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0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,etc. see 1-9 reference below    I,II,II,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,viii 1-9 staff, stave or pentagram: a framework of five lines on which musical notation is written such that the higher the note-sign on the staff the higher its pitch system: notation of a line of music including all the parts and voices involved, presented in a group of two or more staves which are joined together on the left hand side by a vertical bar and a brace (the brace is not shown in this image) barline: a vertical line (or lines) drawn across a staff (or if there are many lines, across a number of staves) to mark off measures (or bars) of a particular length, i.e. containing a number of notes and/or rests whose total time value is given by the time signature bars & bar lines dotted or auxiliary barline: used to mark divisions within a bar (measure), i.e. between two solid barlines music start: barline placed at the beginning of a section of a piece of music music end: barline denoting the end of a piece of music brace: used with a line to joining multiple staves, for example, as found in piano music bracket: used with a perpendicular line joining multiple staves, for example, as found in piano music clef: graphical symbol placed on the left of the stave which establishes the relationship between particular note names and their position on the staff lines and spaces (i.e. tells us which pitch "class" that stave belongs to). treble G-clef bass F-clef alto C-clef soprano and mezzosoprano C-clef tenor C-clef baritone C-clef, baritone and subbass F-clef French violin G-clef percussion or indefinite pitch clef - not shown At the suggestion of Nick Meiners, we show the relative pitch positions of the commonly used clefs G-clef (e.g. treble clef) marks G above middle C C-clef (e.g. alto clef) marks middle C F-clef (e.g. bass clef) marks F below middle C old C-clef sign, i.e. old alto, tenor, soprano, baritone and mezzosoprano clef sign a G-clef sign found in the score of La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) published by Ricordi: a G-clef used for the tenor voice, where the note sounds one octave lower than it written if the clef had been a standard G clef [image provided by John Garside] G-clef ottava alta octave clefs G-clef ottava bassa octave clefs F-clef ottava alta octave clefs F-clef ottava bassa octave clefs alternative percussion clef, indefinite pitch clef or neutral clef percussion or indefinite pitch clef the main elements of a musical score common time: equivalent to a time signature of 4/4, namely four crotchets (quarter notes) to a bar (measure) common time, alla breve/cut time, alla cappella time alla breve: also called 'cut time' or 'alla cappella time'; marked with a large C with a vertical line through it, used for quick duple time in which the minim or half note is given one beat instead of two. (occasionally written with two parallel vertical lines through a large C) common time and alla breve/cut time anatomy of a note, a single sound of a particular pitch and length which is notated with a symbol made up of a notehead (in all cases), a stem (in some cases) and a flag (in some cases), and which with notes bearing flags are grouped together using a beam sprechgesang stem sprechgesang: speech-song, a term used by Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951) to describe a voice delivery midway between song and speech, although he preferred the terms sprechstimme speaking voice (which was used by Humperdinck in Königskinder [1910]), sprechmelodic (speech melody) or rezitation (recitation) Note Sign number equal to 1 semibreve English American Italian French German Spanish Catalan 1/2 breve or brevis double-whole note breve carrée or brevis or double-ronde (meaning square) Doppeltakt(note) or Brevis cuadrada or breve or doble redonda quadrada (f.) or breu (f.) 1 semibreve whole note semibreve semi-brève or ronde (meaning round) ganze Takt(note) redonda or semibreve rodona (f.) 2 minim half note minima or bianca blanche (meaning white) Halbe(note) or halbe Takt(note) blanca or mínima blanca (f.) 4 crotchet quarter note semiminima or nera noire (meaning black) Viertel(note) negra negra (f.) 8 quaver eighth note croma croche (meaning hook) Achtel(note) corchea or croma corxera (f.) 16 semiquaver sixteenth note semicroma double croche (meaning double hook) Sechzehntel(note) semicorchea semicorxera (f.) 32 demisemiquaver thirty-second note biscroma triple croche (meaning triple hook) Zweiunddreissigstel(note) fusa fusa (f.) 64 hemidemisemiquaver sixty-fourth note semibiscroma quadruple croche (meaning quadruple hook) Vierundsechzigstel(note) semifusa semifusa (f.) 128 semihemidemisemiquaver or quasihemidemisemiquaver one hundred and twenty-eighth note centoventottavo (nota) cent-vingt-huitième or quintuple croche Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel(note) garrapatea or cuartifusa   Rest number equal to 1 semibreve English American Italian French German Spanish Catalan 1/2 breve rest double-whole rest pausa di breve bâton or pause de brève or silence de brève doppel Pause silencio de cuadrada or pausa de cuadrada or silencio de breve or pausa de breve doble pausa (f.) or pausa de quadrada (f.) 1 semibreve rest whole rest pausa di semibreve pause ganze Pause silencio de redonda or pausa de redonda or silencio de semibreve or pausa de semibreve pausa (f.) or pausa de rodona (f.) 2 minim rest half rest pausa di minima demi-pause halbe Pause media pausa or silencio de blanca or pausa de blanca mitja pausa (f.) or pausa de blanca (f.)  or  4 crotchet rest quarter rest pausa di semiminima soupir Viertelpause silencio de negra or pausa de negra or silencio de semiminima or pausa de semiminima quart de pausa (m.) or pausa de negra (f.) 8 quaver rest eighth rest pausa di croma demi-soupir Achtelpause silencio de corchea or pausa de corchea vuitè de pausa (m.) or pausa de corxera (f.) 16 semiquaver rest sixteenth rest pausa di semicroma quart de soupir Sechzehntelpause silencio de semicorchea or pausa de semicorchea setzè de pausa (m.) or pausa de semicorxera (f.) 32 demisemiquaver rest thirty-second rest pausa di biscroma huitième de soupir Zweiunddreißigstelpause silencio de fusa or pausa de fusa trenta-dosè de pausa (m.) or pausa de fusa (f.) 64 hemidemisemiquaver rest sixty-fourth rest pausa di semibiscroma seizième de soupir Vierundsechzigstelpause silencio de semifusa or pausa de semifusa seixanta-quatrè de pausa (m.) or pausa de semifusa (f.) 128 semihemidemisemiquaver rest one hundred and twenty-eighth rest pausa di centoventottavo cent-vingt-huitième de soupir Hundertundachtundzwanzigstelpause silencio de garrapatea or pausa de garrapatea   multi-rest or multiple measure rest: where a number of bars contain only rests, in instrumental parts (and sometimes in scores), the bars are 'collected' together and shown as a single bar contain a rest together with the number of consecutive bars given by a large number placed centrally above the staff over the single bar various note heads listed left to right: top row: plus, circle x, square white, square black, triangle up white, triangle up black, triangle left up white, triangle left up black, triangle right up white middle row: triangle right up black, triangle down white, triangle down black, triangle right down white, triangle right down black, moon white, moon black, triangle-round down white, triangle-round down black bottom row: parenthesis, white, black, cluster white, cluster black, croix, x certain note heads have specific meaning, for example: diamond: special playing modes or notes such as: half-valve, tablature for string harmonics, falsetto voice, silent depression of keys, held keys X: indeterminate pitches, spoken voice and unvoiced sounds, release of certain held notes, noises, ... round pierced by stems: sounds of air blown through an instrument vertical arrow: highest or lowest pitches possible on an instrument triangular : for triangles     X as a notehead: indeterminate pitches, spoken voice and unvoiced sounds, release of certain held notes, noises, ... in jazz notation for wind instruments or string instruments, a 'ghost note' is indicated by using an 'x' for the notehead rather than the usual oval. A ghost note is one that is to be played less strongly than the notes around it, the effect is also called 'anti-accent' hauptstimme, (German) principal part or voice nebenstimme, (German) subsiduary or secondary voice or line play notes under this sign one octave higher than written play notes under this sign one octave lower than written the barline that marks the beginning of a passage that is to be repeated, also called 'open repeat', 'begin-repeat' or 'repeat start' the barline that marks the end of a passage that is to be repeated, also called 'close repeat', 'end-repeat' or 'repeat end' repeat: the 'repetition' signs indicates that a section of a piece of music is to be played a second time - where this is the first section of the piece the left hand sign may be absent - however, where the repeat is of a later section, the left and right hand signs mark the extent of the section repeated sections an example of volta brackets, also called 'first ending' and 'second ending': in this case, a section performed only the first time it is reached otherwise the performer plays a later section usually marked in a similar way but with a 2. and with no vertical line at the end of the section tremolo: repeated notes (note the angled line or lines passing through the note stems) Note: in drum or timpani parts, notes with their stems crossed diagonally by two or, more commonly three, lines usually indicate a roll tremolo or alternations: repeated sequence of two notes a particular interval apart (note the angled line or lines lying between pairs of notes) do not confuse with the caesura the lines of which pass through the top line of the staff and are steeper Note: where the two principal notes have stems, and there is no likelihood of confusion, the beams may actually connect to them: see bar 2, bass staff, in the example below simile marks, used to show repeated groups or bars (see immediately below for more information) repeated passage using simile marks do not confuse with the caesura the lines of which pass through the top line of the staff repeated bars using simile marks    D.C. (Italian: from the beginning) an abbreviation of Da Capo, indicting that the player should start from or go back to the beginning of the piece of music the sign or segno (Italian: sign)    D.S. (Italian: from the sign) an abbreviation of Dal segno, term indicating a place from which a section of a piece is to be played, that place marked with a segno Dal segno, D.S. (abbrev.): (Italian) from the sign da capo    D.C. al Fine (Italian: from the beginning to the end) an abbreviation of Da Capo al Fine, indicting that the player should go back to the beginning and then end at the Fine mark    Fine (Italian: the end) a term placed where a piece or a section of a piece of music is to end 'jump to coda' sign: a circle or oval with a cross inside it the 'jump to coda' sign directs the player to jump from that point to a section marked coda fermata (It.), Fermate (Ger.): a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration, and occasionally printed above rests or barlines, indicating a pause of indefinite duration caesura (sing.), caesurae (pl.), fetura, 'tramlines', or 'railroad tracks: usually placed on or above the top line of a staff or stave (not to be confused with the 'simile' mark). A term derived from poetry, caesura is a silent pause somewhere in the middle of a piece of music crescendo: (Italian, literally 'growing') increasingly louder crescendo from silence: starting from silence, the note should become increasingly louder [information provided by Adam Glynn] decrescendo, decresciuto, diminuendo: (Italian) increasingly softer swell, closed hairpins (over a phrase) or closed accent (over a single note): to increase volume and then die away in the duration of a single note or short phrase also called messa di voce (Italian) or mise de voix (French) in Rossini, the typical markings of the 'closed accent' and the 'closed hairpins' appear frequently but they were also commonly used by his contemporaries. They signify, in the case of the 'closed accent', a more marked and longer accent than the norm; in the case of the 'closed crescendo', a crescendo that ends abruptly in a sforzato emphasis; in the case of the 'closed diminuendo', a sforzato that immediately trails off into a diminuendo in nineteenth-century German non-vocal music the < > sign can represent a stress or accent as opposed to a crescendo followed by a decrescendo music. In such a case, the marking apparently indicates a kind of "warm", not too powerful, accent with implication of vibrato where appropriate [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] notation English French German Italian Spanish Catalan double sharp double dièse Doppelkreuz doppio diesis doble sostenido, elevación de dos semitonos doble diesi, elevació de dos semitons sharp dièse Kreuz diesis sostenido, elevación de un semitono diesi, sostingut natural, natural sign bécarre, naturel Auflösungszeichen, Quadrat bequadro becuadro becaire flat bémol B, Be bemolle bemol, bajada de un semitono bemoll, disminució d’un semitò double flat double bémol Doppel-B, Doppel-Be doppio bemolle doble bemol, bajada de dos semitonos doble bemoll, disminució de dos semitons A note about notating accidentals in ornaments: if any of the auxiliary notes in an ornament include accidentals, for instance a C sharp in the key of G major, this is shown by writing an accidental, in this case a sharp sign, above or below the ornament sign. In the case of an F natural in the key of G major, the sign would be a natural. The convention is that if the inflection applies to a note lying above the principal note then the accidental is written above the sign for the ornament and if the inflected auxiliary note lies below the principal note, the acidental sign also lies below the sign for the ornament. Obviously, if the principal note itself is inflected then the accidental is placed to the immediate left of the note head and not with the sign for the ornament a double accidental that completely cancels the effect of a double sharp or double flat sign a double accidental that restores a double flatted note to a single flatted note (and sometimes to change a sharp to a flat) a double accidental that restores a double sharped note to a single sharped note (and sometimes to change a flat to a sharp) microtonal 'flat up' sign microtonal 'flat down' sign microtonal 'natural up' sign microtonal 'natural down' sign microtonal 'sharp up' sign microtonal 'sharp down' sign quartertone accidental signs (there are other sign conventions) 3/4 tone flat 1/4 tone flat 1/4 tone sharp 3/4 tone sharp quarter tone sharp sign, a sign to show that a note should be raised one quarter tone in pitch quarter tone flat sign, a sign to show that a note should be lowered one quarter tone in pitch Bach's own table of ornaments. The use of ornament symbols was never standardised. Please refer to Chapter 23 - Music Theory Online for more information on the use of and notation of 18th-century ornaments acciaccatura: (Italian) 'crushed' note, grace note (written with a diagonal line through the note hook or flag) grace notes appoggiatura: (Italian) 'leaning' note, ornamental note (written without a diagonal line through the note hook or flag) appoggiatura turn: musical ornament turn    = a symbol found above note heads in The Bird Fancyer's Delight which is explained in the original publication thus: "The marks & rules for graceing are these Viz. a close shake thus =" the turn-with-a-line-through-it is a mystery ornament that occurs in Haydn's piano music. He once called it a 'half mordent' but did not explain the way it was to be played. Adding to the confusion is the fact that he was inconsistent in using it so that in parallel places he sometimes substitutes the normal turn as a symbol or written out. Pianists now play it as a normal turn or as a mordent since it is often indistinguishable from a mordent in his manuscript. You can read about this strange ornament in the preface of the Weiner Urtext Edition of Haydn's Piano Sonatas trill: musical ornament trill mordent: musical ornament mordent arpège (Fr.), arpeggio (It.), arpeggi (It. plural): (Italian, meaning 'in the manner of a harp') a spread chord played from the top down or from the bottom up indicated by a vertical wavy line, a vertical square bracket or a curved bracket (the latter two signs are now uncommon) arpeggio tie: also called a 'bind', a sign that indicates that the note being played or sung sustained, unbroken, through the total time value of the notes under the tie slur: a mark used to show where a group of notes are played either under a single bow stroke, or on a wind instrument without retonguing or when singing, in one breath, so that the notes move smoothly one to the other with no perceptible break "in keyboard playing, and, to a large extent, in wind playing the use of a slur usually seems to have meant simply that the notes should be less distinctly separated (though in wind playing there may also have been implications for breathing). In string playing the slur is specifically a bowing instruction, but the end effect is much the same. Where (accent markings) appear over successive notes under a slur, however, their function is as much articulation as accent..." Brown [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] sometimes an extended slur mark may have less extended slur marks within its scope. In such a situation the less extended mark is a slur while the more extended is called a 'phrase mark' or 'phrasing'. A phrase mark indicates the 'shape' of the musical line , not that all the notes below it should be slurred. Sometimes, the context of the marking may be the only way to tell these two marks apart optional slur: the performer is free to choose whether to observe the slur mark or not hemiola, triplet: a group of three notes of equal time value performed in the time of two of them, however, (i) one or two of the notes may be rests of equivalent value, and (ii) a consecutive pair may be replaced by a note of double value glissando, portamento: (Italian) a continuous movement in pitch from the lower to the higher note left hand sign shows a rising glissando - the right hand sign shows a falling glissando placed over or under a note-head, accent in a part for a drummer, indicates a medium stroke also called the accent hairpin ( > ), together with the staccato, it was one of the earliest musical signs to be used, Italian composers G.A. Piani and F. Veracini having proposed something like this several decades before it first appeared in the 1760s. Even so, few composers used it until the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries but then as synonyms for sf or fz or to indicate something more subtle [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] variety of accents placed over or under a note-head, staccato: (Italian) note sustained for half the written length, the remaining half silent the staccato mark was the first sign to come into common use, usually appearing as a stroke, dot or wedge. Initially it would appear that the sign was intended to indicated accent as well as separation, but by the late nineteenth-century the mark was used to show a lightening as well as separation [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] variety of accents placed after a note, a dot indicates that the note is to be held longer - for details see 'dot' in the music dictionary placed over or under the note-head, staccatissimo: (Italian) note sustained for quarter the written length, the remaining three-quarters silent - also called a 'wedge' variety of accents placed above or below the note-head, marcato: (Italian) marking, marked, accented in a part for a drummer, marcato denotes a heavy stroke variety of accents placed above or below the note-head, marcato/staccato or staccato duro: (Italian) more forceful marking, more forcefully accented variety of accents placed above or below the note-head, accented staccato variety of accents as an accent or stress mark - called le petit chapeau. In the eighteenth-century this mark was used to denote expressive stress and for such purpose the sign continued to be used into the ninteenth-century. There is good evidence that in terms of its strength le petit chapeau lies between the light + and the heavier sf and sfz. By the middle of the nineteenth-century le petit chapeau was used synonymously with > or even to indicate a somewhat heavier stress than > [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] small triangle lying above or below the note-head, stongly accented then immediate diminuendo [Rossini example (Overture to Il Signor Bruschino) supplied by David Bellugi] placed above or below the note-head, tenuto: (Italian) note held to its written length, i.e. not detached in a part for a drummer, the tenuto indicates a light stroke variety of accents the horizontal line ( – ) sign, with or without a dot above or below the line, was rarely used before the mid-nineteenth-century although some earlier instruction books refer to its use. Without a dot, the horizontal line mark in piano music indicates that the "... keys must be struck with more than the usual emphasis, and the notes must be held for almost more than their usual value" (Czerny). Most nineteenth-century commentators follow this definition, with Wagner suggesting, where applicable, the use of a discrete vibrato [we thank Ron Evans for bringing the reference Signs as Accent Markings to our attention. We have drawn our information from that reference] placed above or below the note-head, louré: in string playing the bow motion is legato, but with slight separation of the notes. It is performed with several notes in one bow direction, each note receiving a gentle “push” to separate it variety of accents placed above or below the note head, martellato: (Italian) strongly marked, hammered variety of accents on a bowed instrument: down-bow, as when the bow, held below the hand, is pulled across the string on a member of the violin family, or conversely, as when the bow, held above the hand, is pushed across the string on a member of the viol family; the reverse manoeuvre is called the 'up-bow' on the guitar: down-stroke, the string is plucked with the hand moving downwards on a bowed instrument: up-bow, as when the bow, held below the hand, is pushed across the string on a member of the violin family, or conversely, as when the bow, held above the hand, is pulled across the string on a member of the viol family; the reverse manoeuvre is called 'down-bow' on the guitar: up-stroke, the string is plucked with the hand moving upwards in string parts: written over or under the note-head, meaning: play a harmonic referring to percussion notation the Percussion Information Homepage - Problems page author writes: "one very annoying side effect of different setups, is the fact the most method books that indicate which hand to use for a certain passage, are difficult to use for players who are learning the other way! So, my advice to publishers and writers: Never indicate hands. And if you have to, use symbols like an open and closed small circle or square above the notes. In that way we just have to change the definition of the symbols and explain that to the student. But it is very unnatural to have to play a note with your L-hand when there is a big R above or below it. Especially when these very letters mean the same hands in another language!" in string parts: written over or under the note-head, meaning: play a harmonic for string parts: snap pizzicato for string parts: use the mute for string parts: written under a note to indicate the string to be used (in this case string number 2)    + in string parts: written in combination with pizz. over or under the note-head, meaning: play a left hand pizzicato applied to chord names or numbers: A, Aug. or +: an augmented interval in percussion parts: a dead stroke, achieved by holding the mallet on the instrument after the attack to dampen the vibration. Dead strokes are commonly notated with a plus sign (+) over the note. Ringing notes in a passage with dead strokes can be indicated with a circle (o) over them; this is not necessary but can help to clarify. “D.S.” or staccato dots are other common indications for dead stroke. These notations are not standard and should be explained at the top of the score and part in early music, particularly that for wind-instruments: the 'plus' sign indicates a musical ornament, usually a trill Trills in French horn parts: a '+' above notes to be stopped, followed by a 'o' above notes that are open for longer stopped passages the word is just written out: English stopped open German gestopft offen Italian chiuso aperto French bouché ouvert    o applied to chord names or numbers: d, dim. or o: a diminished interval applied to chord names or numbers: a half-diminished interval    Δ applied to chord names or numbers: indicates a triad, for example the notes G, B, D. GΔ7 means a G major 7th chord. While Δ is usually not needed with the triad chord, with the 7th chord it indicates that the complete triad should be included in the 7th chord    - applied to chord names or numbers: indicates a minor triad, for example the notes C, Eb, G. C-7 means a C minor 7th chord for wind parts: double tongue for wind parts: triple tongue flutter tonguing, flatterzunge (German), trémolo dental (French), trémolo en roulant la langue (French): extremely rapid, tongued-articulation on a wind instrument use the fingernails damp damp all extension: a horizontal line placed immediately to the right of a lyric syllable, to show that a syllable must be held during the following note or notes breath mark: a mark placed above the stave where the composer requests that the performer break the musical line and breathe, so producing the desired phrase shape metronome mark: an indication of the speed at which a piece is to be played, in this case 60 crotchet (quarter notes) per minute metronome marks the duration of the note symbol on the left (as applied in the section to follow) is the same as the duration of the note symbol on the right (as applied in the section just finished) in other words new time value = old time value sustain pedal on or engage (sustain) pedal: a symbol indicating when the sustaining pedal is to be applied sustain pedal off or release (sustain pedal): a symbol indicating when the sustaining pedal is to be released half pedal or variable pedal mark: momentarily lift the sustain pedal before reapplying it. This is part of the variable pedal marking used to More accurately indicates the precise use of the sustain pedal. An extended lower line tells the pianist to keep the sustain pedal depressed for all notes below which it appears. The inverted "V" shape indicates the pedal is to be momentarily released, then depressed again an example of the older sustain pedal on and sustain pedal off marking an example of the older form of sustain pedal on and sustain pedal off marking: the pedal is depressed at the Ped. mark and kept pressed down until the right hand vertical line, unless a half pedal mark (an inverted V) appears between the two vertical lines an example of the older form of sustain pedal on and sustain pedal off marking: the pedal is depressed at the Ped. mark and kept pressed down until the right hand vertical line, unless a half pedal mark (an inverted V) appears between the two vertical lines an example of the newer form of sustain pedal on and sustain pedal off marking: the pedal is depressed at the left vertical line and kept pressed down until the right hand vertical line, unless a half pedal mark (an inverted V) appears between the two vertical lines a direction to use the sostentuo pedal (the middle pedal on a piano) which acts as a selective damper pedal by sustaining specifically chosen notes: the pedal is depressed where the text instruction is placed and held until the right hand vertical line sustain pedal marking from a 1945 edition of 'The Raindrop' Prelude by Chopin. Composed between 1836 and 1839, published in 1839 and dedicated to Camille Pleyel, its nickname Raindrop was provided by Hans von Bulow. [image provided by Matthew B. Woodward] part played on an organ pedal-board - use the toe (to indicate that the right foot should be used, symbols are written above the staff; to indicate that the left foot should be used, symbols are written below the staff) part played on an organ-pedal-board - use the heel (to indicate that the right foot should be used, symbols are written above the staff; to indicate that the left foot should be used, symbols are written below the staff) part played on an organ pedal-board - indicate a change of toe and heel, the 2 symbols are placed next to each other, with a slur above or below them. part played on an organ-pedal-board - indicate a change of foot, the 2 symbols are placed above and below the notes   © symbol that means 'copyright'   § symbol called guida (Italian) or presa (Italian) employed to show in a canon or fugue the entry points of other parts, the start of the subject or antecedent, and so on symbol called custos (Latin), Wachte (German), guida (Italian), guidon (French) or 'direct', placed at the end of a line to indicate the pitch of the first note on the next line a variety of symbols used to indicate which instrument a percussionist should be playing (most are self-explanatory) a variety of symbols used to indicate when to use a particular mallet or the hands when playing any particular percussion instrument (most are self-explanatory)