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ar. abbreviation of 'arrival', 'arrives', 'arrived' AR abbreviation of 'accomplishment ratio', 'achievement ratio', argentum (Latin: silver), 'aspect ratio', accusé de réception (French: return receipt requested), avis de réception (French: acknowledgement of receipt) A.R. abbreviation of anno regni (Latin: in the year of the reign), aller-retour (French: round trip) A & R acronym for 'artist and repertoire', the record label department in charge of finding, developing, and signing new bands or artists Ar (German m./n.) are (a unit of surface area equivalent to 100 square metres) Ar. abbreviation of 'Arabia','Arabic', Arabian', 'Aramaic' År (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) year [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Ara (German m.) macaw (Spanish f.) altar, altar stone in Spanish, ara is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular Ära (German f.) era, age (period of time) Arab. abbreviation of 'Arabia', 'Arabian', 'Arabic' Arabe (French m.) Arabic (language) Arabe (French m./f.) Arab Árabe (Spanish m./f.) Arab, Moor Árabe (Spanish m.) Arab (language), Arabic arabe (French) Arab, Arabic, Arabian árabe (Spanish) Arab, Arabic, Arabian, Moorish Araber (German m.) Arab (horse), Arabian horse, Arabian (horse) Araber (m.), Araberin (f.), Arber (pl.), Araberinnen (f.pl.) (German) Arab Arabesco (Spanish m., Portuguese m., Italian m.) arabesque arabesco (Spanish, Portuguese, Italian) in the Arabic style (although used more generally to mean 'in a decorated or ornamental style', in a curvilinear non-representational manner) Arabesk (English, German n.) popular Turkish music of Arabic rather than Turkish origin Arabeske (German f.) arabesque Arabesken- (German) arabesque (prefix) Arabesque (French f., English) arabesco (Spanish m., Portuguese m., Italian m.), Arabeske (German f.) (English, French f. from the French, literally 'Arabic decoration') florid (i.e. decorated) figure or composition ornamental passage, a variation on a theme one of the basic poses in ballet, arabesque takes its name from a form of Moorish ornament. In ballet it is a position of the body, in profile, supported on one leg, which can be straight or demi-plié, with the other leg extended behind and at right angles to it, and the arms held in various harmonious positions creating the longest possible line from the fingertips to the toes. The shoulders must be held square to the line of direction. The forms of arabesque are varied to infinity. The Cecchetti method uses five principal arabesques; the Russian School (Vaganova), four; and the French School, two. Arabesques are generally used to conclude a phrase of steps, both in the slow movements of adagio and the brisk, gay movements of allégro Arabesques from which this information has been taken Arabesque fondue (French f.) an arabesque performed with the leg on which the body is supported bent instead of straight Arabesque penchée (French f.) an arabesque performed with the body bent forwards instead of vertical Arabia (English, Spanish f.) or Arabian Peninsula, a peninsula of southwest Asia between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf Arabian bird, The the phoenix, from which, 'a marvellous or unique person' Arabian Nights Entertainments, The or 'One Thousand and One Nights', a series of stories told nightly by Scheherazade, bride of Sultan Shahryah, to stave off her execution. The collection of stories was collected over thousands of years by various authors, translators and scholars in various countries. These collections of tales trace their roots back to ancient Arabia and Yemen, ancient India, ancient Asia Minor, ancient Persia, ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamian Mythology, ancient Syria, and medieval Arabic folk stories from the Caliphate era. Though an original manuscript has never been found, several versions date the collection's genesis to somewhere between AD 800-900 One Thousand and One Nights from which some of this information has been taken a rabiar (Spanish) tremendously, enormously, exceedingly Arabia Saudí (Spanish f.) Saudi Arabia Arabia saudita (Spanish f.) Saudi Arabia Arabia Saudita, l' (Italian f.) Saudi Arabia Arabic music during the polytheistic, pre-Islamic tribal period that Arabs call the jâhiliyah, there were two kinds of music: nomadic, a rudimentary, rhythmic style called huda, sung by Bedouin camel drivers; and sedentary, a virtuosic style performed by female slaves called qiyân (singular: qayna). These singing, wine-pouring courtesans had long been a fixture in the Mediterranean world. They were common in the households of the wealthy, but more of them worked for hire, entertaining passing customers all across the Arabian peninsula during the jâhiliyah, and especially in the slave-market cities, most prominently Medina. The poetic singing of the jâhiliyah functioned as both history and sorcery. These recitations, writes Zoltán Falvy, "became the literary language of Arabic, to which the Koran gave its authority when Islam was founded". Already from this pre-Islamic period of Arabic poetry, there are references to competitions in verse between dueling poets strictly speaking, there is no such thing as "Islamic music". Tajwid, or the rhythmic chanting of the Koran, is not considered music by Muslims, though to a non-Muslim ear it sounds musical. There is no direct prohibition of, or endorsement of, music in the Koran. But there have consistently been various orthodox Muslim opinions against music as a forbidden pleasure, which in their severe forms constitute the most anti-musical posture in world history there was, however, much music in the Muslim world, and there was a highly developed aesthetic awareness of music as an art form. The conquests of jihad brought under one banner a musical give-and-take that had already been going on for millennia in the eastern Mediterranean, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Arabia, held together by a theoretical framework that was essentially Greek. Along with music in the Muslim world there was much dancing Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo by Ned Sublette from which these extract above are taken Arab Music The Arabic Music page Arab Music Arabic numerals the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are so called because they were introduced into Europe by the Arabs, who brought them from India. Although familiar in Europe by the twelfth century, they did not generally supersede the Roman numberals (I, II, III, etc.) until the sixteenth century Arabic scale although there are many 'arabic' scale, this arabic scale (the scale most commonly given this name) is the fifth mode of the harmonic minor scale Arabic scale Arabien (German n.) Arabia Arabie Séoudite (French f.) Saudi Arabia arábigo (m.), arábiga (f.) (Spanish) Arabic. Arabian (peninsula) Arabisch (German n.) Arabic arabisch (German) Arabic, Arab, Arabian, arabesque arabisch bevölkert (German) Arab-populated Arabische Halbinsel (German f.) Arabian Peninsula Arabische Liga (German f.) Arab League arabische Schrift (German f.) Arabic script arabisches Kind (German n.) Arab child Arabisches Meer (German n.) Arabian Sea Arabisches Pferd (German n.) Arabian horse arabische Staaten (German pl.) Arab countries arabisches Wort (German n.) Arabic word arabisches Zahlensystem (German n.) algorism (the Arabic, or decimal, system of numeration) arabische Trommel (German f.) darabukka arabische Welt (German f.) Arab world Arabische Wüste (German f.) Arabian Desert arabische Zahl (s.), arabische Zahlen (pl.) (German f.) Arabic numeral, Arabic numeral, Arabic figure arabische Zeichen (German pl.) Arabic characters arabische Ziffern (German pl.) Arabic numerals, Arabic figures arabischsprachig (German) Arabic-speaking Arabischwörterbuch (German n.) Arabic dictionary arabisieren (German) to Arabise Arabist (m.), Arabistin (f.) (German) Arabist Arabistik (German f.) Arabic studies Arabo (Italian m.) Arabic (language) Arabo (m.), Araba (f.) (Italian) Arab arabo (m.), araba (f.) (Italian) Arabic Arab tone system the modern Arab tone system, or system of musical tuning, is based upon the theoretical division of the octave into twenty-four equal divisions or 24-tone equal temperament, the distance between each successive note being a quarter tone (50 cents). Each note has its own name not repeated in different octaves (lacking octave equivalency). The lowest note is named yakah and is determined by the lowest pitch in the range of the singer. The next higher octave is nawa and the second tuti. However, from these twenty-four notes seven are selected to produce a scale and thus the interval of a quarter tone is never used and the three-quarter tone or 'medium second' should be considered the characteristic interval Arab Tone-System from which this extract has been taken a rachas (Spanish) by fits and starts, fitfully, intermittently a rachas de furia (Spanish) apoplectically, fitfully Arachniden (German pl.) arachnids Arachnids any of various arthropods of the class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks, characterised by four pairs of segmented legs Arachnoiden (German pl.) arachnids Arachnologe (m.), Arachnologin (f.) (German) arachnologist Arachnologie (German f.) arachnology (the study of members of the class Arachnida such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks) Arachnophobia a fear of spiders Arachnophobie (German f.) arachnophobia ARAD abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal Academy of Dancing' Arada (Spanish) a folk song associated with ploughing Arado (Spanish m.) plough Arador (Spanish m.) ploughman Aragón (Spanish m., German n.) Aragón, in Spanish and Aragonese, Aragó, in Catalan, is an autonomous community in the centre of north-eastern Spain Aragonaise (French) a dance associated with Aragon in Spain Aragonés (Spanish m.) Aragonese aragonés (Spanish) Aragonese Aragonesa (Spanish) a dance associated with Aragon in Spain Aragonesisch (German n.) Aragonese Aragonien (German n.) Aragon aragonisch (German) Aragonese, Aragonian Aragoto a style of kabuki acting that uses exaggerated, dynamic kata (forms or movements) and speech a rais (Spanish) barefoot, on the floor a raíz de (Spanish) because of, as a result of, in the wake of a raja tabla (Spanish) at any cost, by all means a rajatabla (Spanish) at any cost, come what may, regardless, to the letter, rigorously, strictly Arak (English, German m., from Arabic araq, 'juice') also arrack or araq, a strong spirit distilled from the sap of the palm-tree or from rice and sugar Araldo (Italian m.) herald Aralsee (German m.) Aral Sea or Lake Aral, a lake to the east of the Caspian Sea lying between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan ARAM abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal Academy of Music' aram. abbreviation of 'Aramaic' Aramaic a Chaldean Northwest Semitic language closely related to Classical Hebrew. The earliest Aramaic inscriptions date from the ninth and tenth centuries BC Aramäisch (German n.) Aramaic aramäisch (German) Aramaic Aramaistik (German f.) Aramaic studies Araña (Spanish f.) spider, chandelier arañar (Spanish) to scratch Arañazo (Spanish m.) scratch Arancel (Spanish m.) tariff, (customs) duty arancelario (m.), arancelaria (f.) (Spanish) customs, tariff Aranceto (Italian m.) orange grove Arancia (Italian f.) orange Arancio (Italian m.) orange-tree, orange (colour) Arándano (Spanish m.) blueberry, bilberry Arandela (Spanish f.) washer (engineering) Aranese one of a pair of small related languages, Catalan and Aranese, both subdialects of Occitan Aranesisch (German n.) Aranese Aranzini (German n.) candied orange peel Aräometer (German n.) hydrometer, areometer (instruments used to measure the specific gravity, or relative density, of liquids) Araq (Arabic) arak, arrak Ärar (German n.) state property arar (Spanish) to plough Arará (Arará is derived from the Dahomean city of Allada) Dahomean ritual/ceremonial drums brought to the Oriente province of Cuba by the Haitian émigrés following the Haitian slave rebellion of 1791 the term, along with Rada (found in Haiti) and Arrada (on the tiny island of Carriacou in the Grenadines), is also applied to Dahomean styles of drumming. One characteristic of arará music is the use of hand clapping and body percussion ärarisch (German) belonging to the state a ras (Spanish) at the same level, level, flush a ras de (Spanish) level with, flush with a ras de tierra (Spanish) at ground level, on ground level a rastra (Spanish) unwillingly, reluctantly a rastras (Spanish) reluctantly, unwillingly, grudgingly a ratos (Spanish) from time to time, at times, occasionally, sometimes, at intervals, betweentimes, betweenwhiles, in snatches a ratos perdidos (Spanish) at odd moments, in idle moments, in (one's) spare time Araucanian or Mapuche, the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. They were known as Araucanians (Araucanos) by the Spaniards Araucano (m.), Araucana (f.) (Spanish) Araucanian araucano (m.), araucana (f.) (Spanish) Araucanian a raudales (Spanish) in great quantity, at full flow, in floods, in great quantities, in torrents Araukaner (German pl.) Araucanians, Araucanos Araukarie (German f.) monkey puzzle (tree) (Araucaria araucana) Aravanamuttu see duffmuttu a raya (Spanish) under strict control, at bay, in check a rayas (Spanish) with stripes, pinstripe, striped a razón de (Spanish) at the rate of a razón de qué (Spanish) why on earth, why Arazzo (Italian m.) tapestry arb. abbreviation of 'arbiter', 'arbitrary', arbitrator' Arbalest a crossbow with a steel box stave Arbaleste (German f.) arbalest Arbalestenschütze (German m.) arbalest Arban Method La grande méthode complète de cornet à piston et de saxhorn par Arban, a complete pedagogical method for students of trumpet, cornet, and other valved brass instruments. The original edition was published by Jean-Baptiste Arban in 1864 and it has never been out of print since. The Arban Method is considered by many to be "the brass bible" or "the trumpeter's bible" Arban method from which this extract has been taken Arbeau see Orchesography Arbeit (Norwegian) work Arbeit (German f.) work, employment, (assigned) job, task, written test, treatise, workmanship, chore, activity, business, duty (task), (research (paper), labour (work) Arbeit allein macht auch nicht glücklich. (German) All work and no play (makes Jack a dull boy) Arbeit am Fertigungsband (German f.) production line work Arbeit am Montageband (German f.) assembly line work Arbeit annehmen (German) to take employment Arbeit aufgeben (German) to quit Arbeit aufnehmen (German) to take up employment Arbeit beschaffen (German) to procure employment Arbeit bieten (German) to provide labour Arbeit delegieren (German) to delegate work Arbeit dem Nichtstun vorziehen (German) to prefer working to doing nothing Arbeit des Gehirns (German f.) cerebration (thinking, the process of using your mind to consider something carefully) Arbeit des Schmieds (German f.) blacksmith's work Arbeit die sich bezahlt macht (German f.) a job that pays well Arbeit einer Frau (German f.) a woman's job Arbeit einer Sekretärin (German f.) secretary's work Arbeit eines ganzen Tages (German f.) a whole day's work Arbeit eines Mannes (German f.) man's work Arbeit eines Tages (German f.) day's work Arbeiten (s.), Arbeiten (pl.) (German n.) pursuit, operation, workings (plural form) arbeiten (German) to work, to make, to run, to labour, to function, to carry on a job, to operate, to act arbeitend (German) active, working, labouring, tasking arbeitende Bevölkerung (German f.) working population Arbeiten in Höhen (German n.) working at heights Arbeiten in Schichten (German n.) shift working arbeiten lassen (German) to employ Arbeiten nach außerhalb vergeben (German) to outsource Arbeiten von zu Hause aus (German n.) working from home arbeiten wie ein Pferd (German) to work like a Trojan Arbeiter (m.), Arbeiterin (f.), Arbeiter (pl.) (German) worker, labourer, blue-colar worker, working man (m.), working woman (f.), operative, manual worker, hand (worker), workman (m.), toiler, jobber, autoworker (in a car plant), workmen (plural form), workers (plural form), shop floor (plural form: the workers) Arbeiterangebot (German n.) labour supply Arbeiteraufstand (German m.) workers' rebellion Arbeiterbewegung (German f.) labour movement, labour organization Arbeiterbiene (German f.) worker bee Arbeiterbildungsheim (German n.) institution for the education of workers Arbeiterdichter (German m.) worker poet, worker writer, poet of the working class Arbeiterdirektor (German m.) worker director Arbeiter einstellen (German) to take on workers Arbeiter entlassen (German) to lay off workers Arbeiterfamilie (German f.) working-class family arbeiterfeindlich (German) anti-working-class Arbeiterfragen (German pl.) labour problems Arbeiterführer (German m.) labour leader Arbeiterfürsorge (German f.) labour welfare Arbeitergemeinde (German f.) working class community Arbeitergewerkschaft (German f.) blue-collar union Arbeitergruppen (German pl.) groups of workers Arbeiterhäuser (German pl.) workers' dwellings, workers' houses Arbeiterjugend (German f.) young workers Arbeiterkammer (German f. - Austria) official representation of employees Arbeiterkampflied (German n.) socialist workers' song Arbeiterkinder (German pl.) working-class children Arbeiterklasse (German f.) working class, lower classes Arbeiterlied (German n.) workers' song Arbeiterlieder (German pl.) songs of the working class, songs of the labour movement Arbeiterliteratur (German f.) working class literature Arbeitermilieu (German n.) working-class environment Arbeiterorganisation (German f.) labour organization Arbeiterpriester (German m.) worker priest Arbeiterproteste (German pl.) workers' protests Arbeiterrevolte (German f.) workers' revolt Arbeiterrotte (German f.) gang of workmen Arbeiterschaft (German f.) workers (collectively), workmen, workmanship, working classes, labour force, body of workers, workforce Arbeiterseelsorge (German f.) (pastoral) ministry to workers Arbeiterselbstverwaltung (German f.) workers' control, self-management, workers' self-management Arbeitersiedlung (German f.) working-class housing estate Arbeitersohn (German m.) son of a working class family Arbeiterstadt (German f.) working-class town, blue-collar town Arbeiterstand (German m.) working class Arbeiterstunde (German f.) man-hour Arbeiter suchen (German) to advertise for workers Arbeitertochter (German f.) daughter of a working class family Arbeiterunruhen (German pl.) unrest amongst the workers, labour unrest, labour troubles, industrial unrest Arbeiterviertel (German n.) working class quarter Arbeiterwechsel (German m.) labour turnover Arbeiterzeitung (German f.) official organ of the Austrian Socialist / Social Democratic Party, newspaper of the labour movement Arbeitest du schon wieder daran? (German) Are you at it again? arbeitet (German) operates, works, acts arbeitet aus (German) elaborates arbeitete (German) worked, laboured arbeitete ein (German) coached arbeitete um (German) reworked arbeitete zusammen (German) cooperated arbeitet sich hindurch (German) wades arbeitet um (German) reworks arbeitet zusammen (German) cooperates, collaborates Arbeit für einen Mann (German f.) a man's job Arbeit für Lohn (German f.) wage-working Arbeitgeber (s.), Arbeitgeberin (f.), Arbeitgeber (pl.) (German m.) employer, taskmaster Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Beziehungen (German pl.) industrial relations arbeitgeberfeindlich (German) anti-employer, antiemployer Arbeitgebergruppe (German f.) employers group Arbeitgeberschaft (German f.) employers Arbeitgeberverband (German m.) federation of employers, employers' association, employers' federation Arbeitgebervereinigung (German f.) employers' federation Arbeit haben (German) to have a job Arbeit haben (German) to be in work Arbeit im Freien (German f.) outdoor job, outside work Arbeit im Haus (German f.) indoor work Arbeit in der Molkerei (German f.) dairywork Arbeit macht frei (German) Work Brings Freedom (sign placed over the gates of Auschwitz) Arbeit {f} mit sicherem Lohn (German f.) job with a steady wage Arbeit mit Vergnügen verbinden (German) to mix work and pleasure Arbeitnehmer (m.), Arbeitnehmerin (f.), Arbeitnehmer (pl.) (German m.) employee, jobholder Arbeitnehmerdirektor (German m.) worker director Arbeitnehmererfindung (German f.) employee's invention, employee invention arbeitnehmerfeindlich (German) anti-employee, antiemployee Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit (German f.) free movement of workers arbeitnehmerfreundlich (German) employee-friendly Arbeitnehmer im öffentlichen Dienst (German m.) public servant Arbeitnehmerorganisation (German f.) workers' organization Arbeitnehmerrechte (German pl.) employees' rights, employment rights Arbeitnehmerschaft (German f.) workforce, work force Arbeitnehmerschutz (German m. - Austria) occupational health and safety Arbeitnehmerüberlassung (German f.) employer assignment Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsfirma (German f.) temporary employment agency Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsunternehmen (German n.) temporary employment agency Arbeitnehmervertreter (m.), Arbeitnehmervertreterin (f.), Arbeitnehmervertreter (pl.) (German) labour representative, employee representative Arbeitnehmervertretung (German f.) workers' representation, employee union representation Arbeit ohne Erlaubnis (German f.) illicit work Arbeits- (German) occupational, work, working (prefix) Arbeitsablauf (German m.) work sequence, cycle of work, flow of work, work flow, operation, workflow, sequence of operations, job sequence, processing, operating sequence Arbeitsablaufdiagramm (German n.) flow sheet, process chart, flow chart Arbeitsablaufplan (German m.) job schedule Arbeitsablaufstudie (German f.) time and motion study Arbeitsabstand (German m.) working distance Arbeitsaffäre (German f.) fling at work Arbeitsagentur (German f.) Job Centre, employment agency Arbeitsalter (German n.) working age arbeitsam (German) industrious, painstaking, ploddingly, hardworking, plodding, laborious, industriously Arbeitsameise (German f.) worker (ant) arbeitsamer (German) more industrious Arbeitsamkeit (German f.) industriousness arbeitsamste (German) most industrious Arbeitsamt (German n.) employment exchange, unemployment office, labour bureau, employment office, employment agency, labour exchange (dated), job centre Arbeitsanalyse (German f.) job study Arbeitsanfall (German m.) volume of work Arbeitsanforderung (German f.) job specification Arbeitsanleitung (German f.) instruction sheet Arbeitsanreicherung (German f.) job enrichment Arbeitsanreiz (German m.) incentive to work Arbeitsantritt (German m.) commencement of work Arbeitsanweisung (s.), Arbeitsanweisungen (pl.) (German f.) manufacturing procedure, operating instruction Arbeitsanzug (German m.) work clothing, dungaree, uniform, working clothes, fatigues Arbeitsanzüge (German pl.) dungarees Arbeitsart (German f.) kind of work, occupation Arbeitsauffassung (German f.) attitude to work Arbeitsaufgabe (German f.) job assignment Arbeitsaufnahme (German f.) beginning of work Arbeitsaufteilung (German f.) work-sharing Arbeitsauftragsverwaltung (German f.) job management Arbeitsaufwand (German m.) effort, amount of work arbeitsaufwendig (German) laborious Arbeitsausfall (German m.) absenteeism, stoppage Arbeitsausführung (German f.) workmanship Arbeitsband (German n.) work tape, scratch tape Arbeitsbeanspruchung (German f.) workload arbeitsbedingt (German) work-related (health problems) Arbeitsbedingung (s.), Arbeitsbedingungen (pl.) (German f.) working condition, operating condition, labour condition, condition of work, condition of employment Arbeitsbefriedigung (German f.) job satisfaction Arbeitsbelastung (German f.) work load Arbeitsberatung für Jugendliche (German f.) youth employment service Arbeitsbereich (German m.) working area, work space, field of activity, area of operations, task assignment, service area, workstream, workspace, scope of work Arbeitsbereicherung (German f.) job enrichment arbeitsbereit (German) ready to work, ready for work Arbeitsbereitstellung (German f.) provision of employment Arbeitsbericht (German m.) progress report Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahme (s.), Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen (pl.) (German f.) employment-creation measure, job-creation measure, job creation scheme Arbeitsbeschaffungsprogramm (German n.) work-creation scheme, employment-creation programme, job-creation program, employment-creation scheme, job-creation scheme Arbeitsbescheinigung (s.), Arbeitsbescheinigungen (pl.) (German f.) certificate of employment Arbeitsbeschreibung (German f.) job specification Arbeitsbestverfahren (German n.) standard method Arbeitsbewilligung (German f.) permit to work, work permit Arbeitsbeziehung (s.), Arbeitsbeziehungen (pl.) (German f.) working relationship, labour relations (plural form), industrial relations (plural form) Arbeitsblatt (German n.) worksheet, work sheet, handout, spreadsheet Arbeitsbock (German m.) trestle (sawhorse) Arbeitsbreite (German f.) working width Arbeitsbuch (German n.) jotter, exercise book, time book Arbeitsbühne (German f.) working platform Arbeitsdatenträger (German m.) work volume Arbeitsdienst (German m.) fatigue duty Arbeitsdirektor (German m.) labour director Arbeitsdruck (German m.) working pressure, pressure of work, operating pressure Arbeitseifer (German m.) enthusiasm for one's work, zeal Arbeitseignung (German f.) aptitude for work Arbeitseinkommen (German n.) earned income Arbeitseinsatz (German m.) employment of labour, fatigue duty, work effort Arbeitseinstellung (German f.) work habits, stoppage of work, work stoppage, walkout, attitude to work, cessation of work Arbeitsentgelt (German n.) remuneration, wage Arbeitserfahrung (German f.) work experience Arbeitsergebnis (German n.) output Arbeitserlaubnis (German f.) work permit, employment permit Arbeitsertrag (German m.) output Arbeitsesel (German m.) drudge (figurative) Arbeitsessen (German n.) dinner discussion Arbeitsethik (German f.) work ethics Arbeitsethos (German n.) work ethic arbeitsfähig (German) able to work, capable of work, fit for work, working, employable arbeitsfähiges Alter (German n.) working age, employable age Arbeitsfähigkeit (German f.) strength to work, fitness for work, earning capacity, working power, capacity to work, capacity for work, ability to work, working ability, working capacity, employability Arbeitsfassung (German f.) draft Arbeitsfeld (s.), Arbeitsfelder (pl.) (German n.) field of work, sphere of work Arbeitsfläche (German f.) canvas, working top, work surface, desktop, work space Arbeitsfluss (German m.) workflow, flow of work Arbeitsflussbild (German n.) progress chart Arbeitsfolge (German f.) sequence of operations Arbeitsfolgeplan (German m.) work schedule Arbeitsförderung (German f.) promotion of employment, promotion of job creation Arbeitsförderungsmaßnahmen (German pl.) employment promotion measures, employment incentive measures Arbeitsfortschritt (German m.) work progress, work status arbeitsfreie Zeit (German f.) time off work arbeitsfreier Tag (German m.) non-working day arbeitsfreudig (German) eager to work Arbeitsfrieden (German m.) industrial relations, industrial peace Arbeitsgang (German m.) pass, run, operational step, computer run, flow of work, running, action, working cycle, process, operation, run (of the machine) Arbeitsgang beendet (German) operation complete Arbeitsgangbeschreibung (German f.) description of operation Arbeitsgangfolge (German f.) sequence of operations Arbeitsgebiet (s.), Arbeitsgebiete (pl.) (German n.) area of operation, field of activity Arbeitsgemeinschaft (German f.) study group, team, joint venture, working group, consortium, working team, project team, project group, syndicate, work group Arbeitsgenehmigung (German f.) work permit, labour permit Arbeitsgerät (German n.) implement Arbeitsgericht (German n.) industrial tribunal, labour court, Employment Tribunal Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit (German f.) speed of operation, operating speed Arbeitsgesetzgebung (German f.) employment legislation Arbeitsgestaltung (German f.) work structuring Arbeitsgruppe (s.), Arbeitsgruppen (pl.) (German f.) study group, working party, working team, working group, work group, gang, team, gang of workmen, workgroup, (working) team, study group (school), workstream, working committee, task force, panel of participants (conference) Arbeitshandschuh (s.), Arbeitshandschuhe (pl.) (German m.) work glove Arbeitshaus (s.), Arbeitshäuser (pl.) (German n.) workhouse Arbeitsheft (s.), Arbeitshefte (pl.) (German n.) workbook Arbeitshemd (German n.) work shirt Arbeitshilfe (German f.) working aid Arbeitshocker (German m.) working stool, work stool Arbeitshose (German f.) work trousers Arbeitshund (German m.) working dog Arbeitshypothese (German f.) working hypothesis Arbeitsinhalt (German m.) work content Arbeitsinspektorat (German - Austria) Health and Safety Executive arbeitsintensiv (German) labour-intensive arbeitsintensive Technologie (German f.) labour-intensive technology arbeitsintensiver Artikel (German m.) labour-intensive product arbeitsintensives Verfahren (German n.) labour-intensive technology Arbeitsjahr (s.), Arbeitsjahre (pl.) (German n.) man-year Arbeitskabine (German f.) booth Arbeitskamerad (German m.) workmate, mate Arbeitskampf (German m.) labour dispute, industrial dispute, industrial action Arbeitskampfmaßnahme (German f.) (form of) industrial action Arbeitskampfmaßnahmen (German pl.) industrial action Arbeitskittel (German m.) smock, work coat Arbeitskleidung (German f.) work clothing, working clothes, overall, work clothes Arbeitsklima (German n.) working atmosphere Arbeitskollege (m.), Arbeitskollegin (f.) Arbeitskolleginnen (f.pl.) (German) workmate, teammate, fellow-worker, co-worker, colleague, colleague at work, mate Arbeitskolonne (German f.) gang Arbeitskommando (German n.) fatigue party, fatigue detail, labour battalion Arbeitskonditionierung (German f.) work conditioning Arbeitskonflikt (German m.) industrial dispute, labour dispute Arbeitskonzept (German n.) working concept Arbeitskopie (German f.) working copy Arbeitskosten (German pl.) labour costs Arbeitskraft (s.), Arbeitskräfte (pl.) (German f.) worker, manpower, blue-collar employee, employee, workforce (plural form) Arbeitskräfte mit längerer Zugehörigkeit (German pl.) senior employees, senior workers Arbeitskräfte ohne Arbeitsgenehmigung (German pl.) illicit labour Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland holen (German) to import labour Arbeitskräfte bereitstellen (German) to provide manpower Arbeitskräfte vermitteln (German) to place (in a position) Arbeitskräfteabgang (German m.) attrition Arbeitskräfteangebot (German n.) labour supply, manpower supply Arbeitskräfteausbildung (German f.) manpower training Arbeitskräftebedarf (German m.) manpower requirement, manpower requirements Arbeitskräftedefizit (German n.) shortage of labour Arbeitskräfteengpass (German m.) manpower shortage Arbeitskräfteengpaß (German m., old form) manpower shortage Arbeitskräfteknappheit (German f.) shortage of staff, manpower shortage Arbeitskräftemangel (German m.) shortage of staff, manpower shortage Arbeitskräftemobilität (German f.) labour mobility Arbeitskräftenachfrage (German f.) demand for labour Arbeitskräftestunde (German f.) man-hour Arbeitskräfteüberschuss (German m.) manpower surplus Arbeitskräftewanderung (German f.) migration of labour, labour migration Arbeitskranker (German m.) workaholic Arbeitskreis (German m.) study group, working party, working group, task force Arbeitslager (German n.) labour camp, work camp Arbeitslast (German f.) workload, pressure of business, pressure of work Arbeitslauf (German m.) production run Arbeitsleben (German n.) working life, professional life Arbeitslehre (German f.) business and employment studies Arbeitsleistung (German f.) work performance, efficiency, rformance on the job, job performance, amount of work, output (factory), performance (person) Arbeitsleute (German pl.) workmen, working men Arbeitslicht (German n.) working lights Arbeitslied (s.), Arbeitslieder (pl.) (German n.) work song, working song Arbeitslohn (German m.) employee's wages arbeitslos (German) out of engagements (actors etc.), resting (actors, etc.), redundant, aid off, out of a job, unemployed, jobless, out-of-work, out of work [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] Arbeitslose (m.), Arbeitsloser(f.), Arbeitslosen (pl.) (German) redundant worker, unemployed person, out-of-work person, non-worker, dole (colloquial) (Austria - unemployment pay provided by the state), workless (plural form) however die Arbeitslosen means 'the unemployed' (collective noun) arbeitslose Bevölkerung (German f.) unemployed population Arbeitslosengeld (German n.) dole (colloquial), unemployment benefit, Jobseeker's Allowance Arbeitslosengeld beziehen (German) to be on the dole (colloquial) Arbeitslosengeldantrag (German m.) signing on (filing for jobless benefits) Arbeitslosen helfen (German) to help unemployed persons Arbeitslosenhilfe (German f.) jobseeker's allowance, unemployment assistance Arbeitslosenquote (German f.) unemployment rate, rate of unemployment, jobless rate Arbeitslosenrate (German f.) jobless rate, unemployment rate Arbeitslosenreservoir (German n.) pool of unemployed Arbeitslosenunterstützung (s.), Arbeitslosenunterstützungen (pl.) (German f.) unemployment benefit, unemployment compensation, reduncancy payment, dole (colloquial), Jobseeker's Allowance Arbeitslosenunterstützung beziehen (German) to draw unemployment benefits Arbeitslosenversicherung (s.), Arbeitslosenversicherungen (pl.) (German f.) unemployment insurance Arbeitslosenzahl (s.), Arbeitslosenzahlen (pl.) (German f.) unemployment figure, jobless figures, number of unemployed, unemployment data (plural form) arbeitslose Person (German f.) unemployed person, person who is out of work Arbeitsloser (German m.) jobless person, unemployed, person out of work, out-of-work person, unemployed person arbeitsloser Landstreicher (German m.) unemployed vagrant Arbeitslosigkeit (s.), Arbeitslosigkeiten (pl.) (German f.) redundancy, unemployment, joblessness [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Arbeitslosigkeit der Erwachsenen (German f.) adult unemployment Arbeitslosigkeit bekämpfen (German) to reduce unemployment arbeitslos sein (German) to be unemployed, to be out of work, to be off the payroll, to be idle, to be on the dole (colloquial) Arbeitsmann (German m.) workman, labouring man, working man Arbeitsmannschaft (German f.) labour force Arbeitsmantel (German m.) overall, work coat Arbeitsmarkt (German m.) employment market, job market, labour market Arbeitsmarktaussichten (German pl.) employment prospects, job prospects Arbeitsmarktdaten (German pl.) job market data, employment data Arbeitsmärktestatistik (German f.) manpower statistics Arbeitsmarktlage (German f.) manpower situation, labour market situation, job situation, employment situation Arbeitsmarktreform (s.), Arbeitsmarktreformen (pl.) (German f.) labour-market reform, labour market reform, job market reform Arbeitsmarktsituation (German f.) employment situation, job situation, manpower situation, labour market situation Arbeitsmaschine (German f.) work machine, processing machine arbeitsmäßig belastbar sein (German) to be able to cope with a heavy workload Arbeitsmaterial (German n.) material for one's work Arbeitsmedizin (German f.) occupational medicine, industrial medicine Arbeitsmediziner (m.), Arbeitsmedizinerin (f.) (German) occupational physician arbeitsmedizinische Überwachung (German f.) occupational health supervision Arbeitsmenge (German f.) quantity of work, amount of work Arbeitsmethode (s.), Arbeitsmethoden (pl.) (German f.) working method, work method Arbeitsmethodenuntersuchung (German f.) study of working methods Arbeitsmigrant (m.), Arbeitsmigrantin (f.), Arbeitsmigranten (pl.) (German) migrant worker, economic migrant, migrant labourer Arbeitsmigration (German f.) labour migration Arbeitsminister (German m.) labour minister, Secretary of State for Employment, Employment Secretary, employment minister Arbeitsministerium (German n.) Department of Employment, Ministry of Labour Arbeitsmittel (German pl.) means of production Arbeitsmobilität (German f.) labour mobility Arbeitsmöglichkeiten (German pl.) employment opportunities, job opportunities Arbeitsmonat (German m.) man-month Arbeitsmoral (German f.) working morale, employee morale, work ethic, work ethics Arbeitsmuster (German n.) work pattern Arbeitsnachfrage (German f.) labour demand Arbeitsnarr (German m.) workaholic Arbeitsnehmervertreter (German m.) worker representative Arbeitsniederlegung (German f.) walkout, work stoppage, walk-out, stoppage, downing of tools (industrial action) Arbeitsnische (German f.) cubicle Arbeitsordnung (German f.) work rules, work regulations, Company Code of Practice Arbeitsorganisation (German f.) labour organisation Arbeitsort (German m.) job location Arbeitsoverall (German m.) overall, boiler suit, overalls, coveralls Arbeitspapier (s.), Arbeitspapiere (pl.) (German n.) working paper, position paper arbeitsparend (German) labour-saving Arbeitspause (German f.) (work) break Arbeitspensum (German n.) workload, stint Arbeitsperiode (German f.) stint Arbeitspferd (s.), Arbeitspferde (pl.) (German n.) work horse, workhorse Arbeitspflicht (German f.) obligation to work Arbeitsplan (German m.) flow chart, working plan Arbeitsplanung (German f.) progress planning, work scheduling Arbeitsplatte (German f.) worktop, work disk (computer), (kitchen) counter, countertop Arbeitsplattform (German f.) working platform Arbeitsplatz (German m.) job, work area, activity area, workplace, employment, workstation, place of employment, position, post, work station, cubicle, place of work Arbeitsplatzabbau (German m.) job losses Arbeitsplatzanforderung (German f.) job requirement Arbeitsplatzangebot (German n.) job offer Arbeitsplatzanordnung (German f.) workplace layout Arbeitsplatzbeleuchtung (German f.) workplace lighting Arbeitsplatzbeschaffung (German f.) job creation, employment creation Arbeitsplatzbeschreibung (German f.) job specification, job description Arbeitsplatzbesichtigung (German f.) workplace inspection Arbeitsplatzbesuch (German m.) workplace visit arbeitsplatzbezogen (German) workplace-related Arbeitsplätze erhalten (German) to save jobs, to safeguard jobs, to preserve jobs, to maintain jobs Arbeitsplätze schaffen (German) to add new jobs, to generate jobs Arbeitsplätze sichern (German) to safeguard jobs Arbeitsplätze vernichten (German) to destroy jobs Arbeitsplätze wegrationalisieren (German) to rationalise workplaces Arbeitsplatzerfordernisse (German pl.) job requirements Arbeitsplatzförderung (German f.) promotion of job creation Arbeitsplatzgerät (German n.) workstation Arbeitsplatzgestaltung (German f.) workplace layout Arbeitsplätze im Fertigungsbereich (German pl.) manufacturing jobs Arbeitsplatz in der verarbeitenden Industrie (German m.) manufacturing job Arbeitsplatzmangel (German m.) scarcity of jobs, lack of jobs, job shortage, job scarcity, shortage of jobs Arbeitsplatzrechner (German m.) desk calculator, personal computer (PC), workstation computer Arbeitsplatzrotation (German f.) job rotation Arbeitsplatzsicherheit (German f.) security of employment, job security, workplace security Arbeitsplatzsicherung (German f.) safeguarding of jobs Arbeitsplatzstandards (German pl.) employment standards Arbeitsplatzsuche (German f.) job search Arbeitsplatzteilung (German f.) job sharing Arbeitsplatzverlust (German m.) job loss, loss of job Arbeitsplatzwahl (German f.) job choice, choice of job Arbeitsplatzwechsel (German m.) job change, change of job Arbeitsplatz zu Hause (German m.) workplace at home Arbeitspotential (German n.) man-power, manpower Arbeitsprinzip (German n.) operating principle Arbeitsprioritäten festlegen (German) to decide work priority Arbeitsproduktivität (German f.) labour productivity Arbeitspsychologe (German m.) industrial psychologist Arbeitspsychologie (German f.) industrial psychology, occupational psychology Arbeitsqualität (German f.) quality of work Arbeitsrate (German f.) work rate Arbeitsraum (s.), Arbeitsräume (pl.) (German m.) workroom, working room, workspace Arbeitsrechner (German m.) host Arbeitsrecht (German n.) labour law, labour legislation, industrial law, labour law-related arbeitsrechtlich (German) concerning industrial law arbeitsrechtliche Bestimmungen (German pl.) labour regulations Arbeitsrechtsgesetzgebung (German f.) employment rights legislation arbeitsreich (German) busy arbeitsreiches Leben (German n.) strenuous life Arbeitsreserve (German f.) labour pool Arbeitsreserven (German pl.) human resources Arbeitsrisiken (German pl.) operational hazards Arbeitsrückstand (s.), Arbeitsrückstände (pl.) (German m.) backlog arbeitsscheu (German) workshy, averse to work, indolent, work averse Arbeitsscheu (German f.) aversion to work arbeitsscheu sein (German) to have an aversion to work, to be workshy arbeitsscheu und faul sein (German) to be bone idle Arbeitsscheuer (German m.) workshy man Arbeitsschicht (German f.) workshift, (work) shift, tour (of duty) Arbeits-Schlafzimmer (German n.) study-bedroom, study bedroom Arbeitsschritt (s), Arbeitsschritte (pl) (German m.) step of a procedure, individual operation Arbeitsschuh (German m.) brogue Arbeitsschutz (German m.) maintenance of industrial health and safety standards, occupational safety and health, industrial safety Arbeitsschutzbeauftragter (German m.) occupational health and safety officer Arbeitsschutzbegehung (German f.) health and safety inspection Arbeitsschutzbestimmungen (German pl.) industrial safety regulations Arbeitsschutzbrille (German f.) safety goggles Arbeitsschutzpersonal (German n.) occupational health staff Arbeitsschutzrecht (German n.) industrial safety legislation Arbeitsschutzschuhe (German pl.) safety shoes Arbeitsschutzvorschrift (s), Arbeitsschutzvorschriften (pl) (German f.) industrial safety regulation (at work) Arbeitssessel (German m.) stool Arbeitssicherheit (German f.) working safety, industrial safety, safety at work, occupational safety Arbeitssitzung (German f.) working session Arbeitssklave (German m.) drudge Arbeitssoziologie (German f.) industrial sociology Arbeitsspannung (German f.) working voltage arbeitssparend (German) labour-saving arbeitssparende Erneuerung (German f.) labour-saving innovation arbeitssparende Technologie (German f.) labour-saving technology Arbeitsspeicher (German m.) random access memory, main memory, internal memory, main storage Arbeitsspeichererweiterung (German f.) add-on memory Arbeitssplatzwahl (German f.) job choice Arbeitssprache (German f.) working language Arbeitsspuren (German pl.) wear marks Arbeitsstation (German f.) workstation Arbeitsstätte (German f.) workplace, place of employment, place of work Arbeitsstelle (German f.) job, situation, post, position Arbeitsstelle mit Unterkunft (German f.) live-in job Arbeitsstellung (German f.) operating position Arbeitsstoffe (German pl.) working materials Arbeitsstreik (German m.) strike (industrial action) Arbeitsstreitigkeit (German f.) labour dispute, industrial conflict, industrial dispute Arbeitsstrom (German m.) working current Arbeitsstück (German n.) piece of work, workpiece Arbeitsstückliste (German f.) bill of materials Arbeitsstudienbogen (German m.) study sheet Arbeitsstunde (s.), Arbeitsstunden (pl.) (German f.) working hour, man-hour, man hour Arbeitssuche (German f.) job seeking, job hunting arbeitssuchend (German) seeking work, job-seeking Arbeitssuchender (m.), Arbeitssuchende (f.), Arbeitssuchende (pl.) (German) job hunter, person in search of work, job seeker, job applicant arbeitssüchtig (German) addicted to work, workaholic (colloquial) Arbeitssüchtiger (German m.) workaholic Arbeitstag (s.), Arbeitstage (pl.) (German m.) man-day, weekday, workday, business day, working day, work day Arbeitstagung (German f.) workshop arbeitstauglich (German) fit for work Arbeitstauglichkeit (German f.) fitness for work, fitness for employment Arbeitstechniker (German m.) time and motion study man Arbeitsteil (German m.) work element, working part Arbeitsteilung (German f.) division of responsibilities, division of labour Arbeitstemperatur (German f.) operating temperature Arbeitstempo (German n.) working speed, pace of work, speed of work Arbeitstheorie (German f.) working theory Arbeitsthese (German f.) working assumption Arbeitstier (s.), Arbeitstiere (pl.) (German n.) work animal, working animal, plodder, slogger, workaholic (colloquial), demon for work (colloquial) Arbeitstisch (s.), Arbeitstische (pl.) (German m.) worktable, workbench, bench (workbench), work table, desk Arbeitstitel (German m.) working title Arbeitstreffen (German n.) workshop Arbeitsüberlastung (German f.) overwork, work overload Arbeit suchen (German) to seek work, to seek employment, to look for a job, to hunt for a job, to be job-hunting, to look for work Arbeitsumfang (German m.) extent of work, scope of effort, scope of work, volume of work Arbeitsumfeld (German n.) working environment Arbeitsumgebung (German f.) working environment Arbeitsumverteilung (German f.) redistribution of work, work-sharing Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz (German m.) health and safety at work arbeitsunfähig (German) unable to work, unemployable, incapacitated for work, unfit for work, incapacitated, disabled Arbeitsunfähiger (German m.) person unable to work Arbeitsunfähigkeit (German f.) invalidity, inability to work, unemployability, incapacity for work, disablement, disability Arbeitsunfähigkeitsbescheinigung (German f.) certificate of disability Arbeitsunfähigkeitsrente (German f.) invalidity retirement (benefit, pension) Arbeitsunfähigkeitsversicherung (German f.) disability insurance Arbeitsunfall (s.), Arbeitsunfälle (pl.) (German m.) occupational injury, occupational accident, industrial injury, accident at work, industrial accident Arbeitsunlust (German f.) disinclination to work Arbeitsunruhe (s.), Arbeitsunruhen (pl.) (German f.) labour unrest, industrial unrest (plural form) Arbeitsunterbrechung (s.), Arbeitsunterbrechungen (pl.) (German f.) time out, work stoppage, interruption of work, stoppage, stoppage of work, layoff Arbeitsunterweisung (German f.) manufacturing specification Arbeitsunzufriedenheit (German f.) labour unrest, industrial unrest Arbeitsurlaub (German m.) working holiday Arbeitsverfahren (German n.) method of operation, working method, procedure, manufacturing process Arbeitsverfügbarkeit (German f.) availability for work Arbeitsverhältnis (s.), Arbeitsverhältnisse (pl.) (German n.) employer-employee relationship, working condition, employment relationship, employment contract Arbeitsverlauf (German m.) progress of work Arbeitsvermittler (German m.) placement officer Arbeitsvermittlung (German f.) job service, labour exchange, employment agency, employment bureau, placement service, employment exchange, placing service, employment service Arbeitsvermittlungsstelle (German f.) employment agency, job centre Arbeitsvermögen (German n.) energy Arbeitsverpflichteter (German m.) indentured labourer (archaic) Arbeitsverrichtung (German f.) operation Arbeitsverschwendung (German f.) waste of effort Arbeitsverteilung (German f.) division of work, assignment of activities Arbeitsvertrag (German m.) employment contract, contract of employment, labour agreement, labour contract, contract of labour Arbeitsverweigerung (German f.) refusal to work Arbeitsvisum (German n.) working visa, work visa Arbeitsvolumen (German n.) volume of work Arbeitsvorbereitung (German f.) industrial engineering, preparation of work, dead work, process layout planning, operation scheduling, planning operation, planning process, preparatory work, operations scheduling, work scheduling, production planning (department), work preparation (on building site) Arbeitsvorschrift (German f.) manufacturing specification, procedure Arbeitswechsel (German m.) change of employment Arbeitsweg (German m.) deflection Arbeitsweise (German f.) modus operandi (Latin), method of operating, mode of operation, method, function, procedure, method of operation, operating principles, perating principle, functioning Arbeitswelt (German f.) working environment, working world, world of employment arbeitswillig (German) willing to work Arbeitswilligkeit (German f.) willingness to work Arbeitswirkungsgrad (German m.) job efficiency Arbeitswissenschaft (s.), Arbeitswissenschaften (pl.) (German f.) ergonomics Arbeitswissenschaftler (German m.) ergonomist Arbeitswoche (German f.) working week Arbeitswütiger (m.), Arbeitswütige (f.) (German) workaholic Arbeitszeit (German f.) hours of work, working hours, working time, working period Arbeitszeitausfall (German m.) loss of working hours Arbeitszeiteinteilung (German f.) work schedule Arbeitszeiterfassung (German f.) timekeeping Arbeitszeiterfassungsbogen (German m.) time sheet Arbeitszeitverkürzung (German f.) reduction of working hours, cut in working hours Arbeitszettel (German m.) job ticket, work slip, job card Arbeitszeugnis (German n.) employer's reference Arbeitszimmer (s./pl.) (German n.) workroom, study (room), bureau Arbeitszufriedenheit (German f.) job satisfaction Arbeitszuteilung (German f.) assignment of activities, allocation of work Arbeitszwang (German m.) compulsion to work Arbeitszyklus (German m.) operational cycle, working cycle, operation cycle, duty cycle, operating cycle Arbeit über ... (German f.) treatise on ... Arbeit ums tägliche Brot (German f.) labour for mere subsistence Arbeit vollenden (German) to accomplish work Arbeit wieder aufnehmen (German) to resume work Arbeit zum Lebensunterhalt (German f.) day job Arbeit zuweisen (German) to assign work Arbëresh (German pl.) Arbëreshë Arbëreshë an ethnic Albanian community living in southern Italy and Sicily Arbiter (Latin) a judge or arbiter (usually in matters of taste) Arbiter Elegantiae (German m.) arbiter of good taste Arbiter Elegantiarum (German m.) arbiter of good taste, arbiter elegantiarum (Latin) Arbiter elegantiarum (Latin) a judge of good taste Arbitrage (French m., German f.) arbitration arbitraire (French) arbitrary Arbitraje (Spanish m.) arbitration, decision, judgement, refereeing (sports), umpiring (sport) arbitrar (Spanish) to arbitrate, to referee (football, etc.), to umpire (tennis, cricket, etc.) arbiträr (German) arbitrary, arbitrarily arbitrare (Italian) to arbitrate Arbitrariedad (Spanish m.) arbitrariness arbitrario (Italian) arbitrary arbitrario (m.), arbitraria (f.) (Spanish) arbitrary Arbitrarität (German f.) arbitrariness Arbitrary a term used formerly for the melodic minor scale, which, unusually in Western musical scales, differs when descending from when ascending. When ascending the semitones (half-steps) lie between the second and third degrees and between the seventh and eighth degrees. However, when descending, the seventh and sixth degrees are flattened so that the scale is the same as a descending natural minor scale, and the semitones (half-steps) now lie between the sixth and fifth degrees and between the third and second degrees Arbitration (English, German f.) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties Arbitre (French m.) arbiter arbitrierbar (German) arbitrable Arbitrio (Italian m.) free-will, power, arbitrary act (Spanish m.) (free) will, decision (legal), judgement (legal) Arbitrium (Latin) absolute authority Arbitro (Italian m.) arbiter Árbitro (m.), Árbitra (f.) (Spanish) arbitrator, arbiter, referee (football), umpire (tennis, cricket, etc.) Árbitros de la moda (Spanish m.pl.) arbiters of fashion Arbog (Danish) yearbook Arbok (Norwegian) yearbook Árbol (s.), Árboles (pl.) (Spanish m.) tree, axle, mast los árboles no dejan ver el bosque (Spanish: you can't see the wood for the trees) Árbolado (Spanish m.) woodland arbolado (m.), arbolada (f.) (Spanish) wooded, tree-lined Árboladura (Spanish f.) rigging Árbol de Navidad (Spanish m.) Christmas tree Árbol de Pascua (Spanish m. - the Andes) Christmas tree Árboleda (Spanish f.) grove (of trees) Árbol genealógico (Spanish m.) family tree Arborescent treelike in shape or growth Arboreszenz (German f.) arborescence Arboretum (s.), Arboreta (pl.) (English, German n., from Latin) a garden devoted to the cultivation of rare trees Arborist (English, German m.) a person possessing the technical competence through experience and related training to provide for or supervise the management of trees Arboscello (Italian m.) sapling Arbotante (Spanish m.) flying buttress Arbre (French m.) tree, shaft (technical) Arbre à cames (French m.) camshaft Arbre à cloches chinois (French m.) bell tree, chinese bell tree Arbre de décision (French m.) decision tree Arbre d'entraînement (French m.) driveshaft Arbre de vie (French m.) tree of life Arbre moteur (French m.) driving shaft Arbrisseau (s.), Arbrisseaux (pl.) (French m.) shrub Arbuse (German f.) watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Arbuste (French m.) bush Arbusto (Italian m., Spanish m.) bush, shrub Arc (French m.) arch arc. abbreviated form of arcato or coll'arco (Italian: with the bow) Arca, Arcas (Spanish pl.) (Italian f., Spanish f.) chest (for storage), safe, strongbox, coffers (Spanish plural form) in Spanish, arca is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular Arcada (Spanish f.) arcade, arches, retching (nausea) Arcade a series of arches supported by columns, piers, or pillars, either freestanding or attached to a wall to form a gallery a series of arches employed for decorative purposes a roofed passageway or lane, especially one with shops on one or both sides a commercial establishment featuring rows of coin-operated games on a keyboard, piece covering the front face of a key, below and perpendicular to the keytop, intended to cover the end-grain of the body of the key. Usually wood, but paper, bone, and other materials are also used. Non-structural but visible, therefore often highly decorated with moulding, carving, gilt, inlay, etc. Harpsichord Jargon from which this last extract has been taken Arcade card a card that is distributed through penny vending machines usually found at amusement arcades Arca de la Alianza (Spanish f.) Ark of the Covenant in Spanish, arca is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular Arca de Noé (Spanish f.) Noah's ark in Spanish, arca is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular Arcades ambo (Latin, a phrase from Virgil's seventh eclogue) (two people) having literary or aesthetic tastes in common Arcade-Spiel (German n.) arcade game Arcadia also Acadia or Arkadia, a mountainous area of Greece, named for Arcas the son of Jupiter. In Greek and Roman literature, a place where a contented life of rural simplicity is lived; an earthly paradise peopled by shepherds; rustic bliss Arcadian also Acadian or Arkadian, a descendant of the original French settlers and often Métis, of parts of Acadia (French: Acadie) in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, Gaspé, in Québec, and parts of the American state of Maine. In the Great Upheaval of 1755, Acadians were uprooted by the British; some of these resettled in Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns. War between the French and the British in their colonies and in Europe is an important element in the history of the Acadians. No other factor shaped the cultural evolution of Acadians in such a dominant way. A second historical element to affect development of the Acadians is a sense of abandonment by France. The last century has been marked by struggles by the Acadian people for equal language and cultural rights as a minority group in the Maritime provinces of Canada The History of the Acadians from which this extract has been taken Arcadian Dionysia feasts instituted by Dionysius, at which children, who had been instructed in the music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, appeared on stage where they celebrated the festivals of Bacchus, by entertaining the spectators with songs, dances and exhibitions of various kinds arcaico (m.), arcaica (f.) (Spanish) archaic Arcaismo (Spanish m.) archaism Arcana (Latin) secrets (English) mysterious, secret Arcane requiring secret or mysterious knowledge, therefore known to only a few Arcángel (Spanish m.) archangel Arcangelo (Italian m.) archangel Arcano (Spanish m.) mystery, secret arcano (m.), arcana (f.) (Italian, Spanish) mysterious, secret Arcanum (s.), Arcana (pl.) (Latin) a secret, a mystery Arcanum imperii (s.), Arcana imperii (pl.) (Latin) state secret Arcas públicas (Spanish f.pl.) Treasury Arcata (Italian f.) bow stroke, colpo d'arco (Italian m.), Bogenführung (German f.), Bogenstrich (German m.), Strichart (German f.), coup d'archet (French m.) (Italian f.) arch, arcade (series of arches, also a pattern used on the keyfronts of some early keyboard instruments) Arcata in giù (Italian f.) (with a) down-bow, Abstrich (German m.), tiré (French m.) Arcata in su (Italian f.) (with a) up-bow, Aufstrich (German m.), Anstrich (German m.), poussé (French m.) arcato (Italian) bowed, played with a bow this direction is used often after a passage played pizzicato to indicated that the player should revert to playing with the bow arcazo (Spanish) bowing arc-bouter (French) to lean (for support) Arc de cercle (French m.) arc of a circle Arc de Triomphe (English, German m. from French) a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle, also known as the Place de l'Étoile Arce (Spanish m.) maple (tree) Arceau (s.), Arceaux (pl.) (French m.) hoop, arch Arcediano (Spanish m.) archdeacon Arcén (Spanish m.) verge (road), hard-shoulder (motorway) Arc-en-ciel (French m.) rainbow Arch. abbreviation of 'Archbishop', 'Archdeacon', 'Archduke' arch. abbreviation of 'archaic', 'archaism', 'architect', 'architectural', 'architecture' Arch- a prefix indicating 'largeness', 'importance', 'preeminence' Arch a term applied to describe a melodic line that first rises before falling to a cadence see 'arch-form' Archaic antiquated, savouring of the past, not obsolete but uncommon in general use Archaicism an archaic word or phrase, a propensity to the archiac Archaic smile a representation of the human mouth with slightly upturned corners, characteristic of early Greek sculpture produced before the fifth century BC) Archäikum (German n.) Archean, Archaeozoic, Archeozoic archaïque (French) archaic archaisch (German) archaic, Archean, Archaean archaische Formen verwenden (German) to archaise archaisches Lächeln (German n.) archaic smile Archaise to use archaisms, to imitate the archaic archaisieren (German) to archaise archaisiert (German) archaised Archaistic imitatively or affectively archaic Archaism a word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately used by a writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Archaismus (German m.) archaism archaistisch (German) archaistic Archaize to use archaisms, to imitate the archaic Archangelsk (English, German n.) formerly called Archangel in English, a city and the administrative centre of Arkhangelsk Oblast Archäobotanik (German f.) archaeobotany Archäologe (m.), Archäologin (f.) (German) archaeologist Archäologie (German f.) archaeology archäologisch (German) archaeological, archaeologically, archaeologic archäologisch interessiert (German) interested in archaeology archäologische Ausgrabung (German f.) (archaeological) excavation archäologische Grabungsstätte (German f.) archaeological excavation site archäologischer Beweis (German m.) archaeological evidence archäologischer Fund (German m.) archeological find archäologisches Museum (German n.) archaeological museum archäologisches Zeugnis (German n.) archaeological evidence Archäometallurgie (German f.) archaeometallurgy Archäometrie (German f.) archaeometry, scientific analysis of archaeological materials Archäopteryx (German m.) archaeopteryx (the oldest known bird, Archaeopteryx had feathers, scales on its neck and feet, teeth, and claws on all four limbs) Archbishop a bishop with authority over a group of territorially contiguous dioceses and their bishops; also known as a metropolitan Archbp abbreviation of 'Archbishop' Archchanter precentor Archd. abbreviation of 'Archdeacon', 'Archduke' Archdeacon a cleric having a defined administrative authority delegated to him by the bishop in the whole or part of the diocese Archdeaconry a sub-division of a diocese administered by an archdeacon, whose authority was delegated to him by the bishop Arche (French f.) arch (German f.) ark Archean also Archaeozoic or Archeozoic, the time from 3,800 million years to 2,500 million years ago (earth's crust formed and unicellular organisms are earliest forms of life) Archeggiamento (Italian m.) the management of the bow when playing a stringed instrument archeggiamento (Italian) whipped (extended playing of a bowed string instrument where the strings are plucked rather than bowed), gepeitscht (German), fouetté (French) archeggiare (Italian) to draw the bow across the strings (of a violin, etc.), to arch Arche Noah (German f.) Noah's ark Archeologia (Italian f.) archaeology Archéologie (French f.) archeology archéologique (French) archeological Archeologo (Italian m.) archaeologist Archéologue (French m./f.) archeologist Arches paper a type of air-dried paper that is preferred amongst printers and watercolorists. It has a warm-white colour and can be found in hot-pressed, cold-pressed, and rough varieties. Arches paper is valued for its durability, and is still made today at the Arches paper mill in Lorraine, France Archet (French m.) bow, archetto (Italian), arco (Italian), Bogen (German) the word may also be used to mean 'string' as in 'a single stringed instrument' Archetto (Italian m.) bow, arco (Italian), Bogen (German), archet (French) the word may also be used to mean 'string' as in 'a single stringed instrument' Archetyp (s.), Archetypen (pl.) (German m.) archetype Archetypal character a recurring figure who transcends the particulars of time and place to take on a symbolic value with universal appeal Archetypal criticism the analysis of a piece of literature through the examination of archetypes and archetypal patterns in Jungian psychology Archetype (as defined by Carl Jung) an image, descriptive detail, plot pattern or a character type that occurs frequently in literature, myth, religion, or folklore, and is therefore believed to evoke profound emotions because it touches the unconscious memory and thus calls into play illogical but strong responses (in more general use) the original pattern or model (also called the primal form) of which all things of the same type are representations or copies, a perfect example sometimes used mistakenly as a synonym for 'Ur-text' Archétype (French m.) archetype archetypisch (German) archetypal, archetypical, archetypally Archetypus (German m.) archetype Archevêque (French m.) archbishop Arch-form a symmetrical musical structure such as ternary form, ABA Archguitar (baroque) Archguitar (modern) a modern instrument designed by Peter Blanchette and Walter Stanul in 1980. Archguitars can have from 9 to 11 strings, giving them a much larger musical range than 6-string guitars Archguitar Arch harp guitar Arch harp guitar Archi- (Latin) a prefix indicating 'largeness', 'importance', 'preeminence' Archi (Italian) bows, 'strings' as in 'a group of stringed instruments' Archicello (Italian m.) a small bow Archicembalo a keyboard instrument designed by Nicola Vicentino (1511-c.1576), based on a 31-fifth circle, with 31 keys per octave so allowing the integration of chromatic and enharmonic intervals (quarter tones) Archicembalo The Just Intonation System of Nicola Vicentino Archidiakon (German m.) archdeacon Archidiakonat (German n.) archdeaconry Archidiócesis (Spanish f.) archdiocese Archiduque (m.), Archiduquesa (f.) (Spanish) archduke (m.), archduchess (f.) Archilaúd (Spanish m.) archlute, arciliuto (Italian), arcileuto (Italian), Erzlaute (German), archiluth (French) Archilochian bitterness named for the Greek satyrical poet Archilocus (fl. seventh century BC), ill-natured satire or bitter mockery Archilute (French m.) archlute Archiluth (French m.) archlute Archimandrit (German m.) archimandrite Archimandrite (Eastern Orthodox Church) a cleric ranking below a bishop, the head of a monastery or a group of monasteries Archimedes (English, German from Greek) Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC) Archimedes' screw a flexible tube twisted spirally around an axis, originally as a means of irrigation. However, the carpenter's auger, a device to make holes in or through planks of wood, is of a similar construction archimedisch (German) Archimedian archimedische Schnecke (German f.) Archimedean screw archimedische Schraube (German f.) Archimedean screw, Archimedes' screw Archimedische Schraubenpumpe (German f.) Archimedean screw pump Archimime a chief buffoon or jester. Among the ancient Romans, archimimes were persons who imitated the manners, gestures, and speech both of the living and the deceased. At first, they were only employed in the theatre, but were afterwards admitted to their feasts, and at last to funerals. At funerals, archimimes walked behind the corpse, imitating the gestures and behaviors of the person being carried to the funeral pyre, as if they were still alive Arching Wölbung (German f.), voûte (French f.), bombatura (Italian f.) the outward swell of the back and belly of a bowed string instrument (e.g. a violin) Archiparaphonista a name given formerly to the principal singer, or conductor of the choir, in the celebration of Mass in the Roman Catholic Church Archipel (German m.) archipelago Archipel- (German) archipelagic (prefix) Archipelago a group of many islands in a large body of water Archiphone a microtonal keyboard instrument: since 1970 four archiphones have been built by Herman van der Horst of the firm Neonvox in Wilp, Gelderland at the instigation of Anton de Beer. The keyboard layout is essentially the same as on the Fokker-organ. The keys are closer to one another, making more rapid playing possible. Transistor oscillators are the tone source. It has some 40 different timbres, equally divided between the 8- and 4-foot "stops". The instrument was introduced on 1 november 1970 at Teyler's Museum. Anton de Beer had quickly written a demonstration piece with all kinds of puns with higher harmonics and natural thirds and sevenths. One scene of Joel Mandelbaum's opera The Dybbuk was also performed with the archiphone accompanied by a vocal quartet and violin duo Microtonal musical instruments Archipiélago (Spanish m.) archipelago archit. abbreviation of 'architect' Architecte (French m.) architect Architectonic the architecture of music the science of architecture Architectural acoustics a term used to describe how the flow of sound is influenced by a building's structure the study and design of acoustically balanced halls Architectural acoustics Architekt (m.), Architektin (f.), Architekten (pl.), Architektinnen (f.pl.) (German) architect, artificer Architektenbüro (German n.) architect's office Architektengruppe (German f.) architectural firm Architektonik (German f.) architectonics architektonisch (German) architectural, architecturally, architectonic architektonische Gestaltung (German f.) architectural design architektonischer Garten (German m.) formal garden Architektur (German f.) architecture Architektur- (German) architectural (prefix) Architekturbüro (German n.) architect's office, architectural office, architectural practice, architecture firm Architektur der Bürgerhäuser (German f.) domestic architecture Architekturgeschichte (German f.) history of architecture Architektur im eigentlichen Sinne (German f.) architecture proper Architekturschule (German f.) school of architecture Architekturstahlbau (German m.) architectural steel construction Architekturstil (German m.) architectural style Architekturstudent (German m.) student of architecture Architekturtheorie (German f.) theory of architecture Architekturwettbewerb (German m.) architectural competition Architetto (Italian m.) architect Architettura (Italian f.) architecture Architrav (German m.) architrave (beam) Archiv (German n.) filing room, records, archive, archives, record office, morgue (colloquial), record vault (for important documents) Archivador (Spanish m.) filing cabinet, ring-binder, file Archival a term often used to describe the property of an object that indirectly implies its long-term stability Archivale (s.), Archivalien (pl.) (German n.) document in the archives, document from the archives, paper in the archives, paper from the archives archivalisch (German) archival Archivar (m.), Archivarin (f.) (German) archivist, registrar, keeper of the archives archivar (Spanish) to file (away), to shelve (project, investigation), to close the file on, to save (information) archivarisch (German) archival Archivband (German n.) archive tape Archivbild (German n.) archive picture, archive photograph, library photo, library photograph Archivdatei (German f.) archive(d) file Archives a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept. Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organizations such as corporations and governments. The highest level of organization of records in an archive is known as the fonds. Archives are distinct from libraries insofar as archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products". The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science Archives from which this extract comes archivierbar (German) archivable archivieren (German) to archive, to file (away) Archivieren (German n.) archiving archivierend (German) archiving archiviert (German) archives, archived Archivierung (German f.) storage, filing, archiving Archivierungsschrank (German m.) archive cabinet Archivierungssystem (German n.) archiving system Archivio (Italian m.) archives Archiviole (French) celestina Archiviste (French m./f.) archivist Archivkraft (German f.) filing clerk Archivmaterial (German n.) archive material Archivo (s.), Archivos (pl.) (Spanish m.) file, archive (historical documents), record (archive, file) Archivolt one of a series of concentric moldings on a Romanesque or a Gothic arch Archivo municipal (Spanish m.) city archive me pasé la mañana entera en el archivo municipal (Spanish m.: I spent the morning at the city archive) Archivolte (German f.) architrave (moulding), archivolt Archivos de la policía (Spanish m.pl.) police files, police records Archivpapier (German n.) archival paper Archivraum (German m.) archive room Archivregale (German pl.) archive racks Archivsekretär (m.), Archivsekretärin (f.) (German) archives secretary Archivwissenschaften (German pl.) archival science Archlute arciliuto (Italian), arcileuto (Italian), Erzlaute (German), archiluth (French), archilaúd (Spanish) or 'arch-lute', a large lute popular both in Italy and England during the Renaissance with an elongated neck, fitted with two peg boxes, one to accomodate unstopped strings necessary to produce bass notes, the other to take the remainder of the 13 or 14 single or double courses of strings. In appearance the archlute resembles the theorbo and the chitarrone, but differs from them in that its body is smaller and that the first and second courscs are at lute pitch rather than an octave lower. This was possible because the stopped string length was shorter. Furthermore, the archlute's stopped strings were normally double-strung, while those of the theorbo were frequently single-strung Archlute Archlute from which some information has been taken Archon (English, German m. from Greek) the chief of the nine magistrates of Athens. The next in rank was called basileus and the third polemarch a wealthy citizen who provided the financial backing for an ancient Greek drama festival (the precursor of the contemporary producer) Archon, eponymous see eponymous archon Archont (s.), Archonten (pl.) (German m.) archon Archpriest a minister assisting a bishop in the administration of a rural deanery, or subdivision of an archdeaconry; also known as a rural dean archt. abbreviation of 'architect' Archtop-Gitarre (German f.) archtop guitar Archtop guitar also 'jazz-box', 'hollow-body' or 'carved top', a term describing when a guitar which has been carved or shaped to enhance its sound or appearance and which usually has f-holes as found on members of the violin family, so named because the table of the guitar is arched rather than flat Archtop guitar from which some information has been taken Archtop mandoline see 'mandolin, mandoline' Arci- (Italian) a prefix indicating 'largeness', 'importance', 'preeminence' Arcicembalo an instrument invented by Nicolo Vicentino in the sixteenth century on which it was possible to play in all the genera, the diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic. Each of the six manuals divided an octave into 31 parts see Universalclavicymbel arcigno (Italian) grim Arcileuto (Italian m.) arciliuto (Italian), archlute, Erzlaute (German), archiluth (French), archilaúd (Spanish) Arciliuto (Italian m.) arcileuto (Italian), archlute, Erzlaute (German), archiluth (French), archilaúd (Spanish) Arcilla (Spanish f.) clay Arciorgano synonymous with arcicembalo Arcivescovo (Italian m.) archbishop Arciviola di lira (Italian) alternative name for lira da gamba ARCM, A.R.C.M. abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal College of Music' ARCO, A.R.C.O. abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal College of Organists' Arco (Spanish m., Portuguese m., Italian m.) bow (also 'string' as in 'a single stringed instrument'), archet (French), archetto (Italian), Bogen (German) (Italian m., Spanish m.) arch, arc (mathematics), bow (weapon), goal (Latin America: football) (Italian) play (a stringed instrument) with the bow as opposed to pizzicato (plucked); also coll' arco Arco abajo (Spanish m.) 'down-bow' Arcobaleno (Italian m.) rainbow ARCO(CHM) abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal College of Organists with Diploma in Choir Training' Arco de triunfo (Spanish m.) triumphal arch Arco in giù (Italian m.) down-bow (on a stringed instrument) Arco in su (Italian m.) up-bow (on a stringed instrument) Arco iris (Spanish m.) rainbow Arcón (Spanish m.) large chest Arcos (Spanish) strings (collective term for the string section of an orchestra) Arctic the region on the Earth's globe that lies beneath the Northern constellation of the Great Bear, derived from arktos (Greek: bear) Arctique (French m.) Arctic arctique (French) Arctic arcuato (Italian) curved Arcus (English, German m., from Latin) a low, horizontal cloud formation associated with the leading edge of thunderstorm outflow (ie, the gust front) Arcuscosinus (German m.) arc cosine (the inverse function of the cosine) Arcus senilis (Latin) or Arcus senilis corneae, a narrow yellowish band gradually encircling the cornea with advancing age Arcus senilis Arcussinus (German m.) arc sine (the inverse function of the sine) Arcustangens (German m.) arc tangent (the inverse function of the tangent) ard. abbreviation of ardito ardemment (French) ardently ardent (m.), ardente (f.) (French) burning, ardent, fervent Ardennen (German pl.) Ardennes Ardennenoffensive (German f.) Battle of the Bulge, Battle of the Ardennes (16 December 1944-25 January 1945), a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front Ardenner Wald (German m., more recent name) Ardennes Ardennes a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II ardente (Italian, French) ardent, with fire, vehement, ardently, fervently ardentemente (Italian) ardently, vehemently ardentissimo (Italian) very ardently, very vehemently ardently ardente (Italian), fervente (Italian), mit Wärme (German), avec chaleur (French) (from the Latin ardeo, burn) eager, fervent, passionate, burning arder (Spanish) to burn, to seethe (also figurative), to be boiling hot, to sting (eyes), to smart (eyes) ardere (Italian) to burn (up) arder en deseos de (Spanish) to long for arderse (Spanish) to burn (up) Ardesia (Italian f.) slate Ardeur (French f.) ardour, heat Ardid (Spanish m.) trick, scheme, ruse, plot ardiente (Spanish) burning, ardent, passionate ardientement (Spanish) passionately Ardilla (Spanish f.) squirrel Ardin (Mauritania) a harp with a calabash resonator and 10 to 16 strings, reserved for women Ardire (Italian m.) daring ardire (Italian) to dare arditamente (Italian) boldly, energetically, with ardour Arditezza (Italian) boldness ardito (Italian) daring, bold, spirited, impudent, energetic, with energy, hardi (French) Ardoise (or Ardoize) (French f.) slate, writing slate, chalk writing board as an adjective: for example un toit d'ardoise meaning a slate roof, or couleur ardoise meaning slate-coloured Ardor (Spanish m.) heat, ardour (figurative), burning, fervour Ardor del estómago (Spanish m.) heartburn Ardore (Italian m.) ardour, with warmth ardoroso (m.), ardorosa (f.) (Spanish) burning, ardent ardu (French) arduous (physically difficult) arduo (Italian) arduous, steep arduo (m.), ardua (f.) (Spanish) arduous A-re in solmisation the name of the note a, particularly the first space A in the bass clef Are (English, German f - Switzerland) a unit of surface area equivalent to 100 square metres Área (Spanish f.) area, hundred square metres in Spanish, a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular a reacción (Spanish) jet-propelled Área chica (Spanish f.) goal area Área de castigo (Spanish f.) penalty area Área de servicio (Spanish f.) service area, services Areal (s.), Areale (pl.) (German n.) area Areal regional areal (German) regional Arealtypologie (German f.) areal typology Areal typology the study of the geographic distribution of linguistic features and the processes that give rise to the processes that give rise to it. A common view has been that mutual influence between languages concern primarily vocabulary and more exceptionally grammar. However, a major insight of areal typology is that grammatical structures spread easily across languages and that the typological profile of a language is largely predictable from its geographical location Área pequeña (Spanish f.) goal area areato (Italian) breezy, aerated [corrected by Lars Hellvig] à rebours (French) against the grain, perversely a recado (Spanish) in safety a recaudo (Spanish) in safety a red barredera (Spanish) sweepingly, overwhelmingly a redopelo (Spanish) against the grain, the wrong way a reembolso (Spanish) cash on delivery Areflexia absence of a reflex (a sign of possible nerve damage) Areflexie (German f.) areflexia a regañadientes (Spanish) reluctantly, discontentedly, unwillingly, with reluctance, begrudgingly, grudgingly a regla (Spanish) by rule Areíto (s.), Areíto (pl.) a term derived from the native, indigenous tribes living in Cuba before colonisation, (such as the Siboney, Taíno and Guanajatabibe tribes), referring to elaborate religious celebrations of music, dance and theatre; a rhythmic style combining several elements of Cuban carnaval rhythms with the son and rumba, as well as several North American influences, resulting in a free-style, highly-syncopated style. The areíto later evolved into what is now known as songo Arekanuss (German f.) betel nut Arekapalme (German f.) pinang (palm) (Areca catechu), betel nut tree, betel palm Arel (German n.) also Arlon, Aarlen, a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of Luxembourg, of which it is the capital Arelat (German) Arelate Arelate for a time beginning in AD 328, the Gallic city of Arles or Arelate was renamed Constantia in honor of the emperor Constantine II areligiös (German) areligious Areligiosität (German f.) irreligiosity Areligious or irreligious, a lack of religion, indifference to religion, or hostility to religion which, depending on the context, may be understood as referring to atheism, deism, agnosticism, skepticism, freethought, or secular humanism a remiendos (Spanish) piecemeal, piece by piece, in bits and pieces a remo y vela (Spanish) quickly, efficiently Ären (German pl.) eras Arena (English, German f. from Greek) arena (a particular environment or walk of life), amphitheatre, circus ring (English, German f., Italian f., Spanish f.) central part of an amphitheatre, bullring, etc. (Italian f., Spanish f.) sand Arenal (Spanish m.) sandy area Arena movediza (s.), Arenas movedizas (pl.) (Spanish f.) quicksand Arena política (Spanish f.) political arena Arena rock see 'anthem rock' arenarsi (Italian) to run underground Arena theatre also called 'theatre in the round', where the audience sits on all sides of the theatre stage Arène (French f.) arena, bullring Arenga (Spanish f.) harangue, impassioned speech arengar (Spanish) to harangue, to incite, to rouse (crowd), to rally, to exhort a renglón seguido (Spanish) immediately afterwards, immediately below, right after Arenilla (Spanish f.) fine sand (for example, as in an hourglass) Arenisca (Spanish f.) sandstone arenisco (m.), arenisca (f.) (Spanish) sandy arenoso (m.), arenosa (f.) (Spanish) sandy Arenque (Spanish m.) herring Arenque ahumado (Spanish m.) kipper Areopag (German m.) Areopagus Areopagus named for the "hill of Ares (Mars)" a spur of the Athenian Acropolis where Athene established a court for homicides, the highest judicial and legislative council of ancient Athens Arepa (Spanish f.) cornmeal roll a repecho (Spanish) uphill a repelones (Spanish) little by little a requerimiento de (Spanish) at the request of, by request of, upon petition of, at the behest of Ares (English, German m.) the god of war, son of Zeus and Hera, identified with the Roman Mars a reserva de (Spanish) except for, with the purpose of a reserva de que (Spanish) unless a retaguardia (Spanish) in the rear Arete (Spanish f. - Colombia, Mexico) earring (Spanish f.) hoop Arête (French f.) (fish) bone, ridge (mountain) the Greek term arête implies a humble and constant striving for perfection and self-improvement combined with a realistic awareness that such perfection cannot be reached. As long as an individual strives to do and be the best, that individual has arête. As soon as the individual believes he has actually achieved arête, however, he or she has lost that exalted state and fallen into hubris, unable to recognize personal limitations or the humble need to improve constantly Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second extract has been taken Aretinian syllables named for Arezzo or Aretino, the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol and la given as names to the notes of the 'hexachord' by Guido d'Arezzo (also Guido Aretinus) (c.991-c.1033) Why middle C? a retrocarga (Spanish) breech-loading a revienta cincha (Spanish) reluctantly a rey muerto rey puesto (Spanish) as soon as one goes out the window another comes in the door arg (German) bad, terrible, badly, terribly, eerie, arrant (downright, thoroughly, unmitigated, notorious) Arg. abbreviation of 'Argentina', 'Argentine', 'Argentinean' Argamasa (Spanish f.) mortar Årgång (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) volume (of a periodical) [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Argano (Italian m.) winch Argel (Spanish m.) Algiers Argelia (Spanish f.) Algeria Argelino (m.), Argelina (f.) (Spanish) Algerian argelino (m.), argelina (f.) (Spanish) Algerian Argent (French m.) money, silver (metal) the heraldic colour of silver/white argentado (Spanish) silver-plated Argent compant (French m.) cash Argent de poche (French m.) pocket money argenteo (Italian) silvery Argenteria (Italian f.) silverware Argenterie (French f.) silverware Argentiere (Italian m.) silversmith Argentin (m.), Argentine (f.) (French) Argentinean argentin (m.), argentine (f.) (French) Argentine Argentina (English, Spanish f.) South-American country Argentine (French f.) Argentina Argentine cumbia an umbrella term that comprises several distinct trends within the same tradition: the dance and music style known as cumbia in Argentina. Cumbia has been well-known and appreciated in Argentina for a long time, but it gained nationwide scope and attention when in the 1990s, it became popular in the large cities of the Río de la Plata basin Argentine cumbia from which this extract comes Argentine rock often termed Rock nacional is a term that applies loosely to any variety of rock and roll from Argentina Argentine rock from which this extract comes Argentinean forkloric dance Argentina has a rich tradition of folkloric dance that include the tango, group dances such as the chacarera, gato and zamba, as well as the macho dances of the gauchos, the fiercely independent Argentine cowboys, which include malambos de boleadoras (tap dancing with whirling weapons) Argentinean tango argentinischer Tango (German m.) see 'tango' Argentinien (German n.) Argentina Argentinier (m.), Argentinierin (f.) (German) Argentinean, Argentine argentinisch (German) Argentinean, Argentinian, Argentine argentinischer Tango (German m.) Argentine tango Argentinism the use, by an Argentinian, of a word that is drawn from indigenous sources, for example, from lunfardo, in place of the correct Castilian one. It is one of the characteristics of tango lyrics, from where it spread to popular literature and Argentinian theatre Argentinismo (Spanish m.) Argentinism Argentino (m.), Argentina (f.) (Spanish) Argentinean argentino (m.), argentina (f.) (Spanish) slivery, Argentinean, Argentine Argento (Italian m.) silver Argentum (Latin, German n.) silver Ärger (German m.) annoyance, trouble, hassle (colloquial), upset, spleen, bother, aggravation (colloquial), worry, vexation, aggro (colloquial: aggravation), ire, anger, irritation, fret (anger), dander, chagrin, resentment ärger (German) worse Ärger bedeuten (German) to spell trouble Ärger bekommen (German) to get into trouble Ärger bereiten (German) to bring trouble, to cause trouble Ärger bringen (German) to bring trouble arger Dummkopf (German m.) unmitigated dunce, arrant dunce Ärger herausfordern (German) to be asking for trouble ärgerlich (German) annoyed, annoying, aggravating, bothersome, vexed, irritatiug, irksome, troublesome, angry, fretfully, vexingly, vexing, vexatious, cross, exasperatingly, invidiously, vexedly, vexatiously, annoyingly, pesky (colloquial), painful, exasperating, galling, angrily, invidious, irksomely, fretful ärgerliche Angelegenheit (German f.) vexatious affair ärgerlicher (German) angrier ärgerlicher (German) more annoying ärgerlicherweise (German) irritatingly, annoyingly Ärgerlichkeit (German f.) irksomeness, vexatiousness, peskiness (colloquial) ärgerlichste (German) angriest ärgerlich sein (German) be annoyed ärgerlichste (German) angriest ärgerlich über (German) angry about ärgerlich über eine Sache (German) annoyed about a matter ärgerlich wegen (German) vexed at ärgern (German) to annoy, to tease, to worry, to rile, to irk, to spite, to exasperate, to peeve, to irritate, to vex, to huff, to bring trouble upon, to cause trouble, to provoke, to fret, to anger, to roil, to nettle (colloquial), to madden (make angry), to bug (colloquial), to aggravate (colloquial) ärgernd (German) galling, spiting, riling, fretting, chagrining, huffing, irking, irritating, nettling, peeving Ärgernis (German n.) annoyance, vexation, irritant, bugbear, nuisance Ärgernis erregen (German) to cause offence arger Schurke (German m.) arrant scoundrel Ärger suchen (German) to go looking for trouble ärgert (German) peeves, chagrins, exasperates, annoys, galls, irritates, huffs, irks, vexes, spites, riles ärgerte (German) exasperated, huffed, annoyed, vexed, spited, riled, irked, chagrined, galled arger Tor (German m.) arrant fool ärgert sich (German) frets Ärger verursachen (German) to cause a lot of trouble Arghool see arghul Arghul argul or arghool, a double reed instrument from North Africa with two asymmetrical pipes, one the chanter plays the melody and usually has 5 or 6 finger-holes while the second, the drone, is much longer, has no holes and produces only a single note. The instrument is played inside the player's mouth using circular breathing. Both pipes are made from reed or other similar materials and are attached together with strings, wax, tar or glue Argul Argul Double clarinet (arghul), Egypt, nineteenth century Argile (French f.) clay argileux (m.), argileuse (f.) (French) clayey Argilla (Italian f.) clay Argine (Italian m.) embankment, dyke (for flood prevention) Argismo (Sicilian Italian, from argia, literally 'spider') the Sicilian term for the tarantella healing ritual Arglist (German f.) malice, cunning, guile, deceitfulness, bad faith arglistig (German) malicious, maliciously, shrewd, fraudulent, guileful, guilefully, by devious means, disingenuous [corrected by Michael Zapf] arglistiges Verhalten (German n.) fraudulent behaviour arglistige Täuschung (German f.) wilful deceit, wilful deception, fraud arglistig handeln (German) to act maliciously arglos (German) unsuspecting, innocent, innocently, simple, artless, guilelessly, unsuspicious, unsuspiciously, guileless, unsuspectingly, harmless, trustful, trusting, harmlessly, trustingly arglos dreinsehend (German) innocent looking Arglosigkeit (German f.) innocence, artlessness, guilelessness, simpleness Arglosigkeit einer Person (German f.) personal simplicity arg mitgenommen werden (German) to take a hammering arg mitnehmen (German) to punish (figurative) Argo (English, German f. from Greek) the ship in which Jason and his companions (the argonauts) sailed in search of the Golden Fleece Argolla (Spanish f.) (large) ring, wedding ring (Latin America) Argolla de compromiso (Spanish f. - Latin America) engagement ring Argolla de matrimonio (Spanish f. - Latin America) wedding ring argomentare (Italian) to argue Argomento (Italian m., literally 'argument', 'reason', 'subject') see antefatto Argonaut (s.), Argonauten (German pl.), Argonauts (English pl.) (English, German m.) Jason and his companions who sailed in the Argo Argonnen (German pl.) Argonne (a region in North Eastern France) Argonner Wald (German m.) Argonne Forest Argos (English, German m.) an ancient city in southeastern Greece, dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC Argos (German m.) Argus (in Greek mythology) Argos, a giant with 100 eyes who was was guardian of the heifer Io and was slain by Hermes (Mercury) Argot (s.), Argots (pl.) (French m., Spanish m., German n./m.) slang, a class dialect (originally a dialect of thieves), jargon ärgst (German) worst ärgste Not (German m.) direst need ärgster (German) worst Argucia (Spanish f.) sophism, ruse, stratagem, cunning scheme Argüendero (m.), Argüendera (f.) (Spanish - Mexico) gossip Arguendo (Latin) for the sake of argument arguer de (French) to put forward as a reason arguir (Italian) to deduce argüir (Spanish) to deduce, to prove, to show, to argue, to deduce, to reproach Argul see arghul Argument, Argumente (German pl.), Arguments (English pl.) (English, German n.) a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true (German n.) reason, contention, criterion Argumentación (Spanish f.) argument, line of argument argumentador (Spanish) argumentative argumentar (Spanish) to argue Argumentation (German f.) reasoning, line of reasoning, line of argument Argumentationskette (German f.) chain of reasoning argumentativ (German) argumentative argumentativ überlegen sein (German) to outargue (to surpass or conquer in argument) argumentative Rede (German f.) speech in a debate contest Argumente aufmarschieren lassen (German) to array reasons, to lay out reasons, to marshal arguments Argumente aufzählen (German) to adduce reasons Argumente hinterfragen (German) to pick holes in arguments Argumenten ausweichen (German) to shirk arguments Argumententeil (German n.) argument section argumenter (French) to argue Argumente vorbringen (German) to allege reasons Argumente vortragen (German) to bring forward arguments argumentieren (German) to argue, to reason, to debate, to contend argumentierend (German) arguing, reasoning argumentieren, dass (German) to bring forward the argument that Argumentierender (m.), Argumentierende (f.) (German) arguer argumentiert (German) argue, argued argumentierte (German) argued, reasoned Argumento (Spanish m.) argument, (in a book, film, etc.), plot (story), story line, synopsis Argumento completamente absurdo (Spanish m.) absolutely absurd line of argument Argumentum ad hominem (Latin, 'argument against the man') to direct an argument against one's opponent's character rather than against the subject Argumentum ad ignorantiam (Latin) arguing from ignorance Argumentum e silentio (Latin) or 'the arguement of silence', which leads to the arguer drawing the conclusion that, because an author omits mention of some subject in his works, the author was unaware of it Argun (Turkey) a double clarinet formed of a drone pipe without fingerholes together with a melody pipe Argun from which this information has been taken Argus (English, German m.) a giant with 1,000 eyes set, by Juno, to watch over Io, of whom she was jealous, who was lulled to sleep by Mercury (Hermes) with his lyre and killed Argusaugen (German pl.) eagle-eyes Argus-eyed, to be to be vigilant or keen-sighted arguto (Italian) witty Arguzia (Italian f.) wit, witticism Argwohn (German m.) suspicion, distrustfulness, caginess Argwohn beschwichtigen (German) to allay suspicion argwöhnen (German) to surmise, to suspect Argwohn erregen (German) to set somebody thinking argwöhnisch (German) suspicious, suspiciously, cagey (colloquial), doubtful, leery, wary, warily, distrustful, mistrustful argwöhnischer (German) more suspicious argwöhnisch gegen (German) distrustful of, mistrustful of argwöhnisch machen (German) to cause suspicion argwöhnisch sein (German) to be suspicious argwöhnischste (German) most suspicious Argwohn vertreiben (German) to avert suspicion Argwohn verursachen (German) to cause suspicion Argwohn wecken (German) to arouse suspicion, to awaken suspicion Argyle knitted design of solid diamond blocks contrasted in a pattern, often used for socks and jumpers Argyritae the winners of Greek public competitions to whom medals of gold or silver were presented Arheic an area lacking surface runoff or drainage, such as deserts arheisch (German) arheic Aria (s.), Arie (Italian pl.), Arias (English pl.) (English, Spanish f., Swedish, Italian f.) music written for a solo voice with accompaniment, forming part of a larger work, as, for example, in an opera or cantata. The form is generally longer, non-strophic and with an accent of musical design and expression, than that corresponding to the air, song or Lied in Spanish, aria is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular the aria first appeared in the fourteenth century, when it signified a manner or style of singer or playing a melodic scheme (motif) or pattern for singing a poetic pattern, such as a sonnet Aria Aria The Aria Database Aria (Italian f.) air, tune, appearance Ária (Portuguese f.) aria Aria agitata (Italian f.) an aria to be performed in an agitated manner, containing coloratura passages of great showmanship, a sub-specie of aria da capo Aria buffa (Italian f.) a comic aria, also called a burlesque aria Aria cantabile (Italian f.) an aria that is both slow and smooth, a sub-specie of aria da capo Aria comprimato (Italian f.) compressed air, Druckluft (German f.), air comprimé (French m.), arie comprimado (Spanish m.) Aria concertante (Italian f.) an aria with an obbligato instrumental accompaniment which vies with the vocal line. Many occur in Bach cantatas Aria concertata (Italian f.) an aria with an elaborate orchestral accompaniment in a concertante style Aria d'abilità (Italian f.) an aria that requires much skill and ability on the part of the performer Aria da capo (Italian f.) a through-composed (non-strophic) ternary form (ABA) in which the beginning section is repeated after a contrasting middle section, a formal scheme first used by Monteverdi, although he did not give it this name Aria da chiesa (Italian f.) a church aria Aria da concerto (Italian f.) a concert aria Aria d'agilita (Italian f.) an aria that requires great command of the voice Aria d'entrata (Italian f.) an aria sung in an opera when the singer/character makes his or her first entrance Aria di bravura (Italian f.) an aria in a florid style designed to display the technical brilliance of the singer, a sub-specie of aria da capo Aria di cantabile (Italian f.) an aria that is both slow and smooth, a sub-specie of aria da capo Aria di carattere (Italian f.) an aria that is extremely passionate and with an elaborate orchestral accompaniment Aria di portamento (Italian f.) an aria written in long notes and dignified, to be sung with smooth progression from one note to the next Aria di mezzo carattere (Italian f.) an aria that is more passionate and with orchestral accompaniment, the latter being often elaborate Aria di sorbetto (Italian, literally 'sherbet aria') a convention of Italian opera in the early nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century audiences would rarely listen to an opera straight through, preferring instead to talk among themselves, eat, and drink for much of the performance. The aria di sorbetto would come fairly late in the second act of the opera, and it would afford vendors the chance to hawk their wares one last time before the evening ended. As most of the vendors sold ice cream and other sweets, such arias came to be known as "sherbet arias" because of what they signified to the audience Aria di sorbetto from which the above is an excerpt Aria di sortita (Italian f.) similar to an aria d'entrata, but more often an aria at the conclusion of which the singer makes his or her exit from the stage Ariadne (English, German f. from Greek) beautiful daughter of Minos and Pasiphae who fell in love with Theseus and gave him the thread with which he found his way out of the labyrinth after killing the Minotaur who lived there Ariadnefaden (German m.) Ariadne's thread Aria fugata (Italian f.) an air, the accompaniment of which is written in a fugal style Arian pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius Arianer (German m.) Arian arianisch (German) Arian Arianism the doctrines of Arius (4th century) and his followers, denying that Christ is one substance with the Father Arianismus (German m.) Arianism Aria parlante (Italian f.) a declamatory aria, similar in effect to a recitative Aria tedesca (Italian f.) an aria in the German style Arid lacking sufficient water or rainfall arid (German) arid, dry aride (French) arid, dry, barren Aridez (Spanish f.) aridity, dryness (also figurative) Aridità (Italian f.) aridity, dryness Aridität (German f.) aridity, dryness arido (Italian) arid, dry árido (m.), árida (f.) (Spanish) arid, dry (also figurative) Áridos (Spanish m.pl.) dry goods Arie (s.), Arien (pl.) (German f.) aria Arie aggiunte (Italian f.pl.) supplementary arias, arias that are added to, or introduced from other works into an opera, etc. Arie comprimado (Spanish m.) compressed air, aria comprimato (Italian f.), Druckluft (German f.), air comprimé (French m.) arieggiare (Italian) to air arieggiato (Italian) airy a rienda suelta (Spanish) without restraint, with free rein Arier (German m.) Aryan (no longer in technical use: a member of the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages) Aries (English, Spanish m., German m.) the first sign of the astrological calendar, its symbol showing the ram (English, Spanish m./f.) a person said to have been born under Aries es (de) Aries (Spanish: she's an Aries, she's an Arian) a riesgo de (Spanish) at the risk of a riesgo del actor (Spanish) caveat actor a riesgo del comprador (Spanish) at buyer's risk, caveat emptor, with all faults a riesgo del vendedor (Spanish) at seller's risk, caveat subscriptor, caveat venditor a riesgo del viajante (Spanish) caveat viator Arieta (Spanish f.) arietta (Italian f.), Ariette (German f.), ariette (French f.) Arietta (s.), Ariette (pl.) (Italian f., diminutive of aria) a short simple aria usually in binary form, not unlike a song or cavatina Arietta alla Veneziana (Italian f.) a short air in the style of a Venetian Barcarolle Ariette (s.), Arietten (German pl.), Ariettes (French pl.) (German f., French f.) although the name signifies a short aria or arietta (Italian f.), as it was in opera comique, the French gave this name also to long, often animated, vocal compositions called comédie mêlée d'ariettes or comédie mêlée mêl^eacute;e d'ariettes, forms closer to English ballad-opera than to Italian opera, which might includes vocal duets, trios and ensembles Ariettina (Italian f., diminutive of arietta) a very short air or melody Arie und Chor (German) air and chorus a rifascio (Italian) in disorder, in confusion, pell-mell a rigore di tempo (Italian) in strict time Arigot (French) a fife Ariñ ariñ ancient circle dance from Bilbao, in Spain's Basque Country. Men and women who participate in pilgrimages dance it in couples Ario (m.), Aria (f.) (Spanish) Aryan ario (m.), aria (f.) (Spanish) Aryan Arion of Methymna (Greek) (625-585 BC) the son of Cycleus, said to have invented the dithyrambos (choral poems), give it its name and sung it in Corinth according to Herodotus, although it is more probable that it was Archilochus who first mentions a dithyramb as a song to Dionysos Ariosa (Italian) a carnival dance Ariose having a melody (as distinguished from recitative), songlike, melodic, melodious, musical [entry prompted by Ware Page] Ariose cantate (Italian pl., literally 'sung recitatives') airs that lie between aria and recitative, often containing elements of both, with frequent changes in time, manner and character arioso (English, German from Italian) aereo (Italian), airy, luftig (German), aéré (French) (Italian) airy, like an air, song-like, in the manner of an air, melodious Arioso (s.), Ariosi (pl.) (English, German n., from Italian m.) short for recitativo arioso, a melodious recitative a short air, short melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of or to conclude a recitative a free lyric passage not formally organised as an aria an instrumental piece in cantabile style used by Beethoven in the final movement of his Piano Sonata op. 110, for an accompanied recitative Arioso Ariosto, Ludovico (1474-1533) Italian poet, the author of Orlando Furioso Ludovico Ariosto Ariovist (German m.) Ariovistus Ariovistus a leader of the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century BC arisch (German) Aryan (no longer in technical use: pertaining to the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages) arisco (m.), arisca (f.) (Spanish) unsociable (person), unfriendly (person, animal), stand-offish, unsociable, vicious (animal), gruff (animal) (Spanish - Mexico) upset, angry (familiar) arisieren (German) to Aryanise arisiert (German) Aryanised Arisierte (Aryanized) business a business, formally owned by Jews, but subsequently run by Aryans, and whose transfer was brought about through coercive measures, particularly following the call in 1933 by the Nazi-led government for a boycott of all goods produced or sold by Jewish merchants Arisierung (German f.) Aryanisation Arista (Spanish f.) edge, arris, groin, ridge, arête Aristaeus see Aristaios Aristaios (English, German m. from Greek) or Aristaeus, a minor god in Greek mythology, about whom we read largely through Athenian writers Aristo (English, German m.) toff, nob (a person from a superior class, although sometimes used pejoratively or in fun) Aristocracia (Spanish f.) aristocracy Aristócrata (Spanish m./f.) aristocrat Aristocrate (French m./f.) aristocrat Aristocratico (m.), Aristocratica (f.) (Italian) aristocrat aristocratico (m.), aristocratica (f.) (Italian) aristocratic aristocrático (m.), aristocrática (f.) (Spanish) aristocratic Aristocratie (French f.) aristocracy aristocratique (French) aristocratic Aristocrazia (Italian f.) aristocracy Aristokrat (m.), Aristokratin (f.) (German) aristocrat Aristokratie (s.), Aristokratien (pl.) (German f.) aristocracy, nobility aristokratisch (German) aristocratic, aristocratical, silk-stocking, aristocratically aristokratische Haltung (German f.) aristocratic bearing aristokratische Manieren (German pl.) aristocratic manners aristokratische Privilegien (German pl.) aristocratic privileges aristokratische Regierung (German f.) aristocratic government aristokratischer Name (German m.) aristocratic name aristokratischer Stolz (German m.) aristocratic pride aristokratischer Titel (German m.) aristocratic title Aristophanes (c.450-c.385 BC) (English, German n., from Greek) Athenian dramatist, a noted writer of comedies aristophanisch (German) Aristophanic, pertaining to the Greek dramatist Aristophanes Aristotle (384-222 BC) Greek philosopher, pupil of Plato Aristoteles (German) Aristotle Aristotelianism the philosophical ideas of the GReek philosopher Aristotle Aristoteliker (German m.) Aristotelian aristotelisch (German) Aristotelian Aristotelismus (German m.) Aristotelianism Aristoxenus Aristoxenus described the various different sizes of intervals in his classification of shades and genera of tetrachord scales. But he never used any mathematics in his theory beyond simple geometric subdivisions of the tone. This was, in fact, the aspect of his music-theory that was distinctively new, a result of the formulation of classic geometry around this time by Euclid. Aristoxenus adamantly maintained that all larger musical intervals could and should be determined soley by ear. Both of these basic tenets were in sharp contrast to Pythagorean theory and other rational harmonic theories Aristoxenus's theory was forgotten in Western Europe after the Germanic invasions (400s AD), then rediscovered during the Renaissance. The earliest surviving manuscript of his treatise was written in Constantinople [Istanbul] around 1150, so his theory seems to have remained known the whole time in the Greek-speaking areas. When his work was rediscovered by the Italians around 1450, the idea of 12-tone equal-temperament (the ordinary scale in everyday use today) was a topic of much debate, and many theorists who advocated that tuning interpreted Aristoxenus's approximations of small intervals as a justification for it. They were wrong, or at any rate not entirely correct, but the idea has persisted for over 500 years The measurement of Aristoxenus's Divisions of the Tetrachord from which the above is an excerpt arith. abbreviation of 'arithmetic', 'arithmetical' Arithmasthenie (German f.) dyscalculia, difficultis with calculations in mathematics, difficultis with rapid processing of mathematics Arithmetic division Zarlino's theory of harmony, Istituzioni harmoniche (1558), is based partly on comparing two sequences, one harmonic or geometric (indicated by the fractions 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1) and the other arithmetic (indicated by the fractions 1/6, 2/6, 3/6, 4/6, 5/6, 6/6=1). The harmonic sequence (divisio harmonica) produces the natural harmonics and particularly the major triad, while the former (divisio arithmetica) gives the notes of a minor triad Arithmetik (German f.) arithmetic Arithmetiker (m.), Arithmetikerin (f.) (German) arithmetician Arithmetiklehrer (German m.) arithmetic teacher Arithmetikprozessor (German m.) arithmetic processor Arithmetikstunde (German f.) arithmetic lesson arithmetisch (German) arithmetically, arithmetic, arithmetical arithmetische Folge (German f.) arithmetical progression arithmetische Funktion (German f.) arithmetic function arithmetische Operation (German f.) arithmetic operation arithmetischer Ausdruck (German m.) arithmetical expression, arithmetic expression, arithmetic expression arithmetischer Durchschnitt (German m.) arithmetical average arithmetische Rechenoperation (German f.) arithmetic operation arithmetische Reihe (German f.) arithmetical series, arithmetical sequence, arithmetic series, arithmetic progression arithmetischer Mittelwert (German m.) arithmetic average, arithmetic mean (value) arithmetischer Mittenrauhwert (German m.) arithmetical mean deviation arithmetischer Operator (German m.) arithmetic operator arithmetisches Mittel (German n.) arithmetic mean, (arithmetic) mean, arithmetic average, arithmetical mean arithmetisch gemittelt (German) arithmetically averaged Aritmética (Spanish f.) arithmetic aritmético (m.), aritmética (f.) (Spanish) arithmetic a ritmo (Spanish) a tempo (Italian) a rivederci (Italian, literally 'until we meet again') farewell! Arjuna nritham (meaning 'the dance of Arjuna') is a ritual art performed by men and is prevalent in the Bhagavathy temples of Kerala. Arjuna, the most valiant of the five heroic brothers - the Pandavas - of the epic Mahabharatha, was also a renowned singer and dancer and is said to have propitiated goddess Bhadrakaali by a devotional presentation Arjuna nritham from which this extract has been taken Arkade (s.), Arkaden (pl.) (German f.) ambulatory, arcade Arkadengang (German m.) arcade Arkadenhof (German m.) arcade court Arkadien (German n.) Arcadia Arkadier (m.), Arkadierin (f.) (German) Arcadian arkadisch (German) arcadian, Arcadian arkan (German) arcane Arkana (German pl.) arcana, arcanums Arkandisziplin (German f.) arcane discipline Arkansas Traveller a barn dance that had twice the number of calls as the other dances of the 1860s to symbolize the peddlers travels Arkansas Traveller from which this information has been taken Arkanum (German n.) arcanum, singular of Arkana (German pl.: arcana, arcanums) Arkebuse (German f.) arquebus Arkebusier (German m.) arquebusier Arktis (German f.) Arctic, Arctic zone arktisch (German) Arctic Arktischer Ozean (German m.) Arctic Ocean arktischer Ureinwohner (German m.) Arctic native arktische Wildnis (German f.) Arctic wilderness arktische Witterungsbedingungen (German pl.) arctic conditions Arktur (German m.) Arcturus (a giant, orange star in the constellation Boötes) Arkturus (German m.) Arcturus (a giant, orange star in the constellation Boötes) Arkus (German m.) arc, arcus Arkustangensreihe (German f.) arctangent series arlecchinesco (Italian) in the spirit of a harlequinade Arlecchino (Italian m.) harlequin, buffoon Arlequin (French m.) harlequin Arlequín (Spanish m.) harlequin Arlésienne, L' L'Arlésienne (The Woman of Arles) is a play by Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897) for which Georges Bizet (1838-1875) wrote incidental music. Bizet arranged this music as Suite No. 1 which was first published in 1872. Suite No. 2 was compiled by Ernest Guiraud after Bizet's death. Since their debut, both have become popular musical works, often performed by professional orchestras L'Arlésienne Suites from which this information has been taken Arlig (Danish) annual Arm (English, German m.) arm, upper limb of the human body from the shoulder to the hand (the term is also applied to that part of a garment that would cover the arm and to that part of a chair upon which the arm might be rested) (German m.) branch, branch (candlestick) arm (German) poor, poorly, beggarly, needy, indigently, indigent, poverty-stricken, impecunious Arma (Spanish f.) section, arm, section in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Arma biológica (Spanish f.) biological weapon in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Arma blanca (Spanish f.) any sharp instrument used as a weapon in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Armada (s.), Armadas (pl.) (English, Spanish f., German m.) navy, fleet La Armada Invencible (Spanish f.: the Spanish Armada) Armadaschlacht (German f.) Battle of the Armada (1588) Arma de doble filo (Spanish f.) double-edged sword (as said of a line of argument) in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Arma de fuego (Spanish f.) firearm in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Armadillo (English, Spanish m.) South American mammal with a plated body and large claws Armadio (Italian m.) cupboard, wardrobe armado (m.), armada (f.) (Spanish) armed iba armado hasta los dientes (Spanish: he was armed to the teeth) armado de (Spanish) armed with Armador (m.), Armadora (f.) (Spanish) shipowner Armadura (Spanish f.) (suit of) armour, frame (structural), framework (structural) (Spanish f.) in music, key signature, armature (French), armure (French), armatura (Italian) Armadura de clave (Spanish f., Portuguese f.) key signature Armageddon (English, German n., from Hebrew har megiddon) the scene of a final battle between the forces of good and evil, prophesied to occur at the end of the world Armagnac (English, German m.) a fortified spirit made from grapes of the Armagnac region in Southwest France Arma homicida (Spanish f.) murder weapon in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular Armamentario (Italian m.) tools, paraphernalia armamentista (Spanish) arms (as in arms race) Armamento (Spanish m.) arms (weapons), armaments, armament armamputierte Frau (German f.) arm-amputee (female) armamputierter Mann (German m.) arm-amputee Arma nuclear (Spanish f.) nuclear weapon in Spanish, arma is a feminine noun that takes the masculine article in the singular armar (Spanish) to arm, to supply ... with arms, to fit out, to equip, to assemble, to pitch (tent), to put up, to do (Latin America), to piece together (Latin America), to roll (Colombia: cigarette) armar de (Spanish) to arm with armare (Italian) to fit out, to reinforce (architecture) Armario (Spanish m.) cupboard, wardrobe, closet (wardrobe), (bathroom) cabinet Armario empotrado (Spanish m.) built-in wardrobe, built-in cupboard Armario ropero (Spanish m.) wardrobe Armarius (Latin) the name given to those who perform the office of praecentors in cloisters and keep the church books armar jaleo (Spanish) to kick up a racket, to make a racket (colloquial) armarse (Spanish) to arm oneself, to break out (quarrel, discussion) armarse de ... (Spanish) to arm oneself with ... (something) armarse de paciencia (Spanish) to be patient armarse de valor (Spanish) to pluck up courage armar un escándalo (Spanish) to kick up a fuss armar un lio (Spanish) to kick up a fuss Armas de destrucción masiva (Spanish f.pl.) weapons of mass destruction Armatoste (Spanish m.) monstrosity, hulk (familiar), huge great thing (familiar, colloquial) Armatur (s.), Armaturen (pl.) (German f.) valve, fitting, fittings, armature, instrument, armouring (cables and hoses) Armatura (Italian f.) scaffolding (Italian f.) in music, key signature Armatura di chiave (Italian f.) key signature Armature (French f.) framework the rotating part of a dynamo, consisting essentially of copper wire wound around an iron core a rigid framework serving as a supporting inner core for clay or other soft sculpting material any protective covering (French f.) key signature, armadura (Spanish), armatura (Italian) Armaturenbrett (s.), Armaturenbretter (pl.) (German n.) instrument panel, panel, car dashboard, fascia (old-fashioned) Armauflage (German f.) armrest, arm support Armazón (Spanish m./f.) frame, frames (spectacles), framework, timberwork, shell (Spanish m.) Zarge (German f. s.), Zargen (German f. pl.), Zargenkranz (German), éclisse (French f.), fascia (Italian), rib or side that is bent to shape and then attached to the belly and back of a violin, violoncello, guitar, etc. (Spanish m. Latin America) shelf , shelving Armband (s.), Armbander (pl.) (German n.) bracelet, watch-strap, wristlet, watchstrap, wristband, strap, armlet, arm-band Armband mit Anhängern (German m.) charm bracelet Armbanduhr (German f.) wristwatch, bracelet watch, wrist watch, watch (wristwatch) Armbanduhr mit Wecker (German f.) alarm watch Armbeuge (German f.) crook of the arm, push-up, press-up Armbinde (German f.) brassard (ribbon bow worn on the arm), brassart (variant of brassard), armlet Armblatt (German n.) dress-shield (fabric arm pad, a small fabric pad worn around the armpits of a piece of clothing to prevent sweat showing through the dress) Armbruch (German m.) arm fracture, fracture of the arm Armbrust (s.), Armbruste (pl.), Armbrüste (pl.) (German f.) crossbow, arbalest, cross bow Armbrustbolzen (German m.) crossbow arrow Armbrustschütze (German m.) crossbowman Armbrustschützenfest (German n.) crossbow tournament Armchair critic (back-seat driver has a similar connotation) a person who expresses critical opinions without any involvement in the matter being criticized or having no first-hand knowledge of it Ärmchen (German n.) little arm ARMCM abbreviation of 'Associated of the Royal Manchester College of Music' Arm des Gesetzes (German m.) arm of the law armdick (German) as thick as an arm Armdrücken (German n.) arm wrestling Arme (German f.) pauper (female), poor woman (German pl.) arms arme Bauernschaft (German f.) peasantry Armee (German f.) army Armee der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika (German f.) Confederate States Army Armee der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (German f.) United States Army Armée (French f.) army Armee- (German) army (prefix) Armeeangehörige (German pl.) Army personnel, military personnel Armeedienst (German m.) military service Armeeeinheiten (German pl.) army units Armeefahrzeug (German n.) army vehicle Armeegebäude (German n.) army building Armeeklamotten (German pl.) army clothes Armeekrankenhaus (German n.) military hospital Armeeoffizier (German m.) army officer Armeesprecher (m.), Armeesprecherin (f.) (German) military spokesman, army spokesman Armee-Stabsstelle (German f.) army headquarters arme Kreatur (German f.) poor creature Ärmel (German m. s./pl.) sleeve, sleeves [additional information by Michael Zapf] arme Landbewohner (German pl.) rural poor Ärmelaufschlag (German m.) cuff (sleeve) Armeleuteessen (German n.) poor man's food Armeleuteviertel (German n.) wrong side of the tracks Ärmelkanal (German m.) English Channel Ärmellänge (German f.) sleeve's length ärmellos (German) sleeveless [corrected by Michael Zapf] ärmelloses Hemd (German n.) tank top Ärmelpatte (German f.) sleeve flap Ärmelschlitz (German m.) sleeve vent Ärmelschoner (s./pl.) (German m.) oversleeve, protective sleeves, sleeve stockings (plural form), sleeve guards (plural form) Ärmelschutz (German m.) arm guard Ärmelstreifen (German m.) stripe Armenanstalt (German f.) almshouse arme Nationen (German pl.) poor nations Armenbegräbnis (German n.) pauper's burial Armenbibel (German f.) biblia pauperum (neither a bible nor a book for the poor as its title suggests, it is a medieval picture book that pairs Old and New Testament scenes) Armenfrage (German f.) pauperism Armenfriedhof (German m.) paupers' field, paupers cemetery Armenfürsorge (German f.) poor relief Armengrab (German n.) pauper's grave Armenhaus (German n.) poor house, almshouse, alms house, workhouse Armenhilfe (German f.) relief for the poor, aid for the poor Armenia (English, Spanish f.) a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia, formerly an Asian soviet. Modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations and comprised the Armenian Highland southeast of Black Sea and southwest of Caspian Sea, located between the ancient Roman and Persian empires in southwestern Asia,, an area today divided between Turkey, Republic of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran Armenian a native or inhabitant of Armenia the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia, but also in Azerbaijan a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written Armenian chant canto armeno (Italian), Armenische Gesang (German), chant arménien (French), canto armenio (Spanish) chant that forms part of the rite used by the Armenian Church. It belongs to the Antiochene family. Originally, the language was Syriac, but it is now ancient Armenian. This rite is used by both Uniats and Gregorians, i.e., those separated from Rome. On Christmas Eve and Easter Eve Mass is celebrated in the evening. The use of curtains screening off, at times, the priest from the people is noteworthy, also the Roman Preparatory prayers and the Last Gospel, both introduced through the influence of Western missionaries Sacred Music in the Armenian Church Armenian Chant Armenian dance as in other immigrant communities, the exiled Armenians sought to reaffirm their ethnic identity through dance and music. Traditional dancing is still popular among expatriate Armenians, and has also been very successfully `exported' to international folk dance groups and circle dance groups all over the world. Generally, Armenian dances may be broken up into four categories: dances from Eastern Caucasian Armenia, from Western Anatolian Armenia, from Greater Armenia, and diaspora dances. These categories may overlap somewhat, but they give a broad picture of the landscape of Armenian dance [quoted from the information in the reference below which was written by Laura Shannon] Armenian Dance by Laura Shannon Armenian neumes Armenian chant, like Byzantine chant, consists mainly of hymns. The earliest surviving manuscripts with music notation date from the fourteenth century, and use a system of neumes known as Armenian neumes, which seem to use a developed system but which have not been deciphered Armenien (German n.) Armenia Armenier (m.), Armenierin (f.), Armenier (pl.), Armenierinnen (f.pl.) (German) Armenian Armenio (Spanish m.) Armenian (language, alphabet) Armenio (m.), Armenia (f.) (Spanish) Armenian armenio (m.), armenia (f.) (Spanish) Armenian Armenisch (German n.) Armenian armenisch (German) Armenian armenischsprachig (German) Armenian-speaking armenischstämmiger Amerikaner (German m.) Armenian American Armisticio (Spanish m.) armistice Armenkost (German f.) poor man's food Armenpfleger (German m. - archaic) guardian of the poor Armenrecht (German n.) poor law Armenschule (German f.) charity school Armenspeisung (German f.) feeding the poor Armenspital (German n.) poor-law infirmary Armensündermiene (German f. - Austria) hangdog look Armenunterstützung (German f.) pauper relief Armenviertel (German n.) poor quarter, poor district, ghetto, slum area arme Person (German f.) pauper Armer (m.), Arme (f.) (German) poor man/woman, pauper [correct by Michael Zapf] die Armen, the poor armer (French) to wind on (film in camera) ärmer (German) poorer, needier ärmerarmer Bauernjunge (German m.) peasant boy armer Bettler (German m.) poor beggar armer de (French) fit with armer Hund (German m.) poor fellow Armería (Spanish f.) gunsmith's shop, war museum Arme Ritter (German pl.) French toast Armer Junge! (German) Poor boy! armer Kerl (German m.) poor soul, poor bloke (colloquial) Armer Kerl! (German) Poor old chap! armer la clef (French) to indicate the key by means of the key signature, the sharps and flats placed immediately after the clef armer Mann (German m.) poor man Armero (Spanish m.) gunsmith armer Schlingel (German m.) poor wretch armer Schlucker (German m.) poor fellow, poor devil armer Sünder (m.), arme Sünderin (f.) (German) poor sinner armer Teufel (German m.) poor devil, poor wretch armer Tropf (German m.) poor devil armes Bauernkind (German n.) peasant child armes Bauernmädchen (German n.) peasant girl armes Ding (German n.) poor thing (a person) arme Seele (German f.) poor soul armes Hühnchen (German n.) lame duck (figurative) armes Luder (German n.) poor creature armes Schwein (German n.) poor wretch (colloquial) armes Wesen (German n.) wretch armes Würstchen (German n.) poor devil Armesündergesicht (German n.) hangdog look Armesünderglocke (German f.) executioner's bell Armesündermiene (German f.) hangdog look Armesünderstuhl (German m.) cutty stool (the stool of repentance in a church for the purpose of humiliating those who'd broken the rules, such as adulterers) Arme wie Pudding haben (German) to have arms like jelly arm gemacht (German) pauperised, impoverished (made poor) Armgewicht (German n.) weight of the arm Armgriff (German m.) arm grip Armi (Italian f. pl.) armed forces Armida, The Gardens of named for the enchantress in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, a synonym for gorgeous luxury Armiereisen (German n.) reinforcing bar armieren (German) to sheathe armierend (German) sheathing armiert (German) sheathed armierter Beton (German m.) reinforced concrete armiertes Kabel (German n.) sheathed cable, shielded cable, armoured cable Armierung (German f.) armour, sheathing, amouring, concrete reinforcement, reinforcement, crimping, embedded reinforcement (concrete) Armierungsmatte (German f.) reinforcement steel mesh Armillarsphäre (German f.) armillary sphere Armillary sphere an old astronomical model with solid rings, all circles of a single sphere, used to display relationships among the principal planets and the sun arm im Geiste (German) poor in spirit Arm in Arm (German) arm in arm, with arms linked Arm in arm with one arm interlinked with the arm of a person beside one Arminian a follower of the theology of the Dutch pastor and theologian Jacobus Arminius (c.1559-1609) (born Jacob Harmenszoon in Oudewater near Utrecht), who rejected the Calvinist doctrines of predestination and election and who believed that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty Arminianer (German m.) Arminian Arminianism a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609)[1] and his historic followers, the Remonstrants. The doctrines' acceptance stretches through much of mainstream, evangelical Protestantism Arminianism from which this extract has been taken Arminius (English, German m. from Latin) Armin (Germanic tribal leader, chieftain of the Cherusci) Arminnenseite (German f.) inside (of the) arm Armiño (Spanish m.) ermine Armisticio (Spanish m.) armistice Armkettchen (German n.) chain bracelet Armkette (German f.) bracelet armlang (German) arm-length Armlänge (German f.) arm's length Armlehne (German f.) arm rest, elbow-rest, armrest, arm (of a chair) Armlehne eines Stuhls (German f.) arm of a chair Armleuchter (s./pl.) (German m.) candelabrum (s.), candelabra (pl.), knucklehead (colloquial), bonehead (colloquial), idiot (colloquial) [colloquial meanings provided by Michael Zapf] ärmlich (German) poor, poorly, miserable, miserably, squalid, bad (poor, cheap), mean, humble, cheap and nasty, beggarly, barely, paltry (poor) ärmlich aussehend (German) humble-looking ärmliche Diät (German f.) poor diet ärmliche Entschuldigung (German f.) paltry excuse ärmliche Hütte (German f.) humble cottage ärmliche Kleidung (German f.) poor clothes ärmlicher Bauer (German m.) peasant ärmlicher Haarwuchs (German m.) poor head of hair ärmliches Wohngebiet (German n.) poor living quarters ärmliche Verhältnisse (German pl.) poor circumstances ärmlich dran sein (German) to be badly off (poor) ärmlich leben (German) to live poorly Ärmlichkeit (German f.) squalor, squalidness Ärmling (s.), Ärmlinge (pl.) (German m.) oversleeve Armloch (German n.) armhole Armlosigkeit (German f.) abrachia (the condition of having no arms ) armmachen (German) to pauperise, to impoverish arm machen (German) to impoverish, to pauperise arm machend (German) pauperising, impoverishing Armmuskel (German m.) arm muscle Armoire (French f.) cupboard, wardrobe, closet when used in English, the term armoire refers specifically to a free-standing cupboard or wardrobe Armoiries (French f. pl.) coat of arms armoneggiare (Italian) to sound in harmony Armonia (Italian f.) or armonica, harmony, chord, concord (Italian) or armonica, wind-band Armonía (Spanish f.) harmony Armonia a quattro parti (Italian f.) four-part harmony, barbershop harmony Armonía funcional (Spanish f.) functional harmony Armonia funzionale (Italian f.) functional harmony armoniale (Italian) harmonious, musical armoniato (Italian) harmonised Armonica (Italian f.) a glass harmonica (for example, J.C. Miller's 'Method to Teach Yourself Armonica' (1788)) (Italian f.) accordion, Akkordeon (German n.), Zeihharmonika (German f.), accordéon (French f.), acordeón (Spanish m.) see armonia Armónica (Spanish f.) harmonica, mouth organ Armonica a bocca (Italian f.) mouth organ, Mundharmonika (German f.), harmonica (French f.) Armonica a clavitura (Italian f.) piano accordion, Akkordeon mit Klaviatur (German n.), accordéon à clavier (French f.), acordeón con el teclado (Spanish m.) Armonica a clavitura chiusa (Italian f.) accordion with covered keyboard, Akkordeon mit verdeckter Klaviatur (German n.), accordéon à clavier fermé (French f.), acordeón con el teclado encerrado (Spanish m.) Armonica a clavitura scoperta (Italian f.) accordion with open keyboard, Akkordeon mit offener Klaviatur (German n.), accordéon à clavier découvert (French f.), acordeón con el teclado descubierto (Spanish m.) Armonica automatico (Italian f.) automatic accordion, Automatisches Akkordeon (German n.), accordéon automatique (French f.), acordeón automaticó (Spanish m.) Armonica a vetro (Italian f.) glass harmonica Armonica con bocchino a fiato (Italian f.) blow-accordion, Blasakkordeon (German n.), accordéon à embouchure (French f.), acordeón con embocadura (Spanish m.) Armonica con registri (Italian f.) accordion with stops, Akkordeon mit Registern (German n.), accordéon à registres (French f.), acordeón con registros (Spanish m.) Armonica con voci d'acciaio (Italian f.) accordion with steel reeds, Akkordeon mit stahlönen (German n.), accordéon avec lames d'acier (French f.), acordeón con lengüesta de acero (Spanish m.) Armónica de boca (Spanish f.) mouth organ Armonica de cristal (French f.) glass harmonica Armónica de metal (Spanish f.) or juego de timbres, glockenspiel Armónica de teclado (Spanish f.) keyed harmonica, melodica Armonica de verre (French f.) glass harmonica armónicamente (Spanish) in harmony, harmoniously Armonici naturali (Italian f. pl.) natural harmonics (the harmonic series) Armonico (Italian m.) harmonium, reed organ armonico (Italian) harmonic, harmonious (Italian) harmoniously Armónico (Spanish m.) an harmonic armónico (m.), armónica (f.) (Spanish) harmonic, harmonious Armonio (Spanish m.) harmonium Armonio de India (Spanish m.) Indian harmonium, peti, baja armoniosamente (Italian) harmoniously armonioso (m.), armoniosa (f.) (Italian, Spanish) harmonious, harmoniously (Italian) Armonista (Italian f., Spanish m./f.) one acquainted with the laws and science of harmony Armonización (Spanish f.) harmonizing armonizar (Spanish) to harmonize, to reconcile (opinions, differences, tendencies), to get on well (people), to blend in, to go well armonizar con (...) (Spanish) to harmonize with (...), to blend in with (...) (styles, people, colours), to get on well with (...) (people), to go well with (...) (colours) armonizzante (Italian) that is harmonious or musical armonizzare (Italian) to harmonize, to match, to go well (with) Armorica or Aremorica, an ancient and literary name for the northwest part of France, especially Brittany Armorika (German n.) Armorica, Aremorica armorikanisch (German) Armorican Armory the old name for heraldry, the word originally used to describe arms, military equipment and their employment Armoury a place where arms and military equipment are stored Armprothese (German f.) prosthetic arm Armreif (German m.) bangle Armring (German m.) bangle Armschlinge (German f.) sling (arm) Armschmalz (German m.) elbow grease (colloquial) Armschmerz (s.), Armschmerzen (pl.) (German m.) arm pain, pain in the arm Armschutz (German m.) arm guard armselig (German) miserable, miserably, bald, squalid, scrubby, poor, paltrily, squalidly, beggarly, paltry, pathetic, measly (colloquial) armselige Entlohnung (German f.) beggarly wage armselige Geschichte (German f.) poor affair armselige Hütte (German f.) poor cottage, shanty, hovel armselige Lebensweise (German f.) shabby living armseliger (German) poorer armseliger Bursche (German m.) paltry fellow armseliger Lump (German m.) beggarly fellow armseliges Aussehen (German n.) shabby look, poor appearance, miserable appearance armseliges Bett (German n.) wretched bed armseliges Ding (German n.) poor affair armseliges Einkommen (German n.) shabby income armseliges Haus (German n.) shabby house armseliges Leben (German n.) poor life armseliges Zeug (German n.) poor stuff armselige Unterkunft (German f.) wretched accommodation armselige Wohnung (German f.) hovel Armseligkeit (German f.) meagreness, poorness, meanness (poorness), paltriness, beggarliness, niggardliness (amount, portion), misery, wretchedness Arm's length to keep someone at arm's length is to keep tham at a distance (i.e. not close by) Armspange (German f.) bangle ärmste (German) poorest, neediness arm sterben (German) to die poor Armstulpen (German pl.) protective sleeves Armsünderglocke (German f.) executioner's bell Arm und Reich (German) rich and poor Die Kluft (or Schere) zwischen Arm und Reich meaning 'the divide between rich and poor' [phrase suggested by Michael Zapf to illustrate that Arm and Reich are capitalised here because they refer collectively to people] Armure (French f.) key-signature, armadura (Spanish), armatura (Italian), Vorzeichnung (German) Armure de la clé (French f.) the clef sign Armure de la clef (French f.) the clef sign Armut (German f.) poverty, penury, destitution, impecuniousness, pennilessness, baggarliness, need, neediness, indigence [corrected by Michael Zapf] Armut erzeugen (German) to produce poverty Armut lindern (German) to alleviate poverty Armutsbekämpfung (German f.) fight against poverty, poverty reduction Armutsfalle (German f.) poverty trap Armutsflüchtling (German m.) refugee from poverty armutsgefährdet (German) at risk of poverty Armutsgefährdung (German f.) risk of poverty Armutsgrenze (German f.) poverty threshold, poverty line, poverty level, bread line (figurative) Armutslücke (German f.) poverty trap Armutsminderung (German f.) poverty alleviation, poverty reduction Armutsreduzierung (German f.) poverty reduction Armutszeugnis (German n.) pathetic display, evidence of incapacity Armutszeugnis der modernen Gesellschaft (German n.) damning indictment of modern society Armverband (German m.) arm bandage Arm vibrato see 'vibrato' Armvoll (German m.) armful Arm voll (German) armful arm wie (die) Kirchenmäuse sein (German) to be as poor as churchmice (old-fashioned) arm wie eine Kirchenmaus (German) poor as a church mouse ARN abbreviation of ácido ribonucléico (Spanish m.: ribonucleic acid, RNA) Arnaque (French f.) swindling arnaquer (French) to swindle, to con Arnés (s.), Arneses (pl.) (Spanish m.) baby reins, harness Arnese (Italian m.) tool, thing, gadget Arnhem a city of eastern Netherlands on the lower Rhine River east-southeast of Utrecht Arnheim (German n.) Arnhem Arnica arnica is used topically for a wide range of conditions, including bruises, sprains, muscle aches, wound healing, superficial phlebitis, rheumatic conditions, etc. Arnikatinktur (German f.) arnica tincture Aro (Spanish m.) ring, hoop, (hooped) earring, napkin ring (Spanish m.) a term used in flamenco to described the curved side of a guitar Ärobic (German f.) aerobic a rodio (Spanish) in abundance Ärodynamik (German f.) aerodynamics ärodynamisch (German) aerodynamically, aerodynamic Aroha in Indian classical music, an ascending note pattern Arom (German n.) aroma Aroma (s.), Aromas (pl.), Aromata (German pl., archaic), Aromen (German pl.) (English, Spanish m., German n.) flavour, flavouring, bouquet (e.g. of a wine), essence (flavouring used in cooking) (Spanish m.) scent, perfume (Greek) fragrance, an elusive charm Aroma del cafe (Spanish m.) smell of coffee Aromanian a people who, in the Middle Ages, created semi-autonomous states on the territory of modern Greece, particularly in Great Wallachia, Small Wallachia and Upper Wallachia. Aromanians played an important role in the independence wars (against the Ottoman Empire) of Bulgaria, Albania and Greece. In 1905, the Aromanians were acknowledged as a separate nation (millet) of the Ottoman Empire. After the fall of Communism, the Aromanian nation formed its own cultural and political societies in the Balkans and started its new national re-awakening Aromaöl (German n.) aromatic oil Aromastoff (German m.) flavouring agent, flavouring, aromatic Aromat (s.), Aromaten (pl.) (German m.) aromatic compound Aromate (s.), Aromates (pl.) (French n.) herb, spice Aromaterapia (Spanish f.) aromatherapy Aromatherapeut (m.), Aromatherapeutin (f.) (German) aromatherapist Aromatherapie (German f.) aromatherapy aromatico (Italian) aromatic aromático (m.), aromática (f.) (Spanish) aromatic aromatique (French) aromatic aromatisch (German) aromatic, aromatically aromatische Pflanze (German f.) aromatic plant aromatischer (German) more aromatic aromatischer Geschmacksstoff (German m.) flavour aromatischer Wohlgeruch (German m.) balsamic odour aromatisches Kraut (German n.) aromatic herb aromatischste (German) most aromatic aromatisé (French) flavoured aromatisiert (German) flavoured aromatisierte (German) flavoured aromatizar (Spanish) to perfume, to flavour (culinary) Aromatizität (German f.) aromaticity Arôme (French m.) aroma Aromi (Italian m. pl.) herbs Aromunent (German pl.) Aromanians äronautischt (German) aeronautical Aroniat (German f.) chokeberry Aronssche Röhret (German f.) mercury-vapor lamp Arosa a municipality in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland Arosert (German m.) inhabitant of Arosa Ärosolt (German n.) aerosol a roso y velloso (Spanish) without exception a rostro firme (Spanish) boldly, resolutely Arousal compatibility preference listeners tend to prefer music that matches their pre-existing arousal level. When asleep, for example, most people have a low tolerance for music, especially when the music has a high level of stimulation. Conversely, when in a highly aroused state, most listeners find sedate music to be uninteresting or inappropriate. When engaged in aerobic exercise, for example, listeners show a strong aversion against sedate music - even if the tempo of the music matches the pace of the workout. With increasing age, people often show an increased preference for sedate music arp. abbreviation of arpeggio Arpa (Italian f., Spanish f.) harp, Harfe (German f.), harpe (French f.) in Spanish, arpa is a feminine noun taking the masculine article in the singular Arpa a doppio movimento (Italian f.) double-action harp, Doppelpedalharfe (German f.), harpe à double accrochement (French f.), harpe à double mouvement (French f.), arpa de doble acción (Spanish f.) Arpa anottolini (Italian f.) see 'hooked harp' Arpa celta (Spanish f.) Celtic harp Arpa criolla (Spanish f.) Creole harp of Venezuela Arpa de boca (Spanish f.) Jew's harp Arpa de doble acción (Spanish f.) double-action harp, arpa a doppio movimento (Italian f.), harpe à double mouvement (French f.), Doppelpedalharfe (German f.) Arpa de dos ordenes (Spanish f.) the Spanish cross-strung harp which was popular in the seventeenth century. It had light-tension gut strings, and was played with the right hand (treble strings) very close to the neck and the left hand (bass strings) very close to the middle of the strings, because its strings crossed at about one-quarter of the string's length below the neck. It was most commonly used as a chapel instrument, and it was shaped much like the modern Paraguayan harp The Spanish Double [Cross-Strung] Harp Arpa de ganchos (Spanish f.) hook or hooked harp Arpaden (German pl.) Arpads, Árpáds Arpa de pedal (Spanish f.) pedal harp arpado (m.), arpada (f.) (Spanish) serrated Arpa doppia (Italian f.) from ca. 1550-1700, any European harp with additional sets of strings, either double- or triple-strung Árpáds or Arpads, followers of Árpáds (c.840-907), chief of the Magyars Arpa eólica (Spanish f.) Aeolian harp Arpa gotica (Spanish f.) Gothic or medieval harp Arpa grande (Spanish f.) a style of rural Mexican folk music Arpa indigena see 'Peruvian harp' Arpa llanera (Spanish f., literally 'plains harp') a folk harp with between 30 and 37 strings, used in the plains region of southwestern Venezuela and southeastern Colombia Arpanelle (Italian f.) a small harp Arpanetta (Italian f.) psaltery, small harp (generally one with strings of brass and iron) Psaltery (arpanetta), Germany, ca 1670 Arpège (French m.) arpeggio arpègé (French) arpeggiated, either arpègé montant or arpègé descendant [entry corrected by Bonnie Jo Dopp] arpègé descendant (French) downwards arpeggiation (from top note to bottom) arpègement (French) the arpeggiation of a chord arpègé montant (French) upwards arpeggiation (from bottom note to top) arpègement ascendant (French) an ornament that marks that a chord should be arpeggiated from the bottom note upwards arpègement descendu (French) an ornament that marks that a chord should be arpeggiated from the top note downwards arpègement en descendant (French) descending arpeggio arpègement en montant (French) ascending arpeggio arpègement figurait (French) or acciaccatura, an ornament that marks that a chord should be arpeggiated, sometimes with the addition of unwritten notes although these are not held arpègement figuré (French) or acciaccatura, an ornament that marks that a chord should be arpeggiated, sometimes with the addition of unwritten notes although these are not held arpèger (French) to arpeggiate a chord, to perform arpeggios arpeggiamento (Italian) to play the notes of a chord quickly, one after the other in imitation of a harp arpeggiando (Italian, literally 'harping') to arpeggiate successive chords, for example on a string instrument by employing a bouncing bowstroke on broken chords arpeggiare (Italian, literally 'harping') to arpeggiate successive chords, for example on a string instrument by employing a bouncing bowstroke on broken chords Arpeggiation arpègement (French), Brechung (German) arpeggiato (Italian, literally 'harping') to arpeggiate successive chords, for example on a string instrument by employing a bouncing bowstroke on broken chords a way of playing a chord - starting with the lowest note, and with successively higher notes rapidly joining in or in reverse, starting with the highest note with successively lower notes rapidly joining in Arpeggiator (English, German m.) a device for playing arpeggiated sequences automatically Arpeggiatura (Italian f.) a succession of broken chords arpeggieren (German) to arpeggiate arpeggiert (German) arpeggiated Arpeggierung (German f.) arpeggiation Arpeggio (s.), Arpeggi (Italian pl.), Arpeggios (English, German pl.) arpegio (Spanish), arpège (French), Arpeggio (German n.), Akkordbrechungen (German), gebrochener Akkord (German) (German n., Italian m., from the Italian meaning 'in the manner of a harp') a spread chord played from the top down or from the bottom up in the first half of the eighteenth century, the marking arpeggio is sometimes found at the beginning of a sequence of chords, in which case the performer is at liberty, if he or she so chooses, to play the chords broken, both up and down Arpeggio Arpeggione (English, German m., Italian) developed in 1823 by the Viennese guitar luthier Johann Georg Staufer (1778-1853), the arpeggione (also known as the bowed guitar/bogen-guitarre, guitarre d'amour, and guitarre-violoncell) was a bowed, six-stringed, fretted instrument, which was tuned exactly like a classical guitar. Its body shape was also similar to a guitar, with smooth rather than pointed violin corners. Because the instrument lacked an endpin, it was held between the knees like a viola da gamba The Modern-Arpeggione is a string instrument built by Dr. Osamu Okumura. It is an acoustic, upright -fretted, seven string instrument tuned from a bass G up to E (semitone below the high E on a guitar). The body is larger than an acoustic guitar, with an arched fingerboard and bridge for bowing or picking Arpeggione The Arpeggione from which this extract has been taken Modern Arpeggione Arpeggio style or broken style, where the notes of the chord are written or played one after another Arpegi (Catalan m.) arpeggio arpegiar (Spanish) to arpeggiate a chord Arpegio (Spanish m.) arpeggio arpenter (French) to pace up and down, to survey Arpenteur (French m.) surveyor Arpía (Spanish f.) harpy, hag (figurative), old witch, old hag Arpichordum a stop similar to a buff stop except that the strings are touched by metal pins, producing a buzzing sound Arpicordo from the sixteenth century, an Italian name for the harpsichord Arpillera (Spanish f.) sackcloth, sack-cloth, hessian, burlap, sacking Arpinella (Italian f.) a psaltery, a small harp Arpista (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) harpist arpo abbreviation of arpeggio Arpón (Spanish m.) harpoon arponar (Spanish) to harpoon arponear (Spanish) to harpoon Arpón submarino (Spanish m.) speargun Arpsichord an archaic spelling of 'harpsichord' Arqué (French, literally 'arched' or 'bandy') it is a common fallacy to-day that the most beautiful legs are perfectly straight; hence the detrimental use of the terms arqué (bow-legged) and jarreté (knock-kneed). However, the study of anatomy will quickly convince one that Noverre's division of the adult human physique into these two categories is correct, as absolutely straight legs are so rare as to require no special term. Generally children are very knock-kneed, but if they become powerful and tightly-knit as adults the muscles of the leg will make the bones set so that when the feet are together and parallel a gap is seen between the knees. This is not a malformation to be remedied, any more than is its opposite; but merely evidence of a powerful physique, common among boxers and sprinters, possessing certain advantages and drawbacks which it is futile to attempt to alter. The arque dancer is remarkable for her power and ballon, and best expresses herself in movement, not in pose. Because she is tightly knit her extensions are never very high; loosening and stretching exercises only lessen her natural abilities and make her a straining copy of the jerrete type of dancer, who is remarkable for the elegant clarity of her movement and the beauty of her positions. This difference in physique is as great as the vocal difference between a soprano and a contralto; the singing teacher who attempted to make all students sing in the same register irrespective of voice would find few pupils, yet this is continually attempted in the ballet world thought it would be more sensible to make the most of the contrast Ballet Terms from which this entry has been taken Arqueada (Spanish f.) bow-stroke, bowing, coup d'archet (French) arquear (Spanish) to arch, to raise (eyebrow), to bow (shelf), to bend (shelf) arquear las cejas (Spanish) to raise one's eyebrows arquearse (Spanish) to arch, to sag, to bend, to curve, to bend one's back (person) Arqueo (Spanish m.) arching, bending Arqueología (Spanish f.) archeology arqueológico (m.), arqueológica (f.) (Spanish) archeological Arqueólogo (m.), Arqueóloga (f.) (Spanish) archeologist Arquería (Spanish f.) arcade Arquero (m.), Arquera (f.) (Spanish) archer, cashier (commerce), goalkeeper (Latin America: football) Arqueta (Spanish f.) (small) chest, coffer Arquetipo (Spanish m.) archetype, prototype Arquitecto (m.), Arquitecta (f.) (Spanish) architect arquitectónico (m.), arquitectónica (f.) (Spanish) architectural Arquitectura (Spanish f.) architecture ARR abbreviation of anno regni Regis (Latin: in the year of the King's reign), anno regni Reginae (Latin: in the year of the Queen's reign) arr(s). abbreviation of 'arranged', 'arranged by', 'arranged for' (as for example, 'arr. Smith' which means 'arranged by Smith'), 'arrangement(s)', 'arrival', 'arrive', 'arrives', 'arrived' Arrabal (s.), Arrabales (pl.) (Spanish m.) suburb, slum, poor quarter, poor area, outskirts (plural form) arrabalero (m.), arrabalera (f.) (Spanish) suburban, common (in general outlook, taste and manners), vulgar (common), unrefined (common), uncouth (common) arrabattarsi (Italian) to do all one can arrabbiarsi (Italian) to get angry arrabbiato (Italian) angry Arrabbiatura (Italian f.) rage Arrabel (Spain) also called ginebra or huesera, made with canes, sticks or bones tied to each other which are rubbed with a castanet arraché (French) torn, raked, strappato (Italian), anreissen (German), gerissen (German), strong pizzicato, strongly plucked arraché, à l' (French) with a struggle, after a hard struggle arrache-pied, d' (French) relentlessly arracher (French) to pull off, to pull out, to tear (a page), to tear out (a page) arracher à (French) to snatch from, to force from, to wrest from arracimado (Spanish) in a bunch, bunched together arracimarse (Spanish) to bunch together Arrada see arará arraffare (Italian) to grab arraigademente (Spanish) firmly arraigado (m.), arraigada (f.) (Spanish) deeply-rooted (prejudice, custom), deep-rooted, deeply entrenched una costumbre muy arraigada (Spanish: a deeply-rooted custom) arraigar (Spanish) to take root (custom, plant), to become rooted, to become entrenched arraigarse (Spanish) to take root, to settle (figurative:person) Arraigo (Spanish m.) roots (figurative) arraisonner (French) to inspect Arrak (English, German m.) also arak, araq, any of various strong liquors distilled from the fermented sap of toddy palms or from fermented molasses arramblar (Spanish) to sweep away, to uproot, to eradicate, to make off with el huracán arrambló con todo lo que encontró a su paso (Spanish: the hurricane uprooted everything in its path) arrambló con todo lo que se le antojó (Spanish) she made off with everything she fancied arrampicasi (Italian) to climb (up) Arrancada (Spanish f.) sudden start arrancar (Spanish) to uproot, to pull up (plant), to pull out (tooth), to extract (tooth, confession), to tear out (page), to tear off (sheet of paper), to pull off (button), to pick (flower), to snatch (bag), to start (car, motor) le arrancó el bolso (Spanish: he snatched her bag) no había manera de arrancar a Juan de allí (Spanish: it was impossible to pull Juan away) estábamos tan tranquilos y de repente arrancó a llorar (Spanish: everything was quiet when he suddenly started crying) arrancar a llorar (Spanish) to start to cry arrancar de raíz (Spanish) to pull up by the roots, to uproot arrancarse (Spanish) to pull out, to pull off, to run away (Chile: familiar) Arrange to set a work originally written for one instrument (or set of instruments) for another instrument or set of instruments arrangé (French) arranged arrangeant (m.), arrangeante (f.) (French) obliging Arrangement (s.), Arrangements (pl.) (English, German n.) reduzione (Italian), reduction (French) (German n.), disposition, blocking (English, German n., Dutch, French m.) the adaptation of a work originally written for one instrument (or set of instruments) for another instrument or set of instruments, but in a way that is more sophisticated than a simple transcription a work that has been so arranged in jazz or studio settings, 'arranging' is most commonly used to describe the process that is generally called orchestration, adaptation, setting, etc. while an arrangement is a set of instructions that indicate the way various sections or components (for example, intro, head, accompaniment, solos, interludes, coda, etc.) should interrelate Johann Sebastian Bach's arrangement of Palestrina's Missa sine nomine reflects many of the practices of the eighteenth century. Instruments were added, playing colla parte, and a basso continuo realized for the lowest part. Sometimes a new basso continuo part was created, independent of the voice parts. The use of the breve as tactus was not understood. The original notation was not halved to retain the tactus; rather, the bars (measures) themselves were cut in half. Text underlay was altered to keep melismas to a minimum and to make declamation conform to the meter, especially in the bass. The use of accidentals and leading tones emphasized tonality but destroyed the cross-relations and major-minor shifts characteristic of sixteenth-century music. Bach, however, did not always alter the older model, but tried as much as he could to internalize the old Palestrina style Musical Borrowings from which this comment has been taken Arranger (English) in music, a person who adapts or orchestrates a musical work at the request of the composer - where that permission is missing the arrangement is said to be 'unauthorised' arranger (French) to arrange arrangeren (Dutch) arrange Arrangeur (m.), Arrangeuse (French f.), Arrangeurin (German f.) (German, French) arranger Arrangiamento (Italian m.) arrangement arrangiare (Italian) to arrange arrangiarsi (Italian) to manage arrangiarsi alla meglio (Italian) to get by arrangiati (Italian) get on with it! Arrangiatore (m.), Arrangiatrice (f.) (Italian) arranger arrangieren (German) to engineer, to fix up, to posture, to marshal, to contrive, to arrange (German) to arrange or adapt a piece of music for instruments or voices, a disposition for which the work was not originally written more commonly, to mean 'arrangement' arrangierend (German) arranging Arrangierprobe (German f.) blocking rehearsal arrangiert (German) composed, marshalled, arranged, arranges, calculated arrangiert werden (German) to come off, to be brought about Arrangierung (German f.) arrangement, instrumentation arrangiren (German, older spelling) to arrange or adapt music for instruments or voices arrangirt (German, older spelling) arranged Arranjador (m.), Arranjadora (f.) (Portuguese) arranger Arranjo (Portuguese m.) arrangement Arranque (Spanish m.) (sudden) start, (emotional) outburst, fit (familiar: outburst), starting mechanism (on a car), starting (of a car) Arranque de ... (Spanish m.) fit of ... (something) Arras (Spanish f.pl.) security a tapestry, named for Arras in Artois, once famed for its manufacture in Renaissance drama, a hanging tapestry or a curtain that covered a part of the frons scenae. It hid the discovery space and may have draped around the stage's edge to hide the open area underneath arrasador (Spanish) overwhelming, devestating arrasar (Spanish) to level, to smooth, to raze to the ground (building, etc.), to fill to the brim, to clear (sky), to destroy, to devastate, to win by a landslide (in an election) nuestro equipo volvió a arrasar (Spanish: our team swept to victory again) el fuego arrasó toda la zona (Spanish: the fire devastated the entire area) arrasar con ... (Spanish) to demolish ... (somebody), to destroy ... (somebody), to devastate ... (something), to polish off ... (something) arrasaron con toda la comida (Spanish) they polished off all the food (colloquial) arrasarse (Spanish) to clear (sky), (eyes) to fill with tears, to triumph arrastrado (Spanish) wretched arrastrar (Spanish) to pull (along), to drag (along), to give rise to (consequencies), to trail on the ground, to trail along the ground, to tow (caravan, trailer), to draw (cart, carriage), to trawl (for fish) vienen arrastrando el problema desde hace años (Spanish: they've been dragging out the problem for years) se dejan arrastrar por la moda (Spanish: they are slaves to fashion) la corriente lo arrastró mar adentro (Spanish: he was swept out to sea by the current) arrastra esa tos desde el invierno (Spanish) that cough of hers has been dragging on since the winter arrastrarse (Spanish) to crawl (person, to be humiliated), to slither, to grovel (to be humiliated), to drag oneself Arrastre (Spanish m.) dragging, haulage (transport), appeal (Latin America: attraction) (Spanish) a flamenco term used for a guitar playing technique in which the ring finger (anular) is dragged across the strings from treble to bass arrastró todo a su paso (Spanish) it swept away everything in its path Array (English, German n./m.) set out for display or use, place in an orderly arrangement Arrayán (Spanish m.) myrtle arrd abbreviation of 'arrived' arre (Spanish) gee up!, giddy up! arrea (Spanish) cripes!, gosh!, Oh, my! arrear (Spanish) to urge on, to give (a blow), to drive (cattle), to herd (cattle), to spur, to chivvy (Latin America: familiar), to hurry ... along (Latin America: familiar) arrear con ... (Spanish) to cart ... off (colloquial: somebody/something) arrebañar (Spanish) to scrape together, to scrape clean (plate, etc.) arrebatado (Spanish) enraged, impetuous, flushed arrebatador (m.), arrebatadora (f.) (Spanish) breathtaking (figurative), dazzling, captivating (figurative), fascinating arrebatar (Spanish) to snatch (away), to seize, to blow away (in the wind), to win (over) (figurative), to captivate (heart, etc.), to fascinate arrebatarse (Spanish) to get carried way Arrebato (Spanish m.) fit (illness), ecstasy, rapture, outburst le dio un arrebato (Spanish: he flew into a rage) Arrebato de ... (Spanish m.) fit of something Arrebol (Spanish m.) red glow arrebujarse (Spanish) to wrap oneself up arrecare (Italian) to bring, to cause arrechar (Spanish - Latin America) to turn ... on (colloquial: somebody), to bug (colloquial: annoy) arrecharse (Spanish - Latin America) to get turned on (colloquial: somebody), to come on heat (animal), to get furious, to become enfuriated arrecho (m.), arrecha (f.) (Spanish - Latin America) turned-on (colloquial), on heat (animal), gutsy (colloquial: Colombia, Venezuela), furious, mad (furious), tough difficult) arreciar (Spanish) to get worse, to increase Arrecife (Spanish m.) reef Arredamento (Italian m.) interior decoration, furnishing, furnishings arredare (Italian) to furnish Arredatore (m.), Arredatrice (f.) (Italian) interior decorator Arredo (Italian m.) furnishings arredrar (Spanish) to intimidate, to frighten arredrarse (Spanish) to shrink back, to become intimidated arreglado (m.), arreglada (f.) (Spanish) neat, tidy, well-dressed, smart, moderate, repaired, fixed (repaired), settled (solution), fixed (Latin America: colloquial: election, football match) arreglar (Spanish) to arrange (also music), to tidy up, to sort out, to settle (argument), to fix up, to mend, to repair (road), to fix, to do, to decorate, to arrange (flowers), to rearrange (also music), to alter (costume, skirt, etc.), to straighten up, to tidy up, to do up (colloquial) el dentista me está arreglando la boca (Spanish: the dentist is fixing my teeth (colloquial)) esto te arreglará el estómago (Spanish: this'll sort your stomach out (colloquial)) tengo todo arreglado para el viaje (Spanish: I've got everything ready for the trip) un amigo me está arreglando los papeles (Spanish: a friend is sorting out the papers for me) lo quiso arreglar diciendo que ... (Spanish: she tried to put things right by saying that ...) arreglar a la casa (Spanish) to do the housework, to dress and smarten up, to get ready arreglarse (Spanish) to improve, to get ready, to manage, to make do, to come to an agreement, to get sorted out, to get better (day, weather), to clear up (weather) no te arregles tanto (Spanish: you don't need to get so dressed up) tengo que ir a arreglarseme el pelo (Spanish: I must go and have my hair done) la casa es pequeña pero nos arreglamos (Spanish: it's a small house, but we manage) no sé cómo se las arreglan (Spanish: I don't know how they manage) arreglarse a de punta en blanco (Spanish) to dress up to the nines arreglárselas (Spanish) to manage (familiar) arreglar una entrevista (Spanish) to arrange an interview arréglatelas como puedas (Spanish) sort it out as best you can, work it out as best you can Arreglista (Spanish m./f.) arranger (music) Arreglo (Spanish m.) arrangement (including music), repair, agreement, understanding, order, alteration, compromise, solution no tiene arreglo (Spanish: it's beyond repair, he/she is a hopeless case) la casa necesita algunos arreglos (Spanish: the house needs some work done on it) su televisor no tiene arreglo (Spanish: your television is beyond repair) este chico no tiene arreglo (Spanish: this boy is a hopeless case) Arreglo de flores (Spanish m.) flower arrangement Arreglo improvisado (Spanish m.) improvised arrangement Arreglo musical (Spanish m.) musical arrangements arrellanarse (Spanish) to lounge, to sit back, to settle (into a chair) arremangar (Spanish) to roll up, to tuck up arremangarse (Spanish) to roll up one's sleeves, to roll up one's trousers arremeter (Spanish) to attack, to charge arremeter contra ... (Spanish) to charge at ... (somebody/something), to attack ... (somebody/something) Arremetida (Spanish f.) attack arremolinarse (Spanish) to mill about, to mill around, to whirl about, to swirl (water, paper), to crowd together, to cram together Arrendador (m.), Arrendadora (f.) (Spanish) landlord (m.), landlady (f.), lessor Arrendamiento (Spanish m.) renting (out), leasing (out), rent, rental arrendar (Spanish) to let (out), to hire (out), to rent (out), to lease (out) Arrendatario (m.), Arrendataria (f.) (Spanish) tenant, lessee, contractor arrendersi (Italian) to surrender arrendevole (Italian) yielding Arreos (Spanish m.pl.) harness, tack (riding) arrepanchingarse (Spanish) to stretch oneself, to sprawl oneself arrepentido (m.), arrepentida (f.) (Spanish) regretful, repentant estaba arrepentido de lo que había hecho (Spanish: he was sorry for o feeling remorse for what he had done) estoy arrepentido de haberlo dicho (Spanish: I regret having said it) Arrepentimiento (Spanish m.) repentance, regret arrepentirse (Spanish) to repent, to be sorry, to change one's mind arrepentirse de ... (Spanish) to regret ... (something), to repent ... (something) arrepentirse de hacer ... (Spanish) to regret doing ... (something) Arrescu see aurresku Arrest (English, German m.) detention, held by the authorities (German m.) garnishment, distress upon somebody's property Arrestant (m.), Arrestantin (f.) (German) arrested person Arrestantenwagen (German m.) Black Maria (slang terms for either a police car, or a police vehicle used to transport large groups of people who have been arrested) arrestar (Spanish) to arrest, to detain, to imprison arrestare (Italian) to arrest, to stop arrestarsi (Italian) to halt Arrestbefehl (German m.) writ of garnishment, writ of attachment Arrestbeschluss (German m.) attachment order Arresto (Italian m.) stop, arrest, imprisonment, detention (Spanish m.) arrest, imprisonment, detention Arresto domiciliario (Spanish m.) house arrest Arrestzelle (German f.) detention cell Arrêt (French m.) stopping, stop, pause arrêt, à l' (French) stationary arretierbare Taste (German f.) stay-down key Arretierbolzen (German m.) locating pin arretieren (German) to fix, to lock, to stop, to arrest arretierend (German) arresting Arretierhebel (German m.) locking lever Arretiernocken (German m.) locking key Arretiernute (German f.) locking keyway arretierte (German) arrested Arretierung (German f.) latching, adjustment, catch Arretierungsstift (German m.) locking pin Arretiervorrichtung (German f.) stop device, locking mechanism Arrêt maladie (French m.) sick leave Arrêt de travail (French m.) stoppage (for example, a strike), sick leave Arrêté (French m.) order arrêter (French) to stop, to fix, to turn off, to arrest Arrêt, point d' see point d'arrêt arretrare (Italian) withdrawal Arretrati (Italian m. pl.) arrears arretrato (Italian) behind, behindhand, backward, back number Arrhinia the absence of the nose at birth Arrhinie (German f.) arrhinia Arrhythmia an abnormal rhythm of the heart Arrhythmie (German f.) arrhythmia arrhythmisch (German) arrhythmic, arrhythmically, arrhythmogenic arriar (Spanish) to lower, to loosen, to flood, to haul down (sails) al entrar en el puerto, arriamos las velas (Spanish: we hauled down the sails when we came into port) arriarse (Spanish) to be flooded arriba (Spanish) above, up, on the top, upwards, upstairs, up with la parte de arriba (Spanish: the top (part)) las puntuaciones de 80 para arriba (Spanish: scores of 80 or over) los vecinos de arriba (Spanish: the people upstairs) ¡arriba! (Spanish) up you get! come on! arriba de (Spanish) on top of arriba de la cocina está el baño (Spanish - Latin America) the bathroom is above the kitchen arriba del ropero (Spanish - Latin America) on top of the wardrobe arriba del todo hay un reloj (Spanish) there is a clock right at the top !arriba España! (Spanish) long live Spain! ¡arriba la Constitución! (Spanish) long live the Constitution! ¡arriba la democracia! (Spanish) long live democracy! ¡arriba las manos! (Spanish) hands up! ¡arriba levántate! (Spanish) or ¡arriba!, up you get! arriba mencionado (Spanish) aforementioned arribar (Spanish) to reach port, to arrive (particularly Latin America) Arribeño lyrical folk music from Sierra Gorda, Mexico Sierra Gorda (Mexico) Arribeño (m.), Arribeña (f.) (Spanish - Latin America) person from the highlands arribeño (m.), arribeña (f.) (Spanish - Latin America) from the highlands Arribista (Spanish m./f.) self-seeking or socially ambitious person, arriviste, social climber, parvenu Arribo (Spanish m. - particularly Latin America)) arrival Arricciato (Italian) also arricciatura or arriccio, the layer of rough plaster beneath the intonanco on which a fresco is painted, although strictly the arricciato is the term for the wall after the application of the arricciatura Arricchito (Italian m.) nouveau riche arricchire (Italian) to enrich arricchirsi (Italian) to get rich arricciare (Italian) to curl arricciare il naso (Italian) to turn up one's nose Arriendo (Spanish m. - in parts of Latin America) see arrendamiento Arrière (French m.) back, rear, arrears (in rent) arriéré (French) backward, behind the times, old-fashioned Arrière-boutique (French f.) back room (of a shop) Arrière-garde (French f.) rearguard Arrière-goût (French m.) after-taste, particularly an unpleasant after-taste Arrière-grand-mère (French f.) great-grandmother Arrière-grand-père (French m.) great-grandfather Arrière-pays (French m.) backcountry Arrière-pensée (French f.) ulterior motive, a mental reservation, an unrevealed thought Arrière-plan (French m.) background Arriero (Spanish m.) muleteer arriesgado (m.), arriesgada (f.) (Spanish) risky, fearless, brave, daring, hazardous arriesgar (Spanish) to risk, to venture arriesgarse (Spanish) to take a risk arriesgarse a hacer ... (Spanish) to risk doing ... (something) arrimar (Spanish) to bring close, to bring closer, to move closer, to move out of the way, to push aside arrimar el ascua a su sardina (Spanish) to look after one's own interests arrimar el hombro (Spanish) to lend a hand arrimarse (Spanish) to come closer, to approach, to lean arrimarse a (Spanish) to lean on arrimarse a ... (Spanish) to move closer to ... (somebody) arrimarse al sol que más calienta (Spanish) to develop relationships with influential people arrímate al fuego (Spanish) come (up) closer to the fire Arrimo (Spanish m.) support arrimó la cama a la pared (Spanish) he moved the bed up against the wall, he pushed the bed up against the wall arrimó la cama contra la pared (Spanish) he moved the bed up against the wall, he pushed the bed up against the wall arrinconado (m.), arrinconada (f.) (Spanish) forgotten, blocked in, boxed in, cornered, lying around arrinconar (Spanish) to put ... in a corner, to corner, to exclude, to put aside, to leave (out), to dump (colloquial), to put away, to lay aside, to ignore arrinconarse (Spanish) to become a recluse, to isolate oneself Arringa (Italian f.) harangue arripieren (German, archaic) to seize arriscado (m.), arriscada (f.) (Spanish) uneven (ground), craggy, cliffy, risky, dangerous arrischiare (Italian) to risk arrischiarsi (Italian) to dare Arrischiato (Italian) risky, rash Arrivage (French m.) consignment Arrivant (m.), Arrivante (f.) (French) new arrival arrivare (Italian) to arrive arrivare a (Italian) to reach, to be reduced to Arrivato (Italian m.) successful man arrivato (Italian) successful arrivé (m.), arrivée (f.) (French) successful, having made one's way, having established a position in the world Arrivée (French f.) arrival arrivederci (Italian) or a rivederci, goodbye arrivederci a domani (Italian) see you tomorrow arriver (French) to arrive, to come, to succeed, to happen arriver à (French) to reach arriver à faire (French) to manage to do arrivieren (German) to arrive (achieve success) arriviert (German) successful, established Arrivierter (m.), Arrivierte (f.) (German) successful person Arrivismo (Italian m.) social climbing Arrivist (German m.) aimer Arrivista (Italian m./f.) social climber Arriviste (French m./f.) self-seeker, someone determined to succeed, someone on the make, a careerist Arrivo (Italian m.) arrival Arroba (Spanish) the 'at' sign (@) (historically) unit of weight of about 14 kg (depending on region), unit of liquid measure of about 15 litres (depending on region) arrobar (Spanish) to entrance (captivate) arrobarse (Spanish) to be enraptured Arrocero (m.), Arrocera (f.) (Spanish) rice grower arrocero (m.), arrocera (f.) (Spanish) rice, rice-growing arrodillarse (Spanish) to kneel (down) Arrogancia (Spanish f.) arrogance, pride arrogant (English, German) high and mighty, lordly, assumptive, conceited, supercilious, haughty, orgulous (archaic or literary: haughty), cocksure (pejorative), superior (haughty) (German) arrogantly, haughtily arrogant (m.), arrogante (f.) (French) arrogant, proud, haughty arrogante (Italian, Spanish) arrogant, proud, haughty arrogante Person (German f.) arrogant person arroganter (German) more arrogant arroganter Junge (German m.) arrogant boy arroganter Kerl (German m.) arrogant fellow arroganter Ton (German m.) arrogant tone arroganterweise (German) snootily (colloquial), arrogantly arrogantes Benehmen (German n.) arrogant manners arrogante Sieger (German pl.) proud victors arroganteste (German) most arrogant arrogant sein (German) to be stuck-up (colloquial) Arroganz (German f.) arrogance, conceit, lorliness (haughtiness), haughtiness Arroganza (Italian f.) arrogance arrogarse (Spanish) to assume arrojado (m.), arrojada (f.) (Spanish) brave, bold, daring arrojadizo (m.), arrojadiza (f.) (Spanish) easily thrown arrojar (Spanish) to throw, to fling, to drop, to give off (emit), to spew out (lava), to belch out (smoke), to shed (light), to throw out, to produce (result), to show (result), to be sick (Latin America: vomit), to bring up (vomit), to throw up (vomit) arrojarse (Spanish) to throw oneself, to fling oneself arrojarse sobre ... (Spanish) to throw oneself onto ... (somebody/something), to pounce on ... (somebody/something) Arrojo (Spanish m.) courage, daring arrollador (m.), arrolladora (f.) (Spanish) overwhelming (victory, majority), devastating (attack, fire), overpowering (figurative: personality, eloquence), resounding (finale), captivating (personality) arrollar (Spanish) to roll, to roll up, to run over, to crush, to overwhelm, to sweep away, to carry away, to have no respect for, to win easily (election) Arrolo or arrullo, a Spanish lullaby arron. abbreviation of arrondissement (French: adminstrative district) Arrondi in dance, term which is usually used for the execution of an arabesque with round arms instead of stretched ones arrondir (French) to (make) round, to round off (a number) Arrondissement (German n., from French m.) district, particularly one of the adminstrative subdivisions of Paris arropar (Spanish) to wrap (...) up, to tuck (...) in, to protect (also figurative) arroparse (Spanish) to wrap (oneself) up warm, to pull the covers up Arrorro a Spanish lullaby Arrosage (French m.) watering arroser (French) to wash down (a meal), to celebrate with a drink, to baste (cooking) Arrosoir (French m.) watering-can arrossire (Italian) to blush arrotolare (Italian) to roll up arrotondare (Italian) to round, to round off (mathematics) arrotondarsi (Italian) to become round, to become plump arrovellarsi il cervello (Italian) to rack one's brains arroventare (Italian) to make red-hot arroventarsi (Italian) to become red-hot Arrowroot (English, German n.) a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant Arroyo (Spanish m.) brook, stream, gutter, flood (also figurative: tears), pool (also figurative: blood), gully, dried-up bed of a stream, slow lane (Mexico) Arroyuelo (Spanish m.) small stream Arroz (Spanish m.) rice Arrozal (Spanish m.) or campo de arroz (Spanish m.), rice field, paddy field Arroz a la cubana (Spanish m.) rice with fried egg, plantain and tomato sauce Arroz con leche (Spanish m.) rice pudding Arroz integral (Spanish m.) brown rice arruffare (Italian) to ruffle, to confuse Arruga (Spanish f.) wrinkle (skin), line (face, etc.), crease (paper, fabric) arrugar (Spanish) to wrinkle, to crumple (up), to srew up (paper), to crease, to knit (brow) arrugarse (Spanish) to become wrinkled, to get wrinkled, to shrivel up, to go wrinkled, to crease, to get creased, to crumple arrugginire (Italian) to rust arrugginirsi (Italian) to go rusty arrugginito (Italian) rusty arrugó el entrecejo (Spanish) he frowned arruinado (m.), arruinada (f.) (Spanish) bankrupt, ruined arruinar (Spanish) to ruin, to destroy arruinarse (Spanish) to be ruined (person), to fall into ruins (building) arrullar (Spanish) to lull to sleep, to coo (doves) arrullarse (Spanish) to bill and coo Arrullo (Spanish m.) lullaby, cooing (doves) see arrolo Arrumaco (Spanish m.) caress, flattery arrumbar (Spanish) to put aside års- (Swedish) annual (suffix) [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Arsakide (German m.) Arsacid (Arsaces I of Parthia, of the Arsacid Dynasty) Arsamas (German n.) Arzamas (a city in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Tyosha River, a tributary of the Oka River) Ars antiqua (Latin, German f.) Ars nova (Latin, German f.) Ars subtilor (Latin, German f.) Ars vetus (Latin, German f.) (English, German f., from the Latin) terms originating from the 12th- to 14th-centuries: ars antiqua, ars vetus the older twelfth-century Paris style characterised by triple meter, a term used later in early fourteenth-century French theoretical writings specifically for music from the period c.1170 to c.1310 most of it by composers whose names we do not know. This period is sometimes divided into two rough periods, known as the early Gothic and the high Gothic. The early Gothic includes the French music composed in the Notre Dame school up until about 1260, and the high Gothic all the music between then and about 1310 or 1320, the conventional beginning of the ars nova. The forms of organum and conductus reached their peak development in the early Gothic, and began to decline in the high Gothic, being replaced by clausulae and motets. Conservative opinion, represented by Jacques of Liège, writing in his Speculum musicae (c.1320), mourned the loss of the ars antiqua calling it the musica modesta, while the ars nova, then also called ars modernorum, was a musica lasciva - a kind of music which he considered to be indulgent, capricious, immodest, and sensual ars nova (literally 'new art') specifically the period 1310 to 1375, to include the newer, freer Florentine school (Italian Ars nova). The term was used in the 1319 treatise Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361). Ars nova flowered fully in the Italian madrigal of the following centuries characterised by duple and triple meter and some use of isorhythm. Strictly, the term Ars nova applies only to French music (French Ars nova) but is commonly used for all fourteenth-century music from the Roman de Fauvel onwards. In the writings of Marchettus de Padua, Pomerium de musica mensurata (1318), and Jean de Mauris, Ars Novae Musicae (1319), we find described respectively the Italian and French notational systems, the former short lived, the latter going on to form the basis of our modern notational system. The term Italian ars nova is sometimes applied to the music of of Francesco Landini or Landino (c.1325-1397) and his compatriots ars subtilor a modern term applied to music from late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, limited in geographical distribution (southern France, Aragon and later Cyprus), and clearly intended for performance by specialists for an audience of connoisseurs, characterised by intricate rhythms and unusual harmonies. Many consider it to be a late development of ars nova rather than a distinct school of its own Ars Antiqua Ars Antiqua Ars Nova Machaut and the French Ars Nova Ars Subtilor Ars Subtilor Årsbok (Swedish) yearbook [corrected by Lars Hellvig] ARSC abbreviation of 'Association for Recorded Sound Collections' Ars canendi (Latin) the art of singing with truth, judgment and taste Ars Cantus Mensurabilis (c.1260) written by a German theorist, Franco of Cologne (fl. mid-thirteenth century), Ars Cantus Mensurabilis was the first to describe a system of notation in which differently shaped notes have entirely different rhythmic values Arschgeweih (German n.) lower back tattoo ARSCM abbreviated for 'Associate of the Royal School of Church Music' Ars dictaminis (Latin, the 'art of dictamen') in the medieval period, the art or discipline, rigorously codified, of composition employed by a professional secretary for writing formal prose drafted by kings, princes, popes, senior officials, etc. Among the earliest manuals of the dictamen is that of Alberico of Monte Cassino (1030-1100) (Albericus Cassinensis) entitled De dictamine Ars dictaminis Ars dictandi (Latin) from the medieval period, the rules for the practice of writing, particularly documents other than letters Arsen (German n.) arsenic (chemical element) Arsenal (s.), Arsenale (German pl.) (English, German n.) arms depot, armoury (Spanish m.) shipyard, naval dockyard, arms depot, armoury, store (figurative) Arsenal de datos (Spanish m.) mine of information arsenhaltig (German) containing arsenic, arsenical Arsénico (Spanish m.) arsenic (chemical element) arsenig (German) arsenic arsenikhaltig (German) arsenic Arsenvergiftung (German f.) arsenic poisoning Ars est celare artem (Latin) true art is to conceal art Ars gratia artis (Latin) art for art's sake, l'art pour l'art (French) Arsi (Italian f.) weak beat Arsin et thesin, per (Latin) a term applied in the writing of canon for imitation of a weak part (arsis) by a strong beat (thesis), and also for imitation by inversion. In fugal writing, the answer to the subject is made by contrary motion Arsis (s.), Arses (pl.) (English, German f., from Greek, 'lifting') as in arsis and thesis, respectively 'unstressed upbeats' and 'stressed downbeats'. The terms originated in descriptions of Ancient Greek dance, where the arsis and thesis were respectively the raising and lowering of the dancer's foot (Dutch) weak beat up-stroke, when conducting or beating time in classical metrical analysis, Greeks referred to the stressed syllable in a metrical foot as a thesis, and the unstressed syllable in a metrical foot as an arsis. Unfortunately, the Roman analysts used the exact opposite terminology, with the thesis being their unstressed foot and the arsis being the stressed foot Literary Terms and Definitions from which the comment above has been taken Ars longa, vita brevis (Latin) art (work) is long, but life is short Ars musica (Latin) art and science of music Ars nova polyphonic music of the later Middle Ages that displaced the earlier organum see ars antiqua Arspenger (Norwegian) subscription Arsskrift (Norwegian) yearbook Ars subtilor a musical style characterized by rhythmic and notational complexity, centered around Avignon in southern France, at the end of the fourteenth century. Thus it was right at the dividing-line between the musical Middle Ages and Renaissance. Often the term is used in contrast with ars nova, which applies to the musical style of the preceding period from about 1310 to about 1370; though some scholars prefer to consider the ars subtilior a subcategory of the earlier style Ars subtilor from which this extract has been taken Arstingen (Norwegian) subscription Arsura (Italian f.) burning heat, dryness, parching thirst Ars vetus see ars antiqua Art (German f.) kidney (figurative), way (manner), nature, style, grade, class, character, mode, description, type, breed, variety, manner, species, fashion, sort, kind (type) (English, French m.) in its broadest sense, all the processes and products of human skill, imagination and invention Art- as a suffix, for example, 'art-pop', 'art-punk' and 'art-metal', is applied to various post-modern trends in popular music. The prefix 'art-' indicates a re-appropriation and subversion of the original (now mainstream) genre. The outcome is a genre which although appearing similar to the mainstream form has now become 'alternative' Art-Pop/Punk/Metal from which this extract has been taken art. abbreviation of 'article', 'artist', 'artificial' Artangabe (German f.) adverb of manner (adverb that says how something happens or is done - examples include happily, angrily) Artaschat (German n.) Artashat (a city on the Araks River in the Ararat valley) Art autre (French m.) coined in a book published in 1952 by French writer and critic Michel Tapié to describe the kind of art many intellectuals and artists deemed appropriate to the turbulent mood of France immediately after World War II, for example, tachisme, or action painting, works of art in which pigment is spilled, poured or smeared on to the picture-surface Art ballad two types of ballads often studied in literature courses are literary ballads and folk ballads. A literary ballad (also known as 'art ballad') is a poem written in imitation of the folk ballad form; the author is most often a known professional poet. Some examples are John Keats's La Belle Dame sans Merci and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner. A folk ballad is "a short, traditional, impersonal narrative told in song, transmitted orally from generation to generation, marked by its own peculiar structure and rhetoric, and uninfluenced by literary conventions" (Holman, A Handbook to Literature) in music, a term synonymous with 'vocal Ballade', a work for voice and piano with a text derived from English ballads. The most prolific writer of 'vocal Ballade' is Carl Loewe (1796-1869) who published fifteen volumes of Balladen Folk Ballads from which the first entry has been taken artbetonend in seiner Reinheit (German) a style classic in its purity Artboard or mechanical art, a term used in printing for completely camera-ready artwork including typesetting and reproduction proofs of type or hand lettering supplied by the customer Art brut (French m.) primitive or pseudo-primitive art, a term coined by Jean Dubuffet in about 1945. The term 'outsider art' was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut Outsider Art Art déco (English, German m./n., from French m.) or Art Deco, decorative art style of the period 1910-30. Its basic elements could be seen in work dating back to 1910, but it wasn't until the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs Industriels et Modernes held in Paris in 1925 that it received international attention. Afterwards this style began to be widely implemented especially in architecture. Its projection of luxury and affluence made it popular with a population emerging from the austere years of and immediately following World War One. Though influenced by modern art movements, its designs were often based on classical motifs borrowed from ancient Egypt, Persia, and Native Americans, that were then reduced to highly stylised geometries. The style utilised strong symmetrical and very flat ornamentation such as sharp zigzags, rounded corners, stripes and simple sweeping curves. The term Art Deco was never used while the style was in fashion. Among its many descriptions it was most often referred to as Style Moderne. The British art critic Bevis Hillier coined the term Art Deco during its 1960s revival Art-Deco- (German) art deco (prefix) Art-Deco-Distrikt (German m.) art deco district Art-Deco-Stil (German m.) art deco (style) Art de l'archet (French m.) art of bowing Art der Anfrage (German f.) nature of an inquiry Art der Berechnung (German f.) mode of calculation Art der beruflichen Tätigkeit (German f.) kind of occupation Art der Bezahlung (German f.) payment type Art der Fertigung (German f.) type of production Art der Geschäftsführung (German f.) manner of conducting business Art der gewünschten Ware (German f.) kind of goods required Art der Lautbildung (German f.) manner of articulation Art der Lebensversicherung (German f.) type of assurance Art der Nutzung (German f.) type of use Art der Tätigkeit (German f.) kind of activity, type of work, type of job, type of activity, kind of work, kind of job Art der Verehrung (German f.) form of worship Art der Vereinbarung (German f.) type of agreement Art der Vergütung (German f.) method of reimbursement Art der verlangten Versicherung (German f.) type of insurance required Art der Verrechnung (German f.) method of settlement Art der Ware (German f.) kind of merchandise, kind of good, nature of the goods Art des Artikels (German f.) type of product Art des Einkommens (German f.) kind of income Art des Gegebenseins (German f.) mode of presentation Art des Geschäfts (German f.) nature of transaction, nature of the business, kind of business, type of business Art des Problems (German f.) nature of a problem Art des Schadens (German f.) type of loss Art des Unternehmens (German f.) type of enterprise, kind of business Art des Vertrags (German f.) type of contract Art des Wertpapiers (German f.) kind of security Art Director (German m.) art director Art du chant (French m.) art of singing Art du décor (French m.) scenography Arte (s.), Artes (pl.) (Portuguese, Spanish m., Italian f.) art, craftsmanship, artistry, skill, cunning, tricks (plural form) in Spanish, arte is masculine (m.) when singular, feminine (f.) when plural el arte por el arte (Spanish: art for art's sake) Arte aborigen australiano (Spanish m.) Australian aboriginal art Arte dei Rumori, L' see 'Art of Noises, The' Arte de la conversación, el (Spanish) the art of conversation Arte del canto (Italian f.) art of singing, the vocal art Arte dramático (Spanish) the art of acting (drama) estudio arte dramático (Spanish: I am studying to be an actor) Artefact a man-made object, especially a tool or vessel reclaimed from an archeological investigation Artefacto (Spanish m.) device, artifact Artefactos de baño (Spanish m. - parts of South America) bathroom fixtures (pl), sanitary ware Artefakt (German n.) artefact artefatto (Italian) fake Artefice (Italian m./f.) craftsman, craftswoman, author (figurative) arteigen (German) species-specific Artel (English, German n., from Russian) Arbeitergenossenschaft (German f.), a cooperative of workers Artemis (English, German f.) Greek god of marriage, chastity, hunting, and moonlight, twin sister of Apollo, daughter of Zeus and Leto Artenanzahl (German f.) number of species artenarm (German) species-poor Artenbildung (German f.) speciation Artendiversität (German f.) species diversity Art engagé (French m.) artistic activities undertaken with a political or sociological purpose, following the ideas of Theodor Adorno who argued that there is no un-political art, for there is no outside of society artenreich (German) rich in species, species-rich Artenschutz (German m.) species conservation, protection of species Artenschutzabkommen (German n.) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), wildlife conservation programme Artenschwund (German m.) species loss artenspezifisch (German) species-specific Artensterben (German n.) species extinction Artenvielfalt (German f.) diversity of species, variety of species, biological diversity, biodiversity Artenzahl (German f.) number of species Arte Povera (Italian, literally 'impoverished art' or 'poor art') a term introduced by Germano Celant as a label for a small group of artists who were experimenting with nontraditional and politically charged art, and in particular modes of expression such as ephemeral art, performance art, installation art and assemblage. These techniques have since become extremely common tools in contemporary art; in fact this is one of the reasons that such a small and short-lived movement continues to have such relevance today. One of the clearest influences on the group is Marcel Duchamp, who could be considered the founder of 'conceptual art' arteramente (Spanish) artfully Alteration in printing, those changes in copy or specifications after production has begun, and for which the client is most likely to be charged extra arterhaltend (German) species-preserving Arterhaltung (German f.) conservation of the species Arteria (Spanish f.) artery, main road (also figurative), highway Artería (Spanish f.) cunning Arterial of or pertaining to an artery arterial (Spanish) arterial Arterie (s.), Arterien (pl.) (German f.) artery (blood vessel) arteriell (German) arterial, arterially Arterienerweiterung (German f.) aneurysm arterienverkalkend (German) arteriosclerotic Arterienverkalkung (German f.) arteriosclerosis Arterienverstopfung (German f.) artery blockage Arteriografie (German f.) arteriography arteriografisch (German) arteriographic, arteriographically, arteriographical Arteriogram an x-ray of the arteries and veins to detect blockage or narrowing of the vessels Arteriogramm (German n.) arteriogram Arteriographie (German f.) arteriography arteriographisch (German) arteriographic, arteriographical, arteriographically Arteriography an x-ray opaque dye injected into the blood stream to study arteries (usually coronary) for damage Arteriole (English, German f.) a tiny artery, especially a terminal artery continuous with the capillary network Arteriosclerosis loss of elasticity and thickening of artery walls, especially in old age Arteriosklerose (German f.) arteriosclerosis Arteriosklerose von Hirngefäßen (German f.) cerebrosclerosis arteriosklerotisch (German) arteriosclerotic arteriovenös (German) arteriovenous artero (Spanish) cunning Artesa (Spanish f.) trough artesanal (Spanish) (hand-)crafted, produced by traditional methods, home-made (depending on context), handmade Artesanía (s.), Artesanías (pl.) (Spanish f.) handicrafts (either singular or plural form), craftwork (either singular or plural form), crafts (either singular or plural form) una artesanía (Spanish: a piece of craftwork) Artesano (m.), Artesana (f.) (Spanish) artisan, craftsman (m.), craftswoman (f.) artesano (m.), artesana (f.) (Spanish) handmade Artes de pesca (Spanish f.pl.) fishing equipment Artes dicendi (Latin) grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic Artes gráficas (Spanish f.pl.) graphic arts Artesian well a well tapping a confined aquifer (water in the well rises above the top of the aquifer under artesian pressure, but does not necessarily reach the surface) artesisch (German) artesian artesischer Brunnen (German m.) artesian well Artesonado (Spanish m.) coffered ceiling Artes visuales (Spanish f.pl.) visual arts Art for art's sake the phrase "art for art's sake" expresses both a battle cry and a creed; it is an appeal to emotion as well as to mind. Time after time, when artists have felt themselves threatened from one direction or another, and have had to justify themselves and their activities, they have done this by insisting that art serves no ulterior purposes but is purely an end in itself. When asked what art is good for, in the sense of what utility it has, they have replied that art is not something to be used as a means to something else, but simply to be accepted and enjoyed on its own terms Art for Art's Sake from which this extract has been taken artfremd (German) foreign to the species Artful crafty, deceitful Artgenosse (s.), Artgenossin (f.), Artgenossen (pl.) (German) conspecific, member of the same species artgerecht (German) species-appropriate artgerechte Tierhaltung (German f.) species-appropriate husbandry artgleich (German) of the same type, homogeneous, of the same species Arthausfilm (German m.) art house (film genre) Arthouse motion picture theatre that shows foreign or non-mainstream independent films Arthralgia neuralgic pain in a joint or joints Arthralgie (German f.) arthralgia Arthrektomie (German f.) arthrectomy Arthrectomy operation to remove joint, a surgical operation to remove a joint Arthrite (French f.) arthritis Arthritic to have an inflammed joint or inflammed joints Arthritiden (German pl.) arthritides (plural of arthritis - there are over 100 different types of arthritis) Arthritiker (m.), Arthritikerin (f.) (German) arthritic, person suffering from arthritis Arthritis (English, German f.) inflammation of a joint or of joints arthritisch (German) arthritic Arthrocentesis removing synovial fluid from a joint Arthrodese (German f.) arthrodesis Arthrodesis surgical fusion of a joint (the joint becomes stiff after the surfaces of the joint are removed and the bone ends are united) Arthrografie (German f.) arthrography arthrografisch (German) arthrographical, arthrographically, arthrographic Arthrogram X-ray technique for joints using air and/or dye injected into the affected area Arthrogramm (German n.) arthrogram Arthrographie (German f.) arthrography arthrographisch (German) arthrographical, arthrographically, arthrographic Arthrography a test in which dye is injected into a joint in order to better visualize it on an x-ray Arthropathie (German f.) arthropathy Arthropathy (German) general term for joint disorder Arthrose (French f.) arthrosis, osteoarthritis Arthrosis a disorder of a joint Arthroskopie (German f.) keyhole surgery, arthroscopy arthroskopisch (German) arthroscopic Arthrozentese (German f.) arthrocentesis Arthurian related to the legends of King Arthur and his knights Arti (German) Arte Deco Article (English, French m.) item (English, French m.) a non-fictional essay written by a journalist Article de fond (French m.) feature article Articles d'ameublement (French m.pl.) furnishings Articles de voyage (French m.pl.) items required for a journey artico (Italian) arctic Ártico (Spanish m.) Arctic (region or ocean, preceded by el) el Ártico (Spanish: the Arctic) el océano Ártico (Spanish: the Arctic Ocean) ártico (m.), ártica (f.) (Spanish) Arctic articolando (Italian) articulating, artikulierend (German), en articulant (French) articolare (Italian) articulate, pronounce distinctly in singing, to articulate each note distinctly to joint, to link articolato (Italian) articulated, plain, distinct, clearly enunciated, artikuliert (German), articulé (French) Articolazione (Italian f.) articulation, distinct pronunciation, utterance (Italian f.) joint, knuckle Articolo (Italian m.) article, subject, matter, section, clause, point, item, entry, material, requisite, wares (i.e. goods) Articolo di fondo (Italian m.) leader (in a newspaper), leading article Articulación (Spanish f.) joint, organisation, coordination, articulation (pronunciation) articuladamente (Spanish) articulately articulado (m.), articulada (f.) (Spanish) articulated, jointed articular (Spanish) to articulate Articulate slight separation made between successive notes a technique is characteristic of early organ music up to Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) a type of organ stop that has a clear attack point or chiff Articulated legato synonymous with portato, noted as a series of notes bearing staccato dots under a slur Articulatie (Dutch) articulation Articulating articolando (Italian), artikulierend (German), en articulant (French) expressing (clearly or fluently) in speech, speaking Articulation (English, French f.) speaking, being spoken, speech, joint (anatomy), (in dentistry) the relationship of cusps of teeth during jaw movement when considering speech, articulation is said to be good then speech is clear and coherent. Poor articulation is often associated with mispronunciation or a tendency to mumble (English, French f.) in music, the way notes are joined to one another when forming a musical line, e.g. staccato, legato, tenuto, glissando, slur, phrase mark, accents, sforzandos, rinforzandos, etc. woodwind articulation: legato usually marked by a slur, the first note only will be tongued and the remainder of the phrase in play under a continuous stream of breath soft or tongued legato every note is lightly tongued, with a softer syllable (du instead of tu) staccato notes played half their written length, every note started and stopped by the tongue double tonguing fast alternating syllables, usually tu and ku triple tonguing like double tonguing but alternating tu, ku and tu flutter tongue a vibration of the tongue, as if rolling the syllable rrrr vocalisation an extended technique where the performer 'hums' a note at the same time as he or she plays on the instrument Irish whistle/pipe ornamentation/articulation: tonguing rarely any note but the first is tongued, when a player briefly touches his or her tongue to the front of the roof of their mouth, creating a percussive attack cut the brief lifting of a finger when playing a new note, but without interrupting the air flow, the resultant brief change in pitch providing an accent roll a combination of cut and strike strike or tap like a cut only a finger is briefly lowered slide similar to a portamento, where the player plays a note above or below that intended and then shifts the pitch gradually up the the note intended plucked string articulation: pick articulation 'push' (down stroke) and 'pull' (up stroke) slurring 'hammer on' and 'hammer off' glissandi or slides most common on slide- or fretless guitars bowed string articulation: on-the-string bowings detaché separate bows for each note but notes played seamlessly. This type of bowing is used when there are no slur markings over the notes legato player plays smoothly according to bowings indicated by the slur marks martelé (French) martellato (Italian) notes are played with accented force, literally "hammered" marcato (Italian) heavy, separate strokes with a pressed accent played near the heel louré (French) portato (Italian) piqué (French) bow motion is legato, but with slight separation of the notes. It is performed with several notes in one bow direction, each note receiving a gentle "push" to separate it staccato (each note is separated) separate bow : notes are played separated and with separate bows for each note slurred : consecutive notes are played separated, but with one bow direction off-the-string bowings spiccato (Italian) saltando (Italian) deliberate : usually in slow passages, player bounces the bow in a deliberate manner to give an interesting effect spontaneous (sautillé) : the speed of the passage causes the player to instinctively create a bouncing motion with the bow; sometimes described as "an uncontrolled spiccato" slurred spiccato (staccato volante, flying staccato) : similar to slurred staccato except that the bow bounces on the string to create the separation of the pitches; instead of reversing direction for each note as in ordinary spiccato, the bow picks up a series of short notes, usually on an up-bow jeté (French) ricochet (French) volante (Italian) the bouncing motion of the bow creates 2 to 6 or even more rapid notes. This is usually with a downward bow motion, but up-bows are occasionally used as well. The cello and double bass can only execute about 3 consecutive notes, maybe 4, because of the shorter bow that is used String Pedagogy Notebook - QuickTime Movies conga drum articulation: open tone played with the four fingers near the border of the drum head, producing a clear sound muffled tone like the open tone, is made by striking the drum with the four fingers, but holding the fingers against the head to muffle the tone bass tone played with the full palm on the head, producing a low muted sound slap most difficult technique producing a loud clear "popping" sound touch as implied by the name, this tone is produced by just touching the fingers or heel of the palm to the drum head in singing, the enunciation of the words in order to convey them clearly to the audience, over and above the shaped musical line: general comment various things affect the articulation of singers, the primary culprits being tension and natural physical problems. Tension affects every vocal performance. The vocal cords, which are muscles, and the muscles of the jaw, lips, inner mouth etc. tighten resulting in poor tonal quality and articulation. Certain speech habits also affect articulation. One common problem involves singers dropping or not emphasising certain letters at the end of certain lines. They may, for example, not emphasise a "V" when singing the word "love" or the "T" sound on the word "didn't." These are only two of thousands of possibilities. Another articulation problem may be substituting an "H" in words with soft vowel sounds - for example, the word "you" will become "you hoo hoo," or the word "me" may become "me hee hee," or the "fly" becomes "fly hi hi." There may be a physical problem which would cause poor articulation as well. A lisp is a major problem for a singer, especially in the recording studio where sensitive microphones pick up every nuance [entry taken from Taking Care of Your Voice - The Most Common Problems Of Singers] accompanied vocal music there needs to be greater emphasis on consonants so that words are understandable to the audience over the accompanying instrumental background a cappella singing because there is nothing to sustain the momentum of the sound and the message of the song when a major break occurs, if a cappella singers over-articulate, the consonants will stop the tone flow completely and there are "white spaces". For this reason a cappella singers place their consonants over an underlying 'continuous tone flow'. Although most consonants cannot be produced on a pitch, there are a few that can, such as M, N, L and V. These are called voiced or singable consonants. It is important in a cappella articulation to sing through the voiced consonants. These singable consonants also affect pitch; the vowel that follows will always be flat if the preceding singable consonant is under pitch. For this reason consonants must be thought on the same pitch as the vowel they precede, to prevent the tonal attack from being scooped or flat; consonants should be articulated distinctly, freely and flexibly, rapidly, and as naturally and plainly as in dramatic speech; the proper sound of each consonant must be articulated (do not substitute one for another); make vowels long, consonants short (do not shorten the complete rhythmic length of the vowel by anticipating the ending consonant) [entry extracted from Articulation: Creating Words that Communicate] Articulation marks see Musical symbols see Phrasing and articulation Articulators structures in the mouth area, such as the tongue and lips, employed when making the sounds of speech Articulatory phonetics see 'phonetics' Articulatory rate the speed at which syllables are spoken, measured by subtracting time taken by pauses from overall speech rate Articulatory silence the silence between two notes played in a non-legato or detached manner Articulazione (Italian) articulation articulé (French) well articulated articuler (French) to articulate, to pronounce distinctly articulieren (German) to articulate, to pronounce distinctly articuliren (German, older spelling) to articulate, to pronounce distinctly Articulista (Spanish m./f.) columnist (writer in newspapers, journals, etc.), feature writer (in a newspaper, etc.) Artículo (s.), Articulos (pl.) (Spanish m.) article (also linguistics), goods (plural form) Artículo de exportación (Spanish m.) item for export, export commodity Artículo de fondo (Spanish m.) editorial, leader (newspaper, etc.), leading article Artículo de primera necesidad (Spanish m.) essential item, essential Artículos de consumo (Spanish m.pl.)consumer goods Artículos de escritorio (Spanish m.pl.)stationery Artículos del hogar (Spanish m.pl.)household goods Artículos de punto (Spanish m.pl.) knitwear Artículos de tocador (Spanish m.pl.)toiletries Artículos muy ácidos (Spanish m.pl.) very harsh articles (writing) Artiere (Italian m.) craftsman, artisan Artifact alternative spelling of 'artefact' see 'sonci artifact' Artifice clever device, cunning, skill, ingenuity (French m.) contrivance Artífice (Spanish m./f.) craftsman (m.), craftswoman (f.), artisan, person responsible, author (figurative), architect (figurative) fue el artífice del secuestro (Spanish: he planned the kidnapping) el artífice de esta victoria (Spanish: the architect of this victory Artificer craftsman Artificial (English, Spanish) not natural, imitating nature, affected, insincere, man-made (textile), synthetic (textile) artificiale (Italian) artificial Artificial harmonics on a stringed instrument, when as the string is stopped normally (which stopping will be shown with a standard notehead sign), the little finger then touches lightly at a point above the stopped note (which will be shown with a diamond-shaped notehead). If the sounding note is also to be indicated it will be placed above the other two signs, in cue size and in parentheses. Such notes are known as 'flageolet tones' and flag. may be written over the note when this effect is required. It is possible to add vibrato and to play melodic lines in artificial harmonics, but both techniques should be used with care position of little finger pitch of 'flageolet tone' produced 5th above stop one octaves + a 5th above the written note 4th above stop two octaves above the written note maj 3rd above stop two octaves + a maj 3rd above the written note min 3rd above stop two octaves + a 5th above the written note Artificial harmonic there is a lack of consistency in the use of the terms 'natural harmonics' and 'artifical harmonics'. Many writers distinguish between the harmonics present in any note, the contribution of which gives a note its particular character (which they call 'natural' because to some degree they are a feature of any note and are therefore part of the 'nature of the note'), and those which have to be produced by the intervention of the performer (for example, by the careful placing of a finger on a vibrating string, in order to stiffle particular harmonics while allowing the presence of others, thereby causing a change in the pitch of the resultant note), which they term 'artificial' because the string is no longer vibrating in its natural modes. Other writers make no distinction and use both terms synonymously. Artificial intelligence the use of computers to undertake tasks usually thought of as requiring human intelligence Artificial language not to be confused with what linguists call grammatically synthetic (inflected) languages, artificial languages are deliberately "made up" by a small number of individuals for some specific purpose rather than developing naturally over a period of centuries Literary Terms and Definitions from the extract has been taken artificiellement (French) artificially artificial (English, Spanish) artificial, contrived Artificiero (m.), Artificiera (f.) (Spanish) bomb-disposal expert Artificio (Spanish m., Italian m.) skill, device, trick, artful device, affectation, ruse artificio (Italian) artifice artificioso (Italian, Spanish) artful, clever (astute), cunning, crafty artifiziell (German) artificial, artificially artig (German) well behaved, polite (dated), politely (dated), agreeable (dated), good, bravely, well-behaved artiger Junge (German m.) nice boy Artigianato (Italian m.) craftsmanship Artigiano (m.), Artigiana (f.) (Italian) craftsman, craftswoman, artisan, workman, operative, originator (figurative), architect Artigkeit (German f.) prettiness, civility, politeness (dated) artiglich (German, archaic) gracefully, neatly, prettily Artiglio (Italian m.) claw, clutch (figurative) Artikel (s./pl.) (German m.) article, gender, product, line, item Artikelanzahl (German f.) quantity (number) of items or articles Artikelart (German f.) article type Artikel aus Gussmetall (German f.) article of cast metal Artikel aus Holz (German f.) article made of wood Artikel aus Schmiedeeisen (German f.) article of wrought iron Artikel aus zweiter Wahl (German pl.) seconds (slightly imperfect goods) Artikelbezeichnung (German f.) article description, item description Artikelcharakter (German m.) article character Artikeldeklination (German f.) declension of articles Artikel der gut gestaltet ist (German m.) article that is well designed Artikel der sich bestens verkauft (German m.) best-selling line Artikel, die an ein Ereignis erinnern (German pl.) commemorative merchandise Artikel für den gehobenen Bedarf (German pl.) luxury goods Artikel für eine Zeitung (German m.) contribution to a newspaper Artikelgruppe (German f.) category of goods Artikel in täglicher Benutzung (German m.) article in everyday use Artikelliste (German f.) scroll of articles Artikel mit beschränkter Nachfrage (German m.) article in limited demand Artikel mit großer Nachfrage (German m.) article in great demand Artikelnummer (German f.) order number, item number, part number, type number Artikelreihe (s.), Artikelreihen (pl.) (German f.) series of articles Artikelschreiber (German pl.) contributors to a magazine Artikelserie (German f.) line of goods, series of articles (on a common theme) Artikelstamm (German m.) stocklist, stock list Artikel und Bedingungen (German pl.) articles and conditions Artikel von ausländischer Herstellung (German m.) article of foreign manufacture Artikel von hohem Wert (German m.) article of great value Artikelwort (German n.) determinant Artikel zum gleichen Preis (German pl.) articles all at the same price Artikel zum persönlichen Bedarf (German m.) article for personal use Artikel zum täglichen Bedarf (German m.) article for everyday use, utility article, article for daily use Artikel zur Beleihung (German m.) article for pawning artikular (German) articular Artikulation (German f.) enunciation, articulation Artikulationsart (German f.) manner of articulation, point of articulation, place of articulation Artikulationspause (German f.) articulatory silence Artikulationsstelle (German f.) point of articulation, place of articulation Artikulationszeichen (German n.) articulation mark Artikulator (German m.) articulator artikulatorisch (German) articulatory, enuncatory artikulatorische Phonetik (German f.) articulatory phonetics Artikulieren (German n.) articulation, enunciation artikulieren (German) to articulate, to pronounce distinctly, to enunciate artikulierend (German) articolando (Italian), articulating, en articulant (French) artikuliert (German) well articulated, articulates, articulated, enunciated artikulierte (German) articulated, enunciated Artikulierung (German f.) articulation, enunciation artikuliren (older German) to articulate, to pronounce distinctly, to enunciate in modern German, artikulieren [clarification by Michael Zapf] Artillería (Spanish f.) artillery Artillería antiaérea (Spanish f.) anti-aircraft guns Artillerie (German f.) cannonry, ordnance, artillery Artilleriefeuer (German n.) artillery barrage, gunfire, artillery fire Artillerieoffizier (German m.) artillery officer Artilleriezielaufklärung (German f.) artillery target reconnaissance Artillerist (s.), Artilleristen (pl.) (German m.) bombardier (archaic), artilleryman, gunner artilleristisch (German) artilleristic Artillero (Spanish m.) artilleryman, gunner Artilugio (s.), Artilugios (pl.) (Spanish m.) gadget, device, contraption, equipment (plural form) Artimaña (Spanish f.) trap (ruse), trick, ruse Artindia funai (South America) Amazonian notched flute with three holes Anonymous, South American Indian, Amazon, Mexhryana Tribe / Artindia Funai (Notched Flute) Artisan (English, French m.) skilled manual worker, craftsman artisanal (s.), artisanaux (pl.) (French) made by craftsmen, the product of craftsmanship, home-made Artisanat (French m.) craft, artisans (as a class) Artisan de, l' (French) the architect of (figurative: the person who makes something happen) Artischocke (s.), Artischocken (pl.) (German f.) artichoke, globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Artischockenherzen (German pl.) artichoke hearts Artischockensuppe (German f.) artichoke soup Artist the Oxford English Dictionary definition of "artist" includes the words "one who makes his craft a fine art". The distinction between craftsmen and artists is applicable to musicians and dancers; for the expert craftsman of the art of performance may not have the intellectual approach by which to transform his craft into fine art, nor may he be interested in so doing. There is a vast difference between the performer who treats technique as an end in itself, and one who uses his or her technical equipment, such as it may be, with artistry: for example, the dancer who controls her movements to make them uniformly soft, or clear and precise throughout, or to give each step its own different character: or the musician who uses phrasing to underline the dramatic character of the music. There are infinite ways in which musicians and dancers can show artistry, and when labelling a performer "a great artist" some qualification of the statement is necessary Artist (m.), Artistin (f.), Artisen (pl.) (German) (circus) artiste, singer/dancer Artista (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) artist, artiste, performer, actor (m.), actress (f.) Artista de cine (Spanish m./f.) movie star, film star Artist and repertoire or 'A & R', the record label department in charge of finding, developing, and signing new bands or artists Artiste (English) a public, usually professional performer, the term being applied particularly to singers or dancers (French m./f.) artist, performer Artiste lyrique (French m./f.) opera singer artisticamente (Spanish) artistically artistico (Italian) artistic artístico (m.), artística (f.) (Spanish) artistic artistisch (German) artistic, artistically Artist-scribe a craftsman who has both transcribed and illustrated manuscripts Artium baccalaureus (Latin) Bachelor of Arts, BA Artium magister (Latin) Master of Arts, MA Artjom (German n.) Artyom (a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated in the northern part of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) Artkonstanz (German f.) fixity of species Artless guileless, ingenuous, natural, clumsy artmäßig (German) generic Art moderne (French m.) modern art, a term that is applied generally to works of the avante-garde Art nouveau (German n, from French m., literally 'new art') a major decorative art movement centered in Europe at the turn of the 20th century. While the term Art Nouveau was first associated with the symbolist-influenced Belgian artists of Les XX in 1884, the name Art Nouveau as a decorative style was derived from the name of a Parisian shop, Maison de l'art nouveau, which promoted this type of work. As the movement spread it became known as Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, and Modernismo in Spain. Its progressive designs were first glimmered in the 1880s rising out from the English Arts & Crafts movement. It came about as a reaction against years of historical and moral emphasis on art. After its exposure at the Universal Exposition of 1900 in Paris, and the 1902 Exposition in Turin, Italy, its popularity quickly grew. Though heavily influenced by Japonisme, the English Pre-Raphaelites, and Symbolist painters, Art Nouveau was more consistent in style. It emphasised dynamic and flowing curves inspired by the natural forms in nature from such unconventional items as insects and seaweed. The style was richly ornamental and asymmetrical. This imbued many of the objects that carried this design with a living growing presence. It was widely used in design on everything from jewellery to furniture to glassware. It was also applied to architecture where it often incorporated modern technology, producing wildly cast iron and glass. Art Nouveau was too closely associated with the ideals and class that carried the world into a disastrous war, and the style faded away as the new forms of decorative modernism took its place Arto (Italian m.) limb, joint, member (anatomy) Art of Fugue Die Kunst der Fuge BWV 1080 (c.1745-1750) is Bach's final systematic collection of fugues and canons. It has been preserved in two versions, the second (printed after Bach's death) containing revisions and additions by the composer. The enlarged version comprises four simple fugues, two regular subject, and two inverted subject (all for four voices); three counter fugues (all for four voices), in which the subject is paired with an inverted answer; two double fugues (both for four voices); two triple fugues (one for three voices, one for four); four canons (all for tw voices); three mirror fugues (one for three voices, two for four), each illustrating both melodic and contrapuntal inversions; and an incomplete quadruple fugue (in which the third subject is the BACH motive, but which is missing its final section, which undoubtedly would have combined the various themes from the surviving sections). Each fugue (actually called a contrapunctus by Bach) uses the same subject, or a variation of that subject. Bach was fascinated with the number 14 as the sum of the ordinal values of the letters of his name (B+A+C+H) Introduction to the Art of Fugue The Art of Fugue Art of Noise, The in 1913, Luigi Russolo, avowed Futurist, wrote L'Arte dei Rumori (The Art of Noise), a manifesto declaring that noise would revolutionize the concert hall. He said, "All this will naturally make music-lovers scream ..." Russolo Artothek (German f.) picture-lending library (paintings) art pompier, L' see 'Pompier art' Art-Pop, Art-Punk, and Art-Metal these terms combined represent an inevitable post-modern trend in popular music. The prefix "Art-" indicates a re-appropriation and subversion of the original (now mainstream) genre. The outcome is a genre which although appearing similar to the mainstream form has now become "alternative" Art-Pop/Punk/Metal from which this extract has been taken art. pf. abbreviation of 'artist's proof' Artrite (Italian f.) arthritis artritico (m.), artritica (f.) (Italian) arthritic Artritis (Spanish f.) arthritis Artritis reumatoide (Spanish f.) rheumatoid arthritis Artrock (German m.) art rock Art rock a sub-genre of rock music that is characterized by ambitious lyrical themes and melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic experimentation, often extending beyond standard pop song forms and toward influences in jazz, classical, or the avant-garde Art rock from which this extract has been taken Artrosis (Spanish f.) degenerative osteoarthritis Arts & Crafts Movement, the less often written 'Arts and Crafts Movement', the Arts & Crafts Movement developed in nineteenth-century Britain as a rebellion against the fashion for inventive sham and over-elaborate design and as an attempt to reverse the growing dehumanisation of work in society. It borrowed heavily from pre-industrialized times, especially from Medieval, Islamic, and Japanese design. Botanical subjects were the most popular motif often yielding designs that were multifaceted yet incorporated a simple elegance. In the face of declining rural handicrafts and a rising industrial society, John Ruskin and other writers began to call for changes. They believed a moral society depended on the skilled workers that produced creative products, not soulless objects from a machine. Young London-based architects were inspired by the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris. They founded the Art Workers' Guild in 1884 to break down barriers between architects, artists, designers and makers. The term 'Arts & Crafts' was first used at the suggestion of the bookbinder T J Cobden-Sanderson for its offshoot, the Arts & Crafts Exhibition Society, set up in 1888. The United States imported many of these ideas from Britain forming an American craft movement centred in Northern California and New York State. Native design such as the Shaker Style gave the work produced in America a simpler cleaner look. The works of the Stickley Style, Bungalow Style, Prairie Style, and Shingle Style all fall within the American Arts & Crafts Movement. While in Europe this design style evolved toward Art Nouveau, the many looks of Arts & Crafts in the United States held on to their popularity and largely remained unchanged. The style continues to be influential today. Design movements expressing similar ideas also rose independently at the same time in Russia Arts & Craft Movement Arts et métiers (French m. pl.) arts and crafts Art sich auszudrücken (German f.) way of expressing Arts ménagers (French m. pl.) domestic science Art song designed to stand alone and written for the concert hall, rather than a traditional or folk song, art song is usually sung by a solo voice with accompaniment in German, Lied (s.), Lieder (pl.) [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] in French, chanson artspezifisch (German) species-specific, typal Artspezifität (German f.) species specificity Art trouvé (French m.) art that is not a direct creation of the artist but is adapted from something found (for example, a naturally occuring object) arttypisch (German) generic Art und Weise (German f.) mode, style, kind, wise, manner, way of doing something, way, fashion, method artverwandt (German) congeneric Artverwandter (German m.) congener Art vocal (French m.) art of singing Art von (German f.) form of, kind of, type of, make of, sort of Art von Dienstleistung (German f.) kind of service Art von Diskriminierung (German f.) form of discrimination Art von Frage (German f.) kind of question Art von Information (German f.) kind of information Art von Intervention (German f.) form of intervention Art von Leuten (German f.) kind of people Art von Material (German f.) kind of material Art von Musik (German f.) kind of music Art von Protest (German f.) form of protest Art von Rache (German f.) form of revenge Art von Risiko (German f.) kind of risk Art von Sandstein (German f.) variety of sandstone Art von Selbstschutz (German f.) form of self-protection Art von Therapie (German f.) form of therapy Art von Unterhaltung (German f.) form of entertainment Art von Wagen (German f.) kind of car Art von Ware (German f.) kind of goods Art von Weizen (German f.) strain of wheat Art von Werbung (German f.) kind of advertising Art von Wiederverwertung (German f.) form of recycling Art von Zimmermann (German f.) sort of carpenter Artwork text, graphic and illustrations arranged individually or in any combination for subsequent printing. Artwork may conventionally be drawn in black and white on suitable artpaper or board; or may be computer-originated, in which case it may be supplied as digitised data on a floppy disk or other means of electronic data. Artwork may also be in the form of a full-colour drawing or picture which requires specialist reprographic colour separation. This enables the separation to be printed in the four basic printing process colours (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) Art zu arbeiten (German f.) way of working Art zu denken (German f.) way of thinking Art zu gehen (German f.) way of walking Art zu reden (German f.) manner of speaking Aruba (English, German n.) an island of the Netherlands Antilles north of the Venezuela coast Arubaner (German pl.) Arubans Arundo donax (Latin) Arundo bifaria, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Arundo glauca, Arundo latifolia, Arundo sativa, Arundo versicolor, Cynodon donax, Donax arundinaceus, Donax donax, Scolochloa arundinacea, Scolochloa donax, bamboo reed, baranal (Hindi), bansi (Punjabi), caña (Portuguese f., Spanish f.), caña común (Spanish f.), caña cañabrava (Spanish f.), caña de roca (Portuguese f.), caña vieira (Portuguese f.), cane, giant cane, canne de Provence (French f.), distaff cane, donako (Esperanto), gaha nal (Bengali), gardener’s garters, great reed, Indian grass, Italienskt rör (Swedish), jättiruoko (Finnish), Kaemperolr (Danish), Persian reed, Provence reed, qasba (Maltese), reed, Riesenschilf (German), Pfahlrohr (German n.), roseau géant (French), shembeko (Ethiopian), spanisches Rohr (German n.), Spanish cane, Spanskrör (Swedish), Teberau gading (Malay) - used for over 5,000 years to make the single and double reeds used in numerous wind instruments this is the ‘reed’ referred to in the Bible. Today the giant reed is used to make clarinets, bagpipes and organ-pipes [Scandinavian terms corrected by Lars Hellvig] Arve (German f.) Swiss pine, arolla pine, Swiss stone pine, Cembra pine (Pinus cembra) Arveja (Spanish f.) vetch, pea (Latin America) Arvejilla (Spanish f. - parts of South America) or arverjilla (Spanish f.) sweet pea Aryan a speaker of any of the languages of the Indo-European family arz. abbreviation of arzobispo (Spamish m.: archbishop) arzigoglare (Italian) to indulge one's fancy, to quibble, to indulge in a fantastic argument Arzigoglo (Italian m.) whim, caprice, quibble, sophistry Arzillo (Italian m.) pungency arzillo (Italian) sprightly, lively, vigorous, full-bodied (wine), sparkling Arznei (German f.) medicine, physic (archaic), drug, remedy Arznei absetzen (German) to stop taking the pills Arzneiausgabe (German f.) dispensary Arzneibuch (German n.) pharmacopoeia Arzneimittel (German n.) drug, pharmaceutical, medicinal product, medicament Arzneimittelallergie (German f.) drug allergy Arzneimittelhersteller (s/pl.) (German m.) drug maker, drug company, pharmaceutical manufacturer Arzneimittelikterus (German m.) drug-induced jaundice Arzneimittelintoxikation (German f.) drug intoxication Arzneimittellehre (German f.) pharmacology Arzneimittelmißbrauch (German m.) prescription drug abuse Arzneimittelreaktion (German f.) reaction to drugs (specifically adverse reaction) Arzneimittelsicherheit (German f.) drug safety Arzneimitteltherapie (German f.) pharmacotherapy Arzneimittelvergiftung (German f.) drug intoxication Arzneimittelzubereitung (German f.) pharmacy Arzneiregime (German n.) drug regimen Arzneischrank (German m.) medicine cabinet Arzneispezialität (German f.) proprietary medicinal product Arzneistoff (German m.) active (pharmaceutical) ingredient Arzneitee (German m.) medicinal tea Arzobispado (Spanish m.) archbishopric arzobispal (Spanish) archiepiscopal Arzobispo (Spanish m.) archbishop Arzt (m.), Ärztin (f.), Ärzte (pl.) (German) doctor (of medicine), physician, M.D. Arztberuf (German m.) medical profession Arztbesuch (German m.) visit to the doctor Arztbrief (German m.) physician's letter, doctor's letter Ärztehaus (German n.) medical centre Arzteinheit (German f.) dental unit Ärztekammer (German f.) medical association, medical council Ärzteschaft (German f.) medical profession Ärzteschule (German f., archaic) school of medicine Arzt für Allgemeinmedizin (German m.) general practitioner Arzthelfer (m.), Arzthelferin (f.) (German) (doctor's) receptionist Arzthilfeschein (German m. - Austria) certificate of illness Arzt in Facharztausbildung (German m.) resident (hopsital doctor) Arztkittel (German m.) (doctor's) white coat, medical scrubs (colloquial) Arztkoffer (German m.) doctor's case, doctor's bag ärztlich (German f.) medical, medically ärztlich betreut werden (German) to be under a physician's care, to be under the care of a doctor ärztliche Ansicht (German f.) medical opinion ärztliche Behandlung (German f.) medical treatment, medical attendance, medical attention ärztliche Beobachtung (German f.) medical observation ärztliche Beratung (German f.) consultation ärztliche Beurteilung (German f.) medical assessment ärztliche Fürsorge (German f.) medical care ärztliche Hilfe (German f.) medical attention ärztliche Reisefähigkeitsbestätigung (German f.) medical certificate of fitness to travel ärztliche Schweigepflicht (German f.) medical confidentiality, doctor-patient confidentiality ärztliche Überweisung (German f.) referral ärztliche Untersuchung (German f.) medical examination, physical examination, medical inspection, checkup, medical (colloquial), physical (colloquial), medical exam ärztliche Verordnung (German f.) medical prescription ärztlichen Rat benötigen (German) to need medical advice ärztlicher Behandlungsfehler (German m.) medical error ärztlicher Betreuer (German m.) medical attendant ärztlicher Kunstfehler (German m.) malpractice ärztlicherseits (German) medically ärztliches Attest (German n.) medical certificate ärztliches Gutachten (German n.) medical opinion ärztliches Honorar (German n.) medical fee, doctor's fee ärztliches Rezept (German n.) prescription ärztliches Zeugnis (German n.) medical certificate, doctor's certificate Arztliege (German f.) doctor's couch Arztpraxis (s.), Arztpraxen (pl.) (German f.) doctor's office, doctor's surgery, medical practice Arztrechnung (German f.) doctor's bill Arztroman (German m.) hospital romance Arztsekretär (m.), Arztsekretärin (f.) (German) doctor's secretary, physician's secretary Arzttasche (German f.) medical practitioner's case, doctor's bag Arzttermin (German m.) doctor's appointment Arztwartezimmer (German n.) doctor's waiting room