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P after Mark Pincherle (1888-1974), the cataloguer of music by Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) after Diana Poulton (1903-1994), the cataloguer of music by John Dowland (1563-1626)) after Potito Pedarra (b. 1945), the cataloguer of music by Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936) or Perger, after Lothar Herbert Perger, the cataloguer of the music of Johann Michael Haydn (1737-1806) and Johann Adolf Hasse (1699-1783) after Milan Postolka (1932-1993), the cataloguer of the music of Leopold Jan Antonin Kozeluh (1747-1818) after Giorgio Pestelli (b. 1938), the cataloguer of music by Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) p. abbreviation of piano (Italian: soft), pédalier (French: the pedalboard of an organ), Positiv (German: the choir organ) and 'page', pars (Latin) P. abbreviation of 'pianoforte' abbreviation of 'pedal' abbreviation of pointe (French: toe) p.a. abbreviation of per annum (Latin: annually) Paar (German n.) pair, couple, binary, duet, dyad, brace (pair) Paar Handschuhe, ein (German) a pair of gloves Paar Leute, ein (German) a sprinkling of people Paar Strümpfe, ein (German) a pair of stockings paarweise (German) in pairs, in twos Pabellón (Spanish m.) bell (of a brass instrument, for example, of a French horn) Pabulum (Latin) food, nutriment, food for thought pacatamente (Italian) calmly, placidly pacato (Italian) calm, placid, quiet pace (Latin) by leave of ... (followed by the name of a person) Pachanga a popular Cuban rhythm style of the 1950s, drawn from a song composed in 1959 by Eduardo Davidson, that was usually played by charanga bands where flute and violins took the place of brass Pachanga Packed house see 'full house' Packed out full, crowded Pädagogik (German f.) pedagogy Padded out (about a book, etc.) lengthen or fill out with unnecessary material Padiglione (Italian m.) the bell of a wind instrument Padiglione piriforme (Italian m.) pear-shaped bell, for example, that on a cor anglais Padiglioni in alto (Italian m. pl.) bells up (horn playing technique) Padovana (Italian) pavan Padovane (German) pavan Padrastro (Spanish m.) stepfather Padre (Spanish m.) father (Italian m.) a priest, a military or naval chaplain (often used to address an Anglican clergyman) Padrone (Italian m.) a patron, an (Italian) employer of labour, the proprietor of an inn or a restaurant Paduana (Italian) pavan Paduane (German) pavan Paean (Greek) a song of praise, triumph or rejoicing (Greek) originally a song in honour of some god, particularly Apollo Paella (Spanish f., literally 'pan') a dish consisting of chicken, bacon, pork and various shellfish cooked together with saffron rice (named for the large flat-bottomed shallow pan in which it is cooked) Paeon a metrical foot consisting of one long and three short syllables. There are four varieties: long - short - short - short short - long - short - short short - short - long - short short - short - short - long pagar por adelantado (Spanish) pay in advance Page (English, French f.) leaf of a book, periodical, etc., each side of the leaf of a book, periodical, etc. Pageant brilliant spectacle, elaborate parade, play illustrating historical events, tableau on a stage or moving vehicle, a public form of the masque Paghjella (Corsica) secular polyphonic song, that combine three registers of voice: a segonda, which begins, gives the pitch and carries the main melody; u bassu, which follows, accompanies it and supports it; finally a terza, the highest placed, which enriches and gives the song Pagina (Italian f.) page Página (Spanish f.) page paginate assign numbers to the pages of a book, etc. Pagination the numbering of the leaves of a book, etc. Under pagination, the back and front of each leaf bear different numbers in musical and other historical manuscripts, the leaves are called folios (which refers to both the front and back of the leaf), the process of numbering is called foliation, and that folio 1 refers to both sides of the leaf. For this reason, manuscripts are often referred to as a collection of folios Pagoda (from the Portuguese pagode) an oriental temple, especially that in the form of a many-storied tower Pagode the original (or at least one of the oldest) meanings of pagode was "a party or get together" where music was often played today however the meaning of pagode will depend on who is using the term: small group samba (3-12 players) usually with voice, guitar, cavaquinho, pandeiro, and tamborim a simple, homemade sounding samba that emerged in the late-70s and early 80s a "smooth" romantic samba style that blossomed in Rio around the same time the current wave of popular, samba-influenced groups sometimes refered to as suingue rec.music.brazilian.FAQ from which this information has been taken Pagode Pahleta Portuguese double reed instrument has five holes and the end section is bell shaped Pahu Tahitian double-headed bass drum made out of hollowed out coconut trunks, covered by either shark skin or calf skin Pahu rupa'l rima Tahitian single membrane drum Paiban (China) also called tanban, a clapper performed with one hand. The thick side is made of two wooden plates fit together, and the thin side is made of one. They are loosely tied together by a piece of string. This string is draped over the thumb of the left hand, and the thin side is held by the remaining four fingers. By rotating the wrist, the lower end of the thick side is hit against by the thin side Paiban from which this extract has been taken Clappers (paiban), China, 19th century Paidushko also baiduska, pajdusko, pajduska or payduska, a Thracian dance, usually performed with strong aggressive movements by men Paigu (Chinese) a set of small tuned drums, deriving from the medium-sized and small-sized tanggu (hall drum), arranged on a frame in order of size (and pitch). The paigu is used in the chuida yue (ensemble for wind and percussion). Skilled performers, using two beaters, can produce fast, variable rhythms and timbres on these drums name drums tunable drumheads how tuned wuyin paigu five ten tension-tunable on both ends, can be turned over to change the pitch by up to a fifth liuyin paigu six six tension-tunable only at one end Paigu (drum set) Pai-hsiao or paixiao, Chinese pan-flute, is one of the most ancient of Chinese musical instruments Panpipes Panpipes (paixiao), China, 19th century Paila (s.), Pailas (pl.) a term for a smaller version of the Cuban timbales, named after a vessel of iron or copper used in the sugar cane factories of Cuba paila is a term used to describe the sides or shells of the timbales so that, 'to play paila' means to play the sides or play cáscara Paillette (French f.) or paillon, a piece of coloured foil used to give brilliance to a painting in enamel a glittering ornament on a woman's dress, a spangle Painatus (Finnish) engraving pair (m.), paire (f.) (French) even Paired notes on the piano, parallel pairs of notes played with one hand paisable (French) peaceful Paisagem sonora (Portuguese) soundscape Países Bajos, los (Spanish) The Low Countries (historical usage), Netherlands (present usage) [entry clarified by Esther Dubielzig] in Dutch, the country is called Nederland and sometimes, erroneously in English, Holland, a reference to two of the country's twelve provinces The Low Countries Pái xiao see pai-hsiao Pakawaj see pakhawraj Pakhawraj a cylindrical percussion drum instrument, the right side having a treble face and the left side the bass. This instrument is for solo playing and also accompanies dhrupad singers, orissi dancers and kathak Pakhawaj Pakistani electronic music a form of pop music in Pakistan, taking inspiration from hip hop, bhangra and R & B. Although many different genres of music have been created by Pakistani artists, electronic music is a genre that has failed to gain popularity with the masses Pakistani electronic music from which this extract has been taken Palabra (Spanish f.) word, speech Palabras preliminares (Spanish f. pl.) foreword Palabrota (Spanish f.) swear-word Palacio (Spanish m.) palace, mansion (grand house) Paladar (Spanish m.) palate paladino (m.), paladina (f.) (Spanish) clear, public Palaeography (British) or paleography (American) (from the Greek palaiós, "old" and graphein, "to write") is the study of ancient and medieval manuscripts, independent of the language (Koine Greek, Classical Latin, Medieval Latin, Old English, etc.) In a more general sense, palaeography is the practice of reading manuscript text, and of learning how to do so Palaeography from which this extract has been taken Palaestra (Latin from the Greek) a place devoted to athletic exercises, particularly wrestling, the practice of athletics Palais (de danse) (French) a dance-hall open to all on payment of an entrance-fee Palanca (Spanish f.) lever, influence (figurative) Palangana (Spanish f.) wash-basin Palautusmerkki (Finnish) the sign placed before a note that is neither sharpened or flattened Palazzo (s.), Palazzi (pl.) (Italian m.) a fine mansion (in Italy) Palchetto per orchestra (Italian m.) band stand Palco (Italian m., Spanish m.) stage, platform, box (in a theatre or opera house) Palcoscenico (Italian m.) stage Paldong (Philippines) an end-blown bamboo flute, usually played as a solo instrument by men, sometimes to court women Paldong from which this information has been taken Pâle comme un linge (French) white as a sheet Paleography the study of ancient handwriting. Paleographers (those who specialize in paleography) can deduce much about the age of manuscripts, lines of transmission, etc., by studying the handwriting of individual scribes Palestina (Spanish f.) Palestine Palestino (Spanish m.) Palestinian palestino (Spanish) Palestinian Palestrina, alla see alla Palestrina Palestra (Spanish f.) arena (figurative) Palestrina style see stile antico Paleta (Spanish f.) palette (of a painter), trowel Paleto (Spanish m.) yokel Paletot (French) a loose coat, a cloak with sleeves Palheta (Portuguese) pick, as used, for example, to play the banjo Palheta dupla (Portuguese) double reed, as on an oboe, cor anglais (English horn), or bassoon Palheta simples (Portuguese) single reed, as on a clarinet Paliativo (Spanish m.) palliative paliativo (Spanish) palliative palidecer (Spanish) to turn pale palidez (Spanish) paleness pálido (m.), pálida (f.) (Spanish) pale. pallid Palillo (Spanish m.) small stick, toothpick Palillos (Spanish m. pl.) castanets also known as catanuelas, a small pair of wooden plates held together in one hand which are clicked in order provide rhymthmic accompaniment during a dance. Palillos are not used in 'pure' flamenco Palilogia see epizeuxis Palimpsest a manuscript page, scroll, or book that has been written on, scraped off, and used again. Romans wrote on wax-coated tablets that could be reused, and a passing use of the rather bookish term palimpsest by Cicero seems to refer to this practice Palimpsest from which this extract has been taken Palindrome a word, verse or piece of music that reads the same forward and backwards Palindromic in the form of a palindrome Palisandro (Spanish m.) palisander (a wood species that, in England, is called rosewood) Palitas (cubanas) these instruments, smaller in size than the paila, allowed the performer to sit while he played Palito (s.), Palitos (pl.) (Spanish m., literally meaning 'sticks') the sticks and pattern played during rumba. A pair of sticks is traditionally used to play gua-gua that accompanies the rumba styles, and for this reason the name is also applied to the patterns played on the gua-gua. In non-traditional settings, the patterns can be played on any wooden sound-producing percussion instrument Palitos Paliza (Spanish f.) beating Palizada (Spanish f.) fence, enclosure Palkki (Finnish) beam Palladium (Latin from the Greek) the image of Pallas at Troy, upon on which the safety of the city was supposed to depend anything on which the safety of a nation (institution, etc.) depends, a safeguard Pallet (valve) when air flows into an organ pipe, it goes through a hole in the wind chest beneath the pipe. The 'pallet valve' closes this hole when the pipe is not being used. Pressing the key opens this valve Pallium (s.), Pallia (pl.) (Latin) the rectangular cloak worn as an outer garment (especially by the Greeks) in ancient Rome, the vestment considered as a symbol of his office conferred on an archbishop Pallottolina (Italian f.) pellet Palma (Spanish f.) palm (of the hand), palm (tree), date palm Palmada (Spanish f.) slap Palmadas (Spanish f. pl.) applause Palma de la mano (Spanish f.) palm of the hand Palmas (Spanish f. pl.) applause (Spanish f. pl.) hand-clap percussion used in flamenco music (Spain) and in some Spanish American countries Palm court orchestra the term 'palm court' evokes afternoon tea at the Ritz amid potted palms and wicker furniture, dancing to Geraldo at the Savoy, cruising the French Riviera with the smart set, taking the waters at Leamington spa - a setting and style reflective of 'British High Society' between the Wars. In fact the genre is Victorian, light music performed by small orchestras in seaside hotels and on bandstands, or even smaller ensembles playing during the evening meal in hotel dining rooms Palmera (Spanish f.) date palm Palmeros (Spanish m. pl.) in flamenco, men who clap while the musicians play Palmette (French f.) a fan-shaped ornament divided into branches like a palm-leaf Palm mute a feature of guitar playing, where the palm of the hand is placed against the strings to silence them Frethand and palm muting on the guitar Palm mute Palmo (Spanish m.) span (of the hand), small amount palmo a palmo (Spanish) inch by inch Palmo della mano (Italian m.) palm of the hand palmotear (Spanish) clap, applaud Palmoteo (Spanish m.) clapping, applause Palm wine or maringa, a music style from Sierra Leone based on the sound of acoustic guitar riffs accompanied by traditional percussion. It evolved among the Kru people of Sierra Leone and Liberia, who used Portuguese guitars brought by sailors, combining local melodies and rhythms with Trinidadian calypso Palm-wine music from which some of this information has been taken Palo (Spanish m.) stick, pole, handle (that is held), club (golf), blow (that is struck), suit (cards), mast (ship) the name of Congolese-derived religious groups in Cuba, the music of which uses one to three congas and a cowbell The Music of Palo Monte Palo de lluvia (Spanish m., literally 'rain stick') made of giant bamboo reeds measuring up to six feet in height, the inside of the instrument has dozens of sticks placed diagonally and held in place by drilling holes into the bamboo. After the sticks are secure, small dried beans, rocks or seeds are added. The two ends of the bamboo are then sealed and turning the stick upside down causes the small objects to fall, hitting the criss-crossed sticks. This produces the mystical rainfall sounds of this instrument Paloma (Spanish f.) dove, pigeon Palomino (Spanish m.) a horse of a light colour ranging from cream to chestnut with a light main and tail Palomitas (Spanish f. pl.) popcorn Palos a drum from the Dominican Republic the different styles and songs in flamenco Palotache an instrumental piece in duple time from Hungary Paloui Indonesian transverse flute Paloui from which this information has been taken palpar (Spanish) to feel, to touch, to palpate (medical) Palpitación (Spanish f.) palpitation, throbbing palpitante (Spanish) throbbing palpitar (Spanish) to throb, to beat Pálpito (Spanish m.) hunch (an idea about something), presentiment Palta (Spanish, Latin-America) avocado palúdicio (m.), palúdicia (f.) (Spanish) marshy, malarial Palwei Burmese duct flute used in the Burmese classical orchestra saing waing. Although it has a low volume capacity, the instrument gives out a clear, high pitched tone Palwei from which this information has been taken Pambe a small Indian drum Pambiche the national dance of the Dominican Republic, a slower less syncopated type of merengue that is easier to dance it is suggested that the merengue was slowed down to accommodate American soldiers (who occupied the country from 1916-1924) and couldn't dance the difficult steps of the merengue Pambiche from which this information has been taken Pampas (Spanish, literally 'steppes') properly 'pampas-grass', a giant ornamental grass Pamula (Latin) an archaic name for the manual keys of an organ, etc. Pan in Greek mythology, Pan, the son of Hermes and the nymph Dryope, is part man but has the ears, horns and legs of a goat. Pan is a god of creativity, music, poetry, sensuality and sexuality, or panic and nightmares, who haunts forests, caverns, mountains, brooks and streams. His lovers included Echo, Selene, Cyparissus, Daphnis, and Olympus. His favourite time is noon when he seduces young men while teaching them to play the syrinx, or pan-pipes. The nymph Syrinx was devoted to Artemis and fled Pan's advances, only to be transformed into a bed of marsh reeds, which when the wind blew, made a beautiful but sad sound. This inspired Pan to cut two of the reeds, fasten them together, and make a pipe that he could play Pan Pan steelpan (also known as pan or steel drum, and sometimes collectively with the musicians as a steelband) is a musical instrument and a form of music originating in Trinidad in the West Indies. The pan is a pitched percussion instrument, tuned chromatically (although some toy or novelty steelpans are tuned diatonically), made from a 55 gallon drum of the type that stores oil, and is one of the most recently invented musical instruments. Drum refers to the steel drum containers from which the pans are made; the instrument is correctly called a pan (and pans are not, technically, regarded as drums) Pan music from which this information has been taken to move the sound between full left and full right in a stereo sound field pan(s) abbreviation of 'pantomime(s)' Panacea (Latin from the Greek) a universal remedy for all diseases, a cure for all troubles, a solution to all problems Panache (French) the plume of feathers on a helmet, an air of gallantry, swagger Panada (Spanish) or panatella, a dish consisting of bread boiled to pulp and flavoured with sugar, spices, etc. Panaylon an alto flute in G, with fifteen keys, invented by A. Bayr of Vienna, with a range of over three octaves, and which can produce double notes, as thirds, fourths, sixths, etc. which, in some keys, sound like musical glasses Pancada (Portuguese) or batida (Portuguese), battement (French) Panche Baja an ensemble formed of five traditional Nepali musical instruments that plays during auspicious occasions. The instruments are jhurma (cymbals), tyamko or dholaki (drums), damaha (kettledrum), narsiha (a long curved horn), sanai (a shawm), and karnal, (a trumpet) Panche Baja Plays Tunes of Rural Nepal from which this information has been taken Panchavadyam (Sanskrit, pancha literally 'five') a classic performance of five different musical instruments, that are unique to Kerala state of India, in involves a breathtakingly fast performances on five percussion instruments, the timila, madhalam and edakka (three different types of drum), the elathalam (a cymbal) and kombu (a trumpet) Panchari melam see pandi melam Panchina (Italian f.) piano stool Pancratium (Latin from the Greek) or pancration, an athletic contest combining boxing and wrestling, a 'free-for-all' Pandanus (Polynesia) a sitting mat that is also used as a percussion instrument Pandean pipes a panpipe Pandeirada lively Galician tambourine-based tunes Pandeireta (Spain f.) Galician tambourine Pandeiro (Spain f.) frame drum or tambourine from Portugal, Brazil and Galicia. The jingles, unlike those on the modern orchestral tamborine, which are made of steel or brass, which produce a 'brilliant' sound that more easily cuts though the sound of an orchestra, are usually made of softer tin, like the original 'bottle top' jingles, and produce a much drier sound more suited to the fast rhythms of Brazilian music Pandereta (Spanish m.) or pandereta brasiliena, Spanish and Spanish-American tambourine without 'jingles', used in the Puerto Rican plena style. In Spain it is played mainly by women Pandereta brasilian (Italian f.) pandereta Pandereta brasiliena (Spanish f.) pandereta Pandéréta brésilienne (French f.) pandereta Pandero (Spanish m.) large Spanish and Spanish American frame drum tambourine but without the cymbals Pandero cuadrado (Spain m.) square frame drum which, on occasions, may be stuffed with foils, seeds, etc., to give a different sound. It is played with the fingers, the hands or the fists and in occasions, as in Peñaparda (Salamanca), with a stick and the hand at the same time Panderoa Basque frame drum Pandiatonicism a term devised by the Russian-born lexicographer Nicolas Slonimsky (1894-1995) for a passage of music that uses only the tones of a single diatonic scale but does not rely on traditional harmonic progressions and dissonance treatment to establish the tonal centre Pandiatonic Pandi melam a classic performance (or melam) employing several musical instruments that are unique to Kerala in Southern India. The pandi melam which is generally performed outside the temples while the panchari melam, which is otherwise similar to pandi melam is played inside a temple Pandit in Indian classical music, a person well versed in the theory of music Pandora see bandora Pandore the Iranian name for the tambura (German) pandora Pandoura a lute of the ancient Greek and Roman cultures with a long neck and small soundbox Pandouri see panduri Pandua see pandurina Pandura (Italian) pandora Panduri fretted three-string lute from Georgia Pandurina (Italian f.) or pandua, a small lute-like instrument strung with wire Panegyric a formal public speech delivered in high praise of a person or thing, a generally highly studied and discriminating eulogy, not expected to be critical. It is derived from Greek meaning a speech "fit for a general assembly" (panegyris). In Athens such speeches were delivered at national festivals or games, with the object of rousing the citizens to emulate the glorious deeds of their ancestors Panegyric from which this extract has been taken Panem et circenses (Latin) (the populace) desires 'bread and circuses' the two elements considered effective as a means of pacifying the common populace Panflöte (German f.) panflute, panpipes Panfluit (Dutch) panflute Panflute also known as pan pipes, syrinx, or quills. There is evidence of the panflute surviving from ancient Mesopotamia and the great civilizations of 3500 BC. In the British Museum, London, there is a bas-relief from India of women making music on the syrinx, double aulos and drum and we can clearly see a woman playing a panpipes of 13 to 15 pipes. The bas-relief stems from the old India of the Gandhara period (first to fifth century AD). Archaeological proof of the existence of pan flutes can be found also throughout Europe. Viking panpipes have been found in excavations dating from the tenth century. The panpipe is made of a row of bamboo tubes, set in a frame, from which the player produces a series of different notes by blowing across the top of the stopped cylindrical pipes History of the Panflute from which this extract has been taken Pan pipes Panpipes, 19th century Pangul (Korea) 13 small bell-shaped instruments attached to a handle, which is held and shaken causing the bells to strike one another and sound Pangul from which this information has been taken Panharmonico based in Modena, Italy, Giacomo Gavioli (1786-1875), developed many self-playing musical instruments including the Panharmonico which became the predecessor of the portable belly organ. His son Ludovico Gavioli (1807-1875) worked together with his father on further developments of the barrel organ and the organ shop moved in 1845 from Italy to Paris where it was named Gavioli & Cie, Paris Panharmonikon (German) a kind of orchestrion invented in about 1800 by Johann Mälzel of Vienna, for which in 1813 Beethoven wrote a piece called Wellington's Victory (later named the Battle Symphony) although the two men fell out before it could be performed in that version. In 1818, Mälzel and his renamed Orchestrion arrived for several year's successful touring in Britain Panhu see erhu Panisorhythm see 'panisorhythmic' Panisorhythmic a work is panisorhythmic if all its voices are isorhythmic in at least one section Panjitar Afghan five-string lute derived from the tar Panjtar a Uighur tar with a long neck Panko (Nigeria) based originally on an upbeat dance rhythm from Eastern Nigeria, Panko was modernized and updated by a wide range of traditional and popular Nigerian musicians until it became a broadly embraced genre of pop music Panko Pan-ku Chinese drum Panmelodion the tone of this keyboard instrument is produced by the friction of a cylinder on metal bars. It was invented, in 1810, by Franz Lippich of Vienna Panneau décoratif (French) a decorative panel, a drawing or print in which pictoral content is subordinated to decorative effect Panning the process of controlling the relative position of a sound in a stereo field during mixdown or recording using a pan-pot. Usually this is not completely effective as the pan-pot alters only the relative amplitude of the sound left to right and not the crucial time aspect Studio Musician's Jargonbuster from which this extract has been taken Panorama a view rolling scenery for providing a changeable backdrop to theatrical performances. Ballet-goers see a moving panorama in tradition productions of The Sleeping Beauty; indeed, the scene in which the Princxe travels to find Aurora is known as the 'panorama scene', in which 'as the boat advances, the banks of the river change; villages, countryside, forests, mountains are seen, and finally, the castle of the sleeping beauty comes into view.' Panpfeife (German f.) panflute Panpipes panflute P'ansori also spelled pansori, a genre of Korean music popular in Korea during the nineteenth century. It is a voice and percussion music performed by one sorikkun (singer) and one gosu (a drummer). The term pansori is derived from pan, meaning 'a place where many people gather', and sori, meaning 'song', and often protracted (taking several hours to complete), it featured satires and love stories Pantaleone see 'Pantalon' Pantaleon stop see 'Pantalon' Pantalon the first figure and movement of a quadrille Pantalon alternatively Pantaleon or 'Pantaleon stop', named for the instrument maker, musician and composer Panteleon Hebenstreit (1668-1750), a device for prolonging the sound after the key has been released of which there are several surviving examples on unfretted clavichords from the second half of the eighteenth century. A set of tangents is fixed into a rail running laterally below the keys; these extra tangents stick up between the keylevers, which are cut away to allow them to be positioned just a little to the right of each ordinary tangent. Pulling a drawstop raises these extra tangents so that they are permanently in contact with the strings. (You can see, incidentally, that it will only work on an unfretted instrument) there seem to be two possible ways of playing when the pantalon stop is drawn: you can play normally with the usual clavichord touch: in this case your keylever tangent raises the string from the 'pantalon' tangent so that it sounds quite normally while the key is depressed. When the key is released, the string rests on the 'pantalon' tangent and continues to sound. Theoretically it will be slightly raised in pitch, but I suspect this is only really noticeable in the top octave or so of the compass you can merely 'flick' the keys, which will cause the strings to sound quite loudly while not losing contact with the 'pantalon' tangents. I suspect that this is closer to the sound of Hebenstreit's pantalon than the other method in both cases all the unplayed notes vibrate sympathetically, just like the piano with the right pedal down an interesting point is the eighteenth-century desire for undamped sounds, which gave rise not only to pantalon clavichords but also to countless small hammer-action instruments in which the strings were quite undamped, or perhaps were only damped when a stop was specially drawn or a pedal depressed. Burney protested when one of his French hosts played her English square with the dampers disengaged: to his mind it compromised the harmony, but the lady said that with the dampers 'c'est trop sec'. Remember, too, Beethoven's instruction for the first movement of the 'Moonlight' Sonata: senza sordini Source: Peter Bavington Pantaleon Hebenstreit Pantalon a species of dulcimer Pantalonzug (German m.) a stop in older harpsichords by which the tone of the Panteleon was imitated Pantaloons a bifurcated garment for a man, covering the body from the waist downwards, and consisting of breeches and stockings in one Panta rhei (Greek) everything is in a state of flux Panteruva or pantheru, frame rattle from Sri Lanka Pantheru Frame rattle (panteruva), Sri Lanka, 19th century Pantheru see panteruva Pantoffle in the sixteenth century, this was an overshoe which was slipped on top of the shoe or hose and had no back. Later the word was used for slippers Pantomima (Spanish f.) pantomime Pantomine (English, German f., French f., Spanish f. from the Greek, literally 'imitation of everything') a musical comedy often associated with the Christmas period a dramatic dumb show a section in an intermezzo performed as a pantomime Pantonal a term synonymous with atonal see 'pantonality' Pantonality a term synonymous with atonality Schoenberg's preferred term for music lacking a clear tonality, arguing that such music combines every key rather than there being no sense of key or tonality Pantone Pantone, Pantone Matching System and PMS + are Pantone Inc's check-standard trademarks for colour standards, colour data, colour reproduction and colour reproduction materials, and other colour related products and services, meeting its specifications, control and quality requirements Panxoliñas (Spain) one of the names given to Christmas songs in Galicia p. a p. abbreviation of poco a poco (Italian: little by little, gradually) papabile (Italian) qualified for the office of Pope, suitable for election or appointment to any high office Papádikas (Spanish f. pl.) melodies from the Byzantine rite, usually slow (40-50 bpm) and melismatic Papadike a late Byzantine anthology of musical settings, both simple and ornate, for hymns, psalms, and other chants used in the liturgy and daily offices Papageno-flöte (German) a reference to the magic flute that appears in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte, K. 620 and to Papageno, a birdcatcher. In the opera the flute is given to Tamino, a handsome prince, while Papageno is given a chime of bells. The term Papageno-flöte is usually applied either to the panpies or to the mouth organ Papayera a brass band with additional percussion instruments, characteristic of the towns of Colombia's Atlantic coastal region, that plays various types of dance music Papel (Spanish m.) paper, piece or sheet of paper (Spanish m.) role, part (in a play, film, etc.) (Spanish m.) document Papela (Spanish f.) identity papers (argot) Papel carbón (Spanish m.) carbon paper Papel cebolla (Spanish m.) onionskin Papel cuadriculado (Spanish m.) squared paper Papel de arroz (Spanish m.) rice paper Papel de carta (Spanish m.) writing paper, stationery Papel de China (Spanish m.) India paper Papel de estaño (Spanish m.) aluminium foil Papel de estraza (Spanish m.) brown paper (wrapping paper) Papel de fumar (Spanish m.) cigarette paper Papel de lija (Spanish m.) sandpaper (blocks) Papel de música (Spanish m.) music paper, staff paper, score paper Papel de plata (Spanish m.) tin foil Papel de seda (Spanish m.) silk paper Papeleo (Spanish m.) paperwork Papelera (Spanish f.) wastepaper basket, litter bin Papeleria (Spanish f.) stationer's, stationery, sheaf of papers papelero (m.), papelera (f.) (Spanish) paper Papeleta (Spanish f.) ticket, ballot paper, exam paper, report, tricky problem (familar), difficult job (familiar) Papelón (Spanish m.) show-off, ridiculous performance Papelota (Spanish m.) worthless document, useless peice of paper Papel pauta (Spanish m.) lined paper, ruled paper Papel pintado (Spanish m.) wallpaper Papels (Spanish m. pl.) documents, identification papers Papel secante (Spanish m.) blotting paper Paper a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibres. The fibres used are usually natural and composed of cellulose. The most common source of these kinds of fibres is wood pulp from pulpwood trees, largely softwoods such as spruce. However, other vegetable fibre materials including cotton, hemp, linen, and rice may be used Paper from which this extract has been taken Paperas (Spanish f. pl.) mumps Paperasserie (French) an accumulation of old papers, 'red paper' Paper-type a particular variety of paper, distinguished from other varieties by its watermarks and other features Papier à lettres (French m.) writing paper Papier à musique (French m.) manuscript paper Papier carbone (French m.) carbon paper Papier de verre (French m.) sandpaper (blocks) Papier mâché (English, after the French m., literally 'chewed paper') paper reduced to pulp by boiling and macerating with whiting and size, and shaped by moulding Papier poudré (s.), Papiers poudrés (pl.) (French m.) a sheet of paper lightly coated with face-powder Papierschnitzel (German f.) shredded paper Papiers collés (French m. pl.) (a work of art consisting of) pieces of paper or cardboard glued to a canvas Papiers déchirés (French m. pl.) (a work of art consisting of) torn and twisted paper attached to a background Papiers découpés (French m. pl.) (a work of art consisting of) paper cut into patterns and attached to a background Papilla (Spanish f.) pap, mush, baby food Papiro (Spanish m.) papyrus Papo (Spanish m.) double chin, goitre, crop (of a bird) Paprika (Magyar) Hungarian red pepper, a condiment prepared from Capsicum Papyrus (s.), Papyri (pl.) an early form of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that grows to 5 meters (15 ft) in height and was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Papyrus is first known to have been used in ancient Egypt (at least as far back as the First dynasty), but it was also widely used throughout the Mediterranean region, as well as inland parts of Europe and south-west Asia Papyrus from which this extract has been taken Paqaplena North-American duct flute Duct flute (paqaplena), probably Hopi people, Southwestern region, United States, about 1900 Paracumbé an Afro-Caribbean music and dance genre of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Parade drum Basler drum para dendro (Portuguese) en dedans (French) Parade stick drum major mace, drum major baton [information supplied by Otis Ware Page] Drum Major Paradetrommel (German f.) Basler drum Paradiddle a pattern of drumbeats characterized by four basic beats and alternating left-handed (L) and right-handed (R) strokes on the successive primary beats (thus alternating LRLL and RLRR) Paradiddle from which this extract has been taken Paradigmatic analysis the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which is termed syntagmatic analysis. Paradigmatic analysis often uses commutation tests, i.e. analysis by substituting words of the same type or class to calibrate shifts in connotation. In music, paradigmatic analysis was a method of musical analysis developed by Nicolas Ruwet during the 1960s but later named by others. It is "based on the concept of 'equivalence'. Ruwet argued that the most striking characteristic of musical syntax was the central role of repetition - and, by extension, of varied repetition or transformation Paradigmatic analysis from which this material has been taken Paradis,le (French m.) in the theatre, the uppermost gallery or 'the Gods', so called because it lies just below the ceiling which was frequently embellished with a representation of a mythological heaven para examinar (Spanish) on approval para fora (Portuguese) en dehors (French) para frente (Portuguese) en avant (French) Paraguayan harp any South American-style harp characterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base, very light weight, closely-spaced light tension strings (usually nylon), a relatively flat harmonic curve, and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck, which are tuned with gear-style tuners (like a guitar). Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails, in very rhythmically intricate music. This is the national instrument of Paraguay, and is commonly found throughout South America, Central America, and in parts of Mexico Harp Spectrum from which this information has been taken Paraguayan polka see 'Danza Paraguaya' paraître (French) to come out (as in the appearance of a magazine) paralelo (m.), paralela (f.) (Spanish) parallel Para-liturgical music in the twelfth century, monophonic non-liturgical music written on sacred themes, usually in Latin. Although today the best known writer of 'para-liturgical music' is probably Hildegard von Bingen (c.1098-1179), a mystic abbess from Germany, the intellectual centre of Europe at the time was Paris and the most famous composer of this type of music was Peter Abélard (1079-1142) Parallelbewegung (German f.) parallel or similar motion Parallel cadence Parallelkadenz (German f.), a cadence formed of parallel chords see 'cadence (linear or melodic)' Parallel chords a sequence of chords where the intervals remain unchanged as the notes of the chord changes, for example, a major chord of C, E, and G would be parallel to a following chord of F, A, and C, which, in turn, would be parallel to a chord consisting of G, B, D parallèle (French) parallel Parallelen (German) the sliders in the organ (German) consecutives Parallelepiped a solid body of which each face is a parallelogram parallélépipédique (French) in the shape of a parallelepiped Parallel fifths and octaves also termed 'consecutive fifths and octaves' when writing polyphony, music for a number of independent parts (called 'voices'), the voices should be of equivalent importance and be strictly independent. This means that in strict or traditional part-writing there should be no melodic feature that draws attention more to one voice than another, nor should any voice become dependent on another. Where two voices move in parallel, a perfect-fifth or a number of octaves apart or move in unison. one voice in effect becomes melodically dependent on the other and so the number of independent voices is considered to have been reduced. In addition, notes moving in parallel sound accented which breaks the requirement in strict polyphony to keep the voices of similar importance. Some commentators have suggested that 'many students often don't understand the restriction on the use of these intervals in part-writing'. Further they subscribe to the believe that 'parallel octaves and fifths are only wrong if the student doesn't perceive that they are there' Consecutive fifths Parallel intervals see 'consecutive intervals' Parallelism in jazz, chords or chord voicings moving in parallel motion Parallelkadenz (German f.) parallel cadence Parallel key modulation see 'parallel modulation' Parallel keys two keys, one major and one minor, having the same tonic, for example, F major and F minor. For this reason the two keys are also known as the 'tonic major' and the 'tonic minor' Relative & Parallel Major & Minor Parallelklang (German m.) parallel triad Parallelklang Parallel modes modes with a common root, thus if the root is C, the modes would include C Phrygian, C Lydian, C Aeolian, C Mixolydian and so on Parallel modulation modulation from one key to a parallel key (e.g. A major to A minor, or E minor to E major) Parallel motion moto retto (Italian), Parallelbewegung (German), mouvement pareil (French), when two parts move the same interval in the same direction at the same time Parallel octaves see 'parallel fifths and octaves' Parallel Oktaven (German) consecutive octaves Parallel organum a polyphonic work based on plainchant in which the new voice is added below the original voice and the two voices move in parallel or oblique motion, emphasizing fourths and fifths, but where they may cadence on a unison; an early form of organum, first discussed c. 900 Parallel Quinten (German) consecutive fifths Parallels horizontal nodal lines positioned at different elevations on a bell's wall. These are associated with vertical waves of varying length and frequency Paralleltonart (s.), Paralleltonarten (pl.) (German f., Swedish) relative key, parallel key Paralleltoneart (Danish) relative key, parallel key Paralleltoonaarden (Dutch) relative keys Paralleltoonsoort (Dutch) relative key Paraloghi (Greek) narrative song or ballad Paramese (Greek) the fifth string of the lyre Parameter (English, German m.) in music, a term applied to any one of the four characteristics of a musical note, namely, pitch, duration, volume and timbre Paramètre (French m.) parameter Parametro (Italian m.) parameter Parámetro (Spanish m.) parameter Parampara in Indian classical music, referring to Guru-Shishya Parampara, the sacred relationship between the master and the pupil by which knowledge is transmitted to the next generation Paranda (Venezuelan-Spanish) to go from house to house to fete Paranete (Greek) the sixth string of the lyre Parang some scholars claim that parang is derived from the Venezuelan-Spanish word paranda which means to go from house to house to fete. Daphne Pawan-Taylor, author of 'Parang of Trinidad', a publication of the Trinidadian National Cultural Council of 1979, in her attempt to explain how it all started, writes, "Parang is a term which identifies a custom belonging to Trinidad's Hispanic Heritage. The word itself is neither Spanish nor English. It is the colloquial term for parran, the abbreviation of parranda, the Spanish word which means a spree, or carousel, or a group of more than four people who go out at night singing to the accompaniment of musical instruments." Folklorists, cultural anthropologists and ethnomusicologists who have studied the history of Spain, its language, and its music, from 1498-1797 (the period of Spanish rule of Trinidad), have come to the conclusion that while parang, in the early period of our history, was influenced by religion, the music is a product of the nineteenth century, influenced by parang from the Venezuelan east coast including the estribrillo, sabana blanca, joropo and guarapo parang songs, written in a 3/4 or 6/8 meter, include: serenal the serenal introduces the parang band and offers greetings to the members of the household despuedir a farewell song galeron Margarita, a remote town in Venezuela, is the home of the galeron, which is sung in the month of May as part of the re-enactment of the Passion of Christ manzanare songs sung by the paranderos of Trinidad, inspired by the remote Venezuelan village of Cumana, through which the river Manzanare flows aguinaldo a song about the life of Christ, which may be divided into annunciacion and nacimiento annunciacion songs which deal mainly with the announcement to Mary that she was chosen to be the mother of Christ nacimiento a song that tells about the birth of Christ Our Spanish Heritage from which this information has been taken Parang Paranku (Japan) a small one-headed Okinawan hand drum, similar to ones used in Buddhist ceremonies Paranoia (Greek) a chronic mental derangement characterized by delusions of grandeur or of persecution par anticipation (French) in advance para o lado (Portuguese) à la second (French) Parap a song style from Malaysia Parapenne (Italian m.) plectrum guard, pick guard, Schlagbrett (German n.), plaque de protection (French f.) Paraphernalia (Latin pl.) miscellaneous personal belongings, miscellaneous articles of equipment Paraphonia in Greek music theory, the fifth, as distinct from symphonia, meaning the unison, and antiphonia, meaning the octave Paraphrase (English, German f.) in the fourteen to sixteenth centuries, a melody borrowed from another source (usually chant) and then elaborated freely such as Missa l' hom arme by Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-1377) when a sixteenth-century composition borrows only melodic material from another work, the term 'paraphrase' should be used rather than 'parody'. By contrast, 'parody' should refer to the practice of appropriating 'vertical slices' (chords and imitative structures) of the thematic complex of the borrowed music in a fairly strict manner in the fifteenth century, the paraphrase technique may be traced through four stages: the cantus firmus migrates successively through several voices the cantus firmus is subjected to melodic variation but remains in one voice introductory duos and trios anticipate the arrival of the cantus firmus (which remains in only one voice part) points of imitation based on the cantus firmus open major sections of a piece, which continue in a non-imitative manner imitation as a structural device occurred first in secular works before moving to the sacred realm. The syntactic-imitative style reached its fruition in Italy, where humanism and its emphasis on the imitatio were helping to move music from the field of science to the field of humanities in the eighteenth century, a rhythmic version of scripture or psalms in the native language of the composer such as Estro poetico-armonico: Parafrasi sopra li primi (secondi) venticinque salami by Benedetto Marcello (1686-1739) in the nineteenth century, a virtuoso elaborated composition based on popular melodies, usually from operas, for example the Carmen Fantasy by Pablo de Sarasate (1844-1908) André Hodeir was perhaps the first writer to apply the term 'paraphrase' to jazz. He used the term in 1956 to describe a type of improvised melody that lies between two extremes: the unaltered, original melody (called the "head" by jazz musicians) and the ostensibly new melody (called the "chorus phrase") created by the jazz improviser over the harmonic framework of the original melody, as in a contrafact Musical Borrowings from which the extract on the fifteenth century has been taken paraphrasieren (German) to paraphrase Parascenium in Ancient Greece and Roman, one of two apartments adjoining the stage, probably used as robing rooms Parasitic notation notation additional to that intended by the composer and additional to the needs of performance, for example, analytical marks in study scores, Schenker's analytical notation, etc. Parata a Maltese children's dance, traditionally performed on the morning of Carnival Saturday, that mock-reenacts the Maltese victory over the Turks para trás (Portuguese) en arrière (French) par bonheur (French) luckily par bravade (French) out of bravado par chemin de fer (French) by rail Parchment (Latin, from Pergamum where parchment is said, by Pliny, to have been invented) skin had been used as a writing material before this, but the refined methods of cleaning and stretching involved in making parchment enabled both sides of a leaf to be used, leading eventually to the supplanting of the manuscript roll by the bound book Parchment par coeur (French) by heart (learn, recite, play) par conséquent (French) consequently par défaut (French, literally 'by default') in one's absence par delà (French) beyond Par de manos (Spanish m.) pair of hands par dérision (French) derisively par derrière (French) (from) behind, at the back, at the rear par dessous (French) underneath Pardessus (French, from 'par dessus', literally 'over it') an instrument that plays a high descant part such as the pardessus de viole from the 17th- and 18th-centuries which could have five or six strings and was also called the dessus de viole Dessus de viole, Louis Guersan, Paris 1750 Pardessus de viole, Paris, France, 1752 par devant (French) at the front, from the front Partida (Spanish f.) birth- or death-certificate Pareados two-line stanzas par écrit (French) in writing par éminence (French) pre-eminently, especially Parent (m.), Parente (f.) (French) relative (person) parent (m.), parente (f.) (French) related parent éloigné (French) distant relative Parenthèse (French f.) round bracket, parenthesis, digression Parenthesis (s.), Parentheses (pl.) round bracket, i.e. () Parenthetical citation within the context of a document composed as per some style guide, a 'parenthetical citation' is a reference to a source that is placed (in parentheses, i.e. between round brackets) at the end of a sentence, but prior to the period/fullstop Parenthetical citation from which this extract has been taken Parent scale the scale from which a mode is derived Parergon (s.), Parerga (pl.) (Greek) a subsiduary work, a by-product of a more important work, a hobby in art, a subordinate detail in a pictorial composition (for example, a detail of a landscape in a portrait) par erreur (French) by mistake paresseux (French) lazy par exemple (French) for example, for instance par exprès (French) sent special delivery Parfait (French m.) a frozen pudding containing whipped cream and eggs parfait (m.), parfaite (f.) (French) perfect (perfect cadence, perfect interval, etc.) Parforce horn (English, German n.) the forerunner of the modern French horn that looks like a circular bugle. Light enough to carry with one hand while riding a horse Parforcehörner Parfum (French) a scent, an odour Parhypate (Greek) the second string of the lyre Pariah (Tamil, literally 'drummers') a member of the lowest caste in India, a social outcast, a reprobate named for the hereditary drummers at certain festivals who belonged to the lowest caste Pariglia (Italian f.) pair Pari passu (Latin, 'with equal pace') moving together, at an equal rate of progress, in step with one another, without preference on one side or another Parka (Russian) a light waterproof jacket with a hood, for use out of doors in bleak conditions Parkett (German n.) stalls (seats in a theatre, cinema, etc.) par la bande (French) indirectly parlando (Italian) or parlante, as if speaking, more like speaking than singing in the style of recitative, singing with a distinct articulation so that all the words are clearly audible on the piano, parlante calls for distinct, crisp non legato parlando tra se stesse (Italian) talking amongst themselves parlante see parlando parlare bleso (Italian) lisp par la suite (French) afterwards parlato (Italian) spoken the term is applied in opera to dialogue par l'entremise de (French) through Parlor organ (US) see 'reed organ' Parlourization tunes from popular and religious songs, set to new, often sentimental, words, published for performance by amateurs in domestic surroundings, a term introduced by Peter van der Merwe in his book Origins of the Popular Style. The antecedents of twentieth-century popular music (Oxford: Clarendon: 1989) Parlour organ see 'reed organ' Parnasse instrument a glass harmonica Parodia (Italian f., Spanish f.) parody Parodie (German f., French f.) parody Parodos (Greek) the commencement of an ancient Greek chorus, in which the whole chorus used to join Parody also called contrafactum, the term 'parody' has a venerable history, going back to Quintilian's Institutio oratoria where it is defined, in Book VI, as an alteration of the text with the intent to alter its meaning. Beginning in Germany in the late seventeenth century, 'parody' was generally applied to the alteration or substitution of a song text, usually from a secular to a sacred sense. French usage of the term, beginning with Henri Estienne (1531-1588), began to carry with it musical implications. This broader French definition was also used to draw attention to the original musical models. Generally speaking, the prepositions 'post' and 'super' were more commonly applied to the use of a musical, as opposed to a textual, model a Renaissance style of composition, especially prominent in the composition of Masses, in which older material was used in the creation of new music. A composition is a parody only if the entire substance, not just an excerpt, of the original material has been incorporated into the new work the seventeenth-century view of parody, as set forth in Quitschreiber's treatise De parodia (1611), departed from that of the Renaissance in two main ways. First and most important was a new recognition of the concept of artistic ownership. Second was the regard of parody as a useful pedagogical and stylistic tool in composition (Stileinübung) humorous or satirical composition which exaggerates the features of some other composition, i.e. burlesque Musical Borrowings from which the entry about the seventeenth century has been taken Parody cantata Ottavio Durante's Duetti da Camera per imperare a cantare are unique examples of what may be called a 'parody cantata'. These pieces use Alessandro Scarlatti's solo cantatas as models, but use only the recitatives, not the arias. Durante composed extended introductions, and added a number of devices (including imitation, echo, transpositions, modulations, sequences, variations, and original interpolations) to the original. The version of Durante's Duetti da Camera preserved in Rome, Academy of Santa Cecilia, G. Mss. 302, contains written-out vocal embellishments and figured bass realizations that give a good picture of the performance practices of the day Musical Borrowings from which this entry has been taken Parody mass the word parodia, (parody), first appeared in 1587 in Parodia mottetae Domine da nobis auxilium, Thomae Crequilionis by Jacob Paix musicologists have pointed out that the word parodia is inappropriate, the correct term is ad imitationem, and therefore the form should be called 'imitation mass'. Evidence suggests that the association of 'parody' with 'Mass' occurred early in the twentieth century and so this definition is entirely modern Parola (Italian f.) word, speech Parole (French f.) word, speech Parole (d'honneur) (French f., literally 'word of honour') an undertaking by a prisoner that he will refrain from attempting to escape Paroles (French f. pl.) lyrics, the words to a song Paronomasia (Greek) a play upon words, a pun Parousia (Greek) the Second Coming of Christ Parquet (French) a flooring made of small pieces of wood arranged in patterns, the part of the floor the auditorium of a thetre occupied by the stalls Parranda called parranda or aguinaldo of parranda, it is a musical form associated with the coast zone of the Venezuelan states of Aragua and Carabobo, where the tambora (drum) is used as an accompanying instrument and the melodies shows Afro-Venezuelan influence Parranda from which this entry has been taken Parrandero musicians in Trinidad who travelled from house to house in the community and were often joined by friends and neighbours using whatever instruments were at hand, including violin, guitar, claves (locally known as toc-toc), box bass (an indigenous instrument), flute, mandolin, bandolin, caja (a percussive box instrument), and marimbola (an Afro-Venezuelan influence). In exchange for the entertainment, traditional parranderos would be given food and drink rum or poncha creme (an alcohol-rich eggnog) Parrucca (Italian f.) wig Parsons code formally named the 'Parsons Code for Melodic Contours', a simple notation used to identify a piece of music through melodic motion - the motion of the pitch up and down. Denys Parsons developed this system for his 1975 book, The Directory of Tunes and Musical Themes. Representing a melody in this manner makes it easy to index or search for particular pieces Parsons code from which this entry has been taken par suite de (French) as a result of Part parte (Italian), Stimme (German), partie (French) one voice from a multi-voice work (from the Latin pars) in medieval music, a short section of a work roughly equivalent to the modern term 'movement' or 'section'. Sources may label each section, in turn, prima pars, secunda pars, tertia pars, etc. in a play, a particular character played by a single actor, as well as the script written for that character Partbook a single vocal or instrumental part of a composition or a group of compositions printed on its own (for example, the early sixteenth-century Eton, Lambeth and Caius choirbooks). In the early sixteenth century, choirbooks gradually passed out of use in favour of partbooks. (At least for a time some choirs seem to have preferred one type of manuscript, some the other, for in 1524 all the polyphonic music at Magdalen College, Oxford was contained in choirbooks, nine of which had been bought between 1518 and 1524, while in 1529 King's College, Cambridge relied almost entirely on partbooks). Partbooks with small paper leaves were undoubtedly cheaper to produce than large elaborately bound choirbooks of parchment. They were also easier to handle, and probably more convenient for a large number of singers to read from. The choir would no longer gather round a lectern, but would presumably sing from the choir-stalls, except in votive antiphons performed before images, where, unless singing from memory was the practice, each book must have been held by one or more singers for all of those on that part to see. Partbooks were retained until the nineteenth century when church musicians took up the vocal score that had been in use in secular music since the seventeenth century The Gyffard and Christ Church Partbooks from which much of this entry has been taken Partbook Part crossing part crossing occurs when two voices cross over each other, for example, if the bass were to cross above the tenor for a few notes Parte (Spanish m.) message, report, partie (French) Parte (Spanish f., Italian f., Portuguese) part, portion (of a composition) (Spanish f., Italian f., Portuguese) part, role (in an opera) (Spanish f.) share, place, spot, zone, area, party, part, side, Parte cantate (Italian f.) the singing or vocal part, the principal vocal part (that with the melody) Parte con guida (Italian f.) a part destined to a performer, including as a score also the staff of other instruments or voices of an ensemble Parte corale (Italian f.) chorus part Parte de la oración (Spanish f.) part of speech Parte médico (Spanish m.) medical report Parte metereológico (Spanish m.) weather forecast, weather report Partenio (Spanish m.) a song of the ancient Greeks performed by a chorus of young girls (párthenoi), in order to honour of the goddess Athena Parthenos Parterre (French m.) in the theatre, the upper part of the main seating, usually behind a cross aisle, and almost always steeper than the lower orchestra, the stalls (French m.) a flower-garden consisting of a symmetrical arrangement of flower-beds par terre (French) (jump, fall) to the ground, on the ground Parte solista (Spanish f.) a part containing only one solo for a voice of a choir Parte superiore (Italian f.) the highest part, the top part Partheneia (Greek) 'maiden-songs' or hymns sung by choruses of unmarried women. The partheneia were performed as a type of drama by choruses of girls during festivals in connection with their initiation rites Parthenia (Greek) the name Parthenia is of Greek origin. Its meaning is 'maiden' or 'virgin'. The Parthenon of Athens, Greece, was named after one of the aspects of the divine patroness of the city, Athena Parthenos, or 'Athena the Maiden'. Athena was one of three virgin goddesses of ancient Greek mythology, the other two being Artemis, goddess of the moon, and Hestia, goddess of the hearth Parthenia or the Maydenhead of the first musicke that ever was printed for the Virginalls was, as the title states, the first printed collection of music for keyboard in England which appeared around 1611 Parthenia (music) from which the second entry has been taken Parthenoi (Ancient Greek) young girls who dedicated themselves to the ancient Greek goddess Athena Parthenos Partheyen (German) synonymous with Partita Parthenogenesis (Greek) reproduction without fertilization, especially in invertebrates and lower plants Parti (Italian f. pl.) parts (French m.) party (political), (good or bad) match (as in a marriage), decision partial (French) biased Partial (s.), Partials (pl.) a note produced by a musical instrument is made up of a fundamental frequency (also called the first harmonic, first mode or first partial) together with its overtones or upper partials. If all the overtones are harmonic (i.e. integer multiples of the fundamental frequency) then each successively higher frequency is also the same successively higher partial, so that the second harmonic is the second partial and so on. However, if any of the overtones are inharmonic then the numbering of the partials (which will include inharmonicities) will no longer follow the numbering of the harmonics (which do not include the inharmonicities) the partials above the fundamental are also called 'upper partials' Partialité (French f.) bias Partial signature a key signature in which at least one accidental is omitted. This was common in the Renaissance when the "missing'' accidental would not be in use in all of the vocal parts. In Bach's day, partial signatures still occurred, though almost always in minor-key flat key signatures, such as in his early motet, Ich lasse dich nicht (BWV 159a) Partial stop a half stop Partialton (s.), Partialtöne (pl.) (German m.) partial Partial tone an harmonic note (or tone) Particela (Spanish f.) part Particela de director (Spanish f.) performance part for a particular instrument of an ensemble work to which cues have been added for the other instruments to permit the performer of the part also to conduct the performance Particela-guía (Spanish f.) a part destined to a performer, including as a score also the staff of other instruments or voices of an ensemble Particela solista (Spanish f.) a part containing only one solo for a voice of a choir Particell (German) condensed score Particella (French f., Italian f.) a score with the voices and continuo but with all other instruments omitted Participación (Spanish f.) participation, contribution, (financial) interest, (financial) investment, share (stock), part of a lottery ticket, notice, notification Participación en los beneficios (Spanish f.) profit-sharing Participación de boda (Spanish f.) wedding invitation Participant (m.), Participante (f.) (French) participant, entrant (in a competition) participar (Spanish) to take part, to participate, to share, to have a share, to notify participar en la conversación (Spanish) to take part in the conversation participar en un concurso (Spanish) to take part in a competition Participata term used by Franchinus Gaffurius in his Practica musica (1483) to describe the adjustment of musical intervals, i.e. what today we call 'temperament' Murray J. Barbour describes it, "There, among the eight rules of counterpoint, Gafurius stated that organists assert that fifths undergo a small, indefinite amount of diminution called temperament (participata). Since he was reporting on a contemporary fact, rather than advocating an innovation, the practice may have begun decades earlier than his time." Participation (French f.) participation, interest (commercial), appearance (of an artist) Participation dance also known as social dance, a category of dances where there is no audience (as such) but participants perform and watch at the same time Partícipe (Spanish m./f.) participant partícipe (Spanish) participating participer à (French) take part in, participate in, share (profits), appear in Participio (Spanish m.) participle Parti componenti (Italian f. pl.) component parts Particularidad (Spanish f.) particularity, aspect, peculiarity Particularité (French f.) particularity particularizar (Spanish) to distinguish, to characterize, to single out, to give details about particularizarse (Spanish) to stand out, to distinguish oneself Particule (French f.) particle Particulier (French m.) private individual particulier (m.), particulière (f.) (French) particular, peculiar, private particulièrement (French) particularly Partida (Spanish f.) departure, batch, consignment, game, party, gang, item (for example, an entry in the accounts), certificate Partida de bautismo (Spanish f.) baptismal certificate Partida de caza (Spanish f.) hunting party Partida de defunción (Spanish f.) death certificate Partida de matrimonio (Spanish f.) marriage certificate Partida de nacimiento (Spanish f.) birth certificate Partido alto (Brazil) an improvised form of samba, in many ways a forerunner of 'freestyle' rap. It was originally (and remains) a type of samba with short, light refrains that the singers must follow with improvised verses. However, partido alto is equally characterized by a particular rhythmic pattern , refered to as a partido alto rhythm. There are even instrumental compositions in which the musicians play partido alto, though there are neither improvised verses nor simple refrains rec.music.brazilian.FAQ from which some of this information has been taken Partie (French f., German f.) part Partie carrée (French f., literally 'a square party') a party of four persons, usually two men and two women Partie de choeur (French f.) a chorus part Partie de violon (French f.) the violin part Partie en accolade (French f.) score of only homogeneous groups of instruments Partien (German) synonymous with Partita (German f. pl.) parts partiendo de la base de (Spanish) on the basis of Parties composantes (French m. pl.) component parts Parties séparées (French m. pl.) partbooks Partie supérieure (French m.) the highest part Partij (Dutch) staff Partimen (Occitan) see jeu-partie Partimento (s.), Partimenti (pl.) (Italian m.) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, an pedagogical exercise in figured bass, often with melodic implications Parti pris (French m.) bias, prejudice, a preconceived opinion partir de zéro (French) strart from scratch Partita (Italian f., German f.) from c.1700 onwards, a suite in the seventeenth century, an 'air with variations', probably derived from the Italian parti, parts, referring to the variations in sixteenth- and eighteenth-century Germany, a suite in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, multi-movement composition consisting of dances and non-dance movements or entirely of non-dance movements Partita d'onore (Italian f.) a duel partitamente (Italian) separately, distinctively, point by point Partitino (German) score of only homogeneous groups of instruments Partition (French f.) musical score (particularly a full score), Partitur (German f.), partitura (Italian f., Spanish f.) Partition chant et piano (French f.) score of a vocal-orchestral piece with keyboard arrangement of the orchestra Partition de direction (French f.) full score Partition des choeurs (French f.) a score of a work for voice(s) and instruments, but containing only the vocal line(s) Partition de travail (French f.) a musical score not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size, i.e. a pocket or study score Partition de poche (French f.) miniature score, a musical score not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size, i.e. a pocket or study score Partition d'orchestre (French f.) performance score Partition graphique (French f.) musical notation including non-traditional graphic elements Partition miniature (French f.) a musical score not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size, i.e. a pocket or study score Partition pour piano (French f.) piano score Partition réduite (French f.) close score, short score, a format that presents all the separate parts of a full score usually on only two staves Partition vocale (French f.) vocal score, score of a vocal-orchestral piece with keyboard arrangement of the orchestra partito (Italian) divided, divided into parts Partitur (German f., Swedish, Danish) score, full score, partitura (Italian f., Spanish f.), partition (French f.) Partitura (Italian f., Spanish f., Portuguese f.) score, full score, partitura (Italian f., Spanish f.), Partitur (German f.), partition (French f.) Partitura condensata (Italian f.) condensed score Partitura de bolsillo (Spanish f.) a musical score not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size, i.e. a pocket or study score Partitura de coro (Spanish f.) a score of a work for voice(s) and instruments, but containing only the vocal line(s) Partitura de coro y continuo (Spanish f.) a score with the voices and continuo but with all other instruments omitted Partitura grafica (Italian f.) musical notation including non-traditional graphic elements Partitura gráfica (Spanish f.) musical notation including non-traditional graphic elements Partitura guión (Spanish f.) condensed score Partituranweisung (German f.) markings/indications (in the score) Partitura per il direttore (Italian f.) full score Partitura reducida (Spanish f.) close score, short score, a format that presents all the separate parts of a full score usually on only two staves Partitura ristretta (Italian f.) close score, short score, a format that presents all the separate parts of a full score usually on only two staves Partitura tascabile (Italian f.) pocket score, miniature score Partitura vocale (Italian f.) vocal score, a score of a work for voice(s) and instruments, but containing only the vocal line(s) Partitura vocale (Spanish f.) vocal score, score of a vocal-orchestral piece with keyboard arrangement of the orchestra Partiturina (Italian) a musical score not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size, i.e. a pocket or study score Partiturspiel (German) playing from the score Partituur (Dutch) partition, score, full score Partituuri (Finnish) partition, score, full score Partizione (Italian f.) partition, score, full score Part music the term most commonly means harmonised vocal music but it may also be applied to an musical work written in two or more parts Partner dances dances whose basic choreography involves coordinated dancing of two partners, as opposed to individuals dancing alone or individually in a non-coordinated manner, and as opposed to groups of people dancing simultaneously in a coordinated manner Partner dances Glossary of partner dance terms Partnering in ballet, the responsibilities of the two partners include: for the male dancer lifting, catching and carrying a partner, and assisting with leaps, which largely replaces pointwork at moderately advanced levels for male dancers for the female dancer being lifted, carried, and being assisted with or caught after leaps Part singing the singing of part music Partner song two or more different songs that can be sung at the same time to create harmony Part song a song, unaccompanied, or less often accompanied by instruments, usually written for three or more voices. Since the nineteenth century, it has been particularly associated with unaccompanied works for amateur choruses of male, female or mixed singers Part-writing the essence of polyphonic music Parure (French) a set of matching pieces of jewellery designed to be worn together Parvenu (m.), Parvenue (f.) (French) an upstart, a person of humble origins who has attained wealth and dignity (assumed to be undeserved) Pas (French m.) passo (Portuguese m.), in dance, a simple step or a compound movement which involves a transfer of weight, for example, pas de bourrée or pas d'action a dance executed by a soloist, pas seul, a duet, pas de deux, and so on pas (French) not, not any Pasacalle (Spanish) passacaglia (Italian), passecaille (French) (Ecuador) popular dance music similar to the Spanish pasodoble Pasacalles (Spanish) simple chord sequences played by harpists and guitarists as a way of establishing the tonality and meter of a following piece Pasacorredoiras (Spain f. pl.) traditional Galician songs Pasada (Spanish f., literally 'passing') passing a partner during the course of a dance term explanation pasada de pecho passing chest-to-chest pasada de espalda passing back-to-back pasado mañana (Spanish) the day after tomorrow Pasapié (Spanish) passepied pasar la noche en blanco (Spanish) have a sleepless night pasar lo bomba (Spanish) have a marvellous time Pasatiempo (Spanish m.) hobby, pastime pas beaucoup (French) not many, not much pas beaucoup de (French) not many of, not much of pas commode (French) a difficult customer Pas d'action (French m.) a ballet with a dramatic style (one that tells a story or illustrates a theme) Pas de basque (French m.) passo de basco (Portuguese), in dance, alternating steps where one foot is on the ground all the time Pas de bourrée (French m., literally 'bourrée step') in dance, one of a variety of dance steps in which the wieght is transferred from one foot to the other three times. Pas de bourrée is done dessous, dessus, devant, derrière, en avant, en arrière and en tournant, en dedans and en dehors, on the point or demi-pointe Pas de bourrée couru (French m., literally 'bourrée step, running') in dance, a term of the French School. This is a progression on the points or demi-pointes by a series of small, even steps with the feet close together. It may be done in all directions or in a circle Pas de charge (French m.) the double, rapid pace used by infantry when going in to the attack Pas d'echarps (French m.) scarf dance Pas de chat (French m., literally 'cat's step') passo de gato (Portuguese), in dance, a step in which one foot jumps over the other, that owes its name to the likeness of the movement to a cat's leap Pas de cheval (French m., literally 'horse's step') in dance, where the dancer does a coupé then a small developpé and tendus back into starting position Pas de danse (French m.) a step, in dancing Pas de deux (French m.) passo de dois (Portuguese), passo a dois (Portuguese), a dance for two performers Pas de deux, grand (French m., literally 'grand dance for two') in dance, this differs from the simple pas de deux in that it has a definite structure. As a general rule the grand pas de deux falls into five parts: entrée, adage, variation for the danseuse, variation for the danseur, and the coda, in which the dancers dance together Pas de galliarde (French m.) the galliard step Pas de hache (French m.) an axe dance Pas de minuet (French m.) the minuet step Pas de quatre (French m., literally 'dance for four') passo de quatro (Portuguese), in dance, the most famous pas de quatre in ballet history took place in London on July 12, 1845, at a command performance for Queen Victoria, when the four greatest ballerinas of the nineteenth century, Marie Taglioni, Carlotta Grisi, Fanny Cerrito and Lucile Grahn, appeared together Pas de trois (French m.) passo de três pessoas (Portuguese), a dance for three performers. Other dances include pas de cinq, a dance for five people, pas de six, a dance for six people, and so on Pas de valse (French m., literally 'waltz step') passo de valsa (Portuguese), in dance, a step done with a graceful swaying of the body with various arm movements. It may be done facing or en tournant. The step is like a balancé, except that the feet do not cross pas devant les domestiques (French) not in front of the servants (to avoid any indiscretion in front of the staff) pas devant les enfants (French) not in front of the children (to avoid indiscretion in front of the staff) pas encore (French) not yet Paseo (Spanish m.) a leisurely walk, a constitutional (Spanish m.) a broad street designed for leisurely walking (Spanish m.) a street parade (Spanish m.) the A section (or introduction) of the danzón form, or the opening ceremony at a bull-fight in flamenco, a walking step that connects two sections of a dance. The dancer may walk around striking arrogant poses without losing the timing in the steps Pas glissé (French m.) in dance, a single gliding step Pas grave (French m.) the courant step Pasha (Turkish) a Turkish title given to military commanders and governors of provinces Pasichigare traditional Shona (Zimbabwe) music Pasillo (Spanish m.) passage (Pacific coast of Ecuador, Spanish m.) a usually downtempo popular folk dance, descended from the waltz, played with guitar and rondin, the latter being similar to a flute Pasillo colombiano a Colombian dance that is very similar to the Cuban bolero except that it is danced to a time of 6/8 against 3/4 meter Pas marché (French m., literally 'marching step') passo marchado (Portuguese m.), passo andado (Portuguese m.), in dance, this is the dignified, classical walk of the ballerina and the premier danseur Paso (Spanish m.) step Paso deslizado (Spanish m.) in dance, a single gliding step, pas glissé (French) Paso doble (Spanish m., literally 'two step') a lively dance in simple duple time, based on music played at bullfights during the bullfighters' entrance (paseo) or during the passes (faena) just before the kill. The leader of this dance plays the part of the matador and the follower plays the part of the matador's cape Paso Doble Paso resbalado (Spanish m.) in dance, a single gliding step, pas glissé (French) Paspy (English) passepied Pas redoublé (French m.) a quick step Passacaglia (German f. Italian f., from the Spanish pasar, to walk, and calle, street) also passacaglio, an instrumental dance form, often in 3/4 time, similar to the chaconne in which there is continuing repetition of a theme usually played in the bass (i.e. a basso ostinato). It originated in Spain and became popular in France and Italy during the Baroque period Passacaglia Passacaglio see passacaglia Passacaille (French) passacaglio, passacaglia Passage (s.), Passagen (German pl.) (English, German f., French m.) a section of a musical work (English, German f., French m.) a repeated figure, usually rapid, which may be ascending or descending (German f.) free embellishment, that is ornamentation that is not indicated by symbols and has no set form, passeggi (Italian pl.), roulades (French pl.) if the figure is a scale, the passage is usually called a 'run' Passage du pouce (French m.) passing the thumb under (the fingers) Passager clandestin (French m.) stowaway Passage-work passagio Passaggio (s.), Passaggi (pl.) (Italian m.) a written or improvised melodic passage, employing pseudo-improvisatory diminutions or divisions, i.e ornamentation, and particularly free embellishment, that is ornamentation that is not indicated by symbols and has no set form, Passagen (German pl.), roulades (French pl.) (Italian m.) a transition or modulation (Italian m.) a transitional section in a piece of music, often designed to do little more than offer an opportunity for technical display on the part of the performer (Italian m.) a term used in classical singing to describe the pitch ranges in which vocal registration events occur. Beneath passagio is often called 'full voice', where an untrained singer can produce a powerful sound, and above it lies the 'head voice', where a powerful and resonant sound is accessible only with considerable vocal training. The prominent Italian/international school of voice describes a primo passaggio and a secondo passaggio in both the male and female voice. A major goal of classical voice training is to maintain an even timbre throughout the passaggio. It is generally regarded to be the most difficult register for a singer to sing, as the muscle position is very exerting. However, through proper training, it is possible to produce a resonant and powerful sound Passaggio from which the last entry has been taken