöte | (German f.) wooden flute, an organ stop | |||
| Holzhammer | (German m.) mallet | |||
| Holzharmonika | (German f.) xylophone | |||
| holzig | (German) woody | |||
| Holzinstrumente | (German n.) the woodwind, woodwind instruments | |||
| Holzklapper | (German m.) whip, slap stick | |||
| Holzkohle | (German f.) charcoal | |||
| Holzkohlestift | (German m.) charcoal marker | |||
| Holzlack | (German m.) wood varnish | |||
| Holzpfeifen | (German f. pl., literally 'wooden pipes') in contrast to the metal pipes in the organ, wooden pipes have a square (very occasionally triangular) cross-section, and give a very soft, quiet sound. They are often included in the main pipe display, not for their acoustic properties, but because of their decorative potential | |||
| Holzpflock(s.), Holzpflöcke (pl.) | (German m.) peg | |||
| Holzschlägel | (German m.) wooden stick | |||
| Holzschneiderkunst | (German f.) a wood engraving | |||
| Holzschnitt | (German m.) woodcut, wood engraving | |||
| Holzschnitzen | (German n.) a wood carving | |||
| Holzschnitzer | (German m.) a woodcarver | |||
| Holzschuh | (German m.) (wooden) clog | |||
| Holzschuhtanz | (German m.) clogging (dancing in clogs) [entry provided by Michael Zapf] | |||
| Holzschutzlasur | (German f.) wood varnish | |||
| Holzstäbe | (German m. pl.) claves | |||
| Holztrommel | (German f.) hand drum | |||
| Holztrompete | (German f.) see 'clarinet' | |||
| Holz und Strohinstrumente | an instrument called for in some Richard Stauss scores, an early xylophone in which the wooden bars are laid on straw ropes, all set on the top of a large table | |||
| Holzwind | (German m.) woodwind | |||
| Holzwolle | (German f.) wood shavings | |||
| Holzwurm | (German m.) woodworm | |||
| Homage | tribute, expression of reverence | |||
| Hombre | (Spanish m.) man, humankind | |||
| ¡hombre! | (Spanish) Good Heavens! | |||
| Hombre de acción | (Spanish m.) man of action | |||
| Hombre de estado | (Spanish m.) statesman | |||
| Hombre de la calle | (Spanish m.) man in the street | |||
| Hombre de negocios | (Spanish m.) businessman | |||
| Hombre rana | (Spanish m.) frogman | |||
| Hombrera | (Spanish f.) epaulette, shoulder pad | |||
| Hombro | (Spanish m.) shoulder | |||
| hombruno | (Spanish) masculine | |||
| Homenaje | (Spanish m.) homage, tribute (figurative) | |||
| Home note | the note that is the tonic of the home key, for example, on the accordion, C is the home note on a 'C/F Club System' instrument | |||
| Homeric Age of Greece | another term for the Heroic Age of Greece | |||
| Homeric epithet | an adjective (usually a compound adjective) repeatedly used for the same thing or person; ‘the wine-dark sea’ and ‘rosy-fingered Dawn’ are famous examples | |||
| Home row | on an accordion, the row of a multiple-row button accordion that is in the home key, the row central to the diatonic arrangment of notes on the instrument. On a 'C/F Club System' accordion, the home row is the C row. On a 'G/C/F International System' accordion, C is the home key and the C row is the home row | |||
| Homilary | book containing the homilies or teachings of the early fathers of the Christian church | |||
| Homily | a sermon, or a short, exhortatory work to be read before a group of listeners in order to instruct them spiritually or morally | |||
| Hominy | a farinaceous dish made of maize | |||
| Hommage | (French m.) homage | |||
| Homme de bien | (French m.) a respectable man | |||
| Homme de coeur | (French m.) a sensitive man, a man of feeling | |||
| Homme de lettres | (French m.) a professional literary man, a man of letters | |||
| Homme de qualité | (French m.) a man of quality | |||
| Homme d'esprit | (French m.) a wit, a man of sparkling repartee | |||
| Homme du monde | (French m.) a man of the world, a man who inhabits good society | |||
| Homme du peuple | (French m.) a working-class man, a man who betrays his humble origins | |||
| Homme moyen sensuel | (French m.) the man in the street | |||
| Homme-orchestre | (French m.) one-man band, a man who performs several skills simultaneously | |||
| Homme sensible | (French m.) a sensitive man, a man of feeling | |||
| Homme sérieux | (French m.) an earnest man, one not given to the frivolous | |||
| Homocore | an alternate term for 'queercore' | |||
| Homoeoteleuton (s.), Homoeoteleuta (pl.) | (Greek) the occurence of two words or phrases with the same ending, the result of inaccurate copying (for example, through omission) | |||
| Homofoni | (Danish, Swedish) homophony | |||
| Homofonia | (Finnish) homophony | |||
| Homofonía | (Spanish f.) homophony | |||
| homofónica | (Spanish) homophonic | |||
| Homofonie | (German f., Dutch) homophony | |||
| homogen | (German) homogeneous | |||
| Homogeneous | similar or the same as something else, having the same composition throughout, uniform | |||
| in music, the term is met when discussing those cultures that have remained relatively free of outside influences. Irish music, particularly that associated with Irish dancing, has been consciously preserved and is still celebrated as part of the island's rich history. One may hear the influence of Irish music on the culture of other lands, but within the island itself the old tunes and the old way of dancing, continue to flourish relatively untouched by the cultures of other societies. This may not be the case for much longer. Voice of America reports: "in just one decade, Ireland has gone from being a net-exporter, to being a net-importer of people. The country that famously supplied the United States with more than a million and a half immigrants between 1845 and 1860, and which continued to flood America's shores well into the 20th century, is now home to about four hundred thousand immigrants from as far away as China and South Africa" | ||||
| in music, the term is met also when discussing music that changes little rhythmically or texturally as the piece progresses. This is generally a characteristic of pieces of relatively short duration but would be considered a limitation were the work to be more extended in which case one might expect some variety both in rhythm and texture | ||||
| Homólogo (m.), Homóloga (f.) | (Spanish) opposite number | |||
| homólogo (m.), homóloga (f.) | (Spanish) homologous, comparable | |||
| Homologous | corresponding or similar in position | |||
| homónimo (m.), homónima (f.) | (Spanish) homonymous | |||
| Homophone | two strings tuned to produce the same note | |||
| (French) homophonic | ||||
| Homophonic | commonly used to mean music written in a chordal or familiar style (i.e. homophony), as opposed to music that is polyphonic (having many independent parts) or antiphonic (where musical lines alternate) | |||
| many commentators use this term for music in which one voice leading melodically, is supported by an accompaniment in chordal or in a somewhat more elaborate style. On the basis of this definition, practically all music of the nineteenth century is homophonic, the term being used as the opposite of polyphonic, which is where every part is making an equivalent contribution to the musical whole | ||||
| Homophonie | (German f.) homophony, that is part-music in which all the voices move in the same rhythm (which is, in fact, the literal meaning of the Greek term), equivalent to the terms 'strict chordal style' or 'familiar style'. Some American writers have adopted this meaning for the word 'homophonic' | |||
| (French) monophonic music | ||||
| (French) enharmonic change | ||||
| Homophony | homofonía (Spanish), omofonia (Italian), homophonie (French), Homophonie (German) | |||
| a musical composition for 2 or more parts with a single melody line, all other parts serving as accompaniments with matching rhythm, i.e. homorhythmic | ||||
| Homorhythmic | also called 'note-against note', polyphonic lines played together have the same rhythm but independent melodies resulting in a 'block chord' effect, for example, some medieval conductus and many modern day hymns | |||
| homorhythmisch | (German) homorhythmic | |||
| homorrítmica | (Spanish) homorhythmic | |||
| Homo sapiens | (Latin) rational man, (a member of) the human species | |||
| Homo trium litterarum | (Latin, literally 'three letter man') a thief (a reference to the three letters f, u and r which, in Latin, spell 'thief') | |||
| Homo unius libri | (Latin, literally 'a man of one book') a man exceedingly well versed in a single favourite book (generally implying that he is ignorant of everything else) | |||
| Homunculus (s.), Homunculi (pl.) | (Latin) a tiny man, a pigmy, a miniature man made by artificial means | |||
| honderd | (Dutch) hundred | |||
| Hondo | (Spanish, literally 'deep and profound') also cante hondo, a sad, Andalusian song employing microtones | |||
| Honey songs | (Central African Pygmies) campfire songs from the Mbuti people | |||
| Hong Kong hip hop | ||||
| Hongkong-pop | see 'Canto pop' | |||
| Honi soit qui mal y pense | (Old French) 'shame on him who thinks evil of it' (motto of the Order of the Garter) | |||
| Honky punk | a mix of honky tonk music and punk rock | |||
| Honky-tonk effect | some upright pianos use the middle pedal as a practice pedal, which lowers a thick piece of felt between the hammers and strings, muffling the tone. A special feature is the honky-tonk effect produced with the middle pedal being used to lower metal studded tap strips between the hammer and the string. This is often called a 'zither', 'harp' or 'mando' | |||
|
there is a method for creating the 'Honky-Tonk' effect via tuning. However, there is no agreement about exactly how it should be accomplished. One point of agreement is that the effect is created by shifting the pitch of one string per note in the entire tri-chord section by 2-5 Hz, which causes a very noticeable 'twanging' sound. A few people also said that the lower couple of octaves should be left alone.
Another point that was mentioned by a few people was the need for a fairly high degree of consistency. Realistically speaking, this seems to eliminate deviating the pitch by any particular number of cents since a 3 Hz shift at A=440 Hz would be about a 12 cent shift, while the same cents shift at A=880 Hz would be about a 7 Hz shift in frequency. | ||||
| Honky-tonk (music) | (English, Honkytonk (German n.)) named after a type of bar common throughout the southern United States, also called 'Honkatonk' or 'Honkey-tonk', the first 'honky tonk' music was first played by country music bands in and around Texas during the 1930s and 1940s. Honky Tonk bands often used electric instruments and produced a strong, rhythm-centred style of piano playing related to ragtime that went on to influence boogie woogie and rock and roll. Honky Tonk music is associated with uprooted rural people, and its lyrics deal chiefly with the social problems associated with their migration. The music of Hank Williams, Lefty Frizzell, and Ernest Tubb is perhaps most representative of the Honky Tonk style. By the last third of the twentieth century, the term was being applied to what had formerly been called 'Hillbilly Music' and more recently 'Country Music' | |||
| Honnête homme | (French m.) a decent, respectable man | |||
| honnête | (French) honest, good, virtuous, upright, respectable, decent, polite | |||
| Honorarios | (Spanish m. pl.) fees | |||
| Honorarium (s.), Honoraria (pl.) | (Latin) a fee for professional service | |||
| Honoris causa | (Latin) an honorary degree (for example, an honorary doctorate, awarded without the customary examination) | |||
| Hoochee-Coochee | see 'Hootchy-Kootchy' | |||
| Hood mould | a projecting moulding on an arch, above a door or over a window | |||
| Hoofdmelodie | (Dutch) voice part | |||
| Hoofdvorm | (Dutch) sonata form | |||
| Hoofer | introduced in the 1920s, originally a general term for any dancer although the term is now more specifically applied to a tap dancer | |||
| Hooghli | most western branch of the River Ganges on the banks of which Calcutta is situated | |||
| Hoog van toon | (Dutch) treble | |||
| Hook |
| |||
| in French, motif accrocheur, a musical idea, a passage or phrase, that is believed to be catchy and helps the song stand out; it is "meant to catch the ear of the listener", a term that applies generally to popular, especially pop music | ||||
| in composition and professional fiction writing, a hook is a snappy, quick-moving opening that gets the reader's attention early in an essay or short story | ||||
| in linguistics, a diacritical mark used in some eastern European languages like Polish and Lithuanian | ||||
| ||||
| Hookah | (Arabic) Oriental pipe in which the smoke bubbles through secented water before being inhaled through a long flexible tube | |||
| Hook harp | or 'hooked harp', called arpa anottolini in Italian, the name describes a series of U shaped hooks set in its wooden neck of a harp which enable a performer to change keys relatively quickly. The hooks, adjusted by hand, shorten the length of a string which raises the pitch of the note | |||
| Hooked harp | see 'hook harp' | |||
| Höömeï | Tuvan throat singing | |||
| Hoomi | see höömeï | |||
| Hoon | (Korean) a tear-shaped globular ocarina made out of clay | |||
| Hootchy-Kootchy | or 'Hoochee-Coochee', shimmy and shake, all terms used to describe the 'belly dance' first performed by Farida Mazar Spyropoulos at Sol Bloom's 'Egyptian Theater' in thew 1890s | |||
| Hoover sound | in electronic music, a 'Hoover' is a synth sound commonly used in Hard House music and other styles | |||
| ||||
| Hop | after Cecil Hopkinson, the cataloguer of music by John Field (1782-1837) | |||
| Hopak | see gopak | |||
| Hopcore | a fusion of hardcore punk and hip hop music | |||
| hoppande rörelse | (Swedish) disjunct motion | |||
| Hopper | jack | |||
| Hopser | (German m.) an old German dance in 2/4 time, the origin of the nineteenth-century dances galop, Ecossaise and Rheinländer | |||
| Hopstanz | (German m.) a hop-dance, that is one where the dance movement consists of a combination of steps with a hop | |||
| Hopswalzer | (German m.) an old 'hopping' waltz in a lively 3/4 time | |||
| Hoquet | (French) hocket | |||
| Hoquetus (s.), Hoqueti (pl.) | (German m., Latin) hocket | |||
| Hora (s.), Hore (pl.) | (from the ancient Greek art form chorea) Isreali and Balkan ring dance, popular during wedding celebrations, popular festivals, an essential part of the social entertainment in rural areas. It also features on the concert platform, for example, Hora staccato by Grigoras Dinicu & Jascha Heifetz | |||
| Hora | also horagai, bai or bonbai, a large shell used as trumpet-type instrument. The horagai is not a Conch shell, but either the Pacific Triton or the Shank shell | |||
| hora de (name of country, city, time zone) | (Spanish) local time (for example, if the city is Paris, the translation will be 'Parisian local time') | |||
| Horae | (Latin) hours | |||
| Horae canonicae | (Latin) canonical hours | |||
| Horae lunga | see cîntec lung | |||
| Horae regulares | (Latin) chants sung at prescribed hours in convents and monasteries | |||
| Horae subsecivae | (Latin) moments of leisure, periods away from one's normal duties | |||
| Horagai | see hora | |||
| Hora lunga | see cîntec lung | |||
| Horario | (Spanish m.) schedule, timetable, hour hand (of a clock, watch) | |||
| la empresa ofrece horario flexible (Spanish: the company offers flextime, the office offers flexitime) | ||||
| Horario continuo | (Spanish m.) continuous working day (usually from eight to three) with no break for lunch | |||
| Horario corrido | (Spanish m. - Latin America) continuous working day (usually from eight to three) with no break for lunch | |||
| Horario de atención al público | (Spanish m.) hours of business, opening hours | |||
| Horario de visitas | (Spanish m.) visiting hours | |||
| Horario intensivo | (Spanish m.) continuous working day (usually from eight to three) with no break for lunch | |||
| Horario partido | (Spanish m.) working day with a long break for lunch | |||
| Horas de consulta | (Spanish f.pl.) surgery hours | |||
| Horas de máxima audiencia | (Spanish f.pl.) peak viewing, prime time | |||
| Horas de mayor audiencia | (Spanish f.pl.) peak viewing, prime time | |||
| Horatio Alger tale | named for the American author Horatio Alger (1832-1899), the phrase is applied to any 'rags to riches' story no matter how far-fetched | |||
| Horay | see 'walkaround' | |||
| hörbar | (German) audible, perceptible | |||
| Horchata | the original and ancient recipe for horchata uses chufa ('tiger nut'). Today, in Mexico, horchata is made from rice and has a completely different taste from the original | |||
| Horen | (German n.) hearing | |||
| horen | (German, Dutch) to hear, to listen to | |||
| Hörerwunsch | (German m.) a listener's request | |||
| Hörfläche | (German f.) hearing range | |||
| Horizontale | (French f.) a high-class prostitute | |||
| Hörkunst | see 'acoustic art' | |||
| Horlepijp | (Dutch) hornpipe | |||
| Horloge à carillon | (French f.) chiming clock | |||
| Hormigón | (Spanish m.) concrete | |||
| Hormigón armado | (Spanish m.) reinforced concrete | |||
| Horn | (English, German n.) a family of instruments made variously of metal, animal horn or wood, corno (Italian m., Spanish m.), Waldhorn (German n.), cor (French m.), cuerno (Spanish m.) | |||
| the generic jazz name for any wind instrument, although usually for saxophones and trumpets | ||||
| an 8 ft. organ reed stop with a smooth, full tone | ||||
| horn has been referred to as a natural plastic and is similar to modern thermoplastics in that it tends to revert to its original shape. Despite the simple processes that remain unchanged in working horn, the horner's experience and judgement are critical in overcoming this tendency to revert to its original shape. The colours of horn range from ebony to shades of cream and when subjected to heat and pressure it can become translucent. The use of horn was universal wherever there were herds of cattle, goats and flocks of sheep and certain antelopes. Despite being a unique and extremely versatile resource horn is almost forgotten as a raw material. Its use since ancient times for drinking horns, containers and sounding horns is well documented. It was also used for many items essential to daily life such as combs, spoons, knife and tool handles, horn cups and objects of great beauty. In some cases horn objects had a symbolic significance | ||||
| ||||
| Horn band | a band of trumpeters | |||
| Horn band, Russian | see 'Russian horn band' | |||
| Horn, baroque | see 'baroque horn' | |||
| Hornbeam | (German Weissbuche or Hainbuche, French Charme, Dutch Haagbeuk, European Species: Carpinus betula: Average Weight: 51 pounds per cubic foot) Hornbeam produces a very tough, hard, and heavy wood which was a favoured material for mill gears and the like. It is too hard and heavy for furniture or building purposes and rarely available in large sizes | |||
| ||||
| Hornbostel-Sachs | see Sachs-Hornbostel | |||
| Horn, chromatic bass | see 'chromatic bass horn' | |||
| Horn dance | the Abbot's Bromley Horn Dance, performed at the Barthelmy Fair in August 1226, is one of the few ritual rural customs to survive the passage of time. Today the Horn Dance takes place annually on Wakes Monday, the Monday following the first Sunday after 4 September. Six of the dancers wear reindeer antlers suggesting that the dance's origin is either as part of a hunting or fertility rite | |||
| Horn diapsaon | an open diapson of somewhat reedy tone | |||
| Hornensemble | (German n.) an ensemble formed of between 3 and 6 French horns | |||
| Hörner | (German n. pl.) horns, corni | |||
| Horn-fifths | a two-part harmonic progression, associated particularly with horn players, in which the first horn plays scale degrees 3,2 and 1 successively while the second horn plays a major third, perfect fifth and minor sixth below those tones, and the same in reverse | |||
| Horn, French | see 'French horn' | |||
| Hornist (m.), Hornistin (f.) | (German) horn player | |||
| Hornkonzert | (German n.) horn concerto | |||
| Hornmusik | (German f.) music for brass instruments | |||
| Horn, natural | see 'natural horn' | |||
| Hornpfeife | (German f.) hornpipe | |||
| Hornpipe | (English, German m.) a lively dance resembling a jig in triple time in the early sixteenth century, and in 4/4 time from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, during which time it became associated with sailors. It is danced wearing a hard shoe | |||
| a single or double pipe with a reed mouthpiece, each pipe fitted with a bell made from the tip of a cow's horn | ||||
| Hornpipe | an instrument formed of a French horn connected to a circuit that analyzes and responds to the resonant frequencies of the performance space | |||
| ||||
| Hornquinten | (German pl.) horn-fifths | |||
| Hornspiel | (German n.) horn playing | |||
| Horn, Viennese | see 'Viennese horn' | |||
| Hornwerk | during the Middle ages numerous cities, monasteries and cloisters had mechanical organs built into their gateways and fortification towers. The only organ to have survived in its entirety until today is the organ at the fortress of Hohensalzburg. Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach supposedly had it built in 1502 in order to wake the town inhabitants at four in the morning and to signal the time for bed at seven in the evening. This open air instrument was constructed in the manner of a block organ; it has only metal pipes - 135 of them, for the most part original - bellows and wind box. There is no key board to play it. If the bellows are operated a much amplified F-A-C chord results in a pronounced third; the signalling "roar" that can be heard over a wide distance and which, in Salzburg, has led to the addition of the name "bull" to the descriptive term "horn" | |||
| ||||
| Horo | hora | |||
| Hörpartitur | (German f.) graphic score | |||
| Horresco referens | (Latin) I shudder to think | |||
| Horribile dictu | (Latin) horrible to relate | |||
| Horrorcore | a style of hip hop with graphic and explicit lyrics | |||
| Horror punk | a fusion genre combining the sound of punk rock with imagery and themes borrowed from horror movies | |||
| Hörsaal | (German m.) lecture hall or theatre (in a university, college, etc.) | |||
| hors catalogue | (French) not mentioned in the catalogue (of an exhibition, or of the complete works of an artist) | |||
| hors champ | (French) off-camera | |||
| hors de combat | (French) out of action, disabled from fighting | |||
| hors de question | (French) out of the question | |||
| hors d'état de | (French) not in a position to | |||
| hors d'oeuvre | (French) (a savoury dish) to whet the appetite at the beginning of a meal | |||
| hors du jeu | (French) not practical | |||
| hors du temps | (French) timeless | |||
| Horse opera | Western film (colloquial) | |||
| Hörspiel | (German n.) see 'acoustic art' [corrected by Brian A. Jefferies] | |||
| hors série | (French) not included in the series, an afterthought | |||
| hors service | (French) out of service | |||
| hors texte | (French) (an illustration) on a separate leaf tipped or folded into a book, not printed with the text | |||
| Horst Wessel Lied | also known as Die Fahne Hoch (German: the flag on high - from its opening line), the anthem of the German Nazi party | |||
| Hortus conclusus | (Latin) a picture portraying the Madonna seated in an enclosed garden | |||
| Hortus inclusus | (Latin) an enclosed garden, an area to which access is strictly controlled or limited | |||
| Hortus musicus | (Latin) musical garden | |||
| Hortus siccus | (Latin) a collection of dried plants systematically arranged | |||
| Hörweite | (German f.) earshot, as in in or außer Hörweite, meaning within or out of earshot | |||
| Hörweitung | (German f.) a sound | |||
| Hosanna | (Latin) part of the Sanctus in a Mass | |||
| Hosenrolle | (German f.) see travesti | |||
| Hosho | (Zimbabwe) a rattle-gourd (shaker) played together with the mbira | |||
| Hospitallers | military order first recognised in 1113, founded to assist in the Crusades; their full name was Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem | |||
| Hospitium | (Latin) a monastic guesthouse | |||
| Hoss bass | see 'double bass' | |||
| Host | see 'trope' | |||
| the communion wafers which form the bread which is miraculously transformed during the ritual of the Eucharist | ||||
| Hôte | (French m.) host, guest | |||
| Hôtel | (French m.) hotel | |||
| Hôtel des impots | (French m.) tax office | |||
| Hôtel des vents | (French m.) auction room, saleroom | |||
| Hôtel de ville | (French m.) town-hall | |||
| Hôtel-Dieu | (French m.) general hospital | |||
| Hôtelier | (French m.) a proprietor or manager of a hotel | |||
| Hôtellerie | (French f.) inn, hostelry, hotel business (profession) | |||
| Hôtel-meublé | (French m.) lodging house, residential hotel | |||
| Hôtel particulier | (French m.) private mansion | |||
| Hôtel-restaurant | (French m.) hotel with a public restaurant | |||
| Hôtesse | (French f.) hostess, landlady, air hostess, stewardess, flight attendant | |||
| Hôtesse d'accueil | (French f.) receptionist (office, hotel), hostess (exhibition) | |||
| Hôtesse de l'air | (French f.) air hostess, stewardess, flight attendant | |||
| Hot-foil | a printing technique using very thin aluminium foil in a variety of metallic colours, such as gold, silver, red and blue. The metallic foil is released from carrier base onto a substrate by the application of heat and pressure from a metal printing plate which bears the image to be hot-foiled | |||
| Hot schottische | see 'ragtime schottische' | |||
| Hotte | (French f.) basket (carried on the back), (cooker) hood | |||
| Hotte aspirante | (French f.) cooker hood | |||
| Hotte du Père Noël | (French f.) Father Christmas' sack | |||
| hou! | (French) boo! tut-tut! | |||
| Houblon | (French m.) hop (ingredient of beer) | |||
| Houille blanche | (French f.) hydro-electric power | |||
| Houleur | see rouleur | |||
| Hounds-tooth | a slightly larger and more noticeable version of the 'Dogs tooth' check print | |||
| Houpeland | or Houppelande, (French f.), a garment common to nobility during end of the fourteenth century, characterised by long flowing sleeves, sometimes dagged in many interesting patterns, and often worn as court attire and later adopted in place of the surcoat, particularly in Germany during the late fourteenth century | |||
| Houppelande | (French f.) loose fitting great-coat | |||
| Houppement | (French m.) wind sag (instability in an organ pipe due to unsteady wind supply), Schwankung (German f.), Windschwankung (German f.), Windstößigkeit (German f.) | |||
| Houppette | (French f.) powder puff | |||
| Hourglass corset | a corset designed to produce a silhouette resembling the hourglass shape, particularly, a wide bottom, narrow waist (wasp waist) and a wide top | |||
| Houri | (Persian, from Arabic, literally 'with gazelle-like eyes') a seductively beautiful woman | |||
| in Islam, one of the virgins of the Moslem paradise, described as "(splendid) companions of equal age (well-matched)", "lovely eyed", of "modest gaze", "voluptuous", "pure beings" or "companions pure" of paradise, denoting humans and jinns who enter paradise after being recreated anew in the hereafter | ||||
| ||||
| Hourra | (French m.) hurrah | |||
| Hours | the times specified for the recitation of divine office: Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers and Compline | |||
| Hours of the Office | see 'divine office' | |||
| House | a performance hall or theatre, for example the opera house | |||
| the area of the theatre or perfomance hall where, during a performance, the audience sits | ||||
| the audience in an theatre or opera house | ||||
| (German m.) House music [entry provided by Michael Zapf] | ||||
| House band | in French, groupe en résidence, the group of musicians that feature regularly at a venue for dancing, the group of musicians that may provide live opening and closing music for a live TV show, etc. | |||
| House correction | in printing, corrections in gallery or page proofs, other than those made by the author | |||
| House music | (English) House (German m.), a collection of electronic-based dance styles created in Chicago clubs early-to-mid-1980s | |||
| ||||
| House-rent party | see 'rent party' | |||
| Housse | (French f.) (instrument) cover (generally a loose dust cover), astuccio (Italian), custodia (Italian - e.g. for a violin), Kasten (German - for a violin, cello, etc.), Etui (German - for a flute, oboe, etc.), étui (French) | |||
| Houtblazers | (Dutch) woodwind | |||
| houten blaas-instrument | (Dutch) woodwind | |||
| Hout van de strijkstock | (Dutch) bow stick | |||
| Houx | (French m.) holly | |||
| Hovedredaktor | (Norwegian) chief editor | |||
| Hovering accent | another term for spondee | |||
| Howdah | (Persian) a seat with a rail and a canopy, placed on the back of an elephant | |||
| hoy cumple ... años | (Spanish) she's ... (years old) today | |||
| hp | abbreviation of 'harp' | |||
| Hp. | abbreviation of 'harpsichord' | |||
| H.p. | abbreviated form of Hauptwerk | |||
| hpd | abbreviation of 'harpsichord' | |||
| Hpscd. | abbreviation of 'harpsichord' | |||
| HPSCHD | a collaboration between John Cage and Lejaren Hiller, a former chemist professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), first performed on May 16, 1969 at UIUC, that called for 7 harpsichords playing randomly-processed music by Mozart and other composers, 51 tapes of computer-generated sounds, approximately 5,000 slides of abstract designs and space exploration, and several films, all of which were performed or presented simultaneously in an asynchronous and exuberant anarchy of activity | |||
| ||||
| Hptw. | abbreviation of Hauptwerk (German n.: great organ) | |||
| HQ | abbreviation of 'headquarters' | |||
| Hr. | abbreviation of Hörner (German pl.: horns) | |||
| Hreol | (Danish) a Danish peasant's dance, very similar to the Reel | |||
| Hrn. | abbreviation of Hörner (German pl.: horns) | |||
| Hromka | see garmon | |||
| Hrotta | crwth | |||
| Hrp. | abbreviation of 'harp' | |||
| Hrsg. | abbreviation of Herausgeber (German m.: editor, publisher) | |||
| hrsg. von | abbreviation of herausgeben von (German: edited by, published by) | |||
| Hrvatski tanac | or misnjaca (the term deriving from mijeh, the instrument that commonly accompanies the dancers) are dances found is found in Lika, a mountainous part of Croatia. The tanac dances are almost always made up of a number of figures. Dancing in a circle interchanges with dancing in two lines facing each other and with dancing in couples around the circle. These are couples in which the female dancers often rotate intensively, while the male dancers make fast mincing steps, sometimes clapping their hands perform various figures | |||
| ||||
| HS | abbreviation of Hors service (French: out of order, i.e. not working) | |||
| Hsaing waing | Burmese percussion ensemble which includes the circle of 21 drums known as the patt waing, pa'tala, saung gauk and hne | |||
| Hsiao | see xiao | |||
| hSt | abbreviation of hohe Stimme (German: high voice - voix haute (French)) | |||
| HT | abbreviation of Hors taxe (French: tax not included) | |||
| HTML characters | see HTML symbols | |||
| Hu | Chinese bowed lute | |||
| Huaca | invented in 1980 by Sharon Rowell, the huaca is a multiple chambered vessel flute. The three large chambers are tuned to a specific key and to each other. A split mouthpiece allows one, two or three notes to be played simultaneously | |||
| Huada | Chilean maracas | |||
| Huagu | (China) barrel drum | |||
| Hualaycho | see walaycho | |||
| Hualaychos | groups of roving Bolivian street musicians that play during Christmas and New Year | |||
| Huamei jiaozi | Chinese bamboo whistle | |||
| Huan ba | (Chinese) on the erhu, changing positions with the left hand | |||
| Huangjing yinyue | (Chinese) an ancient traditional music of the Naxi (Nakhi or Nahi) people of Lijiang, Yunnan Province, China which, unlike Baisha xiyue and dongjing yinyue, has not survived | |||
| Huangmei opera | originally called Huangmei tune or 'tea-picking opera', Huangmei opera was a folk opera that was formed in the regions of Anhui, Hubei, and Jiangxi at the end of the eighteenth century. One of the brands shifted to Huaining County, which was the centre of Anqing, and mixed with its local art, using its local language to sing and narrate | |||
| ||||
| Huantou | (China) iron clapper | |||
| Huapanguera | a 9-string large-bodied Mexican guitar from the Jarocho region. It is used to play the huapango (son Huasteco) song and dance | |||
| Huapengu | (Chinese) a type of drum | |||
| Hua yin | (Chinese) on the erhu, left hand slides | |||
| Huayñitos | Bolivian dance in which couples make small jumps and choreographed stunts | |||
| Huayno | (Andes, South America) a lively a two-step dance and narrative song, the music for which consists of high-pitched vocals, accompanied by a variety of instruments, including flute, harp, panpipe, accordion, saxophone, charangos, lute, violin, guitar, harmonica and mandolin | |||
| ||||
| Hublot | (French m.) porthole | |||
| hubo concesiones por ambas partes | (Spanish) concessions were made on both sides | |||
| Hubris | (Greek) or hybris, wanton arrogance deserving a rebuke from the gods (in English, the 'pride' before a fall). It is the opposite of the Greek term arête, which implies a humble and constant striving for perfection and self-improvement combined with a realistic awareness that such perfection cannot be reached | |||
| hübsch | (German) pretty, dainty | |||
| Huche à pain | (French f.) breadbin | |||
| Huchet | (French) a huntsman's, or postboy's horn | |||
| Hu-ch'in | one of most widely used chinese bowed lutes | |||
| Huda | see 'jâhiliyah, music of the' | |||
| Huddle | meeting (colloquial) | |||
| Hudie qin | see yangqin | |||
| Hue and cry | in common law, a hue and cry (Latin, hutesium et clamor, literally 'horn and shouting') is a process by which bystanders are summoned to assist in the apprehension of a criminal who has been witnessed in the act of committing a crime | |||
| Huées | (French f.pl.) boos | |||
| Huehuetl | pre-Hispanic Mexican long vertical drum made from a hollow trunk that stands on three legs. The upper end is covered with animal skin | |||
| Huella dactilar | (Spanish f.) fingermark | |||
| Huella digital | (Spanish f.) fingerprint, fingermark | |||
| huer | (French) to boo | |||
| Huesera | see arrabel | |||
| Hufnagel | (German m., literally 'horse-shoe nail') alternative term for Gothic neume notation, named for the shape of its virga | |||
| Hufnagelschrift | (German f.) Gregorian chant notation | |||
| Hüfthorn | (German n.) bugle horn | |||
| Huilacapiztli | a whistle with a chamber designed to be partially filled with water | |||
| Huile | (French f.) oil, (person) bigwig (familiar) | |||
| Huile de foie de morue | (French f.) cod-liver oil | |||
| huiler | (French) to oil | |||
| huileux (m.), huleuse (f.) | (French) oily | |||
| Huippusointu | (Finnish) dominant | |||
| Huissier | (French m.) usher, bailiff (judicial) | |||
| Huit | (French) eight | |||
| Huitaine | (French f.) week | |||
| Huitième | (French m./f.) eighth | |||
| huitième | (French) eighth | |||
| Huitième de soupir |
| |||
| Huit jours | (French, literally 'eight days') a week | |||
| Huit pieds | (French, literally 'eight feet') an organ in which those of 8 ft. pitch are the largest pipes | |||
| Huître | (French f.) oyster | |||
| Hujia | Chinese ribbon reed. Sound is made by a thin metal ribbon, a reed, that is held at one end and free at the other, like a ruler on the edge of a table top | |||
| Hula | originally a sacred dance of Hawaii supposedly created by the younger volcano Kala to please his sister Pele, with sensual overtones, performed by women who rock their hips back and forth. The dance is accompanied by chant or song called a mele. The hula dance, which dramatizes or comments on the mele, is unique to the Hawaiian Islands | |||
| Hula auana | (Hawaiian Islands) the modern style of the traditional Hawaiian dance that uses guitars, ukulele and other modern instruments | |||
| Hula kahiko | (Hawaiian Islands) hula kahiko encompassed an enormous variety of styles and moods, from the solemn and sacred to the frivolous. Many hula were created to praise the chiefs and performed in their honour, or for their entertainment. The old-style dance is accompanied by chant and traditional instruments | |||
| Huldigung | (German f.) homage | |||
| Hülfslinie (s.), Hülfslinien (pl.) | (German f.) leger line, ledger line | |||
| Hülfsnote | (German f.) auxiliary note, accessory note, a note standing one degree above, or below, the principal note | |||
| Hülfston | (German m.) auxiliary note, accessory note, a note standing one degree above, or below, the principal note | |||
| Hüllkurve | (German f.) envelope (of a curve) | |||
| Hüllkurvengenerator | (German m.) envelope generator | |||
| Hully Gully, the | a type of unstructured line dance originating from the 1960s | |||
| Hulohula | (Tongan) mixed dancing, that while practiced at parties and clubs in the Western world is not a feature of village life, and can be found only in the cities | |||
| Hulplijntje | (Dutch) ledger line, leger line | |||
| Hülse | (German f.) tube, staple | |||
| Hulusheng | (Chinese, literally 'gourd sheng') found in southern China and in the mountains of northern south-east Asia, the naw or hulusheng is perhaps one of the oldest members of the sheng family | |||
| Hulusi | (China) hulusi or bilangdao, a hollow gourd fitted with three bamboo pipes | |||
| Huluxiao | (China) a gourd flute similar to the hulusi | |||
| Hum | the act of producing a wordless sound, such as in 'scat singing' or 'vocables' (wordless forms of singing), but with the mouth completely closed so that the sound emerges from the nose. This necessarily keeps the volume at a low level | |||
| people will hum, either individually or when in group singing, when they don't know the words of a song | ||||
| any low frequency sound that may emanate from industrial activity, or from the Earth itself | ||||
| humain (m.), humaine (f.) | (French) human, humane | |||
| humainement | (French) humanly, humanely | |||
| Humanatone | a nose whistle, a musical novelty, that via a sort of plastic shield, held under the nose, directs the player's breath through a whistle slot, lying over the mouth opening, acting as a resonator. The notes produced, are varied by changing the shape of the player's mouth cavity with different vowel and consonant formations | |||
| Humanism | although the term 'humanism' was coined in 1808 by F.J. Niethammer, to describe a program of study distinct from science and engineering, umanista, or 'humanist', as employed in the fifteenth century, described a professional group of teachers whose subject matter consisted of those areas that were called studia humanitatis. The studia humanitatis originated in the middle ages and comprised the trivium and the quadrivium, educational disciplines that lay outside theology and natural science. Humanism was opposed to a particular brand of logic known as Scholasticism (where language was used to produce certainty, focussing on syllogism, which is the construction of a truthful conclusion from truthful premises); rather, it developed a science of logic based on discovering arguments that would persuade people of the truth of what they were saying rather than convincing them of the certainty of that truth. While the 'humanist' scholars of the Renaissance made great strides and discoveries in this field, humanistic studies were really a product of the middle ages, of what others have called the Italian proto-Renaissance, of those who looked to Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) (1304-1374) as their inspiration | |||
| ||||
| Humanisme | (French m.) humanism | |||
| Humaniste | (French m./f.) humanist (person) | |||
| humaniste | (French) humanist, humanistic | |||
| humanitaire | (French) humanitarian | |||
| Humanitas | (Latin) the study of the liberal arts (also the attitutde towards moral and human questions inculcated by such a study) | |||
| Humanité | (French f.) humanity | |||
| Human voice | voce umana (Italian), Menschliche Stimme (German), voix humaine (French) | |||
| Humbucking pickup | (English, Humbucking-Pickup (German), Humbucking-Tonabnehmer (German)) or humbucker, on an electric guitar, 2 single coil pickups, side by side, and wired to that the electronic hum you get with most single coil pickups is cancelled out | |||
| humecter | (French) to moisten | |||
| humer | (French) to smell | |||
| Humeur | (French f.) frame of mind, mood, temper (temperament) | |||
| Humeur de bonne | (French f.) good mood, good frame of mind | |||
| Humeur de mauvaise | (French f.) bad mood | |||
| Hummel | (German f.) a drone | |||
| (German) an obsolete organ stop with two drone pipes, either 'C and F' or 'C and G' | ||||
| Dutch/Flemish instrument of the dulcimer family | ||||
| humide | (French) damp, humid (climate), moist (eyes) | |||
| Humidité | (French f.) humidity | |||
| humilier | (French) to humiliate | |||
| Humiliation | (English, French f.) state of disgrace or loss of self-respect, strong feelings of embarrassment | |||
| Humilité | (French f.) humility | |||
| Humility topos | a common rhetorical strategy in which an author or speaker feigns ignorance or pretends to be less clever or less intelligent than he or she really is. Often donning such a persona allows a writer, poet, or playwright to create humorous, self-deprecating effects, or in the case of an argument, may cause the opponent to underestimate the opposition | |||
| ||||
| Hümmelchen | (German f.) a small bagpipe with an arm-operated bellow, mentioned in Syntagma Musicum (1619) by Michael Praetorius | |||
| Humming | see 'hum' | |||
| choral humming occurs in many works including the Humming Chorus from the opera Madame Butterfly by Puccini, and Penderecki's St. Luke Passion | ||||
| Hum note | the lowest frequency of a bell, a term used in nineteenth-century bell foundries. In the carillon bell it is one octave lower than the prime tone | |||
| Humor | (German m.) humour | |||
| Humoresca | (Spanish) humoresque | |||
| Humoreske | (German f.) humoresque | |||
| Humoresque | a term, first used by Robert Schumann (1810-1856), applied to piano music that is of a capricious character | |||
| Humor haben | (German) to have a sense of humour | |||
| Humorist | humorous writer, talker, or actor | |||
| humoristisch | (German) humorous | |||
| Humorous | showing humour or a sense of humour | |||
| humorvoll | (German) humorous, humorously | |||
| Humour | a quality of being amusing or comic, the expression of humour (in literature, speech, etc) | |||
| (in 'full sense of humour') ability to perceive or express humour, state of mind, inclination (bad humour) | ||||
| (in full cardinal humour) historically, each of the four fluids (blood, phlegm, choler, melancholy), thought to determine a person's physical and mental qualities | ||||
| to gratify or indulge (a person or taste, etc.) | ||||
| Humourless | lacking a sense of humour, said or done without humour | |||
| Humour noir | (French m.) mordid humour, 'sick' humour, Galgenhumor (German) | |||
| Humours, The Four | see 'four humours, the' | |||
| Humour, with | see 'with humour' | |||
| humpeln | (German) to hobble | |||
| Humpen | (German m.) tankard | |||
| Humppa | a type of music from Finland. It is related to jazz and very fast foxtrot, played two beats to a bar | |||
| the name of certain social dances danced to humppa music | ||||
| Hum tone | see 'hum note' | |||
| Hun | Korean clay ocarina | |||
| Hund | (German m.) dog, hound | |||
| Hundehalsband | (German n.) dog-collar | |||
| Hundehütte | (German f.) kennel | |||
| Hundeleine | (German f.) dog lead | |||
| Hundert | (German n.) hundred | |||
| hundert | (German) hundred | |||
| Hundertjahrfeier | (German f.) centenary, centennial | |||
| hundertprozentig | (German) one hundred per cent | |||
| hundertste | (German) hundredth | |||
| Hundertstel | (German n.) hundredth | |||
| Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel |
| |||
| Hundertundachtundzwanzigstelnote | (German f.) see Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel | |||
| Hundert und achtundzwanzigstelpause |
| |||
| Hündin | (German f.) bitch | |||
| hundra | (Swedish) hundred | |||
| hundre | (Norwegian) hundred | |||
| hundrede | (Danish) hundred | |||
| Hundred Flowers Campaign | also 'Double Hundred Campaign', a Chinese Communist Party-sponsored initiative to permit greater intellectual and artistic freedom. Introduced first into drama and other arts in the spring of 1956 under the official slogan Let a hundred flowers bloom, let the hundred schools of thought contend. With Mao's encouragement in January 1957, the campaign was extended to intellectual expression and, by early May 1957, was being interpreted as permission for intellectuals to criticise political institutions of the regime. The effect was the large-scale exposure and purge of intellectuals critical of party and government policies | |||
| Hüne | (German m.) giant | |||
| Hung. | abbreviation of 'Hungarian' | |||
| Hungarian Gypsy (scale) | see 'Gypsy scale' | |||
| Hungarian hip hop | ||||
| Hungarian minor (scale) | see 'Gypsy scale' | |||
| Hungarian waltz | the name refers not to its origins but to a specific dance type that appeared in the mid-19th century and it is derived from the dance form called the Rheinlander or Schottische | |||
| Hunguhungu | (Honduras, Belize) a Garifuna circular dance in a three beat rhythm, which is often combined with punta | |||
| Hunting Cantata | J. S. Bach's Cantata (Was mir behagt, ist nur die muntre Jagd!) BWV 208 | |||
| Hunting horn | corno da caccia (Italian m.), Signalhorn (German n.), Jagdhorn (German n.), cor de chasse (French m.), bugle (French m.), trompeta de caza (Spanish f.), fashioned from animal horn and used to give signals while hunting, whether on horseback or on foot | |||
| Hupe | (German f.) or Autohupe, car horn | |||
| hüpfend | (German, literally 'hopping') spiccato | |||
| Huqin | the huqin was introduced into China at the time of Han dynasty (140 B.C.), and has been one of the most prevailing of Chinese string instruments since then. The huqin in Chinese music is equivalent to the violin. The erhu, ching-hu, gao-hu and ban-hu are the better known members of the huqin family | |||
| Hura | Tahitian vernacular for hula, a Polynesian dance for women | |||
| Hurdy-gurdy | ghironda (Italian), Drehleier (German), Radleier (German), Leier (German), vielle à roue (French) | |||
| the vielle of the French, and the Leyer or Bauernleyer of the Germans, a stringed instrument in which the strings are set into vibration by the action of a hand-cranked rosined wheel, some strings being stopped with small wooden levers to produce tunes, other strings being left open to act as drones | ||||
| Huren haolaibao | (Inner Mongolia) one of the forms of Mongolian quyi known as haolaibao, specifically one in which the singer is accomapnied by the huqin | |||
| Hurried, Hurriedly | in fretta (Italian), eilig (German), pressé (French) | |||
| hurtig | (German) quick, brisk, nimble, agile, headlong, allegro, quickly | |||
| Hurtigkeit | (German) swiftness, quickness, agility | |||
| Huschdämfer | (German m.) hush mute | |||
| Husla | German folk fiddle, similar to the Slavic gusle | |||
| Husle | (Czech) violin | |||
| Hussites | sect founded in early 15th century Bohemia; the founder was much influenced by the ideas of John Wycliffe | |||
| husten | (German) to cough | |||
| Hustle | a catchall name for many disco or nightclub partner social dances which were extremely popular in the 1970s. Today it mostly refers to a 3-count version of the New York Hustle, which itself was a catchall name | |||
| ||||
| Hut | a structure on the top of the stage cover in the Globe theatre. Here, stagehands produced special effects such as thunder and lightning and operated the machinery to let actors dressed as gods or spirits descend through a trapdoor in the heavens | |||
| ||||
| Hutdämpfer | (German m.) hat mute [corrected by Brian A. Jefferies] | |||
| HV | or H, abbreviation of Herrman-Verzeichnis, a reference to Hildegard Hermann's Thematisches Verzeignis der Werke von Joseph Eybler (pub. Munich, 1976) | |||
| Hvot scene | the hvot is a conventional scene in Icelandic sagas in which a grieving or insulted woman incites a man to violent revenge, which usually triggers or perpetuates a blood-feud | |||
| HW | after Hanssdieter Wohlforth, the cataloguer of music by Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (1732-1795) | |||
| Hwi-geum | see geum | |||
| Hwistle | (Old English) also pipe, sangpipe, a bone whistle, always end blown and have a variable number of finger holes, from none to six, although two and three holed examples are the most common. Reed whistles were also known as were wooden whistles, although these tend not to be preserved on archaeological sites | |||
| HWV | Handel-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue of the works of George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) by Bernd Bäselt (1934-1993) | |||
| abbreviation of Healey Willan Verzeichnis, the catalogue of music by Healey Willan (1880-1968) | ||||
| Hwv | abbreviation of Heinichen-Werke-Verzeichnis, catalogue of music by Johann David Heinichen (1683-1729) prepared by Günther Hausswald | |||
| Hwyl | (Welsh) a sing-song intonation adopted by Welsh preachers in moments of exaltation, the emotional fervour characteristic of gatherings of Welsh people | |||
| Hyang-ak | see 'Korean court music' | |||
| Hyang-bipa | a Korean string instrument with five strings and a body that is joined to a neck. There are 10 kwae (frets) set according to the required scale and the strings are plucked with a suldae (plectrum). The term bipa refers to the motion used when plucking the strings: i.e. pushing a string from one side and then pulling it from the other | |||
| Hyang-piri | Korean shawm used primarily as a melody instrument in traditional ensembles | |||
| Hybrid formation | in linguistics, a new expression made by combining together two or more words (or two or more morphemes) whose etyma come from multiple languages | |||
| Hybrid picking | in hybrid picking, the plectrum is held, as usual, between the thumb and index finger while the remaining fingers are used for fingerpicking | |||
| Hybrid rudiments | "unofficial" rudiments (i.e. not one of the 40 international rudiments defined by the National Association of Rudimental Drummers and later the Percussive Arts Society) that are usually created by combining one or more of the standard rudiments in new ways to create new sticking patterns. Over the years, many hybrid patterns have been informally identified and given creative names, although most of these are based upon the original 40 | |||
| ||||
| Hybris | see 'hubris' | |||
| Hydra | (Latin, from the Greek) a fabulous many-headed water-monster, whose heads grew again as fast as they were cut off | |||
| any mischief or menace which renews itself in spite of efforts to eliminate it | ||||
| Hydraulic organ | see hydraulus | |||
| Hydraulikon | (Greek) hydraulus | |||
| Hydraulon | (Greek) an organ blown by the action of water | |||
| Hydraulus (s.), Hydrauli (pl.) | (Latin from the Greek hydraulikon, literally 'water pipe') Ktesibios (Ctesibios) of Alexandria who lived between 300-230 BC, invented the hydraulus, in which water pressure was used to stabilize the wind supply. The pipes were arranged in rows upon the wind chest and the air was permitted to enter any pipe at will by means of wooden sliders. The hydraulus was the prevailing organ for several centuries and reappeared at intervals throughout the Middle Ages | |||
| Hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica | a glass harmonica | |||
| Hydrograph | a graph that shows some property of groundwater or surface water as a function of time | |||
| Hydrophone | a powerful high-frequency ultrasonic echo-sounding device, developed by the French physicist Paul Langévin and Russian scientist Constantin Chilowsky. The transducer of the hydrophone consisted of a mosaic of thin quartz crystals glued between two steel plates with a resonant frequency of 150 KHz | |||
| Hydropowered organ | the Banu Musa brothers, three 9th century Persian scholars, based in Baghdad, invented "the earliest known mechanical musical instrument", a hydropowered organ which played interchangeable cylinders automatically. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century." The borthers also invented an automatic flute player which appears to have been the first programmable machine | |||
| ||||
| Hylsung | (Old English) an early Anglo-Saxon drum although nothing is known of its construction | |||
| Hymenaion | (Greek) a wedding song | |||
| Hymeneal | a marriage song | |||
| Hymenean | a marriage song | |||
| Hymn | (English, Swedish) inno (Italian m.), Hymne (German f.), cantique (French m.), hymne (French m.), himno (Spanish m.), A religious song of praise (consisting of one or more repeating rhythmical stanzas) or anthem. Strictly speaking, a hymn is directed to Deity or celebrates divine attributes or activity, as contrasted with a gospel song or devotional lyric. Examples of hymns are A Mighty Fortress Is Our God (Martin Luther), Immortal, Invisible, God Only Wise (Walter C. Smith) or Crown Him with Many Crowns (Matthew Bridges) | |||
| Thomas Aquinas, in the introduction to his commentary on the Psalms, defined the Christian hymn thus: Hymnus est laus Dei cum cantico; canticum autem exultatio mentis de aeternis habita, prorumpens in vocem (Latin: a hymn is the praise of God with song; a song is the exultation of the mind dwelling on eternal things, bursting forth in the voice) | ||||
| Andrew Wymer, writing to Sharper Iron Forums-Church and Ministry Matters, answering a query 'What makes a song a hymn", comments: the definition of the term 'hymn' has changed throughout the centuries to a more stringent meaning presently in part due to the emergence of the need to delineate between the somewhat recent (beginning in full with English hymnody and translating into American hymnody) influx of subjective and emotionally based repertoire which some hymnologists don't believe merits the 'hymn' title, but rather should be called a spiritual song. (to use the convenient yet possibly extra-biblical meanings some read into this tri-partite understanding of Christian song) Thus, the terms for Christian song have in some cases become more specialized and clearly delineated from the early patristic simplicity | ||||
| Hymnaire | (French) hymn-book | |||
| Hymnal | collections of hymns, which may or may not include music | |||
| Hymn, Christian | see 'Christian hymn' | |||
| Hymne | (French m., German f.) inno (Italian m.), cantique (French m.), himno (Spanish m.), a hymn, an anthem | |||
| Hymne national | (French m.) national anthem, inno nazionale (Italian m.), Nationalhymne (German f.), himno nacional (Spanish m.) | |||
| Hymnist | a writer of hymns | |||
| Hymn, metre of | see 'English hymn metre' | |||
| Hymnodist | a writer of hymns | |||
| Hymnody | the process of writing hymns | |||
| the body of hymns written and/or used by a particular denomination or period | ||||
| Hymnos | (Greek) hymn | |||
| Hymnus, Hymnen (German pl.) | (Latin, German m.) anthem, hymn | |||
| Hymnus Ambrosianus | (Latin) Ambrosian chant | |||
| Hyon'gum | see komun'go | |||
| Hyonhakkum | see komun'go | |||
| Hyoshigi | concussion blocks or hyooshigi, wooden blocks, each of which has one side slightly convex, used as clappers, struck at the tips or by bringing to to convex faces together to produce a high-pitched, very penetrating sound | |||
| Hypallage | combining two examples of hyperbaton or anastrophe when the reversed elements are not grammatically or syntactically parallel | |||
| see 'transferred epithet' | ||||
| Hypate | (Greek) the first, and lowest, string of the lyre | |||
| Hypathoides | (Greek) the lower sounds in the ancient Greek scale | |||
| Hype | manufactured promotional buzz (from 'hyperbole') | |||
| Hyper | (Greek) over, above | |||
| Hyper- | in the ancient Greek modal system, a term applied to transposition scales | |||
| as a prefix to the names of intervals, it means 'super' or 'upper' | ||||
| Hyperacusis | or auditory hypersensitivity, an abnormal degree of discomfort or aversion to sounds that would not be regarded as loud by average standards | |||
| Hyperaeolian mode | in the ancient Greek system, one of the transposition scales, a mode based on the seventh tone of the major scale (in the key of C the Hyperaeolian mode is based on B), also called 'locrian' mode | |||
| Hyperaesthesia | (Greek) morbid sensitiveness, a preternatural sensitivity, a 'sixth' sense | |||
| Hyperbation | a generic term for changing the normal or expected order of words, including anastrophe, tmesis, hypallage, and other figures of speech | |||
| Hyperbeat | one unit of hypermetre, generally a bar (measure), which is to a hypermeasure what a beat is to a bar (measure) | |||
| ||||
| Hyperbole | (Greek) exaggeration, an extravagant statement (generally, not intended to be taken too literally) | |||
| Hypercatalectic | a hypercatalectic line is a line of poetry with extra syllables in it beyond the expected number due to anacrusis, as opposed to a acatalectic line (which is missing one or more expected syllables) or a catalectic line (which has the number of syllables that would normally be expected) | |||
| ||||
| Hyperchondria | (Greek) a morbid state of depression, a morbid anxiety about one's own state of health | |||
| Hypercorrection | a grammatical form created when grammarians, on the basis of too little information or incorrect generalization, mistakenly try to correct a nonexistent error | |||
| Hyperdiapason | (Greek) the upper octave | |||
| Hyperdiatonus | (Greek) the third above | |||
| Hyperdorian and Hypodorian modes | in the ancient Greek system, the Dorian mode was based on the Dorian tetrachord: a sequence of rising intervals of a semitone followed by two whole tones. Applied to a whole octave, the Dorian mode was built upon two Dorian tetrachords separated by a whole tone. This is the same as playing all the white notes of a piano from E to E: E F G A | B C D E. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at bottom of the scale produces the Hypodorian mode (i.e. below Dorian): A | B C D E | (E) F G A. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at the top of the scale produces the Hyperdorian mode (i.e. above Dorian), which is effectively the same as the Mixolydian mode: B C D E | (E) F G A | B. The ancient Greek Dorian mode is the same as the mediaeval and modern Phrygian mode while the ancient Greek Hypodorian mode is the same as the mediaeval and modern Aeolian mode | |||
| Hyperinstruments | the composer Tod Machover composed Begin Again Again ... in 1991 as the first in a series of 'hyperinstruments' compositions. Designed for expert performers and drawing upon their virtuoso skills to augment the musicality, virtuosity, and creativity of their performances, Hyperinstruments collect information via sensors that measure aspects of performance technique, such as hand position or bow pressure, and use that information to affect different aspects of the music. Machover observes: "The better you play, the better the computer reacts." | |||
| ||||
| Hyperlydian and Hypolydian modes | in the ancient Greek system, the Lydian mode was based on the Lydian tetrachord: a sequence of rising intervals of two whole tones followed by a semitone. Applied to a whole octave, the Lydian mode was built upon two Lydian tetrachords separated by a whole tone. This is identical to the modern major mode: C D E F | G A B C. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at bottom of the scale produces the Hypolydian mode (i.e. below Lydian): F | G A B C | (C) D E F. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at the top of the scale produces the Hyperlydian mode (i.e. above Lydian), which is effectively the same as the Hypophrygian mode: G A B C | (C) D E F | G. The ancient Greek Lydian mode is the same as the mediaeval and modern Ionian mode or major mode | |||
| Hypermeasure | grouping of bars or measures in which the bar or measure acts itself as the beat | |||
| Hypermetre | large-scale metre (as opposed to surface-level metre) created by hypermeasures which consist of hyperbeats | |||
| ||||
| Hyperphrygian and Hypophrygian mode | in the ancient Greek system the Phrygian mode was based on the Phrygian tetrachord: a sequence of rising intervals of a whole tone, followed by a semitone, followed by a whole tone. Applied to a whole octave, the Phrygian mode was built upon two Phrygian tetrachords separated by a whole tone. This is the same as playing all the white notes on a piano keyboard from D to D: D E F G | A B C D. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at bottom of the scale produces the Hypophrygian mode (i.e. below Phrygian): G | A B C D | (D) E F G. Placing the two tetrachords together, and the single tone at the top of the scale produces the Hyperphrygian mode (i.e. above Phrygian), which is effectively the same as the Hypodorian mode: A B C D | (D) E F G | A. The ancient Greek Phrygian mode is the same as the mediaeval and modern Dorian mode | |||
| Hypertext novel | also called hyperfiction, a hypertext novel is one written using some variant of HTML programming languages and published online or on CD-ROM | |||
| Hypertextuality | Gérard Genette, in his book Palimpsestes: la littérature au second degree, defines hypertextuality as the modeling of a new text (the hypertext) on a previous text (the hypotext). 'Parody', which is defined as the alteration of subject matter while retaining style characteristics, and its converse 'travesty', in which the subject matter is retained but the style is altered, fall under this category. Also, included in the category of hypertextuality are 'pastiche', 'covering', 'copying', 'translation', 'instrumental cover', and various types of 'remixes' | |||
| Hypo- | (Greek) under, below | |||
| (Greek) a prefix added to the names of 'authentic' modes when in the 'plagal' form, i.e. starting a fourth below the tonic of the 'authentic' mode | ||||
| as a prefix to the names of intervals, it means 'sub' or 'lower' | ||||
| Hypoaeolian mode | (literally, 'under aeolian') in the medieval ecclesiastical modal system set out in Dodecachordon (1547) by Heinrich Glareanus (1488-1563), the tenth mode, the plagal version of the aeolian mode | |||
| Hypocrites | (Greek, 'one who plays a part') the classical Athenian word for an actor | |||
| Hypocycloid | the plane locus of a point fixed on a circle that rolls on the inside circumference of a fixed circle | |||
| Hypodermic needle | a hollow, sharp-pointed needle to be attached to a hypodermic syringe for injection of solutions | |||
| Hypodiapason | (Greek) the lower octave | |||
| Hypodiapente | (Greek) the lowered fifth, the subdominant, the fifth below | |||
| Hypodiatonus | (Greek) the third below | |||
| Hypodorian mode | see hyperdorian mode | |||
| Hypogeum (s.), Hypogea (pl.) | (Greek) an underground room or vault | |||
| Hypoiastian mode | in the medieval ecclesiastical modal system, the seventh plagal mode | |||
| Hypoionian mode | in the medieval ecclesiastical modal system, the seventh plagal mode | |||
| Hypolydian mode | see hyperlydian mode | |||
| Hypomixolydian mode | in the medieval ecclesiastical modal system, the fourth plagal mode | |||
| Hypophrygian mode | see hyperphrygian mode | |||
| Hypoproslambanomenos | (Greek) the note below the proslambanomenos - namely G | |||
| Hyporchema | (Greek) a dance accompanied with singing | |||
| Hypostasis | a subsidiary ornamental sign in Byzantine musical notation | |||
| Hypotaxis | using clauses with a precise degree of subordination and clear indication of the logical relationship between them - i.e., having clear subordinating and coordinating conjunctions, as opposed to parataxis. Hypotactic style involves long complex sentences | |||
| ||||
| Hypothesis (s.), Hypotheses (pl.) | (Latin) an explanation (usually one that has not yet been tested) | |||
| Hypothesis non fingo | (Latin, literally 'I do not invent suppositions') the best explanation is that which requires the fewest suppositions | |||
| Hyssop | (in medieval cookery) a blue-flowered plant of the mint family whose leaves cut the grease in fatty meats and fish | |||
| Hysterion-proteron | (Latin, from Greek) using anastrophe in a way that creates a catachresis, an impossible ordering on the literal level becuase the natural sequence of ideas has been inverted (in other words, putting the cart before the horse) | |||
| hyvin nopeasti | (Finnish) presto | |||
| Hz | (English, German n.) abbreviation of 'hertz' or Hertz (German), the unit of wave frequency, equivalent to 1 cycle per second (cps) |
