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in (Italian) in, into, in the in. abbrevation of invenit (Latin: invented by, designed by - usually after the name of the inventor) in absentia (Latin) in one's absence, in the absence (of the person concerned) in Abzug bringen (German) to deduct inacabable (Spanish) interminable inaccesible (Spanish) inaccessible in accordo con (Italian) according to inaceptable (Spanish) unacceptable inacostumbrado (Spanish) unaccustomed Inactividad (Spanish f.) inactivity inactivo (Spanish) inactive in actu (Latin) in practice inacutire (Italian) to sharpen, to make sharp inadaptado (Spanish) maladjusted inadecuado (Spanish) inadequate, unsuitable inadmisible (Spanish) inadmissible, intolerable inadvertido (Spanish) unnoticed Inadvertencia (Spanish f.) inadvertence in aeternum (Latin) for eternity, for ever and ever inagotable (Spanish) inexhaustible inaguantable (Spanish) unbearable, insufferable (person) in aller Ausführlichkeit (German) in full detail in aller Deutlichkeit (German) without mincing matters, with the necessary clarity in aller Eile (German) in a great hurry in aller Frühe (German) bright and early in aller Güte (German) in a friendly way, in a friendly manner in aller Heimlichkeit (German) in great secrecy in aller Kürze (German) in a nutshell im allerletzten Augenblick (German) at the very last moment in aller Morgenfrühe (German) bright and early in aller Ruhe (German) without causing excitement inalterable (Spanish) unchangeable, fast (colour), calm (character) inalterado (Spanish) unchanged in alt, in alto see 'alt' in altissimo see 'alt' Inamorato (m.), Inamorata (f.) (old Italian) a lover, a sweetheart, one who is in love in modern Italian, innamorato in andern Umstanden (German) pregnant Inanga (Rwanda, Burundi) an African cradle-shaped zither which is associated with the tradition of narrators and poets inanimado (Spanish) inanimate Inanimate not endowed with, or deprived of, animal life (an inanimate object) spiritless, dull in Anspruch nehmen (German) make use of, demand, take up (time), occupy (a person's time) in anticipo (Italian) early inaplicable (Spanish) inapplicable inapreciable (Spanish) imperceptible inapropiado (Spanish) inappropriate (questa ultima nota va) in arcata morendo (Italian, literally 'a dying bow stroke') an expression mark used by Claudio Monteverdi in his Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda (1624) indicating a diminuendo on a particular note in armonia (Italian) in harmony in armonia con (Italian) in harmony with, in step with inarticulado (Spanish) inarticulate in articulo mortis (Latin) at the point of death, at death's door inasequible (Spanish) out of reach in associazione con (Italian) in association with in attesa di (Italian) waiting for inaudito (Spanish) unheard-of in Augenschein nehmen (German) inspect Inauguración (Spanish f.) inauguration Inaugural (English) an inaugural speech, lecture, etc. Inaugural (English, Spanish) of or for an inauguration inaugurar (Spanish) to inaugurate Inaugurating admitting formally to office, beginning (an undertaking), initiating the public use of (a building, etc.) with a ceremony, introducing (for the first time) Inauguration the event during which a person (building, etc.) is inaugurated in Aussicht stellen (German) promise in balia di (Italian) at the mercy of in barba a (Italian) in spite of in base a (Italian) on the basis of in Bausch und Bogen (German) wholesale (figurative) in Beschlag nahmen (German) to monopolise in Betracht ziehen (German) to consider in Betrieb (German) working, in use In-between intermediate (colloquial) in bezug auf (German) regarding, concerning in bilico (Italian) in the balance in bitterer Weise (German) amarevole (Italian), amaramente (Italian), bitterness, sadness, grief, afflication, mournfully, sadly, with bitterness, amèrement (French) in blocco (Italian) in bulk (business) in bocca al lupo! (Italian) good luck! in bonam partem (Latin) (to be interpreted) on the favourable side, in a favourable manner in bona parte (Latin) (to be interpreted) on the favourable side, in a favourable manner Inborn existing from birth, natural, innate in bottiglia (Italian) bottled in breiten Gang (German) in a broad fashion in breve (Italian) briefly Inbrunst (German f.) ardour, fervour, warmth of passion inbrünstig (German) ardent, fervent, passionately Inbuilt built-in inbunden (Swedish) bound inc. abbreviation of 'incomplete' incalcando (Italian) getting louder and faster in collaborazione con (Italian) in cooperation with, in collaboration with, in harness with incalz. abbreviated form of incalzando incalzando (Italian, literally 'pursuing hotly') hastening, pressing forward, increasing the tempo incalzando e stringendo (Italian) growing more vehement and more rapid incalzante (Italian) pressing onward in camera (Latin) in private (in a private chamber), in secret in law, the hearing of a case in private without the facts being reported to the public in campo aperto (Latin, literally 'in the open field') neumatic notation without guidelines, where the neumes are said to be 'Oratorical' or 'Chironomic' Incantation (Latin, incantare literally 'to utter an incantation') the words spoken by an enchanter during a ritual, such as those in praise of a god, in witchcraft or when casting a spell. Another name for an incantation is 'mantra'. The term is applied, in opera or oratorio, to a scene during which spirits are conjured Incapacity inability, lack of power (to do something), legal disqualification Incarnatus, Et (Latin) a part of the Credo, part of the mass Incarnadine make flesh-coloured Inceptive or 'inchoative', of a verb, denoting the beginning of an action inch. abbreviation of 'inchoative' (synonymous with 'inceptive' - of a verb, denoting the beginning of an action) Inchino (Italian m.) bow, curtsy, reverence inchoat. abbreviation of 'inchoative' (synonymous with 'inceptive' - of a verb, denoting the beginning of an action) Inchoate just begun, undeveloped sometimes used incorrectly to mean 'chaotic' or 'incoherent' Inchoative or 'inceptive', of a verb, denoting the beginning of an action incid. abbreviation of 'incidental' Incidence frequency of occurrence of a condition over the lifespan in a population Incidental music derived from the music that accompanied plays in ancient Greece, incidental music is that composed for the production of a predominantly spoken play, including any overtures, entr'actes, interludes or act tunes, and any music that occurs as part of the action in the scenes themselves, for example, fanfares, dances, etc. Incidental Music Incidente (Italian m.) incident, accident Incidente con fuga (Italian m.) hit-and-run accident Incidente con omissione di soccorso (Italian m.) hit-and-run accident Incidenza (Italian f.) incidence incidere (Italian) to cut (into), to engrave (art), to record (register) incidere su (Italian) to weigh upon (the mind) incinta (Italian) pregnant Incipiency the act or process of bringing or being brought into existence, in other words, beginning, commencement, inauguration, inception or incipience Incipient only partly in existence, imperfectly formed, in an initial stage incipiente (Italian) incipient Incipit (Latin, 'begin here') the first line, or first few works, of a work, often used to identify it. In music, an incipit will be the first few notes or bars (or measures) with which a piece of music begins. Incipits are often given in thematic catalogues in order to positively identify a piece of music. In the case of works with multiple movements (such as symphonies and sonatas), the incipit of each movement is usually given (Latin) occasionally used as a synonym for 'intonation' (Latin) in a modern edition of an early work, a clef sign and notes placed in front of the modern staff to show in their original form such details as the original clef, the key, the range of the part, and so on incipriare (Italian) to powder Incise (French) motive, motif, fragment of thematic material (Italian) sharply mark the notes Incisione (Italian f.) engraving Inciso (Italian) incisive, sharply marked, with clear articulation (Italian m.) motive, motif, fragment of thematic material Incisore (Italian m./f.) engraver Incisore di note (Italian m./f.) music engraver incitare gli animali con la frusta (Italian) to whip on inclinazione del manico (angolazione della tastiera) (Italian) Halswinkel (die Griffbrettlage), angle of fingerboard or 'neck projection', renversement (French m.) Incognito (m.), Incognita (f.), Incogniti (pl.) (Italian) (a person) living or travelling in disguise, or under an assumed name, to avoid recognition in collusione con (Italian) hand and glove in combutta con (Italian) in cahoots with, in league with incominciando (Italian) commencing Incommunicado (m.), Incommunicada (f.) (Spanish) detained or imprisioned without communication with the outside world in competizione con (Italian) in competition with Incomplete stop a half stop, in an organ in concorrenza con (Italian) in competition with in concorso con (Italian) in league in confidenza con (Italian) intimate with in conflitto con (Italian) afoul of, in conflict with in conformità con (Italian) in accordance with Inconnu (m.), Inconnue (f.) (French) a person whose identity is unknown Inconséquence (French) illogical behaviour inconsolato (Italian) in a mournful style inconsonant dissonant incontrarsi con (Italian) to meet up with, to meet with, to run across Incontro con scambio di idee (Italian m.) seminar inconvenable (French) not in accordance with propriety or decency in coppia con (Italian) partners with, paired with Incordamento (Italian) tension of the strings of an instrument incordare (Italian) to string an instrument in cornu Epistolae (Italian) as a reference to an organ's position, placed on the right side of the church, chapel, etc. in cornu Evangelii (Italian) as a reference to an organ's position, placed on the left side of the church, chapel, etc. Incorporative in most languages, different grammatical components reflect different parts of speech. In an incorporative language, these common sentence elements are combined into a single word incorrect (English, French) erroneous, wrong, faulty incorrecto (Spanish) wrong, incorrect in corso (Italian) current (as of now) in corso di stampa (Italian) being printed Increasing the speed, Increasing the tempo accelerando (Italian), affrettando (Italian), incalzando (Italian), stringendo (Italian), drängend (German), Tempo beschleunigen (German), en pressant (French), en serrant (French) Increasing the tone crescendo (Italian), anschwellend (German), en augmentant (French) incrociamento (Italian) crossing Incubus (s.), Incubi (pl.) (Latin) an evil spirit which cohabits with a woman during her sleep (hence, a nightmare) a succubus or succuba (plural succubae, succubi, or succubuses) is a demon who takes the form of a beautiful human female to seduce men (especially monks) in dreams the term has been extended to mean a person or thing exercising an oppressive influence Incubus Succubus Incudine (Italian f.) anvil, enclume (French), Amboß or Amboss (German), yunque (Spanish) Inculcate to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions Incunable (English s.) incunabulum Incunabulum (s.), Incunabula (pl.) (Latin, literally 'swaddling clothes') a book, single sheet, or image that was printed - not handwritten - before the year 1501 in Europe. These are usually very rare and fragile items whose nature can only be verified by experts. There are two types of incunabula: xylographic made from a single carved or sculpted block for each page typographic made with movable type on a printing press in the style of Johann Gutenberg. Many authors reserve the term incunabulum for the typographic ones only Incunabulum from which this entry has been taken Incurabili see Ospedaletto in curia (Latin) in court (law court) in law, the hearing of a case before a court sitting in public Indagatio (Latin) investigation, research indbundet (Danish, Norwegian) bound indebitato con (Italian) indebted to indebolendo (Italian) becoming weaker, weakening, affievolendo (Italian), abschwächend (German), schwächer werden (German), en affaiblissant (French) indeciso (Italian) irresolute, undecided, wavering, hesitating, capricious, in an undecided manner (Italian) a term indicating 'slight changes of time' indecl. abbreviation of 'indeclinable' Indeclinable of or being a word that lacks grammatical inflection though belonging to a form class whose members are usually inflected indef. abbreviation of 'indefinite' Indefinite vague, undefined, unlimited of adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns, not determining the person etc. referred to (for example, 'some', 'someone', 'anyhow') Indefinite article word (for example, 'a', 'an' in English) preceding a noun and implying 'any of several' Indefinitely for an unlimited time (was postponed indefinitely), in an indefinite manner Indefinite pitch in music a sound or note of indefinite pitch is one of which it is impossible or relatively difficult to discern the pitch or frequency of the fundamental, as opposed to sounds of definite pitch. Sounds with indefinite pitch do not have harmonic spectra or have altered harmonic spectra Indefinite Pitch from which this entry has been taken Indefinite pitch clef also 'neutral clef', 'rhythm clef', 'percussion clef', chiave neutra (Italian f.), Schlagzeugschlüssel (German m.), clé neutre (French f.), clef neutre (French f.), clave neutral (Spanish f.), clave para percusión (Spanish f.) Indefinite Pitch Clef indegnatamente (Italian) angrily, furiously, passionately indegnato (Italian) angrily, furiously, passionately Indelible that cannot be rubbed out or removed Indelibly of or pertaining to something that is indelible Indelicate coarse, unrefined, tactless Indelicacy (s.), Indelicacies (pl.) words or writings that are coarse, unrefined or lacking in tact Indemnification a security against harm, loss, etc. Indemnify (often followed by 'from', 'against') to secure (a person) in respect of harm, a loss, etc. (often followed by 'for') to exempt from a penalty to compensate Indemnity (s.), Indemnities (pl.) a compensation for damage, sum exacted by a victor in war, security against loss, exemption from penalties in den Ausstand treten (German) go on strike in den Dreckziehen (German) denigrate (figurative) indenne (Italian) undamaged Indennità (Italian f.) allowance Indennità di trasferta (Italian f.) travelling allowance indennizzare (Italian) to indemnify Indennizzo (Italian m.) indemnity Indent to make or impress marks, notches, dents, etc. in to start (a line of print or writing) further from the margin than others to draw up (a legal document) in duplicate (often followed by 'on', upon a person, for a thing) to make a requisition to order (goods) by requisition order (especially from abroad) for goods, official requisition for stores, indented line, indentation, indenture Indentation indenting or being indented, notch Indention indenting (especially in printing), notch Indenture a legal agreement in which the text is entered twice, then the two halves separated with a zigzag cut and a half given to each party to the agreement; also called a chirograph Independent a descriptor that can be applied to chords, harmonies and triads which because they give rise to no dissonance are considered stable and need neither to progress to another chord nor to resolve in der Ferne (German) in the distance in der Fremde (German) in foreign land in der Mitte (German) in the middle in der Mitte des Felles (German) in the middle of the drumhead in der Mitte der Pauke (German) in the middle of the kettle-drum in der Mitte geschlagen (German) to strike in the middle in der Nase bohren (German) to pick one's nose inderogabile (Italian) binding in der Tat (German) indeed in der Tonhöhe abfallend see abfallend indescrivibile (Italian) indescribable indesiderabile (Italian) undesirable Indeterminacy the American composer David Cope proposes a classification of various types of indeterminacy: that which occurs at the moment of composition the composer himself leaves to chance the "choices" of which the creative process consists that which occurs at the moment of performance the composer leaves more or less blank certain areas of the composition whose fulfillment will fall to the performer with the observance of criteria and injunctions dictated by the composer, as for example, Stockhausen who, from 1963 through to 1970, began to give his performers less and less fixed musical notation using instead symbols (plus, minus and equal signs), so the interpreter is to use his own musical skills to transform events using these signs and relating them to various parameters such as dynamic levels, duration, pitch, etc. In this scheme plus (+) would be louder, higher, longer, minus ( -) could be shorter, lower, slower, broadly speaking, and so on Indeterminate music see 'indeterminacy' Indetermination (German f.) indeterminacy indeterminato (Italian) indeterminate indeterminabile (Italian) indeterminable Index (s.), Indices (pl.), Indexes (pl.) see custos (French m., English) forefinger an ordered list, usually placed as the final section of a book, that identifies by page number where various key words occur Index expurgatorius (Latin) appearing first in 1571, a list of passages to be deleted or altered in works otherwise permitted for the reading of the faithful Index librorum prohibitorum (Latin) official list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read without express permission Index locorum (Latin) an index of places (mentioned in a book) Index nominum (Latin) an index of people (mentioned in a book) Index rerum (Latin) an index of subjects (or topics) (mentioned in a book) Index verborum (Latin) an index of words (mentioned in a book) Indholdsfortegnelse (Danish) index indi (Italian) then Indian banjo see bulbul tarang Indian classical music the classical music of India is one of the oldest unbroken musical traditions in the world. Its origins go back to the Vedas (ancient scripts of the Hindus). The term 'Indian Classical Music' refers to two related, but distinct, traditions rooted in antiquity, both very much alive in India today. The North Indian style is known as Hindustani, while the South Indian tradition is referred to as Carnatic. Both systems are fundamentally similar but differ in nomenclature and performance practice. The subject of Indian classical music is rich, with its historical, cultural, aesthetic, theoretical, and performing facets. The basis for Indian music is sangeet, a combination of three art forms: vocal music, instrumental music and dance, although these three art forms were originally derived from the single field of stagecraft. Today these three forms have differentiated into complex and highly refined individual art forms. The present system of Indian music is based upon two important pillars: raga and taal. Raga is the melodic form while taal is the rhythmic. As a pervasive influence in Indian life, the music pervades the big and small events of life, from childbirth to death, religious rites and seasonal festivals. Originally, not all musical developments were reduced to writing. To keep their traditional integrity, they were imparted orally from teacher to pupil - the Guru-Shishya tradition. In the past, there used to be a system of Gurukul Ashram where teachers imparted knowledge to deserving students History of classical Indian music old as the land itself from which this extract has been taken Introduction to Indian Music Introduction to the Music of India Glossary of North Indian Musical Terms Indian hip hop Indian hip hop Indianist composers the 'Indianist' composers of the period 1890-1920 took two approaches to the Native melodies that they used: music as raw material, and music as culture. Edward MacDowell (1860-1908) used the Native melodies collected by Theodore Baker in his Über die Musik der nordamerikanischen Wilden (1882). For MacDowell, these tunes were strictly raw musical material, with no reference or attention to tribal sources. Whatever cultural interpretation he made of the music is a generic one based on Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of "cultural evolutionary stages." Arthur Farwell's source of Native melodies came from the work of Alice Fletcher and Francis LaFlesche, whose research focused on the Omaha nation and dealt extensively with cultural context. Ultimately, the Indianist composers sacrificed cultural authenticity as a result of their attempt to make the music accessible for a consumer culture Musical Borrowings from which this extract has been taken Indian musical instruments the most traditional form of classification of Indian musical instruments is based upon: percussion tabla, pakhawaj, mridangam, etc wind flute, shehnai, etc string instruments sitar, sarod, violin, veena, sarangee, etc electronic musical instruments Indiano (m.), Indiana (f.) (Italian) Indian indiano (m.), indiana (f.) (Italian) Indian Indian violin see 'violin' and 'sarangi India paper a type of paper which from 1875 has been based on bleached hemp and rag fibres, that produced a very thin, tough opaque white paper. It has a basis weight of 20 pounds, yet bulks 1,000 pages to the inch indiavolato (Italian) possessed, wild (abandoned) Indicación de dinámica (Spanish f.) an expression mark that indicates a sudden or gradual change in dynamics Indicación de tempo (Spanish f.) tempo indication, the speed at which a composition is to be performed Indicador ordinal feminino (Spanish m.) feminine ordinal (ª) Indicador ordinal masculino (Spanish m.) masculine ordinal (º) indicando (Italian) indicating indicare (Italian) to show, to indicate, to point at (with the finger), to advise indicare con esattezza (Italian) to pinpoint indicare con un dito (Italian) to point your finger at Indication (French f.) indication, instruction, information Indication de la coda (French f.) 'jump to coda' sign Indication de mésure (French f.) meter Indication de nuance (French f.) expression mark Indication de temps (French f.) tempo indication, the speed at which a composition is to be performed Indication métronomique (French f.) tempo indication, the speed at which a composition is to be performed Indicativo (Italian m.) indicative (grammar) indicativo (Italian) indicative indicato (Italian) prominent Indicatore (Italian m.) indicator, gauge, directory (handbook) Indicazione (Italian f.) indication, direction (instruction) Indicazione di tempo (Italian f.) tempo indication, the speed at which a composition is to be performed Indice (Italian m.) index finger or forefinger (Italian m.) pointer, index, contents (listing of chapters in a book) Indice dei nomi (Italian m.) index of names Indicium (s.), Indicia (pl.) (Latin) an indication, a symptom, an item of evidence Indie independent film, filmmaker, producer or TV station Indie (music) in popular music, indie music (from independent) is any of a number of genres, scenes, subcultures and stylistic and cultural attributes, characterised by (real or perceived) independence from commercial pop music and mainstream culture and an autonomous, do-it-yourself (DIY) approach. It is not strictly a 'genre' of music (although the term is often used to reference the sound of specific bands and the bands they have influenced), but is often used as an umbrella term covering a wide range of artists and styles, connected by some degree of allegiance to the values of underground culture, and (usually) describable as rock music. Genres or subgenres often associated with indie rock include lo-fi, post-rock, garage punk, sadcore, C86, twee pop, and math rock, to list but a few; other related (and sometimes overlapping) categories include shoegazing and indie pop. Indie rock artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers, releasing albums on independent record labels (sometimes their own) and relying on touring, word-of-mouth, and airplay on independent or college radio stations for promotion. Some end up moving to major labels, often on favorable terms won by their prior independent success Indie music from which part of this entry has been taken Indie pop a term that refers to indie music which is considered to be based on the conventions of pop music. The term is nebulous. Because indie rock is sometimes used to mean indie music as a whole, indie pop can be discussed as a sub-set of indie rock, but at other times, the terms are used to illustrate a pop-rock dichotomy within the indie music scene. The term is further blurred by disagreement over what qualifies as pop music. Pop is seen as being radio-friendly and disposable, two things that indie music generally eschews. Indie pop is thus the pop music that operates outside of the boundaries of conventional pop music. It is often lo-fi, or otherwise unusual Indie pop from which this extract has been taken Indie rock a genre of alternative rock that primarily exists in the indie underground music scene. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with indie music as a whole, though more specifically implies that the music meets the criteria of being rock, as opposed to indie pop or other possible matchups. These criteria vary from an emphasis on rock instrumentation (electric guitars, bass guitar, live drums, and vocals) to more abstract (and debatable) rockist constructions of authenticity Indie rock from which this extract has been taken Indietronica also known as 'indie electronic', 'indietronic', 'indietronics' and 'lap-pop', a music genre that combines indie rock and shoegaze with elements of electronic music styles such as IDM and glitch Indietronica from which this extract has been taken indifferente (Italian) coldly, indifferently, careless, in a capricious manner indifferentemente (Italian) coldly, indifferently, careless, in a capricious manner Indifferenza (Italian) indifference, coldly, irresolutely Indigenous native to a region, whether people, plants, wildlife, or cultural expressions Indigenous knowledge see 'traditional knowledge' indipendente (Italian) freelance Indirect aangeslagen trom (Dutch) a drum that is struck indirected, for example, a rattle drum Indirect resolution see 'resolution' in diretta (Italian) live (transmission) indirizzare (Italian) to address, to send, to direct indirizzarsi (Italian) to direct one's steps Indirizzo (Italian m.) address, direction Indiscrezioni (Italian f.) prospectus in disparte (Italian) apart indispettita (Italian) irritated in disaccordo con (Italian) out of line with, in disagreement with, out of sympathy with in disputa con (Italian) at variance with in distanza (Italian, literally 'at a distance') to be performed as if the sound were coming from a distance Individuation a hypothesized process in a child's psychological development through which he or she becomes an integrated self, separate from parents and others Indlamu or 'Zulu war dance', a traditional Zulu dance from South Africa where the dancer lifts one foot over his head and brings it down hard, landing squarely on the music's downbeat. Typically, two dancers in warrior's pelts perform indlamu routines together, shadowing each other's moves perfectly Indlamu from which this extract has been taken Indledning (Danish) introduction Indo-European the hypothetically reconstructed language that was the ancient ancestor of most European, Middle-Eastern, and Indian languages, including English. Some scholars prefer to use the noun-term proto-Indo-European to refer to this hypothetical language and use the adjective Indo-European in reference to those languages that descend from proto-Indo-European Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Indo-Germanic also called Indo-Aryan, this is an obsolete term for Indo-European Indo-Iranian the branch of Indo-European that includes Persian and Indic indolent (French) lazy Indomitable incapable of being overcome, subdued, or vanquished, unconquerable Indonesian hip hop Indonesian hip hop Indonesian music Indonesian music Indonongo (Burundi) a rough fiddle Indoor percussion ensemble or 'indoor drumline', the marching percussion and sideline percussion (or pit) sections of a marching band or drum corps Indoor percussion ensemble from which this extract has been taken in doppelter Ausfertigung (German) in duplicate Indoyíftika (Greece) Indian filmi with Greek lyrics in drei (German) triple meter in dreifacher Ausfertigung (German) in triplicate in Druckshcrift (German) in capital letters in dubio (Latin) in doubt indugia (Italian) as in la musica indugia, meaning 'the music lingers' or 'the lingering music' [entry suggested by Weed] indugiando (Italian) delaying, zögernd indugiare (Italian) to delay, to linger, to loiter indugio (Italian m.) delay in duplice (Italian) in duplicate Industria (Spanish f.) industry Industria en asenso (Spanish f.) growing industry Industria del turismo (Spanish f.) tourist industry Industrial dance synonymous with 'electronic body music' industrialisé (French) industrialized Industrial music a loose term for a number of different styles of electronic and experimental music. First used in the mid 1970s to describe the then-unique sound of 'Industrial Records' artists, a wide variety of artists and labels have since come to be called "Industrial" Industrial music from which this extract has been taken Industrial techno a cross between power noise, traditional industrial, and techno. It often resembles house music in structure, while keeping the harsh sounds, noises, and fast pacing of industrial music. Although sampled and processed guitars are not uncommon, lyrics and a verse-chorus-verse structure are very rare Industrial techno from which this extract has been taken Industria pesquera (Spanish f.) fishing industry Industria siderúrgica (Spanish f.) iron and steel industry Industrie de la musique (French f.) music industry Industriefilm (German m.) commercial film Industriel (French m.) industrialist Industrieladen (German m.) factory shop inébranlable (French) unshakeable inédit (m.), inédite (f.) (French) unpublished, original (figurative) inedito (Italian) unpublished inédito (Spanish) unpublished inefficace (French) ineffective inégal (m.), inégale (f.) (French, literally 'uneven', 'unequal') in order to give a slow melodic line forward impetus, a convention developed in music, particularly French music from the mid 16th- to the late 18th-centuries, in which pairs of notes of identical time duration, for example, two quavers (eighth notes), are played as though their time values were unequal. This is explicit where the composer uses the marking pointé, but such markings are rare and the use of notes inégal and the appropriate degree of inequality are left to the discretion (and taste) of the performer. For example, two quavers (eighth notes) in 2/4 might be played as though they were a crotchet (quarter note) followed by a quaver (eighth note) in 6/8. Very rarely, the reverse, a kind of Scotch snap, might be more appropriate. This convention of rhythmic inequality is associated with slow movements, and should apply only to the notes that divide the main pulse or beat in two. Thus, where, because of the tempo, the pulse of a 3/4 slow movement is measured in crotchets (quarter notes), it is the quavers (eighth notes) that are played inégal, providing certain other requirements are met. If the tempo is much slower, the quavers (eighth notes) may better give the pulse, in which case it will be semiquavers (sixteenth notes) that are played inégal. There are exceptions. For example, if the composer has placed staccato dots over the pair of notes, they must be played égal, that is equally. There is good evidence that passages of an arpeggiated nature, whose purpose is harmonic rather than melodic, are also to be played evenly there is an alternative example of inequality which is when two notes of equal written time value are given different 'weight'. This is the fundamental feature of the Mannheim sigh, a mannered treatment of Baroque practice where the performer puts more weight on the first of two notes in slurred descending pairs inégalable (French) matchless inégalé (French) unequalled Inégalité (French f.) inequality, unevenness, difference Inégalité de (French f.) difference between in Eile (German) in haste in einem Zug (German) at one go in einem Zuge (German) at one go in einfachen Worten (German) in simple phrases, in simple words in Einklang bringen (German) to harmonise inéluctable (French) inescapable inepte (French) inept, absurd Ineptie (French f.) ineptitude inépuisable (French) inexhaustible Inequality see inégal inerte (French) inert, lifeless Inertie (French f.) inertia Inertia (Latin) in physics, the tendency of matter to remain at rest (or to continue in a straight line) unless influenced by an external force the general use, a tendency to remain at rest, sloth ineseguibile (Italian) unplayable inespéré (French) unhoped for in esse (Latin) actually, in real fact inestimable (French) priceless inévitable (French) inevitable inexact (m.), inexacte (f.) (French) inaccurate, incorrect Inexact rhyme rhymes created out of words with similar but not identical sounds. In most of these instances, either the vowel segments are different while the consonants are identical, or vice versa. This type of rhyme is also called approximate rhyme, pararhyme, slant rhyme, near rhyme, half rhyme, off rhyme, analyzed rhyme, or suspended rhyme Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken inexcusable (French) unforgivable inexécutable (French) unplayable In excelsis (Latin) in the highest (degree) in extenso (Latin) at full length, in its entirety in extremis (Latin) in extremity, in the last agonies, at the point of death Infanta (Spanish f.) a royal princess of Spain or Portugal infantile (Italian, literally 'childlike') a term applied to describe the thin quality of tone in the upper notes of some female singers Infektionsabteilung (German f.) isolation ward (in a hospital) inférieur (m.), inférieure (f.) (French) lower, inferior inferiore (Italian) lower, inferior infernale (Italian) infernal, hellish, diabolic Inferno (s.), Inferni (pl.) (Italian m., literally 'hell') a place of torment or mistery, a conflagration infervorato (Italian) coldly, indifferently, careless, in a capricious manner infiammatamente (Italian) ardently, impetuously in fila Indiana (Italian) in single file Infinite canon also 'perpetual', 'circular' or 'endless' canon, a round or canon which can go on forever, for example, Three Blind Mice Infinite melody one without a closing cadence that could be continued ad infinitum the term is used, in a derogatory sense, for the interminable melodies that appear in Wagner's later music dramas Infino (Latin) as far as, until you reach, up to Infixation also called epenthesis, infixation is placing a new syllable, a word, or similar phonetic addition in the middle of a larger word. Some languages regularly use infixation as a part of their standard grammar. In English, infixation is often used in colloquialisms or for poetic effect Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken in flagrante delicto (Latin) in the act of committing an offence, red-handed Inflatile wind instruments such as flutes, oboes, etc. Inflatilia (Latin) wind instruments Inflected an inflective or inflected language is one like Latin, German, or Anglo-Saxon, in which special endings called declensions appear on the end of noun-stems to indicate case Inflected infinitive in Old English, an infinitive with declension endings attached and used as a noun Inflection any change or modification of pitch or note in chanting, an inflection is a departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in plainchant, recitation or cantillation also spelled inflexion, the alteration of a word to provide additional grammatical information about it - such as a grammatical ending added to a word to mark its case, tense, number, gender, and so on. Inflections of verbs are called conjugations. Inflections of nouns and other parts of speech to show grammatical case are called declensions Literary Terms and Definitions from which the last extract has been taken Inflective an inflective or inflected language is one like Latin, German, or Anglo-Saxon, in which special endings called declensions appear on the end of noun-stems to indicate case Inflessione (Italian f.) inflection Inflexion (French f.) inflection Inflexión (Spanish f.) inflection Informance a sharing or showing of music that demonstrates the process by which students arrive at the product or performance as a result of instruction, rather than focusing solely on the end result. An informance may include some explanation or discussion Information theory a branch of communications theory which originated with the work of Claude Shannon (1916-2001), a researcher at the Bell Telephone Laboratories during the late 1940s and '50s. In 1949, Shannon published a famous paper entitled 'The Mathematical Basis of Communication' where he outlined the basic concepts of information theory. Between about 1950 and 1960, information theory was influential in music theory circles as well as in linguistics, for example Leonard Meyer's 'Emotion and Meaning in Music' published in 1956. Information theory depends upon a precise (but limited) definition of the word 'information' which answers the question of how to define the quantity of information contained in a message being transmitted, received, or stored Information Theory and Music Informant in folklore studies, anthropology, and linguistics, an informant is the local individual who tells the folklorist a folktale, explains a custom to an anthropologist, or who responds to an interview or dialect study made by a linguist, i.e., a "local source" Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken infra (Italian) below (Latin) below, further on (referring to a later passage in a book, etc.) Infrabass (Latin, German m.) an organ stop of 16ft., a sub-bass infra dig(nitatem) (Latin) beneath one's dignity Infrared the region of the electromagnetic spectrum whose radiation has longer wavelengths than optical radiation, but shorter wavelengths than radio waves infrason (French) subsonic, infrasonido (Spanish) Infrasonic generating or using waves or vibrations with frequencies below that of audible sound (sometimes 'subsonic' is used when what is meant is 'infrasonic') infrasonido (Spanish) subsonic, infrason (French) in fretta (Italian) in haste, hastily, hurried, hurriedly infuriante (Italian) furious, raging infurianto (Italian) furiously infuriato (Italian) in haste, hastily Infusion a draught of medicinal herbs, etc. steeped in hot or boiling water Inganno (Italian m.) a deceit, a deception (Italian) a deception, as for example, when referring to a cadenza d'inganno (Italian: deceptive cadence) which also called an interrupted cadence, or to any unusual resolution of a discord, or an unexpected modulation in gefühlsmäßiger Beziehung (German) emotionally Ingegneria meccanica (Italian f.) mechanical engineering Ingegno (Italian m.) art, skill, wit, discretion, brains (pl.), genius, ingenuity ingegnoso (Italian) ingenious in gehender Bewegung (German) rather quicker than andante, andante con moto ingelosire (Italian) to make jealous ingelosirsi (Italian) to become jealous Ingeniería (Spanish f.) engineering Ingeniería ambiental (Spanish f.) environmental engineering Ingeniería civil (Spanish f.) civil engineering Ingeniería eléctrica (Spanish f.) electrical engineering Ingeniería electronica (Spanish f.) electronics engineering Ingeniería en informática (Spanish f.) computer science Ingeniería hidráulica (Spanish f.) hydraulic engineering Ingeniería mecanico (Spanish f.) mechanical engineering Ingeniería química (Spanish f.) chemical engineering Ingeniero (m.), Ingeniera (f.) (Spanish) engineer, technician Ingeniero agrónomo (Spanish m.) agronomist, agricultural expert Ingeniero ambiental (Spanish m.) environmental engineer Ingeniero civil (Spanish m.) civil engineer Ingeniero de caminos, canales y puertos (Spanish m.) civil engineer Ingeniero de edificación (Spanish m.) building engineer (in English, also known as an architectural engineer) Ingeniero de laboratorio (Spanish m.) laboratory technician Ingeniero de minas (Spanish m.) mining engineer Ingeniero de sonido (Spanish m.) sound engineer Ingeniero eléctrico (Spanish m.) electrical engineer Ingeniero electricista (Spanish m.) electrical engineer Ingeniero electronico (Spanish m.) electronics engineer Ingeniero en telecomunicaciones (Spanish m.) telecommunications engineer Ingeniero hidráulico (Spanish m.) hydraulic engineer Ingeniero industrial (Spanish m.) industrial engineer Ingeniero mecanico (Spanish m.) mechanical engineer Ingeniero químico (Spanish m.) chemical engineer Ingeniero técnico (Spanish m.) engineer qualified after a three-year university course Ingénieur du son (French m./f.) sound engineer Ingeniosidad (Spanish f.) ingenuity Ingéniosité (French f.) ingenuity ingenioso (Spanish) ingenious ingente (Italian) huge Ingénu (French m., literally 'artless', 'innocent' or 'naïve') a character type found in French comic opera (little more than a village simpleton), a younger woman of artless simplicity (or an actress who plays such a part upon the stage) ingenuamente (Italian) naturally, ingenuously Ingénue (French f., literally 'artless' or 'innocent') originating as the damigella in seventeenth-century Italian opera, the ingénue was a girl between 14 and 15 years old combining the innocence of childhood with the latent sensuousness of adulthood and having a propensity to bursting into tears Ingenuità (Italian f.) ingenousness ingenuo (Italian) ingenuous, naïve (credulous) ingerire (Italian) to swallow ingerirsi (Italian) to interfere ingessare (Italian) to put in plaster Ingessatura (Italian f.) plaster Inghilterra (Italian f.) England inghiottire (Italian) to swallow ingiallirsi (Italian) to turn yellow ingigantire (Italian) to magnify ingigantirsi (Italian) to become gigantic inginocchiarsi (Italian) to kneel (down) in giornata (Italian) today inglese (Italian) English in globo (Latin) in its entirity, as a whole, taking a general view Ingoma or ngoma, the word for drum in Burundi In good voice singing or speaking well or easily Ingressa the counterpart, in Ambrosian and Beneventan chant, of the Introit, the opening of the celebration of the Roman Catholic Mass In-group a group of people united by common beliefs, attitudes, or interests and characteristically excluding outsiders in guerra con (Italian) at war with Inhabited initial see 'decorated initial' Inhalt (German m.) contents, table of contents Inharmonic containing frequencies that are not whole-number multiples of the fundamental. Two- and three-dimensional vibrators (such as plates, drumheads, bells and gongs) typically produce inharmonic partials Inharmonicité (French) inharmonicity Inharmonicity in music, inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of the overtones of a fundamental differ from whole number multiples of the fundamental's frequency. These inharmonic overtones are often distinguished from harmonic overtones, all whole number multiples, by calling them partials, though partial may also be used to refer to both. Since the harmonics contribute to the sense of sounds as pitched or unpitched, the more inharmonic a sound the less definite it becomes in pitch. Many percussion instruments such as cymbals, tam-tams, and chimes, create complex and inharmonic sounds. Strings are more inharmonic the shorter and thicker they are, which becomes an important consideration for piano tuners, especially in the thick strings of the bass register Inharmonicity from which this extract has been taken Inharmonic relation false relation In haste hurriedly, quickly, con fretta (Italian), in Eile (German), très pressé (French) in herzlicher Weise (German) affectionately, affettuosamente (Italian), con affetto (Italian), affectueusement (French), tendrement (French) im Hintergrund (German) in the background in Hörweite (German) within earshot inhouden van de beweging (Dutch) checking the speed Iniciante (Portuguese) beginner Initial (Latin initialis, literally 'at the beginning') the first letter of the text in medieval manuscripts and early printed books, made to stand out emphatically by its colour, size, and ornamentation. Initials may be inhabited (having a small creature, animal, or person depicted inside the letter without obvious connection to the text's contents), historiated (having an illustration of a scene or event that clearly connects with the story or subject-matter described in the text), or decorated (having elaborate abstract designs unrelated to the text). Initialism any word, whether an acronym or an alphabetism, formed from the first letters of other words Initial letter another term for an initial Initium (Latin) the 2 or 3 note introductory formula preceding the recitation note in chanting Iniziale (Italian f.) initial, the first iniziale (Italian) initial Inizio (Italian m.) beginning in jeder Beziehung (German) in every respect, every bit in jure uxoris (Latin, literally 'by the right of his wife') in law, a title, privilege, etc. inherited by the wife, but held or exercised by the husband Ink coloured fluid used for writing, drawing, or printing. Inks usually have staining power without body, but printers' inks are pigments mixed with oil and varnish, and are opaque. The use of inks goes back in China and Egypt to at least 2500 BC. They were usually made from lampblack (a pigment made from soot) or a red ochre ground into a solution of glue or gums. These materials were moulded into dry sticks or blocks, which were then mixed with water for use. Ink brought from China or Japan in such dry form came to be known in the West as 'Chinese ink' or 'Indian ink'. The names are also given to a similar preparation made in Europe Inkhorn term a word, often experimental or pompous, introduced into English during the Renaissance, especially one used primarily in writing rather than everyday conversation Inkiranya large ceremonial drum from Burundi. In Burundian drumming, the calling drum in the centre of the performance. Its rhythms are matched by the ibishikiso drum, on the right, and supported by the steady beat of the amashako drums on the left Ink jet printing a non-impact printing process in which droplets of ink are projected onto paper or other material, in a computer-determined pattern in Kürze (German) shortly Inlaut (German m.) medial sound (in phonetics) Inlay the placing of small pieces of a contrasting material within a larger area of another. On the guitar, these may be dot inlays (mother of pearl, for example) used to give the players a frame of reference when placing their fingers on the fretboard in Lebensgefahr (German) in mortal danger, critically ill (patient) in Lebensgröße (German) life-sized Inledning (Swedish) introduction Inleiding (Dutch) introduction in liebevolle Weise (German) amorosamente (Italian), amorevolmente (Italian), lovingly, tenderly, gently, fondly, affectionately, tendrement (French) in Lieferungen erscheinen (German) to come out in parts (for example, a publication) in limine (Latin, on the threshold') at the very outset in linea con (Italian) in line with, in step with, consistent (consistent with) in linea d'aria (Italian) as the crow flies in loco (Latin) in the place of in loco parentis (Latin) in the place of a parent, having parental responsibility and authority in lontananza (Italian) synonymous with in distanza in lucem dare (Latin) publish in malam partem (Latin) (to be interpreted) on the bad side, in an unfavourable manner in mala parte (Latin) (to be interpreted) on the bad side, in an unfavourable manner in mäßigt Weise (German) moderately in media res (Latin) into the middle of the affair or narrative the classical tradition of opening an epic not in the chronological point at which the sequence of events would start, but rather at the midway point of the story in memoriam (Latin) to the memory of, commemorative writing in misura (Italian) see a misura in modo di (Italian) in the style or manner of in Musik setzen (German) to set (to music) in nächster Zeit (German) in the near future innalzare i piatti (Italian) to let the cymbals swing innalzare la voce (Italian) to raise the voice Innendurchmesser (German m.) inside diameter, i.d. Aussendurchmesser (German: outside diameter, o.d.) Innengewinde (German n.) female thread Inner ear one of three conceptual anatomical divisions for the organ of hearing, including also the outer ear and the middle ear. The inner ear consists of a snail-shaped fluid-filled bony structure also known as the cochlea. The cochlea receives vibrations conveyed from the small bones of the middle ear and the resulting neural impulses are communicated to the auditory nerve Inner parts those parts lying between the lowest and highest part Inner pedal a sustained, or holding, note in an inner part innig (German) heartfelt, intimate, sincere, intense, fervent, with deep genuine feeling, intimo, con affetto Innigkeit (German f.) intimacy, sincerity and warmth of feeling (especially in a work of art) inniglich (German) with deep emotion, fervently Inno (Italian m.) Hymne (German f.), cantique (French m.), himno (Spanish m.), a hymn, an ode, an anthem innocente (Italian) innocent, in an artless and simple style innocentemente (Italian) innocently, artlessly Innocenza (Italian f.) innocence, simplicity, artlessness In nomine in the years following Parliament's approval of the Act of Supremacy in 1534, strong restrictions were placed on composers of Latin music in England. This obstacle may have encouraged many musicians to focus their attention on instrumental music. Even though John Taverner (c.1490-1545) never composed any instrumental music, his cantus-firmus Mass, Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas, had a strong effect on the rise of consort music in England in the second half of the sixteenth century. The Mass is based on the antiphon Gloria tibi Trinitas, which is heard in the medius voice throughout each of the four movements. The opening of each movement also contains a head motive. This motive begins with a rising minor third, which refers to the opening interval of the original plainsong. Transcriptions of one section of the Sanctus appear in many manuscripts, with different instrumentation. This In Nomine section, named after the text of the original passage in Taverner's Mass, can be found in arrangements for keyboard, viols, and voice and lute. Almost every composer of note, from his own day up to the time of Henry Purcell (1659-1695), wrote instrumental settings usually in five parts. Indeed, occasional examples are found even up to the second half of the eighteenth century In nomine Dominum (Latin) in the name of the Lord In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Santi (Latin) in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit Inno nazionale (Italian m.) national anthem, Nationalhymne (German f.), hymne national (French m.), himno nacional (Spanish m.) in nuce (Latin) in a nutshell Innuendo (Latin) an indirect suggestion, an allusive remark (one that is often uncomplimentary) in omaggio (Italian) complementary in organo (Italian) a term for a piece of music that is in more than two parts in ovo (Latin) in the egg in pace con sé stesso (Italian) heart's-ease in palco (Italian) applied to musical performance on a stage in pari materia (Italian) (a test or experiment, etc. made) on comparable material (words, etc.) referring to comparable ideas in partito (Italian) in score in parvo (Latin) in miniature in personam (Latin, literally 'against the person') proceedings issued against or with reference to a specific person - an admiralty action in personam would be issued against the owner of a ship in pieno giorno (Italian) in broad daylight in pleno (Latin) in full in perpetuum (Latin) for ever, in perpetuity in petto (Italian, literally 'in the breast') secretly, without disclosure in pieno giorno (Italian) in full daylight in polvere (Italian) powdered in pontificalibus (Latin) in the proper vestments of a pope, cardinal or bishop, in the vestments of a priest in posse (Latin) potentially, having the possibility of existing Inprickningar (Swedish) cue notes in principio (Latin, Italian) at the beginning in propria persona (Latin) in his (or her) own person, personally, undisguised in punta di piedi (Italian) walking on tip toes in puris naturalibus (Latin) in a state of nature, completely naked Inqilaab a term used in Algeria for some of the 'suites' or nubat drawn from the Andalusian tradition in qualche luogo (Italian) somewhere, anywhere in qualche modo (Italian) somehow in qualche posto (Italian) somewhere in qualità di (Italian) in one's capacity as in quanto (Italian) as, since in quanto a me (Italian) as far as I am concerned in questione (Italian) in doubt inquiet (French) restless, uneasy, agitated inquieto (Italian) restless, uneasy, agitated Inquisition the official persecution of heresy by special ecclesiastical courts; formally constituted by the papacy in the 13th century in re (s.), in rebus (pl.) (Latin) referring to, in the matter of, concerning, in the case of in law, a heading in legal documents which introduces the title of the proceedings in regola con i pagamenti (Italian) paid-in in relievo (Italian, literally 'in relief') a direction to make the melody prominent in rem (Latin, literally 'against the matter') proceedings issued or directed against property as opposed to a specific person - an admiralty action in rem would be issued against the ship itself INRI abbrevation for Iesus Nazarenus Rex ludaeorum (Latin: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) in saecula saeculorum (Latin) for ever and ever, world without end Insalata (Italian f.) salad Insalata mista con salsa (Italian f.) tossed salad Insalatiera (Italian f.) salad bowl Insalivate to mix (food) with saliva in chewing insalubre (Italian) unhealthy insanabile (Italian) incurable insanguinare (Italian) to stain with blood insanguinato (Italian) bloody Insania (Italian f.) madness insaponare (Italian) to soap insaporire (Italian) to flavour insaporire con salsa (Italian) to add flavour (food) insaziabile (Italian) insatiable ins Bett bringen (German) put to bed ins Bett gehen (German) go to bed Inscripción (Spanish f.) inscription Inscriptio (Latin) address Inscriptions words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental. Coin texts and monumental carvings on buildings are both included by historians as types of inscriptions. The study of inscriptions is epigraphy in sculpsit (Latin) he engraved it, she engraved it in se (Latin) in itself in secco (Italian) (the touching up of a fresco) when (after) the plaster is dry (not to be confused with a secco, which refers to is painting on dry plaster) INSEE abbreviation of Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (French: national institute for statistics and economic studies) Insegnamento (Italian) instruction, lesson, teaching Insegnante (Spanish m./f.) teacher, instructor Insegnatore (Italian m.) teacher, instructor In sen scale a traditional Japanese scale, which is part of the phrygian mode, and can be used to give music an 'oriental' feel. The A in sen scale, illustrated above, is used mostly over A minor (phrygian) and Bb lydian insensibile (Italian) imperceptible, by degrees, little by little insensibilmente (Italian) imperceptibly, by degrees, little by little in senso orario (Italian) clockwise Inserción (Spanish f.) insertion Insert in publishing or printing, a piece of paper or card laid between the leaves of a book and usually not secured in anyway Insertion aria arias written to be added to (inserted into) established operas, often written by a composer other than the one who composed the original opera. These should be distinguished from alternative arias, which are designed to replace an already composed aria in the opera. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed insertion arias as well as ensembles for opere buffe by Pasquale Anfossi, Domenico Cimarosa, Martín y Soler, and Niccolò Piccinni, among others, and revised his own operas ins Gesamt (German) altogether, taken as a whole Inshshadn (Berbers, Morocco) writers of the songs performed by the sheikhat Chérifa - poetess of middle Atlas Inside partner step Inside partner step Inside playing a jazz term, meaning to play 'inside the chords' Inside turn Inside turn Insieme (Italian m.) whole, (complete) outfit, ensemble (theatre) insieme (Italian) together, at the same time insieme a (Italian) together with insieme con (Italian) along with Insignia (Latin pl.) badges of office, symbols or emblems of a nation, order, institution, etc., distinguishing marks insigne (Italian) famous insignificante (Italian) insignificant insignire (Italian) to decorate insincero (Italian) insincere insindacabile (Italian) final insinuare (Italian) to insinuate insinuarsi (Italian) to penetrate insinuarsi in (Italian) to creep into (figurative) insinuante (Italian) insinuating insinuazione (Italian f.) insinuation insipido (Italian) insipid insistendo (Italian) insisting, urgent, urgently insistente (Italian) insistent Insistenza (Italian f.) insistence insistere (Italian) to insist, to persevere insito in (Italian) also connesso con (Italian), collegato a (Italian), incidental to in situ (Latin, literally 'in the original situation') in position, in its original place, undisturbed, (testing, etc. carried out) on the spot insoddisfatto (Italian) unsatisfied, dissatisfied insofferente (Italian) intolerant Insofferenza (Italian f.) intolerance Insolazione (Italian f.) sunstoke insolente (Italian) rude, insolent Insolenza (Italian) rudeness, insolence insolite (French) unusual, out of the ordinary insolito (Italian) unusual insolubile (Italian) insoluble insolvibile (Italian) insolvent insomma (Italian) in short, well! insomnia (Latin) inability to sleep insonne (Italian) sleepless Insonnia (Italian f.) insomnia insonnolito (Italian) sleepy insonoriser (French) to soundproof insonorizado (Spanish) soundproof insopportabile (Italian) unbearable insorgere (Italian) to revolt, to arise insospettire (Italian) to make suspicious insospettirsi (Italian) to become suspicious insostenibile (Italian) untenable, unbearable insostituibile (Italian) irreplaceable Insouciance (French) unconcern, a devil-may-care attitude insouciant (m.), insouciante (f.) (French) unconcerned, heedless insozzare (Italian) to soil in specie (Latin, literally 'in kind') payment made in coin rather than in paper money insperato (Italian) unhoped-for Inspeximus copy of an earlier document, confirmed by authority inspiegabile (Italian) inexplicable Inspiración (Spanish f.) inspiration inspirar (Spanish) to inspire, to breath in inspirare (Italian) to inspire, to breath in Inspiration (English, German f., French f.) creative force or influence, which may be that of a person or of an idea inspirer (French) to inhale, to breath in (French) to inspire inst(s) abbreviation of 'instrument(s)', 'instrumental' instabile (Italian) unstable, unsettled Instalación (Spanish f.) installation installare (Italian) to install installarsi (Italian) to settle in Installation (art) art made for a specific space, exploiting certain qualities of that space, more often indoors than out. Installations are multi-media, multi-dimensional and multi-form works which are created for a particular space or site either outdoors or indoors, in a museum or gallery. There have been installations since Marcel Duchamp put a urinal in a New York gallery in 1917 and called it art. This was the most resonant gesture in twentieth-century art, discrediting notions of taste, skill and craftsmanship, and suggesting that everyone could be an artist. Futurists, Dadaists and surrealists all made installations. In the 1960s, conceptualists, minimalists and quite possibly maximalists did too. But the term did not become widely used until the 1970s and 1980s, largely replacing the term 'site-specific', which means the same thing. Installations may be temporary or permanent, but most will be known to posterity through documentation The Ancient History of Installation Art Installazione (Italian f.) installation instand halten (German) to maintain, to look after Instandhaltung (German f.) maintenance, upkeep inständig (German) urgent, pressing instand setzen (German) to restore, to repair Instandsetzung (German f.) repair Instandsetzungsabteilung (German f.) repairs department, maintenance department, after-sales service department Instantané (French) instantaneous, snapshot instante (Italian) urgent, pressing instantemente (Italian) vehemently, urgently, earnestly instanter (Latin) immediately, at once, without delay Instantiation a representation of an idea in the form of an instance of it Instanz (German f.) authority instanteniente (Italian) urgently in statu pupillari (Latin) as a pupil or ward, under scholastic or academic disipline in statu quo (ante) (Latin) in the same condition or position (as before) Institución (Spanish f.) institution Institut (German n.) institute Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique see 'IRCAM' Instituteur (m.), Institutrice (f.) (French) teacher Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles (French, literally 'National Institute for Blind Children') a French school for blind children founded in 1784 by Valentin Haüy. Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille system, attended the school in 1819 and later taught there. The first organ class for blind students was established at the institute in 1826 and by 1833 no less than 14 blind students held organist positions in the churches of Paris. The institute continued to produce large number of successful organist such as André Marchal, Jean Langlais and Gaston Litaize Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles from which this information has been taken In strict time measured, in tempo (Italian), abgemessen (German), en mesure (French), a rigore di tempo (Italian), tempo rigoroso (Italian), Streng im Tempo (German), exactement (French) Instrucción (s.), Instruccións (pl.) (Spanish f.) instruction Instr abbreviation of Instrument(e) (German: instrument(s)) Instrument (English, French m., German n.) instrumento (Italian), see 'instruments' Instrument à anches (French m.) reed instrument, instrumento de lengüeta (Spanish) Instrument à archet (French m.) a bowed instrument Instrumentação (Portuguese) or orquestração, orchestration Instrument accompagnateur (French m.) accompanying instrument Instrumentación (Spanish f.) instrumentation Instrument à clavier (French m.) keyboard instrument Instrument à cordes (French m.) a stringed instrument Instrument à cordes frottées (French m.) plucked stringed instrument Instrumental (English, German, French, Spanish) describes music written for instruments but not for the voice (in English and Spanish, music for the voice is termed 'vocal') instrumental (English, German) instrumental (as in 'instrumental music') instrumentale (Italian) instrumental Instrumentalgruppe (German n.) instrumental group instrumentalisieren (German) to exploit Instrumentalista (Spanish m./f.) instrumentalist Instrumentalmusik (German f.) instrumental music Instrumental rock a type of rock and roll which features only musical instruments, and no singing. From its earliest days, rock and roll emphasized catchy melodies, which were usually presented with easily remembered lyrics. That wasn't always the case, however, and if the melodies were strong enough, instrumentals could catch on and become hits Instrumental rock from which this short extract has been taken Instrumental tablatures they are particularly interesting for the study of musica ficta, because for technical reasons, they (as a rule) do not confuse a given pitch with its chromatic inflection. This is only a general statement, however, which will be found to need qualification in many special cases. Thus some types of instrumental sources can only improperly be called 'tablatures', and are not fundamentally different from vocal sources with respect to pitch notation: these are the so-called 'keyboard scores' and 'keyboard partituras', used to notate (among others) Italian or French keyboard pieces from the fifteenth century onwards (for example the celebrated Codex Faenza, around 1400). Even the oldest of all types of tablatures, the old German organ tablature (documented from the fourteenth century), is not altogether unambiguous: in this type of source, the upper voice appears in mensural notation on a vocal staff, a technique which is not incompatible with implied accidentals. In this particular case, only the lower voices (which are given in letters) can be considered as being unequivocal. Other types of tablatures, typically the Italian, German and French lute tablatures, or the Spanish vihuela tablature, are entirely unambiguous; but they do not appear before the early years of the sixteenth century. The few Flemish or English sources are not more informative than the vocal sources mentioned above Instrumental tablatures (Vincent Arlettaz) from which this short extract has been taken Instrument ancien (French m.) period instrument Instrument à percussion (French m.) a percussion instrument, instrumento de percusión (Spanish) instrumentar (Spanish) to orchestrate, to arrange music for instruments, to arrange the instrumentation of a piece of music. to score a piece of music Instrumentation (English, French f., German f.) the disposition of instruments in a musical work, in other words, which instruments plays what lines in the score, particularly important when arranging or transcribing a work from one combination of instruments to another, and considering: the pitch, timbre and dynamic range of the instrument and available notes in these ranges, particularly when writing for less advanced players application of chords or other multiple notes the difficulty of certain kinds of passage on different instruments playing techniques such as constraints of breathing, fingering, etc. special effects, including harmonics, clicks, pizzicato, glissandi, mutes notation conventions for the instrument, for example, transposing parts Instrumentation variable (French f.) alternative scoring Instrument à touches (French m.) a keyboard instrument Instrument à vent (French m.) a wind instrument Instrument à vent de cuivres (French m.) a brass instrument Instrument à vent en bois (French m.) a woodwind instrument Instrumentazione (Italian) instrumentation Instrument case also called 'regular case', a box or container designed to hold and transport a musical instrument. Guitar cases usually also include a small pocket for picks, extra strings, etc. while violin cases have a space for the player's bow, rosin, spare strings, shoulder-rest, mute, etc. Instrument de cuivre (French m.) a brass instrument Instrument de mesure (French m.) measuring device Instrument de musique (French m.) musical instrument Instrument de percussion électronique (French m.) electronic drums Instrument de travail (French m.) tool Instrumentenbau (German m.) instrument making Instrumentenbauer (German m.) an instrument maker Instrumentenkunde (German f.) the study of instruments Instrumentenmacher (German m.) an instrument maker Instrumentenname (s.), Instrumentennamen (pl.) (German m.) instrument name (on each line of a score, etc.) instrumenter (French) to orchestrate, to arrange music for instruments, to arrange the instrumentation Instrumenti (Italian m.) plural of instrumento Instrumenti da corda (Italian m. pl.) stringed instruments Instrumenti di percussione (Italian m. pl.) percussion instruments instrumentieren (German) to arrange, to orchestrate, to score Instrumentierung (German f.) instrumentation, instruments [corrected by Dr. Susanne Weber] instrumentiren (German, older spelling) to arrange, to orchestrate Instrumentirung (German f.) archaic form of Instrumentierung Instrumentista (Spanish m./f.) an instrumentalist, an instrument maker Instrumentiste (Spanish m./f.) an instrumentalist Instrument jouant la partie de basse (French m.) continuo instrument Instrument-macher (German m.) instrument maker Instrument mélodique (French m.) melody instrument Instrumento (Italian m., Spanish m., Portuguese) instrument Instrumento a campanella (Italian) a small case containing one, two or more octaves of small bells, tuned diatonically, and played with a keyboard, like a piano Instrumento a corda (Italian) a stringed instrument Instrumento d'acciaio (Italian m., literally 'steel instrument') Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) designated instrumento d'acciaio for the Glockenspiel part in his opera Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) K.620 Instrumento da fiato (Italian) a (wood)wind instrument Instrumento da penna (Italian, literally 'instrument with a quill') an old name for the spinet Instrumento de bronce (Spanish m.) brass instrument Instrumento de cuerdas rozadas (Spanish m.) plucked stringed instrument Instrumento de lengüeta (Spanish m.) reed instrument Instrumento de madera (Spanish m.) woodwind instrument Instrumento de metal (Spanish m., literally 'instrument of metal') brass instrument Instrumento de percusión (Spanish m.) percussion instrument, instrument à percussion (French) Instrumento de sopro (Portuguese m.) wind instrument Instrumento de teclado (Spanish m.) keyboard instrument (piano, clavichord, celesta, organ, accordion, synthesizers, etc.) Instrumento de teclado e foles (Spanish m., 'wind-keyboard instrument') organ, accordion, harmonium, etc. Instrumento de teclado eletrônicos (Spanish m., 'electronic keyboard instrument') synthesizer, electronic organ, electric piano Instrumento de teclado percussor (Spanish m. 'percussive keyboard instrument') piano, clavichord, celesta, etc. Instrumento de teclado pinçante (Spanish m., 'plucked keyboard instrument') spinet, virginals, harpsichord, etc. Instrumento de viento (Spanish m.) a wind instrument Instrumento di porco (Italian m.) an instrument type characterised by being triangular with incurved sides (for example, some types of psaltery) Instrumento d'ottone (Italian m.) a brass instrument Instrumento histórico (Spanish m.) an historical instrument, an original instrument (in a historical sense) Instrumento musical (Spanish m.) musical instrument Instrumentos (Spanish m. pl., Portuguese) plural of instrumento Instrumentos de cordas (Portuguese) string instruments Instrumentos de cordas friccionadas (Portuguese) bowed string instruments Instrumentos de cordas percutidas (Portuguese) string instruments in which the strings are struck, for example, the piano Instrumentos de cordas pinçadas (Portuguese) plucked string instruments Instrumentos de cuerda(s) (Spanish m. pl.) string instruments Instrumentos de cuerda frotada (Spanish m.pl.) bowed string instruments Instrumentos de cuerda percutida (Spanish m.pl.) string instruments in which the strings are struck, for example, the piano Instrumentos de cuerda pulsada (Spanish m.pl.) plucked string instruments Instrumentos de cuerda punteada (Spanish m.pl.) plucked string instruments Instrumentos de cuerdas y arco (Spanish m.pl.) bowed string instruments Instrumentos de lengüeta (Spanish m.pl.) reed instruments Instrumentos de música (Spanish m.pl.) musical instruments Instrumentos de sonido determinado (Spanish m.pl.) pitched (percussion) instruments Instrumentos de sonido indeterminado (Spanish m.pl.) unpitched (percussion) instruments Instrumentos de viento (Spanish m.pl.) wind instruments Instrumentos de viento de madera (Spanish m.pl.) wood wind instruments Instrumentos de viento de metal (Spanish m.pl.) brass wind instruments Instrumentos electroacústicos (Spanish m.pl.) electro-acoustic instruments Instrumento sem amplificação (Portuguese) 'acoustic' instrument, that is one without electronic amplication Instrumentos históricos (Spanish m.pl.) historical instruments, original instruments (in a historical sense) Instrumentos musicales de cuerda (Spanish m.pl.) string instruments Instrumentos transpositores (Spanish m.pl.) transposing instruments Instrumento tocado (Portuguese) plucked instrument Instrumento transpositor (Portuguese m., Spanish m.) transposing instrument Instrument rythmique (French m.) rhythm instrument Instruments devices used to create music, classified as woodwinds, brass, percussion and stringed instruments, where keyboard instruments are sometimes given a separate category, although they produce sounds either by vibrating strings (as in the case of the piano, harpsichord, virginal, etc.) or by the flow of air (as in the organ); electronic instruments, developed in the twentieth century, form a new classification Instruments à clavier (French m.pl.) keyboard instruments Instruments à cordes (French m.pl.) string instruments, bowed string instruments Instruments à cordes frappées (French m.pl.) string instruments in which the strings are struck, for example, the piano Instruments à cordes frottées (French m.pl.) bowed string instruments Instruments à cordes pincées (French m.pl.) plucked string instruments Instruments à percussion (French m.pl.) percussion instruments Instruments à vent (French m.pl.) wind instruments Instruments à vent de cuivres (French m.pl.) brass instruments Instruments à vent en bois (French m.pl.) woodwind instruments Instruments de musique (French m.pl.) musical instruments Instruments de musique divers (French m.pl.) other musical instruments Instrument soliste (French m.) solo instruments Instrument solo (French m.) solo instrument instrumenttiosuus (Finnish) part (e.g. one line in a contrapuntal work) Instrument transpositeur (s.), Instruments transpositeurs (pl.) (French m.) transposing instruments, instrumento transpositor (Spanish) Insular script (Latin insula, 'island') also called insular hand, this term refers to a compact style of handwriting invented by Irish monks Insultos (Spanish m. - insults) or abuso (Spanish m.pl. - insults), abuse (misuse or insult(s)), abuso (Italian m.), insulto (Italian m. - insult), Mißbrauch (German m.), Beschimpfungen (German pl.), abus (French m. - misuse), injures (French f. - insults) ins unreine schreiben (German) to make a rough draft of Insurgent country see 'alternative country' inszenieren (German) to produce (a play, opera, etc.) Inszenierung (German f.) production, staging int(s) abbreviation of 'intermezzo(s)', 'introit(s)' Intabulation the arrangement of polyphonic vocal music for keyboard or plucked stringed instrument, a term most often applied to music of the Renaissance Intabulierung (German f.) intabulation Intaglio (from the Italian, 'to engrave') a process by which a metal plate, traditionally copper, is incised by tools or acid baths to create local depressions in the plate's surface. Ink is pushed into these depressions and the surface wiped clean. Paper is then pressed into the depressions under great pressure from a metal rolling (cylinder) press transferring the image. Well known intaglio techniques include engraving, etching, drypoint, aquatint and mezzotint. Only engraving produces lines deep enough to stand up to the stress of commercial printing, though etching was sometimes used for printing specialized items Intarsiatore (s.), Intarsiatori (pl.) (Italian) a worker in intarsiatura Intarsiatura (s.), Intarsiatore (pl.) (Italian) inlaid work in wood, bone, ivory and mother-of-pearl Intarsio (Italian) intarsiatura (occasionally written intarsia, although this is incorrect) intavolare (Italian) to write down, to copy music Intavolatura or intabulation, a term used particularly in Elizabethan times for the arrangement of madrigals for instrumental forces (Italian f.) tablature (used to notate music for plucked stringed instruments such as the lute and keyboard instruments, in particular, the organ (Italian f.) music book, figured bass (Italian f., literally 'intabulation') a term implying a standard two-staff keyboard score onto which all the parts of a polyphonic work have been compressed from its original partitura or 'score' format with one voice per staff intavolieren (German) to intabulate, to write in tablature Integer notation in integer notation, or the integer model of pitch, all pitch classes and intervals between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11. It is not used to notate music for performance, but is a common analytical and compositional tool when working with chromatic music, including twelve tone, serial, or otherwise atonal music Integer notation Integrale (Italian f.) complete works Integral serialism see 'total serialism' Intellection the mental activity or process of grasping with the intellect, apprehension by the mind, understanding, a particular act of grasping by means of the intellect, the mental content of an act of grasping by means of the intellect (as a thought, idea, or conception) Intellectual property a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which property rights are recognised - and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions Intellectual property from which this short extract has been taken Intelligent dance music or IDM, a style of experimental electronic music with an emphasis on unconventional sequencing and processing Intelligent dance music Intelligentsia (Russian) or intelligentzia, a class of society characterized by superior intelligence and advanced political opinions in tempo see a tempo in tempo misurato in strict time, when used after a piacere Intendant (French m.) Generalintendant Intendant (m.) Intendantin (f.) (German) Generalintendant (m.), Generalintendantin (f.) Intendante (Italian m.) similiar to Impresario intendersi con (Italian) to get along with, to get on with intenerito e carezzevole (Italian) touching and affectionate Intensidad (Spanish f.) intensity (of sound), strength (material), force Intensifier a word such as very that strengthens or intensifies the word it modifies Intensità sonora (Italian f.) intensity of sound, loudness Intensität (des Klanges) (German f.) intensity (of sound), loudness Intensité du son (French f.) intensity of sound, loudness Intensiteit (Dutch) intensity (of sound) intenso (m.), intensa (f.) (Portuguese) intense, strong (suggested by Weed) Intention or 'objective', the single, temporary desire or goal that may motivate a character within a drama intepidire (Italian) or intiepidire (Italian), to make tepid, to warm (up), to cool down, to reduce (figurative), to mitigate intepidirsi (Italian) to become tepid, to warm up, to cool down Interaction a system that generates information to which a performer reacts. 'Interaction' means 'mutually influential' Interactive composing process in an interactive composing process, the instrument is programmed to generate unpredictable information to which the performer reacts during performance. At the same time, the performer at least partially controls the instrument. Since the instrument influences the performer while, at the same time, the performer 'influences' the instrument, their relationship is mutually influential and, consequently, interactive Ideas of Movement... from which this extract has been taken Solo After Some Songs Interactive music also known as 'nonlinear music' or 'adaptive music', is synonymous with soundtracks to interactive media and in particular computer games Interactive music from which this extract has been taken Inter alia (Latin) among other things indicates that the details given are only an extract from the whole interamente (Italian) entirely, wholly, fully, completely, quite Intercalare (Italian m.) verse interlaced or often repeated, burden of a song, repeated expression, refrain intercalare (Italian) to insert, to interpolate, to intercalate (Italian) interpolated, intervening intercedere (Italian) to intercede, to intervene, to exist, to lie between (of distance), to elapse (of time) Intercession the act of mediating or going between, especially relative but not limited to prayer Intercessione (Italian f.) intercession Intercessor a person who leads the prayers of the people, for example, in a church service Intercessore (Italian m.) intercessor Intercessory dance a sacred dance form usually associated with Christianity intercettare (Italian) to intercept, to wiretap, to head off intercettare il telefone di ... (Italian) to tap ...'s phone intercettare telefonate (Italian) to tap (wiretap) Intercezione (Italian f.) interception interchiudere (Italian) to block, to stop, to obstruct, to shut (in), to enclose intercorrere (Italian) to elapse, to pass, to occur intercutaneo (Italian) subcutaneous Interdental in linguistics, this term refers to any sound made by placing the tongue between the upper and lower teeth Interdetto (Italian m.) interdict Interdict an ecclesiastical punishment excluding the faithful from participation in spiritual things; it could be applied to individuals, to local areas such as parishes, or to whole populations interdire (Italian) to interdict, to prohibit, to forbid, to disqualify (legal) interdire à (French) to forbid Interessamento (Italian m.) interest, concern interessante (Italian) interesting Intéressante (French, literally 'in an interesting condition') pregnant interessantes Buch (German n.) readable book interessare (Italian) to interest, to concern, to affect, to touch, to apply to, to be of interest, to matter interessarsi (Italian) to take an interest, to care interessarsi a (Italian) to take an interest in, to care for interessarsi di (Italian) to take an interest in, to care for interessatamente (Italian) from selfish motives, with interest Interessato (Italian m.) interested party interessato (Italian) interested, concerned, selfish, calculating, having an interest (in) Interesse (Italian m.) interest, concern Interesse composto (Italian m.) compound interest Interesse simplice (Italian m.) simple interest Interezza (Italian f.) entirety Interference act of interfering, fading or disturbance of received radio signals, (in physics) the combination of two or more wave motions to form a resultant wave in which the displacement is reinforced or cancelled Interference beats see 'beats' Interferenz (German f.) interference (physics, radio) Interferenza (Italian f.) interference (physics, radio) interferire (Italian) (in physics) to interfere, to produce interference interferire con (Italian) to play havoc with, to interfere with Interfix a term in linguistics and more specifically, morphology (the study of morphemes, the most basic meaningful entities in word formation). It describes an affix which is placed in between two other morphemes and does not have a semantic meaning interfogliare (Italian) to interleaf Interiezione (Italian f.) interjection Interim (Latin, literally 'meanwhile') intervening time interim (Latin, literally 'meanwhile') in the meantime, temporary, provisional interinale (Italian) temporary, provisional, ad interim (Latin) Interinato (Italian m.) temporary office or tenure Interino (Italian m.) one holding a temporary office interino (Italian) temporary, provisional, acting Interior monologue a type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken interito (Italian) stock-still, bolt upright, stiff Interject to utter (words) abruptly or parenthetically, to interrupt Interjection an exclamation (especially as a part of speech - for example, ah!, dear me!) Interlaced rhyme in long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at the end of each line Interlacing binding intricately together, interweaving, crossing each other intricately Interlard (with) to mix (in writing or speech) with unusual words or phrases Interleave to insert (usually blank) leaves between the leaves of a book, etc. Interligne (French m.) space (between the lines on a staff) Interligne supplémentaire (French m.) the spaces between leger (or ledger) lines and the main staff or between successive leger (or ledger) lines Interline to put an extra layer of material (called an interlining) between the fabric of a garment and its lining (for example, to stiffen it) Interlinea (Italian f.) space between lines, (in typography) lead interlineare (Italian) to interline, (in typography) to lead Interlocutor (English, from loquor (Latin: to speak)) formal person who takes part in a conversation the term for the master of ceremonies in a minstrel show. A blackface character, like the other performers, the interlocutor nonetheless had a somewhat aristocratic demeanor, a 'codfish aristocrat' Interlocutor from which this extract has been taken Interlude (English) entrata (Italian), Zwischenspiel (German), intermède (French) a short piece played between two larger ones an instrumental piece played between two acts of a play an instrumental strain played between lines or stanzas of a hymn an instrumental piece played between sections of a church service in jazz, a musical passage that occurs between choruses in an arrangement, whether between the head and the first solo, within a solo, between solos, or between the last solo and the return to the head interloquire (Italian) to join in the conversation, to intervene in the conversation, to put in a word Interludio (Spanish m.) interlude Interludium (German n., from Latin) interlude Interlunio (Italian m.) period when the moon is not visible Intermède (French m.) intermezzo, although by the eighteenth century, it had become a short one- or two-act comic opera in French intermediär (German) intermediate Intermediario (Italian m., Spanish m.) intermediary, middleman intermediario (Italian) intermediary, in the middle Intermedietto (Italian) a short interlude, or intermezzo Intermedio (s.), Intermedi (pl.) (Italian m., Spanish m.) short, musical, dramatic items performed between acts of a theatrical performance. During the last seventy years of the sixteenth century the opulent and increasingly secular courts of Italy's city-states funded featured semi-dramatic spectacles, the intermedi, which included solo madrigal, frottola, villanella and many similar musical forms Intermedio intermedio (s.), intermedi (pl.) (Italian) intermediate, middle Intermedio de baile (Spanish m.) divertissement Intermedio de música (Spanish m.) divertissement Intermedio musical (Spanish m.) interlude Intermedium (German n.) intermezzo Intermezzo (s.), Intermezzi (Italian pl.), Intermezzos (German pl.) (Italian m. literally 'interval', German n.) a smaller piece placed between the acts of early Italian tragedies, in other words, an intermedio incidental music in opera, for example early eighteenth-century opera seria, or dramatic works a short movement that connects the main sections of a symphony an interlude an instrumental piece that lacks any other characterisation Intermezzo interminato (Italian) unfinished, limitless, boundless Intermission a break or interval between acts in a dramatic work intermittente (Italian) intermittent Intermodal perception Ordinarily, the individual relies on the collaboration of all senses (so-called intermodal perception) to create a coherent conceptual unity. Piaget argued that such perception did not develop until the end of the first year because, he argued, infants first needed to fully develop each of the individual senses before they could successfully integrate information across modalities. More recent evidence suggests that intermodal perception develops much earlier than Piaget thought. This evidence comes from studies looking at infants' ability to integrate sights and sounds (e.g., in preferential looking studies they will look to the video screen that matches the sound they are hearing), to integrate sight and touch (e.g., newborns look to the screen that matches the texture of the pacifier they have been sucking), and to integrate sight and proprioceptive information (e.g., the imitation experiments in which infants use information from their own facial muscle movements in matching the facial expression of an experimenter) Notes prepared for 'Cognitive Development' by Dr. Lou Moses from which most of this extract has been taken Intermodulation a technique particularly associated with Karl-Heinz Stockhausen (1928- ) where, using electronic techniques, two signals are manipulated through the interference of one with the other Internal audience a type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Internal pedal point a pedal or pedal point (a sustained tone, typically in the bass, during which at least one foreign, i.e., dissonant harmony is sounded in the other parts) that is similar to the inverted pedal or inverted pedal point (a pedal that is not in the bass), except that it is played in the middle register between the bass and the upper voices Internal rhyme a poetic device in which a word in the middle of a line rhymes with a word at the end of the same metrical line Internamento (Italian m.) internment internare (Italian) to intern (during war, emergency, etc.), to place under restrain (lunatic, etc.) internarsi (Italian) to enter into (figurative), to identify oneself with (a part), to throw oneself into (figurative), to penetrate International the very idea of "international" music is somewhat problematic, since naturally all music is international to someone. But its typical, rather Eurocentric usage generally refers to ethnic music more or less uninformed by mainstream, Western musical traditions International Music - mp3s - from which this extract has been taken Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft für theologische Bachforschung an organization devoted to the dual disciplines of theology and musicology in Bach research International fingering see 'German' fingering', as applied to the piano International folk dance a genre of dance wherein selected folk dances from multiple ethnic groups are done by the same dancers, typically as part of one event. The dances are typically considered the products of national or cultural traditions rather than part of an international tradition. Yhe creation of international folk dance as such is often attributed to Vytautas Beliajus, a Lithuanian-American who studied, taught and performed dances from various ethnic traditions in the 1930s International folk dance from which this extract has been taken What is International Folk Dancing International Gothic European art was characteristic of a rare uniformity for 60-70 years around 1400. Art historians have still not been able to come to an agreement on an appropriate name for it. The term "art around 1400" suits the style best which, because of its prevalence is referred to as international Gothic. The terms court style, soft style, beautiful style, trecento rococo and lyrical style, etc. are also used in art literature. Elements of style which were generally wide-spread, did not belong to any particular country and were characteristic of art in courts. In the second half of the fourteenth century, models appeared in court art in the circle of French-Flemish artists serving at French courts and Bohemian regions of the Emperor's Court which determined works of art all over Europe at the end of the century. Human figures, landscapes and spaces in a realistic approach were accompanied by a peculiar quality of dreams, decorative dynamism and deep emotional charge. It is called as a soft style on the basis of lyrical expressions and drapes: it is more than a simple system of formal motifs, it denominates a kind of behaviour. Artists of the period were engaged in learning the human soul until their attention was attracted to the world (e.g. Donatallo, Masaccio and Jan van Eyck) Glossary of Art Terms from which this extract has been taken International Latin a category of dances in 'International Style' ballroom competitions, that is also called 'Latin American' category, and includes Samba, Rumba, Cha-cha-cha, Paso Doble and Jive International Music Score Library Project or IMSLP, a project for the creation of a virtual library of public domain music scores, based on the wiki principle. Since its launch on February 16, 2006, more than 17,000 scores, for 10,000 works, by over 1,000 composers have been uploaded, making it one of the largest public domain music score collections on the web. The project uses MediaWiki software to provide contributors with a familiar interface International Music Score Library Project from which this extract has been taken International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA, a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language International Phonetic Alphabet from which this extract has been taken International Standard waltz formerly called 'slow waltz', one of the five dances of the 'Standard' category of the International Style ballroom dances Waltz (International Standard) from which this extract has been taken International Style a particular style of ballroom dances, that group of dances danced in 'International Style' ballroom competitions, which consists of two categories, 'Standard' and 'Latin' International System accordion the 3-row International System diatonic button accordion (the Tex-Mex or Norteño accordion) is a generalization of the various multiple row diatonic button accordions prevalent in Europe. These ethnic, regional and national variants are all based on multiple rows, each row similar to a modern diatonic harmonica (mouth organ, "blues harp"), which is why Hohner refers in German to diatonic button accordion as die Handharmonika (as opposed to die Mundharmonika, the mouth organ). The International System truncates the multiplicity of rows at three and adds a pair of accidentals to the press and draw of a single button at the end of each of the three rows Introduction to the Club System Accordion from where this extract has been taken Internato (Italian m.) internee (person interned), inmate (of a lunatic asylum, etc.), boarding school internato (Italian) interned Internazionale (Italian m.) international (association), Internationale (hymn) internazionale (Italian) international Interno (Italian m.) interior, inside interno (Italian) internal, interior, inner, inland, house, home Inter nos (Latin) between ourselves intero (Italian) entire, whole, honest (figurative), sincere (figurative) Interonset interval in music the interonset interval or 'IOI' is the time between the beginnings or attack-points of successive events or notes, the interval between onsets, not including the duration of the events. For example, two sixteenth notes separated by dotted eighth rest would have the same interonset interval as between a quarter note and a sixteenth note. The concept is often useful for considering rhythms and meters Interonset interval from where this extract has been taken Inter partes (Latin) made between two parties (for example, an agreement) interpellare (Italian) to interpellate, to ask, to take a legal objection to Interpellate question formally about policy or government business Interpellation interjection, the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts interpolando (Italian) interjecting at intervals interpolare (Italian) to interpolate Interpolation in textual criticism, the addition of unauthorised material to a text. This maybe the result of error, for example, the inadvertent incorporation of marginal notes or glosses into the body of the copy an abrupt change of elements, followed by an almost immediate continuation of the first idea, for example, the lengthening of the repetition of a phrase by the insertion of material not heard in the original phrase in jazz, the term is applied usually to the inclusion of material taken from another composition, hence its alternative name 'quoting' Interpolazione (Italian f.) interpolation interporre (Italian) to inerpose interporsi (Italian) to interpose, to intervene, to mediate Interpret (German m.) interpreter Interpretación (Spanish f.) interpretation Interpretación de la música (Spanish f.) musical interpretation, musical performance interpretar (Spanish) to perform (a piece of music) interpretare (Italian) to interpret Interpretation (English, German f.) the artistic communication by the performer of the music to the audience, in particular how a performer will present the material to the listeners and how emotions are communicated through the performance, applicable mainly to music that is ambiguous as to tempo, dynamics, etc. in so far as this term is applied to the modern day performance of music with an interrupted performing tradition, we would refer you to the reference below Ornamentation Interprétation (French f.) interpretation Interpretazione (Italian f.) interpretation, construction, rendering (of a piece of music), execution (of a piece of music) Interprete (Italian m./f.) performer, interpreter, exponent Interprète (French m./f.) performer, interpreter interprèter (French) to perform, to sing Interpretive dance a family of dance styles that seeks to interpret the meaning inherent in music rather than by performing specific preformatted moves Interpretive dance from which this extract has been taken Interpunktion (German f.) punctuation Interpunzione (Italian f.) punctuation Interramento (Italian m.) interment (burial) interrare (Italian) to inter, to bury, to earth up, to build earthworks Interregno (Italian m.) interregnum Interregnum (Latin) period between rulers (usually associated with anarchy and lawlessness), a breach of continuity, a suspension of authority interrogare (Italian) to interrogate, to question, to examine (question) interrogativo (Italian) interrogative Interrogativus (Latin) one of the accentus ecclesiastici Interrogatorio (Italian m.) interrogatory, examination, cross-examination Interrogazione (Italian f.) interrogation, question, query interroger ... sur ... (French) to question ... about ... interrompendo (Italian) interrupting interrompere (Italian) to interrupt, to break (off), to discontinue, to disconnect (electricity, gas), to switch off (gas, electricity) interrompere subito (Italian) to suddenly interrupt interrompersi (Italian) to stop interrompre subitement (French) to suddenly interrupt interrotto (Italian) interrupted, broken (particularly when speaking of a cadence, accent or rhythm), broken off, cut off (power, etc.) Interrupción (Spanish f.) interruption Interrupted cadence cadenza finta (Italian), cadenza d'inganno (Italian), unterbrochener Schluss (German), cadence trompeuse (French), cadence interrompue (French), also called a 'deceptive cadence', a chord progression where the dominant chord is followed by a chord other than the tonic chord usually the sixth chord or superdominant chord or submediant chord in his article 'Parodies and Parameters' (Proc. Roy. Mus. Assoc. Vol. 100), Sir Jack Westrup points out that neither 'deceptive cadence' nor 'interrupted cadence', is a logical term. The progression is not a cadence at all; indeed, Schoenberg suggested a better term would be 'deceptive progression'. Furthermore, there is no rule that says that a dominant chord must be followed by a tonic chord, so there is really no deception Interrupted Cadence Interrupteur (French m.) a switch Interrupteur de va-et-vient (French m.) a two-way switch Interruption (English, French f.) a break in the continuous progress of an action, speech, musical performance, etc. Interruttore (m.), Interruttrice (m.) (Italian) interruper, switch (electicity) Interruzione (Italian f.) interruption, intermission intersecare (Italian) to intersect Intersecazione (Italian f.) intersection Intersezione (Italian f.) intersection Interstice (s.), Interstices (pl.) a small opening or space between objects, especially adjacent objects or objects set closely together, Interstizio (Italian m.) interstice Intertextuality as applied to literature, the view of a literary work as a text whose richness of meaning results from its location in a potentially infinite network of other texts. In adapting this notion for music, intertextuality operates on two essential levels: stylistic and strategic. A purely 'stylistic intertextuality' arises when a composer makes reference to the conventions of an earlier style or musical tradition without evoking any particular earlier work. 'Strategic intertextuality' arises when a composer makes reference to a specific earlier work or works. An additional distinction in the categorization of intertextual relationships is the differentiation between borrowings with a "sameness of spelling" or 'autosonic borrowing' (for example, sampling) and those with a "sameness of sounding" or 'allosonic borrowings' (for example, a performed allusion or quotation) Musical Borrowings from which part of this extract has been taken Musical Borrowings from which part of this extract has been taken Intertone the subjectively perceived tone resulting when two (primary) tones of nearly equal frequency, produce beats. The pitch of this compromise or intertone lies between the two primary tones Intertrigo chafing between two skin surfaces that are in contact (as in the armpit or under the breasts or between the thighs) Interval (English, Danish, Dutch) intervalo (Spanish m.), intervallo (Italian m.), intervalle (French m.), Intervall (German n.) the distance, in perceived pitch space, between two pitches, by convention, from the lower to the higher, described in terms of two parameters, the numerical value (for example, second, fourth, eleventh, etc.), and the quality (for example, perfect, major, minor, augmented, diminished, etc.) as well as distinguishing between melodic intervals (the interval between successive notes in a melody) and harmonic intervals (intervals between two notes heard simultaneously) we also define various types of interval as follows: ascending interval the melodic interval where the first note is at a lower pitch than the second note augmented interval an interval wider by a chromatic semitone (half step) than a major or a perfect interval chromatic interval diatonic intervals are all those whose notes can both be found in at least one major or harmonic minor scale (example: F and B are both found in C major); all other intervals are chromatic (for example F and B#, since no major or harmonic minor scale includes both of them) [entry provided by Dr. Alan Crosier] complementary intervals two intervals (the primary interval and its complement) that added together form a full octave, for example a perfect fifth (C to G) and a perfect fourth (G to C) compound interval an interval wider than an octave conjoint interval conjunct interval or 'steps', melodic intervals, where the notes in a melody move from note to neighbouring notes only a semitone (half step) or tone (whole step) different linear (melodic) intervals may be described as steps or skips in a diatonic context. Steps are linear intervals between consecutive scale degrees while skips are not, although if one of the notes is chromatically altered so that the resulting interval is three semitones or more (e.g. C to D sharp), that may also be considered a skip. However, the reverse is not true: a diminished third, an interval comprising two semitones, is still considered a skip consonant interval a hamonic interval that does not require resolution, i.e. a consonance Consonant and dissonant intervals descending interval the melodic interval where the second note is at a lower pitch than the first note diatonic interval diatonic intervals are all those whose notes can both be found in at least one major or harmonic minor scale (example: F and B are both found in C major); all other intervals are chromatic (for example F and B#, since no major or harmonic minor scale includes both of them) [entry provided by Dr. Alan Crosier] diminished interval an interval narrowed by one chromatic semitone (half step) from a perfect or minor interval, for example, diminished fourth is one chromatic semitone (half step) narrow than a perfect fourth, a diminished seventh is one chromatic semitone (half step) narrow than a minor seventh directed interval see 'ordered pitch interval' disjoint interval disjunct interval or 'skips', where the notes in a melody move in leaps so that the melodic intervals are greater than a tone linear (melodic) intervals may be described as steps or skips in a diatonic context. Steps are linear intervals between consecutive scale degrees while skips are not, although if one of the notes is chromatically altered so that the resulting interval is three semitones or more (e.g. C to D sharp), that may also be considered a skip. However, the reverse is not true: a diminished third, an interval comprising two semitones, is still considered a skip dissonant interval an interval that requires resolution, i.e. a dissonance Consonant and dissonant intervals doubly-augmented interval an interval wider by a further chromatic semitone (half step) than an augmented interval doubly-diminished interval an interval narrower by a further chromatic semitone (half step) than a diminished interval enharmonic intervals two intervals are considered to be enharmonic if they both contain the same pitches spelled in different ways; that is, if the notes in the two intervals are enharmonic with one another. Enharmonic intervals contain the same number of semitones generic intervals in diatonic set theory, specific and generic intervals are distinguished. Specific intervals are the interval class or number of semitones between scale degrees or collection members, and generic intervals are the number of scale steps between notes of a collection or scale harmonic interval or 'vertical interval', the interval between two notes played simultaneously inverted interval although by convention the interval between two notes is 'measured' from the lower up to the higher, it can be useful to consider the interval inverted, i.e. from the higher to the lower just interval any tuning system which exclusively employs intervals defined by ratios of integers, so called 'just intervals' may be called 'Just Intonation', though some authors restrict it to systems whose intervals are derived from the first six overtones, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Such systems are often termed 'Five Limit' or 'Senary' after Zarlino's Senario. The most common example of such a system is the tuning of the 'Major Mode' using the intervals 1/1 9/8 5/4 4/3 3/2 5/3 15/8 and 2/1. 'Just Intonation' is contrasted to 'Equal Temperament' and 'Unequal Temperaments' such as 'Meantone' which combine rational with irrational intervals major interval the intervals between the tonic and the second, third, sixth and seventh degrees of a major scale melodic interval or 'linear interval', the interval between two notes played one in succession to the other, i.e. not played simultaneously microtonal interval intervals other than the traditional intervals of 12-note equal temperament (with its multiples of 100-cent semitones and 200-cent whole tones), which has been the standard tuning for Western music since the mid-nineteenth century minor interval the interval a chromatic semitone (half step) narrower or smaller than a major interval natural interval synonymous with 'diatonic interval' ordered pitch interval or 'directed interval'. In atonal or musical set theory there are numerous types of intervals, the first being ordered pitch interval, the distance between two pitches upward or downward. For instance, the interval from C to G upward is 7, but the interval from G to C downward is -7. One can also measure the distance between two pitches without taking into account direction with the unordered pitch interval, somewhat similar to the interval of tonal theory perfect interval the interval of a unison (also called 'standard prime'), a fifth, a fourth or an octave. The ratios of frequencies they correspond to, are prime (1:1), 4th (4:3), 5th (3:2), and octave (2:1) Pythagorean intervals Pythagorean tuning defines all notes and intervals of a scale from a series of pure fifths with a ratio of 3:2. Thus it is not only a mathematically elegant system, but also one of the easiest to tune by ear. The one potential flaw of this system is that the fourth or fifth between the extreme notes of the series, Eb-G#, will be out of tune: in the language of intonation, a "wolf" interval. This complication arises because 12 perfect fifths do not round off to precisely an even octave, but exceed it by a small ratio known as a Pythagorean comma. Happily, since Eb and G# rarely get used together in medieval harmony, this is hardly a practical problem. Since all intervals have integer (whole number) ratios based on the powers of two and three, Pythagorean tuning is a form of just intonation Pythagorean Tuning simple interval an interval narrower or equal to an octave specific intervals in diatonic set theory, specific and generic intervals are distinguished. Specific intervals are the interval class or number of semitones between scale degrees or collection members, and generic intervals are the number of scale steps between notes of a collection or scale superparticular interval an interval where the ratio of the frequencies can be epxressed in the form ((n+1)/n) where n is an integer tempered interval 'non-just' interval unordered pitch interval in atonal or musical set theory there are numerous types of intervals, the first being ordered pitch interval, the distance between two pitches upward or downward. For instance, the interval from C to G upward is 7, but the interval from G to C downward is -7. One can also measure the distance between two pitches without taking into account direction with the unordered pitch interval, somewhat similar to the interval of tonal theory 'wolf' interval in tuning theory, an interval too false to be musically useful. The point at which this happens depends on what the hearers are used to and what they are prepared to tolerate. For thirds, we usually take the deviation of the Pythagorean third as the limit, i.e. about 22 cents. For fifths, half a syntonic comma, i.e. 11 cents, is about the limit. These numbers are derived from what is found in old temperaments, i.e. what appears to have been accepted at some time. That is not to say that modern ears will accept those limits specially named intervals include: Pythagorean comma the difference between twelve justly tuned perfect fifths and seven octaves. It is expressed by the frequency ratio 531441:524288, and is equal to 23.46 cents syntonic comma the difference between four justly tuned perfect fifths and two octaves plus a major third. It is expressed by the ratio 81:80, and is equal to 21.51 cents septimal comma the ratio 64/63, the difference between the Pythagorean or 3-limit "7th" and the "harmonic 7th" diesis generally used to mean the difference between three justly tuned major thirds and one octave. It is expressed by the ratio 128:125, and is equal to 41.06 cents. However, it has been used to mean other small intervals Diesis schisma also skhisma, the difference between five octaves and eight justly tuned fifths plus one justly tuned major third. It is expressed by the ratio 32805:32768, and is equal to 1.95 cents. It is also the difference between the Pythagorean and syntonic commas schismic major third a schisma different from a just major third, eight fifths down and five octaves up, Fb in C quarter tone half the width of a semitone, which is half the width of a whole tone kleisma six major thirds up, five fifths down and one octave up, or, more commonly, 225:224 limma the ratio 256:243, which is the semitone in Pythagorean tuning ditone the Pythagorean ratio 81:64, two 9:8 tones Intervals List of Musical Intervals which includes further named intervals Interval a break between acts in a dramatic work or between works in a concert. In some cases, the audience may remain in its seats, while, with longer intervals, members of the audience may leave the auditorium in order to seek refreshment, etc. Interval (Dutch) the 'numerical value' of an interval is unison (Dutch, prime), second (Dutch, secunde), third (Dutch, terts), fourth (Dutch, kwart), fifth (Dutch, kwint), sixth (Dutch, sext), seventh (Dutch, septiem), octave (Dutch, octaaf), ninth (Dutch, none), tenth (Dutch, deciem), eleventh (Dutch, undeciem), twelfth (Dutch, duodeciem), thirteenth (Dutch, tredeciem) and so on. The 'quality' of an interval is minor (Dutch, klein), major (Dutch, groot), perfect (Dutch, rein), diminished (Dutch, verminderd), augmented (Dutch, overmatig), doubly-diminished (Dutch, dubbelverminderd) and so on Interval class in music, specifically musical set theory, an interval class, or unordered pitch-class interval, is an interval measured by the distance between its two pitch classes ordered so they are as close as possible. It was created to account for octave and inversional equivalency. Since there are 12 pitch classes in the equal tempered scale the largest interval class is 6 semitones (i.e. the tritone), since any interval larger than that is not the closest ordering Interval class from which this information has been taken Interval inversie (Dutch) inverted interval Intervall (German n., Sweden) interval the specific types of musical interval in German are: aufsteigendes Intervall ascending interval übermäßiges Intervall augmented interval, for example, übermäßige Quarte, 'an augmented fourth' chromatisches Intervall chromatic interval diatonisches Intervall diatonic interval komplementär Intervalle complementary interval Nebenintervall neighbouring interval, the interval between successive notes of a major or minor scale zusammengesetztes Intervall compound interval, an interval that is larger than a perfect octave. Music that makes use of compound intervals is termed Weitmelodik Intervall von 2 Oktaven fifteenth, interval of two octaves absteigendes Intervall descending interval vermindertes Intervall diminished interval, for example, verminderte Quarte, 'a diminished fourth' enharmonische Intervalls enharmonic intervals gleichschwebend-temperiertes Intervall an equal tempered interval mitteltöniges Intervall a mean-tone tempered interval pythagoreisches Intervall a Pythagorean interval harmonisches Intervalle the interval between two notes played simultaneously reines Intervall perfektes Intervall perfect interval, for example, reines Quarte, 'a perfect fourth' großes Intervall major interval, for example, große Terz, 'a major third' melodisches Intervall the interval between two notes played successively kleines Intervall minor interval, for example, kleine Terz, 'a minor third' natürliches Intervall an interval with no chromatic alteration umgekehrtes Intervall inverted interval einfaches Intervall a simple interval, an interval that is less than an octave (die Oktave), which includes: die Prime (German: the unison), die Sekunde (German: the second), die Terz (German: the third), die Quarte (German: the fourth), die Quinte (German: the fifth), die Sexte (German: the sixth), die Septime (German: the seventh) reines Intervall perfect interval doppelt vermindertes Intervall doubly-diminished interval doppelt übermäßiges Intervall doubly-augmented interval konkordantes Intervall consonant interval konsonantes Intervall consonant interval disharmonisches Intervall dissonant interval Scheinkonsonanz consonant interval sounding dissonant in context Intervalle (German n. pl.) intervals Intervalle (s.), Intervalles (pl.) (French m.) interval the specific types of musical interval in French are: intervalle ascendant ascending interval intervalle augmenté augmented interval intervalle chromatique chromatic interval intervalle complémentaire complementary interval intervalle composé compound interval, an interval that is large than a perfect octave (une octave juste) intervalle conjoint conjoint interval, an interval between neighbouring degrees of a major or minor scale intervalle descendant descending interval intervalle diminué diminished interval intervalle disjoint disjoint interval, an interval between degrees of a major or minor scale that are not neighbouring intervalles enharmoniques enharmonic intervals intervalle harmonique the interval between two notes played simultaneously intervalle juste perfect interval, for example, intervalle de quarte juste, 'a perfect fourth' intervalle majeur major interval, for example, intervalle de tierce majeur, 'a major third' intervalle mélodique the interval between two notes played successively intervalle mélodique ascendant the interval between two rising notes that are played successively intervalle mélodique descendant the interval between two falling notes that are played successively intervalle mineur minor interval, for example, intervalle de sxte mineure, a minor sixth intervalle naturel an interval that is unaltered, i.e. neither augmented nor diminished intervalle redoublé compound interval intervalle renversé or renversement (French: inversion), inverted interval intervalle simple an interval that is equal to or is smaller than an octave, which are: la seconde (French: the second), la tierce (French: the third), la quarte (French: the fourth), la quinte (French: the fifth), la sixte (French: the sixth), la septième (French: the seventh), l'octave (French: the octave) intervalle sous-diminué doubly-diminished interval intervalle sur-augmenté doubly-augmented interval Intervalle de quinte diminuée (French m.) interval of a flattened or diminished fifth Intervalle de seconde (French m.) interval of a second Intervallets omvändning (Swedish) inverted interval Intervalli (Finnish) interval Intervallic see 'diastematic' Intervalli giusti (Italian m.pl.) just intervals - unisono (unison), quarta (fourth), quinta (fifth) and ottava (octave) Intervallo (Italian m.) interval, space, gap, intermission the specific types of musical interval in Italian are: intervallo armonico harmonic interval intervallo ascendente ascending interval intervallo aumentato augmented interval intervallo complementare complementary interval intervallo composto compound interval intervallo cromatico chromatic interval intervallo diminuito diminished interval intervallo discendente descending interval intervallo dissonante dissonant interval intervallo eccedente augmented interval intervalli enarmonici enharmonic intervals intervallo giusto perfect interval - (unison), quarta (fourth), quinta (fifth) and ottava (octave) intervallo maggiore major interval - for example, intervallo di seconda maggiore (major second) intervallo melodico melodic interval intervallo minore minor interval - for example, intervallo di seconda minore (minor second) intervallo rivolto inverted interval intervallo semplice an interval that is equal to or is smaller than an octave, which are: la seconda (Italian: the second), la terza (Italian: the third), la quarta (Italian: the fourth), la quinta (Italian: the fifth), la sesta (Italian: the sixth), la settima (Italian: the seventh), l'ottava (Italian: the octave) Intervallparallele (German f.) consecutive intervals [entry by Michael Zapf] Interval number the interval number of a note from a given tonic note is the number of staff positions enclosed within the interval Intervalo (Spanish m.) interval the specific types of musical interval in Spanish are: intervalo armónico harmonic interval intervalo ascendente ascending interval intervalo aumentado augmented interval intervalo complementario complementary interval intervalo compuesto compound interval intervalo consonante consonant interval intervalo cromático compound interval intervalo descendente descending interval intervalo disminuído diminished interval intervalo disonante dissonant interval intervalos enarmonicos enharmonic intervals intervalo excedente augmented interval intervalo invertido inverted interval intervalo justo perfect interval intervalo mayor major interval intervalo melódico melodic interval intervalo menor minor interval intervalo modale simple interval, one of those that can be major or minor, which are: la segunda (Spanish: the second), la tercera (Spanish: the third), la sexta (Spanish: the sixth) and la séptima (Spanish: the seventh) intervalo simple an interval that is equal to or is smaller than an octave, which are: la segunda (Spanish: the second), la tercera (Spanish: the third), la cuarta (Spanish: the fourth), la quinta (Spanish: the fifth), la sexta (Spanish: the sixth), la séptima (Spanish: the seventh), l'octava (Spanish: the octave) intervalo tonale perfect interval, which include la primera (Spanish: the unison), la cuarta (Spanish: the fourth), la quinta (Spanish: the fifth) and la octava (Spanish: the octave) Intervalo de medio tono (Spanish m.) an interval of a semitone, an interval of a half-step Interval of equivalence see 'pseudo-octave' Interval quality the name of any interval may be qualified using the terms 'perfect', 'major', 'minor', 'augmented', 'diminished', and so on. This is called its interval quality. Intervals are often abbreviated with a P for perfect, m for minor, M for major, d for diminished, A for augmented, followed by the diatonic interval number. The indication M and P are often omitted. The octave is P8, and a unison is usually referred to simply as "a unison" but can be labelled P1 Interval root although intervals are usually designated in relation to their lower note, David Cope and Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) both suggest the concept of interval root. To determine an interval's root, one locates its nearest approximation in the harmonic series. The root of a perfect fourth, then, is its top note because it is an octave of the fundamental in the hypothetical harmonic series. The bottom note of every odd diatonically numbered intervals are the roots, as are the tops of all even numbered intervals. The root of a collection of intervals or a chord is thus determined by the interval root of its strongest interval Interval from which this short extract has been taken Intervals, els (Catalan) the intervals Interval signal a characteristic sound or musical phrase used in international broadcasting and by some domestic broadcasters, that serves several purposes: assisting a listener to tune his or her radio to the correct frequency for the station informing other stations that the frequency is in use serving as a station identifier even if the language used in the subsequent broadcast is not one the listener understands the practice began in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s and was carried over into shortwave broadcasts. The use of interval signals has declined with the advent of digital tuning systems, but has not vanished Interval signal from which this short extract has been taken Intervall von 2 Oktaven (German n.) fifteenth, interval of two octaves intervenir avec à-propos (French) to make an apposite remark intervenire (Italian) to intervene, to happen, to attend, to be present Interventista (Italian m./f.) interventionist Intervento (Italian m.) intervention, interference, presence Intervenzione (Italian f.) intervention, interference, presence Interview (English, German n., French f.) oral examination of an applicant (for a post), a conversation with a reporter (for a broadcast or publication), a meeting face to face (especially for consultation) interviewer (French) to interview Intervista (Italian f.) interview intervistare (Italian) to interview inter vivos (Latin) (a deed of gift, etc.) between living people Intesa (Italian f.) agreement, accord, understanding, entente (French f.) inteso (Italian) understood, agreed, intent intessere (Italian) to weave, to interweave intessuto (Italian) woven, interwoven intestare (Italian) to enter (in an account) to register (under a name), to head (a page), to join together by the head (joinery) intestarsi (Italian) to take it into one's head, to be obstinate, to be stuborn intestato (Italian) intestate (without a will), stubborn, obstinate, entered, registered, inscribed, headed Intestino (Italian m.) intestine intestino (Italian) intestine, internal, domestic, civil In the can a phrase meaning the film director has the take he wants In the nude naked In the pocket in jazz, synonymous with 'in the groove' In-the-round a theatre in which the audience is seated on all four sides of a central stage In the style of alla (Italian), im Stileiner (German) intiepidire (Italian) or intepidire (Italian), to make tepid, to warm (up), to cool down, to reduce (figurative), to mitigate intiero (Italian) entire, whole, honest (figurative), sincere (figurative) In time a tempo (Italian), im Zeitmass (German), Taktmässig (German), au mouvement (French) Intime (French m./f.) an intimate friend intime (French) intimate, private, quiet, cosy, homely, comfortable intimissimo (Italian) very tenderly, very expressively, warmly, with much feeling Intimiste (French m./f.) (a late form of Impressionism) devoted wholly to domestic painting Intimité (French f.) intimacy, privacy intimo (Italian) heartfelt, intimate, fervent, expressive intimo con (Italian) intimate with intituler (French) to entitle intl abbreviation of 'international' Intonaco (s.), Intonachi (pl.) (Italian m.) a final layer of wet plaster on which the fresco artist works, plastering, daub intonare (Italian) to intone, to start to sing, to sing (a song), to tune, to sing in tune, to begin, to match (colours) intonarsi (Italian) to start to sing, to tune, to match intonato (Italian) able to sing in tune (person), in tune (voice, instrument), matching (colours) Intonarumori (Italian, literally 'noise machines') instruments invented by the Futurist Luigi Russolo (1885-1947) in about 1913 which were all destroyed in Paris, France during World War II The "Intonorumori" (1913), "Rumorarmonio" (1922) & the "Enharmonic Piano" (1931) Intonarumori Intonatie (Dutch) intonation Intonation (English, German f.) the production of either instrumental or vocal tone in tuning, the degree to which the pitch of a note heard is what is correct but not to the degree that the note heard is the wrong note the opening notes that lead up to the recitation tone of a chant Intonate to sound the notes of the musical scale, for example, to practice the sol-fa; the act of modulating the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as when chanting the liturgy Intonation in music, tuning in speech, the use of pitch, loudness, and duration to convey linguistic and paralinguistic information (for example, the emotional state of the speaker) Intonation juste (French f.) just intonation Intonatore (m.), Intonatrice (f.) (Italian) male singer (m.), female singer (f.) Intonatura (Italian f.) intonation, manner of producing tone Intonazione (Italian f.) intonation, manner of producing tone a term used by Italian Renaissance composers, for a toccata-like composition, designed to introduce vocal music used in church services, and to set the proper key and tempo for the ensuing vocal composition Intonazione giusta (Italian f.) just intonation intonazione naturale (Italian f.) just intonation, the basis of the natural scale or, in Italian, scala naturale intone to chant on a single note intonieren (German) to chant on a single note, to intone Intoning (English) chanting on a single note, particularly as part of an Anglican church service intoneren (German, archaic form) to chant on a single note in toto (Latin) as a whole, absolutely, completely, without exception intra (Latin) within intra vires (Latin, literally 'within the power of') an act that falls within the Jurisdiction of the Court Intrada (Italian f., from the Spanish entrada, literally 'beginning') a prelude, a flourish of trumpets, entrée, an interlude Intrade (s.), Intraden (pl.) (German f.) introduction, intro (abbreviation), intrada (Italian, Spanish) intransigeant (m.), intransigeante (f.) (French) uncompromising, unaccommodating in Tränen aufgelöst (German) in floods of tears in Tränen ausbrechen (German) burst into tears Intransitive verb a verb that does not have a direct object (and often one that by its very nature cannot take such an object at all) Intra-textual meaning meaning that originates not within a work itself, but that originates in a related work in the same collection Intreccio (Italian m.) plot (of a film, play, opera, etc.) intrepidamente (Italian) boldly, with intrepidity Intrepidezza (Italian f.) boldness, resolution, intrepidity intrepido (m.), interida (f.) (Italian) intrepid, bold, energetic Intrigue (French f.) plot (of a novel, etc.) Intrigue plot the dramatic representation of how two young lovers, often with the assistance of a maidservant, friend, or soubrette, foil the blocking agent represented by a parent, priest, or guardian Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken in triplo (Italian) an old term meaning music in three parts Intro. an abbreviation of the word 'introduction', generally referring to the opening bars of a piece of music played before the main theme, which, in jazz, is often improvised introd. abbreviated form of introduzione (Italian: introduction) Introducción (Spanish f.) introduction, intro (abbreviation), introductory movement, short overture Introducimento (Italian m.) introduction, introductory movement, short overture Introduction introduzione (Italian), Einleitung (German), entrée (French), the opening part of a piece of music, which may be no more than a chord or a lengthy prepation for the introduction of the main theme, for example, in a symphony or concerto Introduction (music) Introduction and Rondo capriccioso Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921) (French: Introduction et Rondo capriccioso en la mineur), op. 28, is a composition for violin and orchestra written in 1863 by Saint-Saëns for the virtuoso Pablo de Sarasate. Since its nineteenth-century premiere, it has continued to be one of Saint-Saëns' most popular compositions Introduction and Rondo capriccioso (Saint-Saëns) from which this information has been taken Introductor (m.), Introductora (f.) (Spanish) introducer (someone who introduces a concert, a person, etc.) introductor (m.), introductora (f.) (Spanish) introductory introductorio (m.), intorductoria (f.) (Spanish) introductory Introduktion (German f.) introduction, intro (abbreviation) Introduzione (Italian f.) introduction, intro (abbreviation), introductory movement, short overture Introit (from Latin introitus meaning 'entrance') in the Roman Catholic Mass, it is the first item, the chant sung as the priest enters and approaches the altar; in the Anglican service, it is a short anthem, hymn, or psalm sung as the minister prepares to administer communion the Introitus Gaudeamus omnes in Domino... appears in the Graduale Romanum to be sung on a given saint's feast day. The name of the particular saint would appear after the words sub honore some modern recordings of early renaissance musical masses include an Introitus even though a musical mass in the Roman rite was composed exclusively of Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus/Benedictus and Agnus Dei. In seeking to make the recording sound more 'realistic', modern producers mix the mass with Gregorian chant drawn from the Graduale Romanum, choosing just about anything, from an almost unexhaustible list of some 1000 antiphons (introitus, graduals, alleliua verses, tractus, offertories, communions and so on) Introit Introït (French m.) Introit Introito (Spanish m.) Introit Introitus (German m., Latin) Introit Intrusion in linguistics, the introduction of a sound into a word that, historically, should not have such a sound in that spot Intuition (English, French f.) immediate insight Intuitive Music a form of musical improvisation based on instant creation in which fixed principles or rules may or may not have been given. It is a type of process music where instead of a traditional music score, verbal or graphic instructions and ideas are provided to the performers. The concept was introduced in 1968 by the German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen Intuitive music from which this extract has been taken Intuitive Musik (German f.) intuitive music Intuizione (Italian f.) intuition intuonare (Italian) to intone, to sing or tune, to sing in tune, to begin Intuonatore (m.), Intuonatrice (f.) (Italian) male singer (m.), female singer (f.) Inuit music traditional Inuit music has been based around drums used in dance music as far back as can be known, and a vocal style called katajjaq (Inuit throat singing) has become of interest in Canada and abroad Inuit music from which this extract has been taken Inuit throat singing or katajjaq, also known (and commonly confused) under the generic term overtone singing, is a form of musical performance uniquely found among the Inuit. Unlike the throat singers in other regions of the world, particularly, Tibet, Mongolia and Tuva, the Inuit performers are usually women who sing only duets in a kind of entertaining contest to see who can outlast the other Inuit throat singing from which this extract has been taken in un baleno (Italian) in a flash in un battibaleno (Italian) in a flash Inunction the process of applying and rubbing in an ointment, the act of anointing (as in a religious ceremony) in un fiato (Italian) in one breath Inungu (South Africa) a friction drum in unisono (Dutch) in unison in usum Delphini (Latin, literally 'for the use of the Dauphin') from the title of an expurgated (or bowdlerized) edition of the Latin Classics prepared by order of Louis XIV for the use of his son in utero (Latin, literally 'in the womb') unborn inv. abbrevation of invenit (Latin: invented by, designed by - usually after the name of the inventor) in vacuo (Latin, literally 'in a vacuum') (an argument, etc.) in the abstract, not applied to any concrete circumstances Invariabile (Italian) invariable Invariance a term used in set theory as it is applied to music, for a property (for example the elements of a set) that remains unchanged after some operation (inversion, transposition, etc.) in vaste maat (Dutch) in strict time, to the beat invariable (English, French) unchangeable Invective speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution, usually involving negative emotional language Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken invenit (Latin) (he) discovered/designed/invented (it), (he) discovered/designed/invented (it) (always accompanied by a name and inscribed on a model, etc.) Inventar (German n.) inventory Inventio (s.), Inventiones (pl.) (Italian, literally 'invention) in Renaissance art theory, the ability to create, invention or originality. Derived from classical rhetoric, inventio was one of the key concepts of Renaissance art theory, because it was seen as being based on the use of reason Invention (English, German f.) a two-art contrapuntal work for keyboard, the term originally applied by Bach; today, Bach's three part contrapuntal keyboard works are also called inventions although he originally called them sinfonie Inventione (Italian f.) invention Inventions-horn a nineteerth-century European trumpet with tuning slide Inventionshorn (s.), Inventionshörner (pl.) (German n.) inventions-horn Invenzione (Italian f.) invention, contrivance Inversio (Latin) inversion Inversio cancrizans (Latin) retrograde, or crab-like inversion or imitation, so called because it goes backwards Inversion (literature) another term for anastrophe Inversion (music) (English, German f.) rivolto (Italian), Umkehrung (German), renversement (French) where the notes in a chord or triad do not follow their standard order which is, reading from the bottom note up, root - third - fifth: root position root in the bass I the Roman numeral on its own shows that the triad is in root position with the first degree of the scale in the root (although the numbering 5 3 would also be correct) first inversion third in the bass I 6 3 the 6 and 3 in the first inversion means that notes lying above the bass note are a third and a sixth above it (6 3 triads may also be notated only with a 3) second inversion fifth in the bass I 6 4 the 6 and 4 in the second inversion means that the notes lying above the bass note are a sixth and a fourth above it where the notes of a seventh chord do not follow their standard order which is, reading from the bottom up, root - third - fifth - seventh: root position root in the bass I7 the seven after the roman numeral in the root position seventh chord actually means that notes a third, a fifth, and a seventh are located above the bass note which, in this case, is the first degree of the scale first inversion third in the bass I 6 5 the 6 and 5 in the first inversion roman numeral symbol means that notes a sixth, a fifth, and a third are located above the bass note second inversion fifth in the bass I 4 3 the 4 and 3 in the second inversion roman numeral symbol mean that notes a third, a fourth, and a sixth are located above the bass note third inversion seventh in the bass I 4 2 the 4 and 2 in the third inversion roman numeral symbol mean that notes a fourth, a second, and a sixth are located above the bass note (4 2 seventh chords are also known as 2 chords) because only two figures are used in figured bass it is not possible to specify every interval in an inverted seventh chord; however, the pairs 6 5, 4 3 and 4 2 only occurs in seventh chords and the pairs 6 3 and 6 4 only in triads so there is no confusion see 'inverted interval' turning a melody upside down, or at least to the extent that where before it moved upwards, the 'inversion' moves downwards, and visa versa to exchange the relative positions of two parts, as in double counterpoint, so that the higher part becomes the lower and visa versa when an organ point lies in a part other than, and higher than, the bass, it is said to be inverted one of three standard techniques in 12-note or 12-tone composition where all intervals of a set are reversed in direction Inversion (music) Inversión (Spanish f.) inversion, renversement (French) Inversional equivalency or 'inversional symmetry', the concept that intervals, chords, and other sets of pitches are the same when inverted Inversione (Italian) inversion Inversionen (German f.pl.) plural of Inversion (German) Inverso (Italian) inversion Invert to alter a melody, chord, interval or disposition of parts by the process of inversion Inverted changed in position Inverted cadence a cadence where the final chord is or both chords are inverted, as opposed to a 'radical' cadence where both chords are in root position or a 'medial' cadence where only the penultimate chord is inverted Inverted chord a chord that is not in 'root position' or normal form', in other words, a chord, the the root of which, when expressed in its standard form, does not lie in the bass Inverted interval intervalo invertido (Spanish), intervallo rivolto (Italian), intervalle reversé (French), umgekehrtes Intervall (German) although by convention the interval between two notes is 'measured' from the lower up to the higher, it can be useful to consider the interval inverted, i.e. from the higher to the lower Inversion of Intervals Inverted mordent see 'upper mordent' Inverted pedal point a long note held on in the treble part, as opposed to a 'pedal point' which is a long note held on in the bass part Inverted turn a musical ornament or embellishment Turns - where the ornament is described in detail Invertible counterpoint also called 'double counterpoint', counterpoint in which two or more voices can be interchanged, one for another, without creating forbidden discords Invertierbarkeit (German f.) invertibility invertieren (German) to complement invertiert (German) inverse invertiertes Intervall (German n.) inverted interval invertir (Spanish) to invert, to turn upside down investire con (Italian) to vest with inviare (Italian) to send inviare a giudizio (Italian) to commit for trial in vino veritas (Latin) the drunken man always tells the truth Invitatoire (French m.) Invitatorium Invitatorio (Spanish m.) Invitatorium Invitatorium (Latin) a verse sung in the Roman Catholic Church at the beginning of Matins alternately with two verses of the 94th Psalm. The concluding words are generally Venite adoremus Invitatory (English) invitatorium Invité (m.), Invitée (f.) (French) a guest inviter (...) à (French) to invite (...) to in vitro (Latin, literally 'in glass') in a test tube in vivo (Latin, literally 'in life') occurring only in the living body (not in a test tube, etc.) Invocatio (Latin) invocation or prayer, a solemn appeal Invocation of the Muse a prayer or address made to the one of the nine muses of Greco-Roman mythology, in which the poet asks for the inspiration, skill, knowledge, or appropriate mood to create a poem worthy of his subject-matter. The invocation of the muse traditionally begins Greco-Roman epics and elegies Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Invocato (Italian) invocation or prayer, a solemn appeal Invocazione (Italian) invocation or prayer, a solemn appeal in vollen Zügen genießen (German) enjoy to the full in voller Lautstärke (German) (at) full blast in Vorb. (German) in Vorbereitung, in preparation in Vorbereitung (German) in preparation in weite Ferne (German) in the far distance in weiter Entfernung (German) in the far distance in weitester Ferne aufgestellt (German) placed in the farthest distance in Zahlung nehmen (German) to take in part-exchange inzet (Dutch) attack, start inzet in de canon (Dutch) leading part in a canon in zwei (German) duple meter Io Bacche (Latin) a joyous burden, in ancient lyric poetry Ionian mode (Ionian, of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians) an ancient mode, or sequence of notes, that is identical to the modern major scale mode consisting of the rising interval sequence T-T-S-T-T-T-S, (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step), equivalent to the modern major mode Modes Ionien (m.), Ionienne (f.) (French) Ionian Ionio (Italian m.) Ionian Ionisch (German n.) Ionian ionisch (German) Ionian ionische (Dutch) Ionian Iota 1/1700 part of an octave, proposed by Margo Schulter on the 'Tuning List' in 2002 and indicated by the Greek letter ι. The classic chromatic semitone 25/24 for example is 100.12 iotas. It is useful for comparing just intervals with 17-tone equal tempered ones Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken Io triumphe (Latin) a phrase of exultation, often found in the lyric poetry of the ancient Romans IPA abbreviation of 'International Phonetic Alphabet', a widely used system for phonetic transcription International Phonetic Alphabet IPEM abbreviation of Instituut voor Psychoakoestiek en Elektronische Muziek, Ghent Ipertono (s.), Ipertoni (pl.) (Italian m.) overtone Ippaki ni (Japan) a deer call of the Ainu people Deer call (ippaki ni), Ainu people, Japan, 19th century ipse dixit (s.), ipsi dexerunt (pl.) (Latin) a dogmatic assertion made on the unsupported authority of the speaker ipsissima verba (Latin) the exact words, the precise words ipso facto (Latin, literally 'by the fact') by that very fact, as an immediate and necessary consequence the reliance upon facts that together prove a point Ipu (Hawaii) a single gourd drum made in two sizes for dancers of both the ancient and modern hulas Ipu heke a drum made of two gourds of unequal size which are attached at the necks. A hole is left in open on the top of the upper gourd, and the two are joined by breadfruit gum. The musician sits on the ground, hold the ipu in his left hand and with a kapa or twine loop and plays rhythms on it with his right hand Ipu ho kio kio the Hawaiian gourd nose flute that had three finger holes along the side of the bowl of the gourd i.q. abbrevation for idem quod (Latin: the same as) Iqa (s.), Iqa'at (pl.) the iqa'at (rhythms) in Arab music can be highly complex, with patterns sometimes consisting of as many as 48 beats. The basic components of a rhythm are two kinds of beat and silences (rests). The downbeat (dumm) is a deep sound made by hitting the drum or tambourine near the centre. The upbeat (takk) is a crisper, high-pitched sound made by tapping the rim of the instrument. Players usually ornament the basic pattern with improvisations Arab Gateway: Music from which this extract has been taken Ira (Italian) anger, wrath, rage ir a bailar (Spanish) to go dancing ir a la bancarotta (Spanish) to go bankrupt Irama a concept used in Javanese gamelan music, which relates to how much space there is between notes. It is often confused with tempo, although tempo (Javanese: laya) is different, and each irama can be played in different tempi. Each irama can be played in three laya: seseg (fast), sedeng (medium) and tamban (slow). Usually, changes of laya signal a different section Irama from which this extract has been taken Iranian classical music traditional Iranian music, dastgâh music, as fostered in the courts and the homes of the aristocracy, draws from many sources, including regional music styles, religious genres of melody and chant and popular songs that have been reworked by master musicians and their students. In different regional capitals, musicians acquired their repertoire from their master teacher through a process of listening and repetition and also drew from local sources of music, incorporating these into their own unique version of this repertoire of traditional melodies and melodic fragments Traditional Iranian Dastgâh Music from which this extract has been taken Iranian Classical Music ir arrastrado (Spanish) to be hard up iratamente (Italian) angrily, passionately irato (m.), irata (f.) (Italian) angrily, passionately IRCAM acronym for Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, which opened officially in 1977. By 1978, its three-floor underground building contained offices, laboratories, recording studios, an anechoic chamber, and the Espace de Projection, a black-box concert hall with reconfigurable walls that allowed for different acoustics for different concerts IRCAM from which this extract has been taken ir de aventón (Spanish - Mexico) to go hitching iré aunque llueva (Spanish) I'll go even if it rains ir en avión (Spanish) to fly, to go by plane ir en barco (Spanish) to go by boat ir en bonanza (Spanish) to go well (figurative), to have fair weather (nautical) ir en descrédito de (Spanish) to damage the reputation of Irenology peace and conflict studies ir en tren (Spanish) to go by train irgendwo anders (German) somewhere else irgendwo muss man Abstriche machen (German) you can't have everything Iring 1/600 part of an octave, defined by Widogast Iring in his 1898 Die reine Stimmung in der Musik. He noted that the twelfth part of the Pythagorean comma and the schisma have almost the same size, both about 1/614 part of the octave. To get round numbers, he took for this size one 600th part of an octave. The size of the major second can then be rounded to 102 and the just major third to 193. The perfect fifth is 351 Iring units. The size of the Iring unit is twice the size of the cent. It is also about the smallest difference in pitch that untrained ears can hear. The same unit was later defined in 1932 by Joseph Yasser in his book A Theory of Evolving Tonality by dividing the equally tempered whole tone in 100 parts and calling it the 'centitone' Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken irische Harfe (German f.) cláirseach Irish bouzouki see 'mandolin, mandoline' Irish cittern see 'mandolin, mandoline' Irish dance tradition the dancing traditions of Ireland probably grew in tandem with the rich traditions of Irish traditional music. The very first roots were in Pre-Christian Ireland, but Irish dance was also partially influenced by dance forms on the Continent, especially the quadrille dances. Nearly every child in Ireland is taught at least a little dance, and probably some music too. Traveling dancing masters taught all over Ireland as late as the early 1900s Irish dance music is isometric. 16 measures are known as a "step", with one 8 bar strain for a "right foot" and the second for the "left foot" of the step. Tunes that are not so evenly divided are called "crooked" Irish dance from which this extract has been taken Irish fiddle there can be few if any fiddle traditions so rich, dynamic, and with such a high international profile as that of Ireland. Traditional music and dance have maintained a central part in the culture of ordinary Irish people in a way that can only be envied by the English, and the Irish fiddle has a central part in that tradition Irish fiddle, irish fiddlers and irish fiddle styles from which this extract has been taken Irish fiddling An Article from Caoimhín Mac Aoidh on Regional Styles in Irish Fiddling Irish flute the flutes today, commonly referred to as Irish flutes, are keyless or multi-key flutes based on the old-system flutes that predate the 'modern' Boehm system flute. They are generally modeled after flutes by Pratten, Rudall/Rudall & Rose, Nicholson or similar instruments from around 1835, having a relatively large blow hole, finger holes and bore (compared to their eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century counterparts) , which gives them a strong sound well suited for playing traditional music. Irish traditional players generally tend to ignore the keys, and play the instrument like transverse pennywhistles (in fact the fingerings are the same). Keyless flutes are common, as the keys are not needed for the majority of Irish traditional tunes Irish flutes from which this extract has been taken The Chris Wilkes Flute Page Irish flute playing tradition it is important that in considering the flute playing tradition in Ireland that one gives serious attention to the existence of fife playing tradition as fife and drum bands were very popular in certain areas of the country and many of these areas coincided with areas which we now associate with a very rich tradition of traditional music.The existence of these bands meant that instruments were available and many of the "great" flute players of old started on their musical "paths" with the local fife and drum band Tom Morrison and John McKenna were the "dominant" flute players of the `78 recording era in America. When one thinks of regions in Ireland that have a tradition of flute playing the following areas come to mind: South Sligo/North Leitrim, East Galway, South Fermanagh, East and West Clare, South Leitrim and West Limerick The Concert Flute by Siobhán Ní Chonaráin from which this extract has been taken Irish harp see cláirseach Irish Hey an Irish round or figure dance Irish hip hop Irish hip hop Irish step dancing one type of traditional Irish dance, a recreational and competitive folk dance. Step dancing as a modern form is descended directly from sean nós ("old style") step dancing. There are in fact many other forms of stepdancing in Ireland (such as the 'Connemara style' step dancing), but the style most familiar is the Munster, or southern, form, which has been formalized by An Coimisiún le Rincí Gaelacha, which first met in 1930. An Coimisiún was formed from a directorate of the Gaelic League during the so-called Modern Revival Irish dance from which this extract has been taken Irish traditional music in spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from Britain and the United States, Irish music has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself influenced many forms of music, such as country and roots music in the USA, which in turn have greatly influenced rock music in the twentieth century Music of Ireland from which this extract has been taken Irish whistle see 'tin whistle' Irish whistle ornamentation traditional Irish whistle playing uses a number of ornaments to embellish the music, including cuts, strikes and rolls. Most playing is legato with ornaments to create breaks between notes, rather than tongued. The Irish and Celtic concept of the word "ornamentation" differs somewhat from that of classical music in that ornaments are more commonly changes in how a note is articulated rather than the addition of separately-perceived notes to the piece Tin whistle: ornamentation from which this extract has been taken Irlandais (m.), Irlandaise (f.) (French, literally 'Hibernian', 'Irish') a term applied to a dance, etc. indicating that it has Irish or Hibernian roots Irländisch (German, literally 'Hibernian', 'Irish') a term applied to a dance, etc. indicating that it has Irish or Hibernian roots Iroha the Japanese solfege system that was used during and after World War II at a time when it was Japanese policy to substitute Western terms with Japanese equivalents (though they were still playing and listening to Western-style music). The system started on the note A and read as follows: i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, to Iron band Antigua had a tradition of iron bands at Christmas time which made the new genre easy to import. Iron bands traditionally are made up of old pieces of metal example old irons, tyre rims, steel pipes, etc. The iron band can still be heard at the annual summer festival carnival iron bands were introduced to Saint Kitts and Nevis' Carnival in the 1940s, when bands used makeshift percussion instruments from the likes of car rims Iron gall ink a deep blue-black ink primarily made from tannin, vitriol, gum, and water. Its indelible quality coupled with inexpensive ingredients made it popular with artists and for writing from the late Middle Ages into the 20th century. Iron gall ink has good colour strength and light-fastness, but it also tends to contain free acids that can be very corrosive to pen nibs and damaging to any paper upon which it is used ironicamente (Italian) ironically, tongue in cheek (familiar), nicht ernst (German), ironiquement (French), irónicamente (Spanish) irónicamente (Spanish) ironically, tongue in cheek (familiar), nicht ernst (German), ironiquement (French), ironicamente (Italian) ironico (Italian) ironic, ironical ironiquement (French) ironically, tongue in cheek (familiar), nicht ernst (German), irónicamente (Spanish), ironicamente (Italian) Irony expression of meaning, often humorous or sarcastic, using language of a different or opposite tendency apparent perversity of an event or circumstance in reversing human intentions in the theatre, use of language with one meaning for a privileged audience and another for those addressed or concerned in Romantic literature, irony resulted from the principle that the author should hold a position above the work and himself; he should not unconsciously get lost in the creative process but control it by introducing a stage of consciousness, which is achieved by irony. Irony breaks up coherent units, as does quotation in a musical piece; it creates dialectical tension. For this reason, quotation was a practice commonly found in the works of Romantic composers irony comes in many forms. Verbal irony (also called sarcasm) is a trope in which a speaker makes a statement in which its actual meaning differs sharply from the meaning that the words ostensibly express. Often this sort of irony is plainly sarcastic in the eyes of the reader, but the characters listening in the story may not realize the speaker's sarcasm as quickly as the readers do. Dramatic irony (the most important type for literature) involves a situation in a narrative in which the reader knows something about present or future circumstances that the character does not know. In that situation, the character acts in a way we recognize to be grossly inappropriate to the actual circumstances, or the character expects the opposite of what the reader knows that fate holds in store, or the character anticipates a particular outcome that unfolds itself in an unintentional way. Probably the most famous example of dramatic irony is the situation facing Oedipus in the play Oedipus Rex. Situational irony (also called cosmic irony) is a trope in which accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate, such as the poetic justice of a pickpocket getting his own pocket picked. However, both the victim and the audience are simultaneously aware of the situation in situational irony Literary Terms and Definitions from which this last extract has been taken Iroquois Social Dance (Northeast Native Americans) songs and dance performed in between sacred rituals Irrational rhythm in music, the term irrational rhythm is usually applied to a rhythm in which an unusual number of beats is superimposed on the predominating tempo. More precisely, if n evenly-spaced beats are played in the time of m beats of the underlying tempo then the rhythm is irrational if neither of n and m is divisible by the other. The use of the term "irrational" in this context is quite different to the mathematical use of the term: indeed, rhythms of this sort are, in the mathematical sense, rational, as they are precisely defined by the ratio of beats played to beats in the underlying tempo. The most familiar example is the triplet Irrational rhythm from which this extract has been taken Irreconcilable implacably hostile, (of ideas etc.) incompatible Irredeemable not able to be redeemed, hopeless Irredentist a person advocating the restoration to his or her country of any territory formerly belonging to it Irrefutable that cannot be refuted irregolare (Italian) irregular Irregular (English, Spanish) (in shape) not regular, unsymmetrical, uneven, varying in form (English, Spanish) (in time) not occurring at regular intervals Irregular accent see 'unnatural accent' Irregular cadence see 'cadence' Irregular temperament see 'temperament' Irregular time signatures time signatures that are in neither duple, triple or quadruple time, for example 5/4, 7/4, etc. Irregular verb a verb that doesn't follow common verb patterns. For instance, think/thought and be/am/was. Most irregular English verbs today are the remains of the old Anglo-Saxon strong verbs Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken irrégulier (French) irregular Irrelative chords chords having no common note Irrelevant (to) not relevant (to) Irreparable (of an injury, loss, etc.) that cannot be rectified or made good Irreplaceable that cannot be replaced Irrepressible that cannot be repressed or restrained Irreproachable faultless, blameless Irresolute hesitant, lacking in resoluteness, irresoluto (Italian) irresoluto (Italian) undecided in style, irresolute, wavering, hesitating Irrespective of not taking into account of, regardless of Irresponsible acting or done without due sense of responsibility, not responsible for one's conduct Irretrievable that cannot be retrieved or restored Irreverent lacking reverence Irritable easily annoyed, (of an organ etc.) very sensitive to contact Irruente (Italian) rushing (in), impetuous, violent, rash [entry recommended by Weed] Irrtum (German m.) error Isabelline (from izah, Arabic: lion-coloured) sandy coloured ISAM abbreviation of 'Institute for Studies in American Music' ISBN acronym for 'International Standard Book Number Iscathamiya traditional Zulu call-and-response a capella choral music sung by men from South Africa. In the mines of South Africa, black workers would entertain themselves after a six-day week by singing songs into the night, and choreographing dance steps on 'tip toe' so as not to disturb the camp security guards. When the miners returned to the homelands, the tradition returned with them ISCM abbreviation of 'International Society for Contemporary Music' ISDN an acronym for 'Integrated Services Digital Network' - a telephone network service which carries data, voice transmissions by digital means, not analogue Ishaka (Nigeria) Ibo gourd shaker with three different types of natural seed nets Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music often referred to as just Ishkur's Guide, an online Flash-driven guide to electronic music created by Kenneth John Taylor. The guide is currently hosted by the Digitally Imported Internet radio site Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music from which this short extract has been taken Ishopanishad one of the major Upanishads Isicathamiya a name given to a cappella Zulu polyphony since the1930s see Cothoza Mfana Isinglass a substance obtained from the swimbladders of fish (especially Beluga sturgeon). It is a form of collagen used mainly for the clarification of wine and beer and as a constituent of glues used by early Asian bow makers, probably discussed by Cennino d'Andrea Cennini in his Il Libro dell'Arte' (published in the 14th century) and mentioned specifically by Thomas Mace for lutes repairs Isinglass from which part of this material has been taken Isinglass glue (in gilding) a binder made from fish air bladders. Appreciated by manuscript illuminators for its strength and flexibility as a binder Iskelmä (Finnish, coined directly from the German word Schlager, literally 'a hit') traditional Finnish word for a light popular song Islamic Civilization and Music many of the world's peoples contributed to Islamic civilization: Arab, Turk, Kurd, Persian, Aramean, Syrian, Egyptian, Greek and Goth. "Two lands" culture especially played a prominent role in the music of this new civilization, from the east, and from the west. Greek music was more theoretical, dominated by works of ancient authors centuries deceased. The visible signs of music and religion in ancient Arabia, confirms that the Arabs of the peninsula had indeed inherited and were conservators of the Mesopotamian cultural heritage History of Music in Islam from which this short extract has been taken islancio (Italian) impetuosity ISM abbreviation of 'Incorporated Society of Musicians' Ism (colloquial and usually derogatory) any distinctive doctrine or practice ISME abbreviation of 'International Society for Music Education' ISO-acoustics internationally agreed standards in acoustics ISO 31-7:1992 - Quantities and units - Part 7: Acoustics Isochromatic having the same colour or wavelength, of or corresponding to constant colour, of uniform colour Isochronous occurring at the same time, occupying equal time Isocratima (Greek) or isokratema, a feature of Byzantine liturgical music, a simple accompaniment to the chant melody. This Greek term means 'to hold the ison', that is the base note of the musical 'mode' in which the troparion is chanted the isokratema, ... (is found) from the Byzantine times in manuscripts either with the mention of the name of the person that does it (vastaktes = holder/supporter) or with the definition of the job of a vastaktes Isokratema Technique in Modern Performance Practice Isocrátima (Spanish f.) isocratima Isochronous performed in equal times Isogloss when linguists create maps showing where dialects are spoken, the isoglosses would be the boundary lines they draw. These isoglosses chart where a particular linguistic feature appears or does not appear Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Isokratema see isocratima isolato con corde (Italian) roped off Isomelic (from Greek, isos, 'equal', and meloidia, 'melody') in which a figure is repeated using the same notes but employing a different rhythm, a feature used in the fifteenth century by English and continental composers a technique used constantly in dodecaphony Isomelos see 'isomelic' Isometric of equal measure where the rhythm in each part exactly matches that in the other(s) so the structure is chordal rather than contrapuntal, also called 'homorhythmic' a work with the same time signature throughout (of muscle action) developing tension while the muscle is prevented from contracting (of a drawing etc.) with the plane of projection at equal angles to the three principal axes of the object shown isometrisch (German) isometric Isorhythm (from Greek, isos, 'equal', and rhythmos, 'rhythm') a technique for musical organisation, where repeated rhythmic patterns (called the talea), usually occurring in the tenor line, are set against a pattern of notes or pitches (called the 'colour') - the talea and colour may be different in length a feature found in motets, and therefore called isorhythmic motets, and some mass settings from the early 14th- and mid 15th-centuries. Early examples of isorhythmic composition appear in the works of Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) and Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377), both of whom were considered to be part of the school called Ars Nova. Later composers who also used isorhythm include John Dunstable (ca. 1385-1453) and Guillaume Dufay (1400-1474) Isorhythm Isorhythm isorythmique (French) isorhythmic isorhythmisch (German) isorhythmic Isorhythmus (German m.) isorhythm Isorythmie (French m.) isorhythm isotónico (Spanish m.) isotonic Isotonic system a tuning system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is tempered alike, and in which there are twelve equal semitones isotonique (French m.) isotonic Isotope one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons in its nucleus, but a different number of neutrons and, therefore, a different mass Isotropic having the same physical properties in all directions (otherwise, anisotropic) Ispirazione (Italian f.) inspiration ispirato (Italian) inspired Israel Center for Electronic Music the first electronic music studio in Israel, founded in 1961 at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem by composer Joseph Tal. A student of Paul Hindemith in Berlin in his youth, and consequently schooled in European style, Tal sought to create a new Israeli music, distinct from European models. Upon Tal's retirement in 1980, Menachem Zur became director of the studio Israel Center for Electronic Music from which this information has been taken Israeli folk dance called folk dances, though some argue that they are not actually folk dances in the strictest sense because they are modern, dating only from the foundation of the State of Israel. However, others have argued that every folk tradition was once newly created Israeli folk dance Israeli hip hop Israeli hip hop Israj the dilruba and israj are very similar Indian classical instruments that share a common link with thesarangi, but they are more recent (nineteenth century). Both instruments have necks similar to the sitar, but smaller, with sitar frets and sympathetic strings. On the israj the bridge is seated on a skin stretched over the instrument's body. Most dilrubas and israjs have 4 steel/bronze playing strings and 11-15 sympathetic strings. They are both played with a violin bow, or a sarangi bow (with convex tension) held in the right hand Israj from which this information has been taken Issue in the theatre, to leave the stage quantity of coins, copies of a newspaper, etc., circulated at one time each of a regular series of a magazine etc. (for example, the April issue) point in question, important subject of debate or litigation result, outcome Istampita (Italian f.) estampie Istanpita an Italian dance form that dates from the late fourteenth century (c. 1390). Eight examples of this form survive, all in duple meter. Like the estampie, the istanpita consists of several verses with the same first and second endings, and the playing sequence is the same. Unlike the estampie, there is more structure within the verses in some examples. The istanpita named Parlamento, for example, has the following verse structure: A B 1 A B 2 C B 1 C B 2 D B 1 D B 2 E F 1 E F 2 G F 1 G F 2. (The structure can get considerably more complex.) Istanpita are more chromatic than estampie, and the verses are much longer (up to about 100 measures). The melodic range is similar to that of the estampie Early Medieval Dance from which this information has been taken istesso (Italian) the same istesso tempo, l' (Italian m.) the same time (or speed) as before that a bar (measure) or principal beat (measure note) remains unchanged after a change in time signature that the tempo should return to that of an earlier, but not the immediately preceding section where the tempo was different istesso valore, ma un poco più lento (Italian) the notes to have the same value, but a little slower Isthmus narrow piece of land connecting two larger bodies of land Istmeños see sones istmeños Istoriato (Italian m.) (a prcelain vase) whose surface is wholly covered with representative decoration Istrian scale a distinctive five-tone musical scale from the regions of Istria and Kvarner in Croatia Istrian Music and Tradition Istrionica (Italian) the theatrical art istrionica (Italian) histrionic Istrumentale (Italian) instrumental Istrumentazione (Italian f.) instrumentation Istrumento (s.), Istrumenti (pl.) (Italian m) instrument (Italian pl.) the plural form can mean 'instrumentation', as well as 'instruments' Istrumento d'acciaio (Italian m.) glockenspiel Isukuti a dance from the Kakamega people of the Luhyia ethnic group of western province of Kenya. It is performed mainly during festivities and ceremonies associated with wedding, child naming, bull fight and commemoration of new homes. Most of the songs that are used emphasize and praise the heroes and leaders of the communities Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken IT abbreviation of 'information technology' It. abbreviation of 'Italian' ital. abbreviation of italienisch (German: Italian - italien (French)) Italia (Italian f.) Italy Italian native or national of Italy, person of Italian descent, of or relating to Italy Romance language of Italy Italian ars nova a term sometimes applied to the music of Francesco Landini or Landino (c.1325-1397) and his contemporaries Italianate of Italian style or appearance Italian Concerto J. S. Bach's Italian Concerto BWV 971 Italian Concerto in F major BWV 971 Italian folk music with regard to folk music, Italy is often divided into four cultural regions: northern Italy Celtic-influenced, major mode southern Italy Arabic and Greek-influenced, minor modes, strong melodies central Italy multiple influences combine, while indigenous traditions like endecasillabo singing (using phrases of eleven syllables) remain island of Sardinia distinct from that of the rest of Italy, best known for the polyphonic chanting of the tenores Italian hip hop Italian hip hop Italiano (m.), Italiana (f.) (Italian) Italian italiano (m.), italiana (f.) (Italian) Italian Italian overture a work for orchestra, originating from the 17th- and 18th-centuries, in three movements arranged quick - slow - quick, from which the symphony evolved Italian pitch see 'Venetian pitch' Italian Sacred Music (seventeenth century) 'psalms' and 'motets', with their relatively free choice of texts, were the first to embrace the new expressive ideals of secular music, the mass somewhat slower to adopt these new techniques. Composers of masses frequently cultivated both old and new styles. Among the older styles found in the first four decades are 'parody masses', masses based on hexachords and/or one of the church modes (as, for example, Missa primi toni) for one to four choirs. The new style of mass is the messa concertata, a term which begins to appear around 1614, signifying the presence of soloists with a true organ basso continuo, as distinguished from the messa da cappella, sung only by full choir(s) and organ basso seguente. Participation of solo voices rapidly led to clearly marked textural and stylistic contrasts between soli and tutti. Very soon, instruments other than the organ were introduced into mass publications, around 1615. Works begin to appear offering flexibility in performance possibilities (ad libitum instruments and se piace ripieno choirs). Prints from the 1630s and 40s reflect the growing influence of instrumental forms and idioms on the mass (for example, a Mass by Tarquinia Merula based on a popular instrumental ground bass, the Ruggiero). By this time nearly every musical chapel of any size had a resident string ensemble, and wind players were often hired for ceremonial occasions. Furthermore, increasing virtuosity in vocal solos, ceremonial masses involving large numbers of voices and instruments, and few-voiced masses for smaller forces, all mark the stylistic changes in this most conservative of liturgical forms, the mass History of the Mass, 1600-1640 which is an extract from the article referenced Italian School (ballet) the Imperial Dancing Academy connected with La Scala in Milan was opened in 1812. Its greatest period began when Carlo Blasis, Italian dancer and teacher, became its director in 1837. Blasis published two textbooks, Treatise on the Art of Dancing and Code of Terpischore, in which he codified his teaching methods and all that was known of ballet technique. These books form the basis of our modern classical training. Blasis trained most of the famous Italian dancers ot the era, and his pupil Giovanni Lepri was the teacher of Enrico Cecchetti, one of the greatest teachers in the history of ballet. It was Cecchetti who brought the Italian School to its peak. The Italian School was known for its strong, brilliant technique and the virtuosity of its dancers, who astonished the audience with their performances Italian School from which this information has been taken Italian sixth chord an augmented sixth chord consisting of a major third and augmented sixth above a given note. The Italian sixth chord is sometimes called an 'augmented sixth three chord'. It contains only three different notes (althoug the third may be doubled), as opposed to a German sixth chord, or a French sixth chord which both contain four different notes Sixth Chords Italian sonnet another term for a Petrarchan sonnet Italian vermouth sweet kind of vermouth Italian versification although subjected to some criticism by modern scholars, the traditional view of Italian versification assumes that it is governed by the number of syllables in a line (whether even, in which case the stress patterns are regulated, or odd, in which case the stress patterns are much more flexible - but neither by their length or by their quantity), and by the position of stressed syllables in the line (baring in mind that the majority of Italian words are stressed on the penultimate syllable) Italic of the sloping kind of letters now used especially for emphasis and in foreign words (for example, italienisch) (of handwriting) compact and pointed like early Italian handwriting the branch of Indo-European languages giving rise to Latin and Romance languages like Spanish, French, and Italian Italicize or italicise, to print in italics italien (m.), italienne (f.) (French) Italian (for example, à l'Italienne, 'in the Italian style') italienisch (German) Italian Italo-Celtic together, the Italic and Celtic branches of Indo-European are called Italo-Celtic Italo disco Italo disco is a musical marketing term introduced in 1983 by Bernhard Mikulski, the founder of ZYX Music. The term applied to Italian electronic dance music of the 1980s and to music from other parts of Europe and from North America that imitated the sound thereof. A typical Italo-disco song had contrasting verse-chorus form, had synthesizer based accompaniment and was usually sung in English by European artists Italo disco from which this information has been taken Italo house a form of house music popular in Italy in the late 1980s that fuses house and Italo disco. The main defining characteristic is its use of (predominantly electronic) piano chords Italo house from which this information has been taken Ita missa est (Latin, literally 'Go, the mass is ended') The dismissal from the Mass, sung by the priest at the very end of the service, from which phrase the name Missa or "Mass" has come to mean the entire service Itch irritation in the skin, impatient desire Itching palm avarice Item any of a number of enumerated things, separate or distinct piece of news etc. item (Latin, literally 'in like manner') also, likewise (used to introduce each article in an enumeration or catalogue) Itemize state item by item Iterate repeat, state repeatedly Iterative something (e.g. a set of instructions) that is repeated as in an iterative process Itinerant a person who spends their time travelling from place to place (generally having no fixed abode) Itinerario (Italian m.) itinerary Itinerary detailed route (for example, the details set out for a concert tour giving travel, hotel and other relevant details), guidebook, record of travel Itone a wooden striker used with the biankomeko drums of the Abakwa people Itótele the middle drum in the set of three Cuban batá drums Itterizia (Italian f.) jaundice ittico (Italian) fishing Iubilate Deo (Latin) rejoice in God IVA abbreviation of Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto (Italian: Value Added Tax, VAT) Ives process the original halftone process developed by Frederick Ives in 1878 where an image could be reduced to a series of black & white dots that gave the illusion of a full tonal image Ivgili (Siatista, Greece) an alternative name for the 'violin' I-VI-II-V in a jazz, a common progression (in the key of C, the progression might be Cmaj7-»A7-»Dmin7-»G7 or Cmaj7-»Amin7-»Dmin7-»G7) Ivoirian hip hop Ivoirian hip hop Ivories a article made of ivory, (slang) thing made of or resembling ivory (for example,, a piano key or a tooth) Ivory hard substance of the tusks of an elephant etc., creamy-white colour of this Ivory Recorder Ivory tower a derogatory term for a place, situation, or philosophical outlook that ignores or overlooks practical, worldly affairs Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Iworo Igede leg rattles worn by dancers. They are made from the large seeds of the ochichingbo vine Iyá the largest of the set of three Cuban batá drums, also called mother drum or lyá llú. It is believed to communicate directly with the orishas during sacred ceremonies Iyailu see batá drums Iyesá a set of four sacred, cylindrical, two-headed drums made of hand-carved cedar and played with sticks the Iyesá are a Yoruba speaking, Lucumí 'nation', based in Cuba, still recognized as having a distinct musical style. Iyesá drums are played usually in groups of three, with a fourth drum added for certain toques. Their combined rhythmic patterns are more unified than the three-way conversation among the batá drums. Agogó, or dance gongs, of different pitches that play interlocking patterns accompany these drums. The last surviving Iyesá cabildo in Cuba is San Juan Batista, which was founded in 1854 in the City of Matanzas Izba (Russian) a Russian log-house or wooden hut Izeze Tanzanian Gogo traditional fiddle Izlan s Tamazight (izlan, 'song') sung poetry in any of the group of closely related Berber languages (Tamazight) performed particularly by the Berbers of the Middle Atlas and High Atlas Izq. abbreviation of izquierda (Spanish: left) izquierdo (m.), izquierda (f.) (Spanish) left (as in left-hand) Izvorna bosanska muzika (literally 'Bosnian roots music') music that came from the Drina valley and Kalesija in Bosnia, that is usually performed by singers with two violinists and a sargija player Izvoschick (s.), Izvschiki (pl.) (Russian) a Russian taxi-driver