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K or KV, reference to the catalogue of the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), entitled Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozarts (1862) made by the Austrian Ludwig Ritter von Köchel (1800-1877) after H. Kralk, the cataloguer of music by Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739-1799) or Kk, after Ralph Kirkpatrick (1911-1984), the cataloguer of music by Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) after Oskar Kaul (1885-1986), the cataloguer of the music of Franz Anton Rosetti-Rössler (1746-1792) or Kind, referring to the catalogue of music by Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924) prepared by Marc-André Roberge and Jürgen Kindermann reference to Gérard Zwang's catalogue of the church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) also Kn or WKO, reference to the catalogue prepared by Walter Knape (b.1906) of music by Karl Friedrich Abel (1723-1787) Kaanon (Finnish) canon Käänteisintervalli (Finnish) inverted interval Kaari (Finnish) slur Kaba a sedate ensemble-driven form played by a clarinet or violin alongside accordions and llautës. The kaba is improvised and has a melancholic style Music of Albania from which this extract has been taken Kabak kemane a gourd violin, used in Turkish folk music, with features that change from region to region. The instruments known as the kabak, kemane, iklig, rabab, the hegit in Hatay province, the rubaba in the Southeast, the kemança in Azerbayjan, and as the gicak, giccek or gijek among the Turks of Central Asia are all known to share the same roots Kabak Kemane Kabarett (German n.) cabaret Kabarettist (m.), Kabarettistin (f.) (German) cabaret artist Kabaro or käbäro, popular single or double-headed Ethiopian drum, played with the hands, also known as kebaro or kebero kabbelig (German) choppy Kabel (German n.) cable Kabeljau (German m.) cod Kabel mit Stecker (German n.) cable with plug Kabelfernsehan (German n.) cable television Kabine (German f.) cabin, cubicle, (telephone-)booth, car (of a cable-car) Kabinbahn (German f.) cable-car Kabinett (German n.) cabinet (political) Kabir poet-saint of northern India, who lived in the 15th century A.D. and who in his devotional songs, dwelt on the essential oneness of the Godhead and the harmony between Hinduism and Islam Kabosy or mandoliny, a short four to six-stringed lute/guitar in the shape of a box, from Madagascar. With three to six strings, it is associated with cowherds, and was originally made from a turtle shell and covered with a zebra skin. Strummed, its sound is reminiscent of the mandolin or the banjo Kabriolett (German n.) convertible Kabuki-bayashi or Kabuki, together with Noh and Kyoogen, Kabuki is one of Japan's best-known classical performing arts. This Japanese theatrical production includes music and, sometimes, dance. Its origins lie in the Edo period. Kabuki, in contrast to the older surviving Japanese art forms such as Noh, was the popular culture of the people and not of the higher social classes or court Kabuki The Kabuki Story by Michael Spencer Kabuki Odori Kabuki Odori appeared just at the end of the Muromachi shogunate (1338-1573) and developed into Kabuki theatre, puppet theatre and all the various styles of music associated with these genres. Kabuki Odori stands right on the border between the medieval period and the Edo period, As the medieval period ended, Kabuki Odori became popular among the common people Music of the (Japanese) Medieval Period from which this extract has been taken Kacapi (Sunda, Indonesia) a family of zithers which are to gamelan much as the piano is to the orchestra in Western music. Many gamelan pieces can be played by small chamber groups combining melodic instruments and kacapi Kacapi suling from which this extract has been taken Kacapi indung (Sunda, Indonesia) a large boat-shaped zither with 18 brass strings. These are tuned by means of pegs which protrude from the side of the instrument. Fine tuning is achieved by adjusting the 18 pyramid-shaped bridges over which the strings pass. The ends of the kacapi are decorated with large scrolls. Traditionally, a mystical bond is held to exist between the kacapi and its player, sometimes consummated in a formal "marriage" ceremony Kacapi suling from which this extract has been taken Kachashi a dance form from Okinawan Japan Kachel (German f.) tile kachen (German) tile Kachu a cow's horn used on Curaçao for performing tambú Kadans a French Creole music genre derived from jazz, which started off in Haiti and developed in the French islands. In the 1970s, a wave of Haitian immigrants to Martinique brought with them the kadans, a sophisticated form of music that helped unite all the former French colonies of the Caribbean by combining their cultural influences Kadans from which this extract has been taken Kadaver (German m.) carcass Kadence (Danish) cadenza Kadennssi (Finnish) cadenza Kadens (Swedish) cadenza Kadenz (s.), Kadenzen (pl.) (German f.) cadence, cadenza (for a solist), progression Michael Zapf writes: generally, Klausel means the ending of a single voice, and Kadenz, meaning cadence, an ending involving several voices, without necessarily implying a harmonic approach. However, this rule is not universally adhered to Kadenzerweiterung (German f.) or erweiterte Kadenz (German f.), cadential extension [entry provided by Michael Zapf] kadenzierender Quartsextakkord (German m.) or Vorhaltsquartsextakkord (German m.), cadential 6/4 [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Kader Breton call singer in the kan ha diskan call and response songs Kadett (German m.) cadet Kadri see balakadri Käfer (German m.) beetle Kaff (German n.) damp (familiar) Kaffee (German m.) coffee, afternoon coffee Kaffeegrund (German m.) coffee-grounds Kaffeekanne (German f.) coffee-pot Kaffeeklatsch (German m.) gossip over a cup of coffee, a coffee- or tea-party devoted to the exchange of gossip (especially, of literary or artistic tittle-tattle) Kaffeemaschine (German f.) coffee-maker Kaffeemühle (German f.) coffee-grinder Kaffeesatz (German m.) coffee-grounds Käfig (German m.) cage Kafi music music from the Sindh province in Pakistan Kafir harp a simple four or five stringed harp used by the Kafir of north-east Afghanistan Kaganu a narrow drum about two feet tall with a head about three inches in diameter, used to provide a continuous rhythm Kaganu Kagura (Japanese) the music of shinto Kagura suzu a hand held bell tree composed of three levels of jingle bells Kaha di orgel the box-shaped street organ that, originating from Berlin through Italy, Spain and Venezuela, becomes one of the European influences on Antillean music, and, in particular, the Curaçaon waltz Kahdeksasosanuotti (Finnish) a quaver, an eighth note, a note one eighth the time value of a whole note or semibreve Kahdeksasosatauko (Finnish) a quaver rest, an eighth rest, a rest one eighth the time value of a whole rest or semibreve rest Kahden sävelen korkeusero (Finnish) interval kahl (German) bare, bald, barren, bleak [additions to entry provided by Brian A. Jefferies] kahlgeschoren (German) shaven kahlköpfig (German) bald-headed Kahn (German m.) boat, barge Kai throat singing of the Turkic people, the Altai, used mostly in their performances of epic poetry, which they accompany with the topshur, a two-stringed musical instrument similar to the Russian domra (German m.) quay Kaiambarambo a bundle of resonant grasses from Madagascar Kailao also called Sipi Tau, a Tongan war dance, performed by the national rugby union team before each match Kailao from which this information has been taken Kaimakam (Turkish from Arabic) a deputy governor in the Turkish adminstrative system Kaiser (German m.) emperor (particular of Germany or Austria) Kaiserbariton (s.), Kaiserbaritone (pl.) (German m.) a rotary-valved large-bored euphonium Kaiserbass (s.), Kaiserbässe (pl.) (German m.) bass member of a rotary-valved large-bored family of tubas, pioneered by Vaclav Cerveny of Hradec Kralove Kaiserin (German f.) empress kaiserlich (German) imperial Kaiserreich (German n.) empire Kaiserschnitt (German m.) Caesarean (section) Kaiso (Caribbean) originally sung in French patois, accompanied by the traditional African drum ensemble and chorus, the kaiso took as its themes, satirical, political and social commentary, and male-female relationships. Modern kaiso is called 'calypso' kaiso is still used today as a synonym for calypso in Trinidad and some other Caribbean islands, often by traditionalists, and is also used as a cry of encouragement for a performer, similar to bravo or olé Kajar see kempli Kajiza (Mozambique) drum Kajri folk music of Uttar Pradesh sung during the rains Kajüte (German f.) cabin (boat, ship) Kakaki a West-African trumpet Kakao (German m.) cocoa Kakegoe (Japanese) pitch shouts, heard in Japanese songs Kakemono (Japanese) a Japanese scroll-picture, mounted on rollers so that it can be rolled up for storage Kakerlak (German m.) cockroach Kakkarissi natakom from Kerala, in Southern India, a satirical dance-drama based on the puranic legends of Lord Siva and his consort Parvati when they assumed human forms as Kakkalan and Kakkathi - a nomadic tribe of fortune tellers. The legend only serves as a skeletal framework for the play, which often turns into a subtle critique of contemporary society. The language is a blend of Tamil and Malayalam Kakkarissi natakom from which this information has been taken Kakko a small, highly ornate, Japanese drum Kakofonie (German f.) cacophony kakofonisch (German) cacophonous Kakophonie (German f.) cacophony kakophonisch (German) cacophonous Kaksoisalennusmerkki (Finnish) double flat, the sign that lowers a note by two semitones Kaksoisappogiatura (Finnish) double appoggiatura Kaksoisetuhele (Finnish) double appoggiatura Kaksoisnuottiviivasto (Finnish) grand staff Kaksoispisteellinen nuotti (Finnish) double dotted note Kaksoistahtiviiva (Finnish) a pair of vertical lines at the end of a section of a work which if preceded by a pair of vertical dots, called repeat dots, indicate that the section should be played twice Kaksoistempo (Finnish) duple meter Kaksoistrilli (Finnish) double trill Kaksoisylennysmerkki (Finnish) double sharp, the sign that raises a note by two semitones Kaktee (German f.) cactus Kaktus (German m.) cactus Kalamaika an animated Hungarian dance in 2/4 time Kalamatianós (s.), Kalamatianá (pl.) folk dance from Kalamata, widespread in many other regions of Greece Kalb (German m.) calf Kalbfleisch (German n.) veal Kaleleng see pitung eelong Kalenda also calenda, kalinda or calinda, one of the most famous of Caribbean dances, originally from Dahomey, now associated particularly with Martinique, where there are at least three versions: from the island's North Atlantic coast a virtuostic dance for successive soloists (usually male), who match wits with drummers in a form of "agonistic display" from the south a dance for couples who circle one another slowly and gracefully invented in the 1950s and 60s a fast and hyper-eroticized dance performed by tourist troupes in addition, there is: a line dance known as mabelo that is identical to a 1796 description of kalenda on Martinique by the scholar and politician Moreau de Saint-Méry a danced martial art, danmyé, that recalls the stick-fighting kalendas of other islands (though on Martinique it is performed without sticks) Tangled Roots: Kalenda and Other Neo-African Dances in the Circum-Caribbean from which this material has been taken Kalender (German m.) calender, diary Kalens or kalends, the first day of the month in Roman dating Kalevalaic music the older of the two major Finnish folk music traditions, of which 'rune chanting' or 'rune singing' is its most important form. Highly alliterative, 'rune chanting' doesn't rhyme and frequently tells stories about legendary heroes. The songs were memorised, not written down, and performed by a soloist, or by soloist and chorus in antiphony. Songs of this kind were compiled by Elias Lönnrot into the Finnish national epic Kalevala, which after its second publication in 1848 inspired a rise in Finnish nationalism Folk Music (Finland) from which this material has been taken Kaliber (German n.) calibre, bore Kalimba (English, German n.) or kalimbe, Bantu thumb piano, in which the sound is produced by the vibration of tongues of metal or wood The Kalimba Kalimbe see kalimba Kalinga Philippine bamboo flutes Kalinga Kalium (German n.) potassium Kalk (German m.) lime, calcium Kalkant (German m.) bellows-treader [entry supplied by Diethild S. Holbein] kalken (German) whitewash Kalkulation (German f.) calculation kalkulieren (German) calculate Kallinitikos a Thracian dance performed by three people (either two men and one woman or two women and one man), named after the kalines, or friends of the bride during her wedding, who escort her to the church performing this dance Kalliope (German f.) calliope see Calliope Kalophonikon sticherarion a sticherarion containing stichera (sing. sticheron) set in the ornate style termed 'kalophonic' Kalorie (German f.) calorie kalt (German) cold kaltblütig (German) cold-blooded Kälte (German f.) cold, coldness kaltes Büfett (German n.) cold buffet Kältewelle (German f.) cold spell kaltherzig (German) cold-hearted kaltschnäuzig (German) cold, coldly Kalymnikos (Greek) a dance from the island of Kalymnos Kalypso (German m.) calypso Kalyuki a basic Russian pipe without holes in which the the role of a whistle or pishika is carried out by the tongue Kalzium (German n.) calcium Kaman a term applied to the Western violin when it has been adapted in tuning and playing technique for Arabic music Kamanche (Armenia, Iran, Morocco) also called kamancha, qyamancha, kamânche, kamancheh, kamenjah, 'Pontic lyra' or 'Lyra of Pontos', a small knee or 'spiked' fiddle (or lyra) usually with four metal strings and sometimes with four sympathetic strings. The contemporary kamancheh is played held vertically. It has a conical neck with a small hollowed belly. The belly is made of walnut or mulberry wood with a thin stretched skin covering the Lyra of Pontos can have only three steel strings, where the first string is called jil; the second, messea (middle); and the third, hamba. The strings are tuned to a-e-a or a-d-a Kemençe Middle East and Mediterranean fiddle Kamanche, ca. 1880, Tehran, Persia Fiddle (kamanche?) and bow, possibly Egypt, 19th century Kemenche Kamânche see kamanche Kamancheh see kamanche Kamanja see kamanche Kamanjah see kamanche Kamarinskaya a Russian traditional dance Kamaru or garapung, a small clapper drum Kamayacha (India) vertically held string instrument, typically consisting of nineteen strings, three of gut for melody, two of brass for drone, and fourteen of steel for sympathetic resonance Kambhoji ancient musical modes from the INdian subcontinent. There are numerous references to Raga or Ragini called Kamboji or Kambhoji in ancient Indian musical traditions. Evidence exists that the ancient Kambojas were lovers of music. As a matter of fact, their free constitutions seem to have given rise to free philosophies. But philosophy, politics, and military training did not combine to develop a non-human type of humanity. Rather all ancient republics including those of the Kambojas were noted for their love of music, dance and art Kambhoji from which this information has been taken Kamel (German n.) camel, idiot (familar) Kamelen ngoni (Mali) a harp with six or twelve strings Kamenjah the Moroccan kamanche Kamera (German f.) camera Kamerad (m.), Kameradin (f.) (German) companion, mate (friend), comrade Kamerad was a term employed when surrendering to the enemy - hence, an appeal for clemency Kameradschaft (German f.) comradeship Kameramann (German m.) cameraman Kameraverschluß (German m.) camera shutter Kamermuziek (Dutch) chamber music Kamerorkest (Dutch) chamber orchestra Kamikaze (Japanese, literally 'god-wind') a (Japanese) suicide plane, the pilot facing certain death in the destruction of an enemy vessel The suicide attack units from the Imperial Japanese Navy were officially called shinpu tokubetsu kogeki tai. Shinpu is the on-reading (on'yomi or Chinese-derived pronunciation) of the same characters that form the word kamikaze in Japanese the reference is to a providential typhoon which frustrated the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 Mongol invasions of Japan Kamille (German f.) camomile Kamin (German m.) fireplace, chimney Kaminfeger (German m.) chimney-sweep Kamm (German m.) comb, ridge (mountain), crest (zoological) kämmen (German) comb [corrected by Brian A. Jefferies] Kammer (German f.) chamber, small room (German) by extension can also signify 'court' Kammercantate (German f.) chamber cantata Kammerchor (s.), Kammerchöre (pl.) (German m.) chamber choir Kammerconcert (German n.) chamber concerto, a chamber concert Kammerdiener (German m.) valet Kammerduett (German n.) chamber duet Kammerkantate (German f.) chamber cantata Kammermusik (German f.) chamber music, música de cámara (Spanish f.), musica da camera (Italian f.), musique de chambre (French f.) Kammermusiker (m.), Kammermusikerin (f.) (German) chamber or court musician, a title given to principal members of court orchestras Kammermusikus (German) chamber musician, member of a prince's private band Kammerorchester (German n.) chamber orchestra Kammersänger (m.), Kammersängerin (f.) (German, literally, 'chamber singer') honorary title given to distinguished German and Austrian singers Kammer Sonate (German f.) chamber sonata, sonata da camera (Italian) Kammerspiel (German n.) Kammermusik Kammerstil (German m.) style of chamber music, distinguishing it from ecclesiastical or theatrical styles Kammerstyl (German m., older spelling) style of chamber music, distinguishing it from ecclesiastical or theatrical styles Kammersymphonie (German f.) chamber symphony Kammerton (German m., literally 'chamber pitch') the pitch used for in Germany during the Baroque period for domestic instrumental music. The different pitches in use at this time were understood only in relation to one another rather than to any single absolute standard. However, we can relate these pitches to our present pitch standards. In Kammerton, a' was about 410-425 Hz, as opposed to its modern value of 440 Hz pitch name use relative pitch Chorton (choir pitch, organ pitch) the pitch for church organs and sacred choral music major second higher than Kammerton Kammerton (chamber pitch) the pitch for domestic instrumental music minor second higher than Tief Kammerton Tief Kammerton (low chamber pitch) a pitch level lower than Kammerton   Kammervirtuose (German m.) a virtuso musician in the employ of a court Kammgarn (German n.) worsted (textile) Kampagne (German f.) campaign (political, commercial) Kampf (German m.) fight, battle, contest, struggle (figurative) kämpfen (German) fight Kampfer (m.), Kampferin (f.) (German) fighter kampflos (German) without a fight Kampfrichter (German m.) judge (sport) kampieren (German) camp Kanada (German n.) Canada Kanadier (m.), Kanadierin (f.) (German) Canadian kanadisch (German) Canadian Kanaka (Hawaian) a native of the South Sea Islandsm particularly one in the service of a European employer, any native employee Kanal (German m.) (TV) channel, canal, drain, sewer Kanalisation (German f.) sewerage system, drains kanalieren (German) canalize, channel Kanarienvogel (German m.) canary Kanarische Inseln (German) Canary Islands, Canaries Kandele see kantele Kandidate (m.), Kandidatin (f.) (German) candidate kandidieren (German) stand kandiert (German) candied (fruit) Kan-dokoro (Japanese) a guide for pitch placement on the tube zither, the yakumogoto, used to help locate the correct placement of tenkan worn on the middle finger of the left hand when depressing the strings Kane a Japanese gong or large bell Kanéka (New Caledonia, Pacific Islands) a fusion of traditional Kanaky styles with pop and world music, stylistically a form of reggae with added flutes (including the Solomon Island panpipes), percussion and harmonies. Kanéka often has political lyrics and is sung in Drehu, Paici or other Melanesian languages, or in French Kaner (Breton, literally 'singer/caller') the principal singer of two in kan ha diskan Kanganu a tall and narrow barrel drum from Ghana Kangen (Japanese) the purely instrument music of gagaku Känguruh (German n.) kangaroo Kangxie dance (Tibet) kangxie, a dance to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument, is popular across the areas where Tibetans inhabit, including Qinghai, Yunnan, Batang, and Qamdo Kangxie dance from which this extract has been taken K Anh abbreviation of Kochel-Anhang, the supplement to Ludwig Ritter von Köchel's catalogue of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Kan ha diskan (Breton, literally 'sing/call and respond') this form of mouth music comes from the tradition of Celtic Brittany in Western France. It is music to accompany dance, but with a special twist-- it uses two singers overlapping their voices in a way that allows for a continuous stream of music for the dancer, and small intervals for resting or breathing by the singers. The singer (kaner) sings the first line, and near the end of that line the responder (diskaner) joins in, then repeats the whole line again while the kaner drops out. The kaner doubles on the last notes, then begins the second line, and so on. The song is sung in turns, only the end of each line being doubled. This technique is called the tuilage, and can be practiced by two singers, or two groups of singers. These songs are often sung high so that the sound carries best, so they can be heard over the sound of dancing Kaninchen (German n.) rabbit Kanister (German m.) canister, (petrol-)can Kanji (Japanese, literally 'Han characters') the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana, katakana and the Arabic numerals Kanji from which this extract has been taken Kanjira single headed tambourine used throughout Southern India Kankara sanshin sanshin made, in the years following World War II, from empty cans, a sign both of the poverty of the postwar years and of the Okinawans' tenacious love of music Kankles lap-harp or kantele of Latvia and Lithuania Kankles Kankukus Afro-Brazilian dance Kännchen (German n.) small jug, coffee pot [corrected by Brian A. Jefferies] Kanne (German f.) jug, (coffee- or tea-)pot, (oil-)can, (milk-)churn, watering-can Kannel Estonian kantele Kannibale (German m.) cannibal Kannibalismus (German m.) cannibalism Kannyarkali also known as desathukali, is a folk art exclusively practised by the Nair community of the Palakkad area of Kerala, Southern India. It owes its origin to the pursuit of martial arts in this region which was under constant threat of attack from neighbouring Konganadu. Kannyarkali was born when dance and comedy were added to impart vigour and colour to the martial training sessions. The art form combines the agile movements of martial arts with the rhythmic grace of folk dance performed around a nilavilakku Kannyarkali from which this extract has been taken Ka'nohko'wah North-American frame drum Frame drum and mallet (ka'nohko'wah, after 19th-century Seneca people type), Washington, DC, United States, 1903 Kanon (German m., Swedish, Danish) canon, round see kanun in Byzantine church chant, during second half of the seventh century, the kontakion was replaced suddenly by a new type of hymn, the kanon, which continues to be used in the Orthodox Church today. It is comprised of nine odes that are musically and metrically independent of one another. Like the kontakion, each ode is comprised of stanzas, this time numbering six to nine, which are modelled after the first stanza, called the heirmos. The kanon represented a great advance in musical composition, particularly because, compared to the kontakion, the kanon was less rigid melodically, and instead of one melody repeated twenty-four to thirty times, the kanon included nine melodies sung up to nine times each. The kanon was introduced by St. Andrew of Crete (c.660-c.740) and refined by Saints John of Damascus and Kosmas of Jerusalem Byzantine Music History from which this information has been taken Kanonaki (Greek, from Turkish kanun) a plucked zither Kanone (German f.) cannon, gun Kanon in der Umkehrung (German m.) inverted canon kanonisieren (German) canonize Kanoon see kanun Kano'oskae' North-American scrapper Scraper and rod (kano'oskae', after 19th-century Seneca people type), Washington, DC, United States, 1903 Kanoun see kanun Kansas City jazz Kansas City Jazz Kantate (German f.) cantata Kantatenmesse (German f.) cantata mass Kante (German f.) edge Kantele or kandele, traditional Finnish string instrument, laid on a table or across the player's knees and plucked, like a psaltery Kantele Psaltery (kantele). Finland, 19th century Kanten (German m.) crust (of bread) Kanter (German m.) canter kantig (German) angular Kantil in the gamelan orchestra, a two-octave instrument made of very short resonating bamboo tubes, at which the player is seated Kantilene (German f.) cantilena Kantilenensatz (German m.) cantilena form Kantillation (German f.) cantillation Kantine (German f.) canteen Kanton (German m.) (Swiss) canton Kantor (German m.) choir-master and organist (German m.) cantor Kantorei (German m. pl.) the offical church-supported choir consisting mainly of the boys from the school associated with the church and a few professional singers (probably mainly tenors and basses) who receive some remuneration for their musical assistance today, the term Kantorei (German f. s.) is often used for a Protestant or evangelical church choir [comment provided by Brian A. Jefferies] Kanun or kanunn, a Middle Eastern instrument dating back beyond the time of Christ. This stringed instrument (similar in look to a zither) has a total of 72-75 triple-grouped strings, which are tuned flat and then raised or lowered in small semitone increments using a series of latches or bridges, called orab, which effectively lengthen or shorten the vibrating portion of the string. The sound box is trapezoidal Kanun Kanun Zither (kanun), Turkey, 19th century Kanu (German n.) canoe Kanunn see kanun Kanyáhte' ká'nowa' North-American vessel rattle Vessel rattle (kanyáhte' ká'nowa'), Seneca people, New York State, United States, 19th century Kanzel (German f.) pulpit, cockpit (of a plane) Kanzelle (s.), Kanzellen (pl.) (German f.) groove, bar or small channel in the organ that conducts air from the wind-chest to the pipes [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] Kanzellied (German) a hymn before the sermon Kanzleistil (German m.) officialese Kanzler (German m.) chancellor Kanzonentypus (German m.) a term used in German for the medieval French chanson Kanzonette (German f.) canzonet [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Kap (German n.) (geological feature) cape Kapahaka (Maori) traditional musical performance that often involves actions performed with sticks that are thumped or the poi - a small ball on the end of a string - that is twirled in the hands and slapped to provide rhythmic accompaniment Maori music from which this extract has been taken Kapazität (German f.) capacity, authority (expert) Kapel (Dutch) chapel, but can be applied to any musical institution Kapelldirektor (m.), Kapelldirektorin (f.) (German) director of music in the chapel director of music at a court Kapelle (German f.) chapel, but can be applied to any musical institution (German f.) a loose term for "band", i.e. small brass band or dance band [entry provided by Brian Jefferies] Kapellknabe (s.), Kapellknaben (pl.) (German) choir boy Kapellmeister (m.), Kapellmeisterin (f.) (German) director of music (in a church), maestro di cappella (Italian), maestro di capilla (Spanish), maître de chapelle (French) (German, literally 'the director of the chapel music') applied to the director of music, orchestra or choir, in any establishment, for example, the church, the court Kapelltrompeter (German m.) court trumpeter trumpeters and drummers in the later Middle Ages constituted an indispensable element of the princely court establishment. Court trumpeters exercised their function whenever the monarch appeared in public and on his withdrawal. They accompanied him similarly for imperial council meetings, at coronations and acts of homage. To guarantee an impressive effect, it was usual at coronation and marriage festivities to offer the imperial sound of the court trumpeter as a tribute. As the climax of such events of high ceremony it was the practice to have the trumpeters of the various imperial and princely courts playing at once. From the meeting of King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I at Schwechat, when, on 17th July 1515, two of his grandchildren married the children of the two kings, there survives the account of the court commentator Cuspinian: 'that it was during the later celebration in Vienna Neustadt that it first happened that the Emperor appeared with 45 trumpeters and six drummers' Kaper (German f.) caper (culinary) kapern (German) seize kapieren (German) understand , get (the point) Kapital (German n.) capital Kapitalismus (German m.) capitalism Kapitalist (German m.) capitalist kapitalistisch (German) capitalist Kapital schlagen aus (German) capitalize on (figurative) Kapitän (German m.) captain Kapitel (German n.) chapter (of a book) Kapitulation (German f.) capitulation kapitulieren (German) capitulate Kaplan (German m.) curate Kapodaster (German m.) capotasto (Italian, English), barre (French), capodaste (French) Kappe (German f.) cap kappen (German) cut kapriziös (German) or launenhaft (German), fanciful, capricious, capriciously, a capriccio (Italian), at will, as the player wishes, freely (particularly as regards the time), capricieusement (French) Kapsel (German f.) capsule, top (bottle) kaputt (German) broken (familar), torn, out of order, ruined, worn out, done for, no good, useless kaputtgehen (German) break, tear, pack up (break down), break up kaputtlachen (German) be in stitches (familar) kapputmachen (German) break, tear, put out of order, wear out Kapuzinerkresse (German f.) nasturtium Karabiner (German m.) a steel ring with a spring clip on one side, used in climbing to attach a climber securely to a rope Karadeniz kemençe Turkish three-string fiddle Karadeniz kemençe Fiddle (karadeniz kemençe), Turkey, mid-20th century Karaffe (German f.) caraffe, decanter Karambolage (German f.) collision Karamel (German m.) caramel Karamelbonbon (German m.) toffee Karamoudza see karamudza Karamudza Greek double reed instrument sometimes played in pairs. Also known as pipiza, zounardi and zournas Karaoke (English, German n., Spanish, Italian, from the Japanese, literally 'empty orchestra') popular nightclub style from Japan where customers sing the melody to accompanying prerecorded tracks Karaoke Karaoke Karaoké (French) karaoke Karat (German n.) carat Karataky (Madagascar) drum Karawane (German f.) caravan Kardinal (German m.) cardinal Kardinalzahl (German f.) cardinal number Karfiol (German m.: in Austria) cauliflower Karfreitag (German m.) Good Friday (the Friday before Easter Sunday) karg (German) meagre, frugal, sparse, barren, scant kargen (mit) (German) be sparing (with) kärglich (German) poor, meagre, scant Kargyraa a form of Tuvan throat-singing involving the production of extremely low notes. The vestibular folds or false vocal folds are vibrated to produce an "undertone" exactly half the frequency of the fundamental produced by the vocal folds, and the mouth cavity is shaped to select harmonics of both the fundamental and the "undertone," producing from four to six pitches simultaneously. There are two main kargyraa styles, dag kargyraa and khovu kargyraa. The dag or "mountain" kargyraa is the lower of the two. Tibetan Gyoto monks chant their prayers in a very low register that resembles the Tuvan kargyraa method Overtone singing from which some of this material has been taken Karibik (German f.) Caribbean kariert (German) check, checked (design), squared (paper) Karikary (Madagascar) small bell Karikatur (German f.) caricature, cartoon (paper) karikieren (German) caricature Karimba a 15-key thumb piano from Zimbabwe with a round wooden plate upon which the instrument is mounted and affixed with a semi-circular wooden wall around the instrument to act as an amplifier. It uses a high resonance wooden soundboard upon with a bridge is implanted on the upper part of the instrument. The metal reeds used as sound source are laid over the bridge and using a metal bar. A strand of wire us sued to bind the reeds under the bar. A metal plate, with a bottle cap affixed to it, is mounted on the lower portion of the sound board to provide a rattling sound. The rattle provides the percussive element in the music Karinyan (Mali) a small ribbed iron pipe that is struck with an iron bar karitativ (German) charitable Karkabas (Morocco) metal double castanets of the Gnawa Karma (Sanskrit) the sum total of a Buddhist's actions in one incarnation, which determines his fate in the next the term is used in English to mean fate or destiny Karmayogi one who has devoted his life to action in the selfless service of others Karnal (Nepal) a large trumpet, one of the instruments that forms the Panche Baja Karnay one of the most ancient Uzbek musical instruments, which in the Middle Ages was a military signal instrument. One of the miniatures dating back to 1430 and decorating the manuscript Shakhname by Firdousi depicts a battle scene where together with warriors in front line there are drum-players and musicians trumpeting the long karnays. The length of this mouthpiece wind instrument without valves and holes can reach up to three metres; its cylindrical body with a funnel-shaped opening at the end is made of brass or copper Karneval (German n.) carnival Karnickel (German n.) rabbit Kärnten (German n.) Carinthia Karo (German n.) diamond, square, check, diamonds Karomunster (German n.) check Karoninka a Mandinka rhythm usually played at weddings and child-naming ceremonies Karosserie (German f.) bodywork Karotte (German f.) carrot Karpfen (German m.) carp Karree (German n.) square Karren (German m.) cart, (hand-)barrow karren (German) cart Karriere (German f.) career Karriere machen (German) get to the top Karroo (Hottentot) an arid clayey plateau in South Africa Karsilama (Turkish) a Turkish dance in 9/8 danced face-to-face by couples who do not hold hands, known in Greece as the antikrystos Karsilama from which some of this information has been taken Karte (German f.) card, ticket, menu, map Kartei (German f.) card index Karteikarte (German f.) index card Kartenspiel (German n.) card-game, pack or deck of cards Kartenvorverkauf (German m.) advance booking Kartoffel (German f.) potato Kartoffelbrei (German m.) mashed potatoes Kartoffelpüree (German n.) mashed potatoes Kartoffelsalat (German m.) potato salad Karton (German m.) cardboard, carton, cardboard box Kartondämfer (German m.) cardboard mute kartonneret (Danish) in boards (referring to the binding of a book) kartonnert (Norwegian) in boards (referring to the binding of a book) Karussell (German n.) roundabout Karwocke (German f.) Holy Week Karyenda drums, the main traditional symbol of Burundi and its mwami (kings). In the large percussion orchestras of The Master Drummers of Burundi, the largest drums are called ingoma, the next largest inkiranya, then amashako and finally the smallest, ibishikiso. However there are other drums, for example rukinzo, which always accompanies the mwami Master Drummers of Burundi from which some of this information has been taken Karyenda from which some of this information has been taken Kasa see sofa Kasat Egyptian cymbals Pair of cymbals (kasat?), Egypt, 19th century Kasbah (Arabic) a palace-citadel of an Arab chieftain in North Africa, the district surrounding a citadel, the native quarter in a North African town Käse (German m.) cheese Kaäsekuchen (German m.) cheesecake Kaserne (German f.) barracks Kashu general term for a Japanese singer Kasik Turkish spoons Kasik käsinkirjoitettu Nuotti (Finnish) autograph, a work written in the composer's own hand Kasino (German n.) casino Kaskavel (East Africa) a rattle Kasperle (German n./m.) Punch (as in Punch and Judy) Kasperletheater (German n.) Punch and Judy show Kassation (German) cassation Kasse (German f.) till, cash register, cash desk, check-out (supermarket), box-office (theatre, etc.), pool (of money), kitty (pool of money), health insurance scheme, savings bank Kassettenrekorder (German m.) cassette recorder Kast after Emerich Kastner, the cataloguer of music by Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Kastagnette (s.), Kastagnetten (pl.) (German f.) castanet Kasten (German m.) (instrument) case Kasten (German m.) (instrument) case (for a violin, cello, etc.), astuccio (Italian), custodia (Italian - e.g. for a violin), Etui (German - for a flute, oboe, etc.), étui (French), housse (French - cover or case) Kastrat (German m.) castrato Katabasis (Greek) a military retreat Katachresis (Greek) or catachresis, in music, the use of a discord, when not allowed according to the strict rules of counterpoint Katachresis is the harsh (improper) use of a noun or a verb, to point to something which does not have its own name. But it differs from metaphor, which gives a word to something that already has one, because it makes use of a word that belongs to something else, like calling someone who has killed a brother a parricide, and calling something which has no fish a fishpond. Discussion of Katachresis from which the second entry has been taken Katalog (German m.) catalog (US), catalogue Katapayadi sankhya a way of determining the number of a melakarta ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the raga Katapayadi sankhya from which this extract has been taken Katcharsee lively celebratory music, the staple ending of every Okinawan party Kat' exochen (Greek) pre-eminently, par excellence (usually written in Greek characters) Kathak one of the classical Indian dance forms, kathak derived from the word katha or story, originated as a form of story-telling in Northern India and later flourished as two separate schools under the patronage of Mughal and Rajput kings Kathak Kathakali an ancient dance-drama form from Kerala in south India, which can also be found in Hindu parts of Indonesia Kathakali Kathakali Kathedrale (German) cathedral Kathedralekirche (German) cathedral Kathistiká (Greek, literally 'sitting-down music') music to be listening to, not for dancing Katra (Madagascar) rattle Katsa (Madagascar) rattle Katzenjammer (German, literally 'caterwauling') the spiritual and physical discomfort following sensual excess (particularly the headache and nausea associated with an excess intake of alcohol) Katzenmusik (German f., literally 'cats' music') charivari Kauaha (Easter Island) a percussion instrument made fro the jaw bone of a horse Kaul after Oskar Kaul (1885-1986), the cataloguer of music by Franz Anton Rosetti-Rössler (1746-1792) kaum (German) barely kaum hörbar (German) barely audible, scarcely audible Kaur (Oceania) end-blown flute End-blown flute (kaur?), Vanautu, possibly Ambrim, mid-20th century Kavadiyattom a ritual temple dance of Tamil origin in which the dancers twist and spin in a row. The dancers gradually move towards a frenzy, in step with the rising beats of percussion instruments like udukku, chenda etc., accompanying the procession. Sometimes the nadaswaram, a wind instrument, is also used Kavadiyattom from which this information has been taken Kaval the picture above is a Bulgarian kaval in the key of D made by the late master maker Slavi Ivanov, Kameno, Bulgaria. It is made of Cornelian cherry, or dryan in Bulgarian, which is a very hard, dark, and increasingly rare wood. It comes apart into three pieces at the enlarged black sockets. The mouthpiece (the left end) is made of cow horn, as are the other black reinforcements. The metal inlay is pewter, in a traditional pattern a long, end-blown flute from Bulgaria, Albania, and Macedonia the counterpart in the West of the Asian ney or nay. It is made in various sizes from 15 to 50 cm in length. It can be made out of different materials, e.g. cane, wood, bronze, iron, bone and plastic. The kaval is held at a slightly oblique angle toward the right, so that the player's breath will strike the sharply angled lip of the instrument on the opposite side, thus producing sound Kaval Kaval Kaval from which the picture and description have been taken Kavalierbariton (German m.) dramatic or Verdi baritone Fach Kavatine (German) cavatina Kawachi ondo a genre of Japanese music that evolved out of folk music which accompanied the bon-odori festival in Kawachi Kawala an Egyptian bamboo flute played in religious festivals Kayagum a Korean 12-string zither Kayak (Eskimo) an Eskimo canoe consisting of a light framework covered in sealskin Kayagum (Korea) also called kayago, Korean tube zither Kayagum Kayamb (Reunion) or caiambe, a wooden frame filled with grains that is shaken in a flat motion to give the 6/8 rhythm of maloya käyden (Finnish) andante Kayokyoku (Japanese) a genre of Japanese popular song that appeared in the early twentieth century Kayrok an Uzbeck percussion instrument consisting of two pairs of polished stones. Ancient Khiva men's dances are performed to the accompaniment of these peculiar castanets Kazoe (Dutch) kazoo, mirliton Kazoo a toy-like instrument consisting of a tube witha membrane at one end into which the player hums. The result is a curious nasal tone Kazoo Kb or K.B., abbreviation of Kontrabass (German: double-bass - contrebasse (French)) kbd abbreviation of 'keyboard' KBE abbreviation of 'Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire' KbKlar abbreviation of Kontrabass-Klarinette (German: contrabass clarinet - clarinette contrebasse (French)) KbTub abbreviation of Kontrabass-Tuba (German: contrabass tuba - tuba contrebasse (French)) KCh abbreviation of Kinderchor (German: children's choir - choeur d'enfants (French)) KCVO abbreviation of 'Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order' K.Dr. abbreviation of 'kettle drums' K-E or E, Alfred Einstein's revision of Ludwig Ritter von Köchel's catalogue of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Kebab (Turkish from Arabic) one of a variety of Oriental dishes consisting of meat cut into small pieces, seasoned and roasted Kebaro popular single- or double-headed Ethiopian drum, played with the hands, also known as kabaro or kebero Kebero see kebaro Kecak an ancient Balinese trance dance with choral music, originally a sanghyang (literally meaning 'spirit') trance dance performed to appease the gods in times of difficulty keck (German) audacious Keckheit (German) audacity, boldness, vigour Keef (Arabic) or kif, Indian hemp, a state of dreamy intoxication induced by a narcotic Keelholte (Dutch) pharynx Keen (from the Irish, caoine) an Irish funeral song Keeners singers engaged to sing lamentations over the dead, usually performed at night and to the accompaniment of a harp Keep silent tacet (Italian), ruhig verhalten (German), gardez le silence (French) Kefafa see kaiambarambo Kehle (German f.) the voice, the throat kehlig (German) guttural Kehlkopf (German m.) larynx, voice box Kehlkopfentzündungs (German f.) laryngitis Kehlkopfmikrofon (German n.) throat microphone Kehlstimme (German f.) throat voice Kehn see gaeng Kehraus Tanz (German) sweep out dance, usually one that concludes a period of celebration. For example, at the carnival celebrations that started in Europe in the Middle Ages as a period of merrymaking before Lent, the Kehraus Tanz would take place just before Ash Wednesday Kei large Japanese gongs used in Buddhist ceremonies Keilriemen (German m.) V-belt Keilriemenantrieb (German m.) V-belt drive Keilriemenscheibe (German f.) V-belt pulley kein anderer (German) no one else kein Blatt vor den Mund nehmen (German) not to mince one's words (figurative) keine Dämpfer (German) no mutes keine die Spur (German) not in the least (familiar) Keineswegs (German) no way keine Triole (German) not a triplet keine Umschweife machen (German) to come straight out with it Keith style a fingerpicking style played with picks on the thumb, index and middle fingers. It centers around playing scales in a linear fashion. This contrasts with "3-Finger" or Scruggs style, which is centered around arpeggios, or chord notes played in rapid succession Keith style Kekrek see kotak Keledi see keluri Keleli a two or three string long necked lute from Chad Kelim a misspelling of kilim Keluri also called keledi or enkulurai, extremely rare bamboo free-reed mouth organs found in northwestern Borneo, bearing a strong resemblance to the hulusheng Keluri, Keledi or Enkulurai Keman see kamanche Kemancheh see kamanche Kemençe the name kemençe is actually shared by two different stringed instruments, one used in Ottoman music and the other in folk music of the Black Sea region. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the first of these was known as the armudi (pear) or fasil kemençe, although these have now given way to the classical kemençe'. The second is a folk instrument, and is known as the Black Sea kemençe Kemençe The Kemence a bowed Turkish folk instrument Middle East and Mediterranean fiddle Kemençe Kemenche see kamanche Kemetzes see kamanche Kempe's Morris see muscadin Kempli in the gamelan orchestra and also called kajar, the time keeper marking the pulses in the pokok (main theme). It is a small horizontally mounted gong Kempul (Javanese) an 18-inch suspended tuned gong, normally used, in two sets of between 6 and 10 smaller gongs, in gamelan orchestras, one tuned to slendro and the other to pelog Kempul Kempul Kempur in Balinese gamelan, the kempur is similar to the gong suwukan in Javanese gamelan. i.e. the smaller gong in the gamelan set used for smaller phrases Kempyang (Javanese) a cradled gong found in Javanese gamelan orchestras, that looks like a small kenong and sounds at a higher pitch than a ketuk Ketuk Kena see quena Kendabba in old Vedic mythology, the Kendabba were a group of beings who protected and served Soma. Later, the Kendabba became musicians in the heavenly court of Taishakuten and protectors of Buddhist teachings, as well as deities of medicine and guardians of children. In paintings, they are sometimes depicted sitting in royal ease surrounded by the twelve animals of the yearly cycle. They are sometimes shown with halo, and are said to nourish themselves with fragrances particularly those of herbs Kendang (Javanese) a double-ended or double-headed drum beaten with the hands, the lead instrument of the gamelan orchestra. There are five different sizes of kendang with diameters ranging from 20 cm. to 45 cm. Kendang Kendang ageng (Javanese) a large double-headed drum, used in gamelan ensemble styles and in accompanying traditional court dance Kendang ageng from which this extract has been taken Kendang batangan (Javanese) or ciblon, a medium-size double-headed drum, used in gamelan ensemble styles and in accompanying traditional court dance Kendang batangan from which this extract has been taken Kendang ketipung (Javanese) a small double-headed drum, used in gamelan ensemble styles and in accompanying traditional court dance Kendang ketipung from which this extract has been taken Kendappa in early Indian mythology, the Kendappa were known for their skills with horses and music, and for their ability to cast illusions. They were also spirits of the mountains, air, and forests, and sometimes served as attendants to the Deva Kendatsuba or Sendan Kendatsuba, a king among the Kendappa Këngë kreshnikësh (Albanian) Albanian folk ballads, one of the styles of sung epic poetry Këngë popullore (Albanian) Albanian popular music, generally based on Italian models Këngë trimash (Albanian) Albanian songs of bravery, part of the folk music tradition of sung epic poetry Kenken the metallic bell attached to a dunun drum Kenner (m.), Kennerin (f.) (German) connoisseur, expert Kenner in der Musik (German) professor of music Kenning in literature, a kenning is a compound poetic phrase, a figure of speech, substituted for the usual name of a person or thing. In its simplest form, it comprises two terms, one of which (the 'base word'), is made to relate to the other to convey a meaning neither has alone Kenning from which this extract has been taken Kennmelodie (German f.) signature tune Kennzeichen (German n.) distinguishing mark Kennzeichnung (German f.) characterisation Kennziffer (German f.) reference number Kenong (Javanese) high-pitched tuned kettle gongs laid horizontally on crossed cord, inside a wooden frame. A complete set of kenong, in each of the two tunings, slendro and pelog consists of ten gongs Kenong Kenong Kenong Kenraalibasso (Finnish) figured bass, thorough bass Kent bugle, Royal see 'keyed bugle' Kenthorn (German n.) Kent Bugle Kenton after Egon Kenton, the cataloguer of music by Giovanni Gabrieli (1556-1612) Kentongan from Bali, an instrument hung from tree branches and struck, used as a signal for assembling people and at the commencing of ceremonies Kentongan from which this short extract has been taken Kentucky Running Set this is a dance form Cecil Sharp found in Kentucky in the Appalachian Mountains, and published in the Country Dance Book V. Firstly it should be made clear that Running Set is not what the people in Kentucky called it; to them it was `dancing', perhaps `Square Dance' as opposed to `Ballroom Dance'. We don't know why Cecil Sharp gave it this name; probably he was confused by the term they used "to run a set" which meant to dance the same figure through for each couple in turn Kentucky Running Set from which this short extract has been taken Kenyan hip hop Kenyan hip hop Kepatihan a type of cipher musical notation that was devised for notation of the Indonesian gamelan. The system was devised around 1900 at the Kepatihan in Surakarta, and was based upon the Galin-Paris-Cheve system of 1894 Kepatihan from which this short extract has been taken Képi (French) a French military cap with a flat top and a peak Keprak see kotak Kerana a long trumpet, formerly used among the Persians Keranim see keren Keras (ancient Greece) curved horn instrument Keraulophon invented by the organ builders Gray and Davison, a reedy sweet-toned 8ft organ stop, whose particular tonal character arises from the boring of a small round hole near to the top of the pipe Kerbe (German f.) notch see Kermesse Kerbflöte (German f.) notched-flute (for example, the shakuhachi of Japan and the quena of the Andes, South America) Kerbschnitt (German m.) chip-carving, a form of wood-carving in which slivers of wood are gouged out from a flat surface Keren (Hebrew) or keranim, horn, trumpet or cornett (Joshua 6:5) Kereplö (Hungary) a simple ratchet rattle made of wood. It can be found as a toy, an instrument in a symphony orchestra or used as a bird scarer Keretok a bamboo cowbell found in Thai farming villages Keretok from which this short extract has been taken Kerf lining on a string instrument, this lining is glued around the perimeter of the top to side joint and the back to side joint inside the instrument. It provides a solid gluing/mating surface between the two Keringut see selingup Kerk (Dutch) church Kerker (German m.) dungeon, prison Kerkkoor (Dutch) church choir Kerklied (Dutch) hymn, chant, carol Kerktoonaard (Dutch) church mode Kerktoonladder (Dutch) church mode Kerl (German m.) fellow (familiar), bloke Kermesse (corruption of kirkmisse (old Dutch: church-mass)) also Kermis and Kerbe, an annual fair or carnival in the Low Countries the word Kermesse (generally in the form Kirmess) is applied in the United States to any entertainment, especially one organized in the interest of charity Kermesse from which some of this information has been taken Kern German m.) pip, stone (of a cherry), kernel (of a nut), core, nucleus (atomic), centre (town), heart (of the matter) (German m.) block, the languid in an organ pipe Kernenergie (German f.) nuclear energy Kernfrage (German f.) or Gretchenfrage (German f.), crucial question Kerngehäuse (German n.) core kerngesund (German) perfectly healthy kernig (German) robust, pithy (remark) kernloss (German) seedless (grape, etc.) Kernphysik (German f.) nuclear physics Kernspalt (German m.) windway, air-passage Kerntuch (German n.) bushing cloth [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Kerrena an Indian trumpet Kerygma (Greek) systematic preaching, proclamation of religious truth Kerze (German f.) candle kerzengerade (German) straight, bolt upright, sheer (drop, face) Kerzenhalter (German m.) candlestick keski-C (Finnish) middle C Keskikorkuinen miesääni (Finnish) baritone Keskisävel (Finnish) mediant, the third degree of the scale Keskisävelviritys (Finnish) meantone temperament keß (German) pert Kesse (German m.) kettle, boiler Kessel (German m.) cup, shell Kesselpauke (s.), Kesselpauken (pl.) (German f.) kettle drum Kesseltrommel (German f.) kettle drum Kessestein (German m.) fur (in a kettle, etc.) Kesto (Finnish) duration Kete commonly found in the royal courts of traditional Akan communities. It is performed in the courts of every chief whose status entitles him to be carried in a palanquin. The music therefore can be heard on state occasions and festivals. There are three parts of the performance: drum music, pipe interludes, and vocal counterpart of the pipe tunes. At least, eight pieces are played during a performance. These pieces are identified by the general name for the type of drumming and dancing, by name of its usual context, function or general character, by name commemorative of an event, or by name indicative of the participants. Adaban also called topre is used when the chief has to perform the ceremonial "shooting dance". Apente is used mostly for processions Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Kete drums a set of four drums from the Ashanti region in Ghana Keteltrom (Dutch) kettle drum Kette (German f.) chain, necklace Ketten (German f. pl.) chains ketten (German) to chain Kettenladen (German m.) chain store Kettenraucher (German m.) chain-smoker Kettenreaktion (German f.) chain reaction Kettentriller (German m.) a chain or sequence of shakes Kettle drum timpano (Italian s.), timpani (Italian pl.), Pauke (German s.), Pauken (German pl.), timbale (French s.), timbales (French pl.), hemispherical orchestral drum with a head of vellum or plastic that can be individually tuned, although they are usually played in pairs, the larger producing any note between F and c, while the smaller drum produces a note between Bb and f Timpani Kettle gong see 'drum gong' Ketug (Javanese) or ketuk, a small cradled gong, mounted horizontally, of the Javanese gamelan orchestra Ketuk Ketuk Ketuk see 'ketug' Ketzer (m.), Ketzerin (f.) (German) heretic Ketzerei (German f.) heresy keuch/en (German) pant (breathe hard) Keuchhusten (German m.) whooping cough Keule (German f.) club, leg (of lamb, etc.), drumstick (chicken) keusch (German) chaste Keuschheit (German f.) chastity Key tasto (Italian s.), tasti (Italian pl.), Taste (German s.), Tasten (German pl.), touche (French s.), touches (French pl.), on a piano, organ, harpsichord, virginal, etc., the levers which the performer depresses to activate the action and, thus, to produce notes on a woodwind instrument, the device used to cover a hole which is out of the reach of a finger. The finger controls the "touch piece" which is linked by a "rod" or "sleeve" running over an "axle" or "steel" (USA) to the "cup" which holds the airtight "pad" which stops the tone hole tonalita (Italian), Tonart (German), tonalité (French), specific scales or series of notes defining a particular tonality, for example, certain keys may, on the basis of the sequence of successive intervals, be defined as major or minor and are then named after their tonic or key note the name formerly given to what we now called a 'clef' alternatively 'tuning key', 'tuning hammer' or 'hammer', an implement used for turning the tuning pins on pianos, harpsichords, etc. Key bed on a piano, the base, or foundation, on which the key frame and 88 piano keys rest Keyboard (English, German n.) tastiera (Italian), Klavier (German), Klaviatur (German), Tastatur (German), clavier (French), on a piano, organ, harpsichord, etc., the row, or rows, of keys which are operated by the performer to initiate the sounding of notes on the instrument Keyboard fingering on a keyboard instrument, and in order to produce smooth scale sequences, the fingers are employed in a standard manner (called the 'German' or 'International' fingering convention) usually marked in the score using the arabic numerals 1 to 5, where 1 represents the thumb and 2 to 5 indicate the successive digits counting away from the thumb. Using the right hand and beginning on the key note, a standard ascending major or minor scale would be fingered 1, 2, 3, (after which the thumb passes under the middle finger) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 where 5 plays the key note one octave higher than the first note. When descending, the fingering would be 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, (then the middle finger passes over the thumb) 3, 2, 1. The sequences are reversed when using the left hand older piano music may be marked using the English convention (which is now obsolete), where X indicates the thumb and the arabic numerals 1 to 4 represent the fingers some early keyboard music, for example that for virginals, appears to have been played without either thumb, a discovery important in our understanding of the phrasing and articulation possibilities available to the original performers Keyboard gusli see gusli Keyboard instrument an instrument with a keyboard operated by the player's fingers, or pedal board operated by the player's feet The Keyboard Keyboard partitura a term coined by musicologist Willi Apel for keyboard music laid out in full score, i.e. each voice-part on its own staff. One of the last works laid out in this manner was the Capricci da sonare (Naples, 1687) by Gregorio Strozzi (c.1615-c.1690) Keyboard percussion see 'mallet instruments' Keyboard scaling when programming a sound on a synthesiser, some sounds get weaker in volume, the higher up the keyboard you play, for example, on an acoustic piano. Scaling is used to reproduce this effect Keyboard score a term used to describe music for keyboard, written on two or three staves, with multiple voices on each staff strictly speaking what is described above is a 'tablature', not a 'score'. A score should have individual voices on separate staves, while a tablature can have two or more voices on a single staff. It is for this reason that polyphonic music rewritten as a keyboard score, where each staff has more than one of the original vocal lines, is said to be 'intabulated'. However, a J. S. Bach Two-Part Invention is written in keyboard score, one voice on each staff Keyboard tablature also called 'Piano tablature', an emerging system of tablature or musical notation written using letters and numbers that designate the timing and keys to hit on a keyboard or piano Keyboard tablature from which this information has been taken Key bugle see 'keyed bugle' Key centre (in the US, 'key center') in music theory, the key centre is the root of the tonic triad, the chord, major or minor, which represents the final point of rest for a piece, or the focal point of a section. Although the key, and therefore the key centre, of a piece may be named in the title (e.g. Symphony in C), or inferred from the key signature, the establishment of key is brought about via functional harmony, a sequence of chords leading to one or more cadences Key (music) from which this information has been taken Key chord the tonic triad Key clicks the sound made by woodwind instruments when the key hits the body of the instrument. Some composers have exploited these extraneous sounds in their compositions Keydesk see 'console' Keyed bugle bugle à clefs (French), bugle des llaves (Spanish), corno segnale con chiavi (Italian) in 1810 the Irishman Joseph Halliday, bandmaster of the Cavan Militia, was granted a patent for a keyed bugle, the so-called Royal Kent Bugle. This conical instrument had copper tubing (125-135 cm long with a diameter of 12-25 mm), a rapid flare to a 15 cm wide bell and at least six keys. This very agile instrument was used as a powerful soprano instrument for playing the melody line in brass bands, but was only seldom asked for in symphony orchestras (an exception is Rossini's opera Semiramide, 1823). In France this instrument was called the trompette cromatique or bugle à clefs, in Germany it was known as the Klappenhorn Keyed Bugle Keyed didgeridoo a didgeridoo having keys somewhat like those of a saxophone, that allows the performer to play melodically was developed in the late twentieth century by the U.S. didgeridoo player Graham Wiggins Keyed glockenspiel glockenspiel à clavier (French), Klaviaturglockenspiel (German), campanelli a tastiera (Italian) with an action similar to that of the piano, the keyed glockenspiel predates the standard orchestral instrument and would have been played by a keyboard player, not a percussionist. Those parts written originally for this older instrument are played today on the standard orchestral instrument by a percussionist Keyed harmonica an instrument with keys that actuate hammers which strike plates of glass Keyed trumpet forerunner of the modern valved trumpet, this instrument, bearing between four and six keys instead of valves, came into use in the late eighteenth century and continued in use for about a hundred years Keyed Trumpet by Eduard Johann Bauer, Prague, late 1830s Key flaps also called 'flat key flaps', flat, pad-retaining end of an early woodwind key that was padded with a piece of soft leather to cover its tonehole. The shape was usually square or round, with many decorative variations Key frame on a piano, the key frame consists of front and centre-rails of hard maple and the key frame with its front and centre-pins, and provides for the proper location and spacing of the piano keys Key harp invented in 1819 by Dietz and Second, a piano-like instrument that has tuning forks instead of strings Keynote or 'key note', tonica (Italian f.), Tonika (German f.), tonique (French f.), the first note, or tonic, of any scale Key signature an arrangement of sharps or flats, placed on the far left hand side of each line of the staff, indicating the notes in the music that are altered. Although it is common for the key signature to be the same as the 'key' of the music, this is not what the key signature specifies and indeed they can be different the major sharp keys and the key of C major which has neither sharps nor flats in the key signature the minor keys have a key note a minor third below that of the corresponding major key. Thus, A minor has the same key signature as C major and G sharp minor has the same key signature as B major the major flat keys and the key of C major which has neither sharps nor flats in the key signature Key signature the minor keys have a key note a minor third below that of the corresponding major key. So, A minor has the same key signature as C major and G minor has the same key signature as Bb major Key slaps slapping instrument keys to produce a sound effect Key slip on a piano, that part of the case in front of the natural or white keys, and attached to the key bed by wood-screws Key-stop a key (called a 'key stop') attached to the fingerboard of a violin (then called a 'key-stopped violin') to be used in place of the finger when stopping individual strings Key top the ebony, bone, ivory (or plastic), boxwood or other material applied to the top of a natural key on a keyboard instrument, e.g. on harpsichord, clavichord or piano keys Key trumpet see 'keyed trumpet' KF or K.F., abbreviation of kleine Flöte (German: piccolo) acronym for Köchel-Verzeichis (J. J. Fux) (German: Köchel Catalogue (J. J. Fux)) KFag abbreviation of Kontrafagott (German: contrabassoon - contrebasson (French)) Kfz abbreviation of Kraftfahrzeug (German: motor vehicle) Kg also Kinsky or Kinsky-Helm, reference to George Kinsky (1882-1951) who, with Hans Halm, prepared a catalogue of music by Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Kgl abbreviation of Königlich(e, er, es) (Dutch: Royal) Khaddar, khadi Hand-spun and hand-woven cloth Khaen the khaen is a sixteen reed bamboo mouth organ (a double row of bamboo reeds fitted into a hardwood sound box) native to the Isaan people of northeastern Thailand and Laos. It can also be found in regions of the highlands of northwest and south central Vietnam Khaen Khaen Khai a native throat singing style that comes from the region of Khakassia which lies to the north of Tyva Khaki (English, German n., from the Urdu, 'dusty') a dull brownish-yellow fabric or uniform khakifarben (German) dull brownish-yellow colour Khalal a small square double-headed Moroccan frame drum Khali in Indian classical music, un unstressed (weak) beat in a tala pattern Khamak see khomok Khamsin (Arabic) an oppressively hot south-east wind which blows in Egypt and neighbouring countries for about fifty days during March, April and May Khan title of rulers and officials in Central Asia, Afghanistan, etc. (Arabic) an unfurnished building for the accommodation of travellers in the East Khanate a form of government in which the head of state (or ruler) bears the title of Khan Khandmeru in Indian classical music, the permutation and combination of notes Khanendeh mugham singers of Azerbaijan Khanjira a Southern Indian form of tambourine Khartal (India) a pair of lightweight rectangular wooden blocks played with the hands, a kind of castanets Khasápikos alternative name for hasapiko Khayal (Hindustani, from Persian, literally 'imagination', 'creative thought') applied to the elaboration of a raga with a lyrical composition consisting of two stanzas, the most popular classical form of Hindustani vocal music. The khayal form partially liberated melody by changing the role of poetry which was no longer the determining factor in shaping the melodic line, raga, etc. In addition, khayal introduced the use of vowels (aakaar), sargam (solmisation) and meaningless consonants (tarana) as alternative articulations available to the vocalist, and granted much greater improvisational freedom to the performer. In addition, it introduced the taan, a high-density melodic run, which almost entirely liberated melody from poetry, moving it towards a degree of abstraction On Hindustani Music from which some of this information has been taken Khaz a form of music notation used for Armenian religious chants Khelimaski djili a dance song performed by the rural Hungarian Roma Khene see khaen Khim see kim Khishba (Iraq) a drum open at one end and with a very small drumhead glued to the other end of the body. The drum is suspended at the diagonal by a cord from the player's shoulder and is played with the fingers of both hands. The instrument emits a high, dry sound Khishba from which this information has been taken Khitmutgar (Hindi) a male servant who waits at table Khlui (Central Thailand) a bamboo recorder with seven holes covering one and a half octaves Khlui Background of Khlui Anonymous / Khlui (Vertical Whistle Flute) Khodebshchik (Russian) a person carrying advertisement hoarding, or hawking his wares round the street, or house-to-house salesman, or trading peddle in 16th-19th centuries in Russia Khol a terracotta two-sided drum, played with the player's palms and fingers, used in northern and eastern India for the accompaniment of devotional music Khol Khomok also called ananda lahari (literally 'wave of joy'), gubgubi or khamak, a small drum, of the baul (minstrels) of Bengal, with a wooden body and a skin head, played by pulling on or plucking one or, occasionally, two string that by changing the tension on the drum skin produce its characteristic sound Khamak Khomok or Anandalahari Khomus Tuvan jew's harp Khöömei while khöömei is used as a generic term to designate all throat singing techniques in this region, it is also more specifically a technique where the drone is in the middle-range of the voice, with harmonics between one and two octaves above see 'throat singing' Overtone singing from which this information has been taken Khorotot (from khoro, literally 'thunder') a large trumpet with neither valves nor fingerholes, once played as a signaling devices for community meetings, or in military contexts, but nowadays very little used. The tone is very loud and penetrating, so that it can be heard at a distance Khorotot from which this information has been taken Khorovod (Russian) a circle dance Khule see serdu kHz abbreviation of 'kilohertz' (1000 cycles per second) Kibbutz (s.), Kibbutzim (pl.) (Hebrew, literally 'gathering') communal settlement in Israel usually involved in farming Kibitka (Russian) a Tartar tent of lattice and felt, a Russian covered cart or sledge Kibosh (English slang of unknown origin) 'put the kibosh on' means 'to put an end to' K'iche and kaqchikel a Guatemalan instrumental style performed on flute and drum kichern (German) to giggle Kick in dance, a foot and lower leg action that imitates a kick in jazz, a composed phrase that is played in rhythmic unison by the accompanying instruments, behind a melody that may or may not be composed Kick drum a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The type seen on drum kits is often incorrectly referred to as a 'kick drum', usually by non-drummers and especially by recording and sound engineers Kicks (German) see couac Kidi (Ghana) Ewe stick drum Kidi Kidumbak a musical style from Zanzibar, like a stripped down version of taarab, only more percussive and dance-based (Zanzibar) a set of cup drums similar to the Arab darbouka, used in taarab Kiefer (German f.) pine(-tree) (German m.) jaw Kiel (German m.) harpsichord jack, keel (of a ship) Kielflügel (German m.) a harpsichord jack, a harpsichord Kielwasser (German n.) wake (of a ship) Kiemen (German f. pl.) gills (of a fish, etc.) Kies (German m.) gravel Kieselstein (German m.) pebble Kiesgrube (German f.) gravel pit Kif (Arabic) or keef, Indian hemp, a state of dreamy intoxication induced by a narcotic Kihembe a double-headed East African drum. The player hangs the drum from his shoulder and supports it under the arm while beating it with the fingers and palm. A pebble is inserted into the drum shell and rattles against the drumheads Kihembe from which this information has been taken Ki ho'alu (Hawaiian) slack key guitar kiihdyttäen (Finnish) accelerando Kikuyu pop the Kikuyu, the largest ethnic group in Africa, have their own form of pop music, which can be distinguished by female backing singers, rare in the rest of Kenya Kilembe (Zaire) a lamellaphone of the Luba people of the western Kasai region Kilim (Turkish) or kelim (which is a mispelling), a woven carpet without a pile Kilogramm (German n.) kilogram (1000 grams) Kilometer (German m.) kilometre (1000 metres) Kim (Vietnam) see nguyeät (Southern Thailand) a hammered dulcimer with three strings per course similar to the Chinese yang chin. Both have Arabic origins Khim Kim I in 1976, David Behrman (b. 1937) used a Kim-1, the first of the small, affordable microcomputers that began to appear in the market, to compose 'On the Other Ocean'. In a performance, the Kim-1 'listened to' a flute and bassoon and generated sounds On the Other Ocean from which this information has been taken Kimono (Japanese) a long Japanese robe with loose sleeves Kin a primitive cittern-like instrument of the Chinese, with from five to twenty-five silken strings Kinatsu a warriors/hunters dance of the Konkonba tribe of Northern Ghana. Although it began as a warriors/hunters musical performance, it now functions as a harvest dance during funerals, festivals, national day celebrations, and other social occasions Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Kind or K, referring to the catalogue of music by Ferruccio Busoni (1866