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B referring to the catalogue prepared by István Homolya (b. 1940) & Daniel Benkö of the music of lutenist Balent Valentini Bakfark (1506-1576) after Jarmil Burghauser, the cataloguer of music by Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904) referring to Bernd Bäselt (1934-93), the cataloguer of music by Georg Frideric Handel (1685-1759) after Allan Badley, the cataloguer of music by Leopold Hofmann (1738-1793) or VB, after Bertil H. van Boer jr., the cataloguer of music by Joseph Martin Kraus (1756-1792) referring to the catalogue prepared by Stewart R. Craggs of the music written by Arthur Bliss (1803-1869) or Ben, referring to Rita Benton, the cataloguer of music by Ignaz Joseph Pleyel (1757-1831) referring to Pola Baytelman-Dobry, the cataloguer of music by Isaac Albeniz (1860-1909) referring to A. Peter Brown, the cataloguer of music by Karl von Ordoñez (1734-1786) (Carlos d'Ordoñez) referring to Paul Robey Bryan, the cataloguer of the symphonies of Johann Baptist Vanhal (1739-1813) B abbreviation of 'bass' (voice), basso or bassus, as, for example, in Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass, the four voices in a choir abbreviation of 'bassoon', 'Bachelor' (in academic degrees), Beatus (Latin: blessed), basso primo (Italian: principal bass as opposed to basso continuo or basso secondo), basse chantante (French: principal bass as opposed to basso continuo or basso secondo) on an alto part, and when preceded by the word col, signifies that the alto takes part or performs in unison with the bass placed in the course of a basso continuo, a sign that the voice should sing alone B (German n.) the flat sign B, b (German n.) except in German, the seventh note (leading note or subtonic) in the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called ti, si (Italian, French) (German n.) in German (and in Icelandic), the flattened seventh note in the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called te B (musical note) B short for 'black', indicating the softness of pencils, such that a larger number of B indicates a softer pencil which will produce a thicker, darker line with the same amount of writing or drawing pressure B the second section of a piece in binary form, i.e. the B section B used in music theory to designate the B-major triad B a system of paper sizes B0 1000 x 1414 mm B1 707 x 1000 mm B2 500 x 707 mm B3 353 x 500 mm B4 250 x 353 mm B5 176 x 250 mm B6 125 x 176 mm B7 88 x 125 mm B8 62 x 88 mm B9 44 x 62 mm B10 31 x 44 mm ISO International sizes intended primarily for posters, wall charts and similar items where difference in size of the larger sheets in the A series represents too large a gap b used in music theory to designate the b-minor triad b abbreviation of 'bass' (instrument), 'born' BA abbreviation of 'British Academy', 'Bachelor of Arts' (academic degree), 'British Association' (for example, reference to a standard screw thread) ba although no longer used, ba (pronounced bay) was the tonic sol-fa name for the sharpened sixth of the melodic minor scale Baaj in Indian classical music, a term meaning the 'style with which an instrument is being played' Baaksimba see 'Royal Music of the Kabaka of Buganda' Baas (Dutch) master, employer (the origin of the American word 'boss') Baazas (French) a type of guitar Bab (Spanish f.) spittle, saliva (Italian f.), Spucke (German f.), crachat (French m.), crachats (French m. pl.) Bab. abbreviation of 'Babylonia', 'Babylonian' ba-ba, le (French m.) or les élements de base (French m. pl.), the basics, le basi (Italian f. pl.), Wesentliche (German n.), los conceptos básicos (Spanish) Babala see 'Jumbie drum' Babar the subject of a series of books for children written by Jean de Brunhoff, first published in French in 1931, Barbar is an elegantly dressed elephant. François Poulenc wrote a set of piano pieces inspired by these stories Babashiko babashiko is a recreational music and dance of the Southeastern Anlo Ewe of Ghana, performed mostly at festivals, funerals and other social occasions Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Baba Yaga an ogress of Russian folk-lore, who steals and eats young children. The ninth piece in the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) is entitled The Hut on Hen's Legs (Baba Yaga) Baba Yaga babbeln (German - Switzerland) to babble Babbeo (Italian m.) idiot, Idiot (German m.), idiot (French m.), idiote (French f.), idiota (Spanish m./f.) babbeo (Italian) foolish, dumm (German), idiot (French), tonto (Spanish) Babbitt the eponymous subject of the satirical novel by Nobel prize winning American author Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), published in 1922, which has come to mean 'middle American cultureless innocence' Babbitt Babbo (Italian m.) dad (familiar), daddy (children's use), Vati (German m. - both uses), papa (French m. - both uses), papá (Spanish m. - both uses) Babbo Natale (Italian m.) Father Christmas, Santa Claus, der Weihnachtsmann (German m.), le père Noël (French m.), Papá Noel (Spanish m.) Babbuccia (Italian f.) slipper, Hausschuh (German m.), pantoufle (French f.), zapatilla (Spanish f.) babear (Spanish) to drool, to slobber, to dribble, sbavare (Italian: to dribble, to drool), sbavarsi (Italian: to slobber), geifern (German: to drool, to slobber, to dribble), sabbern (German: to dribble, to slobber), baver (French: to drool, to dribble, to slobber) Babe in arms a baby too young to walk and must therefore be carried Babel (English, German) a confusion of noises and voices, a hubbub (an allusion to the story of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:1-11) (Spanish f.) bedlam, tumult, uproar and confusion, babilonia (Italian f. - figurative), baccano (Italian m. - figurative), chiasso (Italian m. - figurative), Tumultszene (German f. - figurative), tolle Durcheinander (German n. - figurative), chahut (French m.) Babeo (Spanish m.) dribble (spittle, saliva), bava (Italian f.), Tröpfeln (German n.), petite goutte (French f.) babeo (Spanish) drooling, dribbling Babeurre (French m.) buttermilk, siero di latte (Italian m.), Buttermilch (German f.), suero de la leche (Spanish m.) Babieca (Spanish m./f.) simpleton, sempliciotto (Italian m.), Dummkopf (German m.), Einfaltspinsel (German m.), Gimpel (German m.), Trottel (German m.), nigaude (French m.), nigaud (French f.), niais (French m.), niaise (French f.) babieca (Spanish) stupid, stupido (Italian), dumm (German), stupide (French), bête (French) Babil (French m.) chatter (babble, prattle, twitter), ciarle (Italian f. pl.: chatter), Geschwätz (German n: chatter), parloteo (Spanish m.: chatter) Babillard (French m.) chatterbox, chiacchierone (Italian m.), chiacchierona (Italian f.), Plaudertasche (German f.), parlanchin (Spanish m.), parlanchina (Spanish f.) babiller (French) to chatter, balbettare (Italian: to talk endlessly), plappern (German: to talk endlessly), parlotear (Spanish: to talk endlessly) Babilonia (Italian f.) bedlam (figurative), tumult, uproar and confusion, manicomio (Italian m.), baccano (Italian m. - figurative), chiasso (Italian m. - figurative), Tumultszene (German f.), tolle Durcheinander (German n.), chahut (French m.) Babinski-Reflex (German m.) Babinski reflex (an abnormal reflex in which the great toe moves upward and the toes fan upon stroking the bottom of the foot) Babiole (French m.) knick-knack, trinket, small token, trifle (figurative), triviality (figurative) Babone see tromboon Babosada (Spanish f.) a stupid thing, nonsense, rubbish (Spanish/Mexico) silly remark, stupid action, illogical action babosear (Spanish) to slobber over, to dribble over, to drool over (Spanish) to daydream about a person or thing with which one is captivated or obsessed Baboseo (Spanish m.) drooling, dribbling (Spanish m. - figurative) state of being captivated by or obsessed with a person or object Baboso (Spanish m.) a slobberer, person or thing that slobbers, slobber baboso (Spanish) slimy, slobbery (Spanish) moronic Babouche (French f.) a Turkish or oriental slipper, babucha (Spanish f.) Babu (Anglo-Indian, from the Hindi) a native clerk who writes English, a stilted, unidiomatic and florid style of English Babucha (Spanish f.) Turkish or oriental slipper, babouche (French f.) Babuin a fanciful monster, silly creature, or a leering face drawn in the margins of a medieval manuscript. Our modern word baboon comes from this French term Babuschka (English, German f., from Russian) babushka (old woman or grandmother) Babyausstattung (German f.) layette Baby-Ausstattung (German f.) baby's outfit Babybett (German n.) baby cot Babydoll (English, German m.) short dress or night dress often in light weight sheer fabrics like chiffon and sometimes trimmed with feathers, beads and ribbon and reminiscent of children's nightwear Baby-Gequassel (German n.) baby talk, baby-talk Baby grand a piano with a horizontal frame, strung horizontally, that is smaller than a concert grand Babykleidung (German f.) baby clothes, baby garments, babywear Baby-Kleidung (German f.) baby wear, baby's garment Baby-Körbchen (German n.) moses basket (for babies) Babylonian captivity the period 597 to 538 BC when the Jews were captives in Babylon. It is the story leading up to their freedom that forms the basis of William Walton's oratorio Belshazzar's Feast Belshazzar's Feast Babylonien (German n.) Babylonia Babylonier (m.), Babylonierin (f.) (German) Babylonian babylonisch (German) Babylonian babylonische Sprachverwirrung (German f.) Babylonian confusion, confusion of languages, confusion of tongues Babynamen (German pl.) babies' names Baby-Rassel (German f.) baby's rattle Babysitten (German n.) baby-sitting, babysitting babysitten (German) to baby-sit, to babysit Babysitter (m.), Babysitterin (f.) (German) babysitter, badysitter Babysprache (German f.) baby talk, nursery language, infant-directed talk, child-directed speech, baby language (as spoken by babies) Babysprechanlage (German f.) baby monitor Babyspeck (German m.) puppy fat (colloquial), baby fat Baby-Stuhl (German m.) baby's chair, baby-chair Babytrage (German f.) baby carrier Babytragetasche (German f.) carrycot Baby-Tragetuch (German n.) baby sling baby vleugel (Dutch) baby grand piano Babywagen (German m.) pram Bac. abbreviation of baccaleuréat (French: a school examination), Baccalaureus (Latin: bachelor) Baca (Spanish f.) luggage rack Bacaladilla (Spanish f.) small cod Bacalao (Spanish m.) cod bacato (Italian) wormeaten Bacbuc the sound of a bottle being poured or emptied, Rabelais' personification of 'The Oracle of Holy Bottle', which is consulted by Panurge Oracle of the Holy Bottle, Bacbuc Bacca (Italian f.) berry Baccalauréat (French m.) school-leaving certificate Baccalaureus (German m.) bachelor of arts Baccano (Italian m.) din Baccara (French) or baccarat, a card-game Bacchanal (English, German n. from Latin) song or dance pertaining to Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, who equates with the Greek Dionysus. His festival was celebrated on March 16 and 17. The Bacchanalia, orgies in honour of Dionysus, were introduced in Rome around 200 BCE. These infamous celebrations, notorious for their sexual and criminal character, got so out of hand that they were forbidden by the Roman Senate in 186 BCE. Bacchus is also identified with the old-Italian god Liber. The same term (or Bacchants or Bacchantes) is used for the priests and priestesses who participate in these celebrations Bacchanalia Bacchanale (French) Bacchanal Bacchanalia orgies, drunken revelries (originally Roman feasts held in honour of Bacchus, the Roman equivalent of the Greek Dionysus) Bacchanalian or Bacchic, pertaining to the revelries of Bacchanalia Bacchanalien (German pl.) bacchanalia bacchanalisch (German, dated) bacchanalian Bacchant (m.), Bacchante (f.), Bacchantes (pl.) (Latin) priestess of Bacchus, drunken women, man taking part in a bacchanalia Bacchant (m.), Bacchantin (f.), Bacchanten (pl.), Bacchantinnen (f.pl.) (German) bacchant (m.), bacchante (f.) bacchantisch (German) bacchanalian Bacchetta (s.), Bacchette (pl.) (Italian f.) stick, beater, striker, conductor's baton (Italian f.) rod, wand (magic) Bacchetta da tamburo (Italian f.) drumstick Bacchetta di cuoio (Italian f.) leather-headed stick Bacchetta di feltro (Italian f.) felt-headed stick Bacchetta di legno (Italian f.) wooden stick Bacchetta di spugna (Italian f.) sponge-headed stick Bacchetta imbottita (Italian f.) padded stick Bacchetta per piatti (Italian f.) cymbal stick Bacchetta per timpani (Italian f.) timpani stick Bacchette (Italian f. pl.) claves, drumsticks Bacchia a Kamschatka dance in duple meter Bacchic see Bacchanalian Bacchic song a drinking song, a chanson à boire (French) the term is used more properly for a dithryrambic ode or hymn Bacchius (English, German m., from Latin) a metrical foot of one short followed by two long syllables Bacchus (English, German m.) in classical mythology, god of wine, the Roman equivalent of Dionysus Bacchus cult the initial intrusion of Dionysic ideas into Roman culture probably occurred during the early 3rd century B.C., as Rome took control of the areas of southern Italy which had been colonized by Greek farmers some three hundred years before. Its initial presence is now imperceptable: perhaps it was sustained only by word-of-mouth description among Rome's slave population. Ancient texts indicate clearly enough, however, that by 186 B.C. the Bacchic cult had gained sufficient popularity to be regarded as a threat to the stability of the State. It was then that an official purge was ordered Roman Wine: Windows on a Lifestyle from which this extract has been taken Bacchuskult (German m.) Bacchus cult Bacchuslied (German n.) a Bacchanalian song Bacciocolo (Italian) a musical instrument from Tuscany Bach (s.), Bäche (pl.) (German m.) brook, stream, rivulet, runnel, ditch, back (Northern English), burn (Scottish), creek B-A-C-H or 'Bach motif', the letters making up J.S. Bach's surname, which in German nomenclature represent the notes B flat-A-C-B natural, which have been used by Bach and others as a melodic theme in fugues, etc.. Max Hinrichsen's Compositions Based on the Motive B-A-C-H (in Hinrichsen's Musical Yearbook: Vol. 7, ed. Max Hinrichsen, 379-81. London: Hinrichsen Edition, 1952) lists twenty-nine works the majority written by German composers. The first known example, however, is in a piece by Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in the seventeenth century - it is possible, though not certain, that he used it in homage to one of Johann Sebastian's ancestors, many of whom were themselves musicians BACH motif from which this information has been taken Bachata a genre from the Dominican Republic that is played with guitars and percussion, usually with lyrics that focus on love, treachery, jealousy and desperation. The music that today is called bachata emerged from and belongs to a long-standing Pan-Latin American tradition of guitar music, música de guitarra, which was typically played by trios or quartets comprised of one or two guitars (or other related stringed instrument such as the smaller requinto), with percussion provided by maracas and/or other instruments such as claves (hardwood sticks used for percussion), bongo drums, or a gourd güiro scraper. Sometimes a large thumb bass called marimba or marimbula was included as well. When bachata emerged in the early 1960s, it was part of an important subcategory of guitar music, romantic guitar music--as distinguished from guitar music intended primarily for dancing such as the Cuban son or guaracha--although in later decades, as musicians began speeding up the rhythm and dancers developed a new dance step, bachata began to be considered dance music as well. The most popular and widespread genre of romantic guitar music in this century, and the most influential for the development of bachata, was the Cuban bolero (not to be confused with the unrelated Spanish bolero). Bachata musicians, however, also drew upon other genres of música de guitarra that accomplished guitarists would be familiar with, including Mexican rancheras and corridos, Cuban son, guaracha, and guajira, Puerto Rican plena and jíbaro music, and the Colombian-Ecuadorian vals campesino and pasillo--as well as the Dominican merengue, which was originally guitar based Bachata from which this information has been taken Bachblüten (German pl.) Bach flowers, Bach flower extracts Bachblütenauszüge (German pl.) Bach flower extracts Bachblütentherapie (German f.) Bach flower therapy, Bach flower remedy Bachbogen (German m.) Bach bow Bach bow a twentieth-century invention by Emil Telmányi that uses a system of levers to temporarily slacken the bow hair and allow sustained three or four note chords but which has no historical precedent Bach Cantatas Bach Cantatas - Index to Recordings & Discussions a very useful resource Bach Compendium begun in 1985, by 1989 four volumes had appeared. This compendium gives source-critical and bibliographical information on all of Bach's works and was prepared by Schulze and Wolff Bach-Compendium (German n.) Bach Compendium Bach-Dokumente produced in three volumes (appearing 1963, 1969 and 1972), this collection contains every important documents by J. S. Bach and by his contemporaries about Bach Bache (Spanish m.) hole, bad patch (figurative) (German f.) wild sow, female wild boar Bâche (French f.) tarpaulin Bacheca (Italian f.) showcase bâcher (French) to cover (with a tarpaulin) Bachelier (m.), Bachelière (f.) (French) holder of the baccalauréat Bachelor an unmarried man, an aspirant to the knighthood, the lowest rank of knighthood, one who has taken a first degree at a British university (German m.) a first degree at a British university Bachelor-Abschluss (German m.) bachelor's degree Bachelorarbeit (German f.) bachelor thesis (a thesis written as part of the requirement for a bachelor's degree) Bachelor of Music abbreviated B.Mus., the lowest of three musical degrees, the other two being Master (abbrev. M.Mus.) and Doctor (abbrev. D.Mus.) Bachelor's button similar to press-studs, used in dress-making and affixed without the need of sewing Bachelor's porch an old name for the north door of a church, a reference to a time when old men and menservants and old women and maidservants entered the church through different doors and sat in different parts of the church Bach flower therapy a holistic treatment using extracts of flowers to calm emotions and promote healing Bach-Gesellschaft (German f., literally 'Bach Society') initiated by Robert Schumann in 1850 (sponsored by the publishers Breitkopf & Härtel), dedicated to the revival and reprinting of Bach's music. In 1900, the Bach-Gesellschaft was transformed into the Neue Bachgesellschaft [clarification by Michael Zapf] Bachi a term applied in Japanese music to a drum stick and to the plectrum used to play a shamisen Plectrum (bachi) for lute (shamisen), Japan, 19th century Bachianas Brasileiras a series of works written by the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) inspired by the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and the folkloric music of Brazil series number scoring date written date premiered No. 1 for an orchestra of cellos 1930 12 Sep. 1932 No. 2 for chamber orchestra 1930-31   No. 3 for piano and orchestra 1938 19 Feb. 1947 No. 4 for piano 1930-41 - orchestrated in 1942 15 Jul. 1942 No. 5 for voice and 8 cellos 1938 and 1945   No. 6 for flute and bassoon 1938   No. 7 for orchestra 1942 1944 No. 8 for orchestra 1944 1947 No. 9 for chorus or string orchestra 1944   Bachianas Brasileiras Bachic foot synonymous with bachius Bachic meter poetry in which each foot is a three-syllable foot consisting of three heavy stresses, a form rare in English Bachillerato (Spanish m.) school-leaving examination Bachius another term for a bachic foot, a three-syllable foot of poetry consisting of a light stress followed by two heavy stresses Bach-Jahrbuch first produced in 1904, this scholarly Bach Yearbook publishes collection of articles on Bach's works Bachlandschaft (German f.) landscape with brook Bachlauf (German m.) course of a stream Bächlein (s/.pl.) (German n.) streamlet, brooklet, burn (small stream), little creek Bachot (French) or bac, colloquial French name for the Baccalauréat bachoter (French) to cram (for an exam) Bach pitch throughout his life, Bach worked with instruments at a number of pitches including Cornett-Thon (around 470 Hz.), Kammerton (about 418 Hz.) and Tief Kammerton (403-395 Hz.). The notation of various voices varied, depending on where he was at the time (all pitches given as a' in Hz.) Weimar (1708-1717) the organ was at Cornett-Thon, and during his first year he wrote a part for an 'oboe' a major second higher than the other voices (organ, vocal, strings), implying that the strings and vocals were pitched to the organ, and that the oboe was pitched a note lower than that of the organ, pitched at the highest version of Kammerton. By the end of 1714, this oboe disappears and has been replaced with an 'hautbois' which was pitched a minor third lower, as were the bassoon and the recorder. Their pitch was Tief Kammerton. All his Weimar works show this disposition Köthen (1717-1723) the pitch is the same for all instruments. In trying to establish what it was, the vocal scores help. The range of the parts is unusually high, and when Bach used Köthen material in Leipzig, he lowered the vocal parts to Tief Kammerton. One can assume therefore that this was the Köthen pitch. The problematic trumpet part in the 2nd Brandenburg would be much easier on an instrument at Tief Kammerton. Leipzig (1723-1750) surviving sheet music for most of his vocal works shows that strings, vocals and woodwinds were all pitched at Kammerton, while the organ and the brass were higher by a major second. Bach's predecessor Kuhnau had mentioned in an earlier letter to Mattheson that the organs of the Thomas and Nikolai churches were at Cornett-Thon. But he had woodwinds at his disposal at both normal Kammerton and Tief Kammerton pitch, which therefore differed in pitch by a minor second. From the time of his appointment at Leipzig until 4th July 1724, Bach wrote a number of works in Tief Kammerton. In the 1730s, he transposed the Magnificat from E flat (Es) to D, most likely because he had no longer to deal with woodwinds pitched at Tief Kammerton. The combination of woodwind at pitches differing from that of the organ and stringed instruments offered Bach a way of exploring a wider range of keys in his orchestral writing [information supplied by Michael Zapf] see 'Venetian pitch' Bach trumpet a trumpet made by the company founded by Vincent Bach, who, combining his unique talents as both a musician and an engineer, created brass instruments which remain the sound choice of artists worldwide. Born Vincent Schrotenbach in Vienna during 1890, initial musical training was received on the violin. However, young Vincent preferred the majestic sounds of the trumpet and eventually switched. Also displaying an aptitude in science, Vincent graduated from the Maschinenbauschule with an engineering degree. His heart remained in music, leaving an engineering career for an uncertain future in music. Success soon followed as he toured throughout Europe, adopting the stage name of Vincent Bach while in England BachBrass from which the short extract immediately above has been taken a name given to the clarino or valveless Baroque trumpet Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) used one or more trumpets in several of his works. His whole life, Bach had trumpet players around him. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach was a string player, town piper and court trumpeter. His second father-in-law (the father of Anna Magdalena Wilcken) was also a court trumpeter. The most famous player connected to Bach was the Leipzig Stadtpfeifer, Gottfried Reiche Bach and the Trumpet from which the short extract immediately above has been taken Bachüberquerung (German f.) creek crossing Bachufer (German n.) brookside, bank of a stream Bachwasser (German n.) water from the creek Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (German n.) thematic-systematic listing of the works of J.S. Bach see 'BWV' baciandola (Italian) kissing it baciare (Italian) to kiss baciarsi (Italian) to kiss one another Bacile (Italian m.) basin Bacio (Italian m.) kiss Bacinella (Italian f.) small basin Bacino (Italian m.) basin, pelvis, dock (port) Bacitracin (Englisn, German n.) antibiotic ointment with an oily consistency, used for superficial burns Back Boden (German m.), fond (French m.), fondo (Italian m., Spanish m.), the lower surface of the soundbox of a stringed instrument, that is arched on members of the violin family and flat on members of the viol family in printing, the back of a book is the binding edge. To back a book is to shape the back of a previously rounded book, so as to make a shoulder on either side against which the front and back covers fit closely Back, to to support with money (as well as with influence and encouragement), to lay money on a horse, etc. Back and forward bows Ganassi's Regola Rubertina (1542) employs the Italian tablature for viol that showed the fingering, the upper finger-position above the frets and the bowing. A dot placed well below a symbol indicates a back bow (the weaker stroke) and a dot placed well above a symbol indicates a forward bow (the stronger stroke) Backbeat (English, German m.) or 'off-beat', the 2 and 4 beats in a four beat bar (measure) to play with a continuous heavy accent on beats 2 and 4 in jazz and rock and roll music Back beat Backblech (s.), Backbleche (pl.) (German n.) baking tin, baking plate, baking sheet, baking tray, griddle backbord (German) on the port side, to port Backbord (German n.) larboard (archaic), port (side) Backbord- (German) port, portside (prefix) backbords (German) on the port side, to port Backbordseite (German f.) port side backbordseitig (German) port, larboard (archaic) Back bow on a viol, the weaker bow stroke, where the bow travels from frog to point Backbrett (German n.) bread board, bread-board, breadboard Backbuch (German n.) baker's book, baking (recipe) book Back burner, the to put something on the back burner is to put something aside for the present, with the intention of returning to it at a later date at first glance, putting something on the back-burner may seem similar to procrastination, a type of behavior which is characterized also by deferment of actions or tasks to a later time. Psychologists often cite procrastination as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision. However, putting something on the back-burner is, generally, without the psychological undertones of procrastination, being a rational setting of priorities Backdoor pilot TV-pilot episode filmed as a standalone movie Backdoor progression in jazz music theory, the cadential chord progression from iv7-»I, or flat-VII7-»I has been nicknamed the 'backdoor progression'. This name derives from an assumption that the normal progression to the tonic (V7-»I, or the authentic cadence) is, by inference, the front door Backdoor progression from which this extract has been taken Back down, to to yield a point (in argument), to withdraw an earlier claim (or assertion) Backe (s.), Backen (pl.) (German f.) cheek, jaw (chuck on a lathe) Backe des Schraubstocks (German f.) cheek or jaw of a vice Backen (German f.) or Flanke (German f.), fianco (Italian m.), flanc (French m.), flank, side of a body (in the human body, the side between ribs and hip, the side of the waist) backen (German) to bake, to fry (German) to stick Backenbart (s), Backenbärte (pl.) (German m.) whiskers, whisker, muttonchops (side whiskers) backenbärtig (German) whiskery backend (German) baking Back end (of the year), the Autumn Backeneinzelverstellung (German f.) individual jaw adjustment (lathe chuck) Backenhörnchen (s./pl.) (German n.) chipmunk Backenknochen (German m.) maxillary bone, cheekbone Backennerv (German m.) buccal nerve (Nervus buccalis) (a nerve in the face) Backenschnellwechselsystem (German n.) quick-change jaw system (lathe chucks, vises) Backenschnellwechsel-System (German n.) quick-change jaw system (lathe chucks, vises) Backenstreich (German m., dated) slap (in the face) Backenverstellung (German f.) jaw adjustment Backenwechsel (German m.) change of jaws, jaw change (lathe chuck, vise) Backenzahn (s.), Backenzähne (pl.) (German m.) back tooth, molar (tooth) Bäcker (s.), Bäckerin (f.) (German) baker [correct by Michael Zapf] Bäckerallergie (German f.) flour allergy Bäckerasthma (German n.) baker's asthma Bäckerei (s.), Bäckereien (pl.) (German f.) bakery, bake-house, bakehouse, baker's, small pastry (Austria) Bäckergehilfe (German m.) baker's assistant Bäckergewerbe (German n.) bakery trade Bäckerhefe (German f.) baker's yeast Bäckerjunge (German m.) baker's boy, baker's apprentice Bäckerladen (German m.) baker's shop, bakery [correct by Michael Zapf] Bäckerlied (German n.) baker's song Bäckerlied - Mir vor allem auf der Welt Bäckermaschine (German f.) dough mixer Bäckermusik (German f.) a brass band formed of bakers Bäckermusik Ostschweiz Bäckermütze (German f.) baker's cap Bäckerschaufel (German f.) baker's shovel Bäckersdutzend (German n.) thirteen to the dozen, baker's dozen Bäckersfrau (German f.) baker's wife Bäckerwagen (German m.) baker's van Bäckerwaren (German pl.) bakery products Backfall a descending appoggiatura (seventeenth-century England) as opposed to a 'forefall' or an ascending appoggiatura on an organ part of the mechanism which intervenes between a key and the corresponding pallet, a horizontal lever which, when raised at the one end by a sticker, draws down with the other end (which 'falls back') the tracker communicating with the pallet see 'fall-board' Backfett (German n.) shortening (a white, flavourless, solid fat formulated for baking or deep frying) Backfisch (German m., literally 'fried fish') bobby-soxer, bobbysoxer (German m., literally 'small fry', now obsolete) a girl in her teens Backflip (German m.) back flip Backfolie (German f.) baking foil, baking wrap, cooking foil Backform (German f.) baking dish, baking tin, earthenware baking mould Back frame (in German, Rast) on the piano, the foundation, consisting of top and side-members and back posts, upon which other basic components such as wrest-plank, soundboard and plate depend for proper support Background a term used in jazz and popular music to describe lines played by melody instruments that accompany rather than lead Background music music that accompanies film or theatre productions but does not contribute to the action piped music, often intrusive, to be heard in shopping malls, supermarkets, etc. Background-Musiker (German pl.) background musicians Backgroundsänger (m.), Backgroundsängerin (f.) (German) backing vocal, backing singer Background-Sänger (German m.) backing vocal, backing singer backhalten (German) to backwind, to wind back Backhaus (German n.) bakehouse Backhefe (German f.) yeast, baker's yeast Backhendl (German n. - Austria) breaded fried chicken, fried chicken Backhuhn (German n.) fried chicken Backing-Sänger (German m.) backing vocal, backing singer, choriste (French m./f.) Backing-up see 'perfecting' Backleading or 'anticipation', which, in social dancing that strongly relies on 'leading' and 'following', is considered a bad dancing habit, where the 'follower' executes steps without waiting for or contrary to the lead of the 'leader' see 'hijacking' Back list a publisher's list of books that were previously published and remain in print and therefore available Backmischung (German f.) baking mixture Backmulde (German f.) kneading trough Backnatron (German n.) baking soda Back-Natron (German n.) baking soda Back number back issues of a magazine or newspaper with the assumption that they contain news that is now stale (i.e. out of date) Backoblate (s.), Backoblaten (pl.) (German f.) wafer paper, wafer papers for baking (sometimes called rice paper) Back-Oblaten (German pl.) wafer papers for baking (sometimes called rice paper) Backobst (German n.) dried fruit Backofen (German m.) oven, furnace, baking oven backofenfest (German) ovenproof Backofenthermometer (German n. - in Austria and Switzerland m.) oven thermometer Back out, to to withdraw from an undertaking Backpacker (m.), Backpackerin (f.), Backpacker (pl.), Backpackerinnen (f.pl.) (German) backpacker Backpapier (German n.) parchment paper, baking paper, baking parchment Backpfeife (German f.) slap in the face Backpfeifengesicht (German n.) someone to slap around Backpflaume (German f.) prune Backpinsel (s./pl.) (German m.) pastry brush Backplane (English, German f.) physical connection between an interface processor or card and the data buses and the power distribution buses inside a chassis Backplatte (German f.) baking surface (of a waffle iron, griddle, etc.) Back-plucked string plucked far from the nut, close to the bridge, to produce round, flute-like tones (i.e. flageolet tones, so-called because the sound has relatively few overtones) Backpfeife (German f.) slap in the face Backpflaume (German f.) prune Backpulver (German n.) baking powder, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate Backrezeptbuch (German n.) baking recipe book Backrohr (German n., used particularly in Austria) oven [clarified by Michael Zapf] Backsaw a handsaw that is stiffened by metal reinforcement along the upper edge Backschüssel (German f.) baking-dish back seat, to take a (or the) to play no direct role in managing a project, concern, etc. (figurative) Back-seat driver see armchair critic Backskiste (German f.) locker Back slang a form of slang in which words are pronounced as the word is spelt backwards Backslash (German m.) a line sloping backwards from the upright, i.e. \ Backslide (English, German m.) although when most people think of the moonwalk they think of the signature Michael Jackson move, a variation of the modern-day moonwalk was invented by Cooley Jackson who calls it the 'backslide' Moonwalk Backspace-Taste (German f.) backspace key Backstage that region of the theatre that lies behind the stage, often where the dressing rooms are to be found Backstein (German m.) brick, clinker, bakestone Backsteinarchitektur (German f.) brick work Backsteinbau (German m.) brick building, red-brick building Backsteingebäude (German n.) brick building Backsteingotik (German f.) brick Gothic, red brick Gothic Backsteinhaus (German n.) brick house Backsteinkäse (German m.) brick cheese Backsteinmauer (German f.) brick wall backt (German) bakes Backtag (German m.) baking day backte (German) baked Backteig (German m.) batter (for pancakes, waffles etc.) Backtemperatur (German f.) baking temperature Backtest (German m.) back test Back test a method for determining the predictive validity of an investment strategy using historical data Back to Bach movement also called 'neo-baroque', a movement in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century composition to seek inspiration from the forms and styles associated with the baroque period including the works of J.S. Bach Back to square one back to where one started Back to the wall a desperate situation Backtriebmittel (s./pl.) (German n.) baking agent, leavening agent, rising agent, raising agent, leaven Backtrog (German m.) baking tray, baking-tray, kneading trough Backturn an ornament that begins on a lower note, for example, an inverted turn Back- und Bratformen (German pl.) cooking tins Back up or 'back-up', an approach made by a vehicle moving in reverse gear a copy of electronic data, usually on removeable media, in order that should the original data become corrupted, the user may recover an earlier, hopefully, uncorrupted version of the data thus avoiding significant data loss or 'perfecting', in printing, printing the second side of a sheet already printed on one side Backup-Fazilitäten zur Verfügung stellen (German) to provide backup facilities Back up, to to give support to someone Back vowel a vowel made with the topmost portion of the tongue in the back of the oral cavity. These include the vowel sounds found in ooze, oomph, go, law, and father Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Backward blessing a curse Backware (s.), Backwaren (pl.) (German f.) pastries, baked goods (plural form) Backwerk (German n.) cakes and pastries Backzeit (German f.) baking time Backzutaten (German pl.) baking ingredients bâcler (French) to botch, to botch up Baco (Italian m.) worm Baco da seta (Italian m.) silkworm bacucco (Italian) decrepit Bad (German n.) bath, bathroom, pool, spa, watering place (spa), (swimming) baths, balneary (a bathing room) (archaic) Bada gourd drum from the Ivory Coast made from a large gourd with the top third cut off, a goatskin is fastened to the gourd with rope and tuned using Mali woven tension ropes Badajazo (Spanish m.) stroke (of a bell) Badajo (Spanish m.) clapper (of a bell), chatterbox badare (Italian) to take care, to look out badare a (Italian) to take care of Badarmaturen (German pl.) bathroom fittings Badaud (m.), Badaude (f.) (French) onlooker (pejorative term) Bad blood ill-feeling, vindictiveness Bad debts debts unlikely to be paid Badeanstalt (German f.) swimming baths, baths, public baths, bath-house, bathhouse, swimming pool Badeanzug (s.), Badeanzüge (pl.) (German m.) swim-suit, bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing-dress, one piece swimsuit Badearzt (m.), Badeärztin (f.) (German) spa doctor, balneologist (a practitioner of the science of baths or bathing, especially of the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badebekleidung (German f.) swimming wear, bathing wear, swimwear Badeeinrichtungen (German pl.) bathing facilities Badeente (German f.) rubber duck Badegast (s.), Badegäste (pl.) (German m.) bather, spa visitor, visitor at a watering place, swimmer Badehandtuch (German n.) bathing towel, bath towel Badehaube (German f.) bathing cap, swimming cap, swimming hat Badehaus (German n.) bathhouse, bath Badehocker (German m.) bath seat Badehose (German f.) swimming trunks, bathing drawers, bathing slip, bathing trunks Badehütte (German f.) bathing hut, bathing-hut Badekabine (German f.) bathing hut, bathing cabin, bathing cubicle, changing cubicle Badekappe (s.), Badekappen (pl.) (German f.) bathing-cap, swimming hat, bathing cap [corrected by Michael Zapf] Badekarren (German m.) bathing machine Badekleidung (German f.) swimwear, bathing wear, swimming wear Badekostüm (German n.) bathing costume, swimming costume Badekur (German f.) spa therapy Badekurort (German m.) spa Badelatschen (German pl.) flip-flops Bademantel (s), Bademäntel (pl.) (German m.) bath robe, bathing gown, beach robe, bathing wrap, bathrobe (morning wear), dressing gown Badematte (German f.) bath-mat, bathmat Bademeister (German m.) bath attendant, (pool) attendant, pool supervisor Bademode (s.), Bademoden (pl.) (German f.) beach fashion Bademöglichkeiten (German pl.) bathing facilities Bademütze (German f.) bathing-cap, bathing cap, swimcap, swimming cap, swimming hat Baden (English, German) a historical region of southwest Germany which, in the 1840s it was a centre of the German liberal movement baden (German) to take a bath, to have a bath, to bath Baden-Baden (English, German) a city of southwest Germany in the Black Forest near the French border that was founded as a Roman garrison in the third century A.D and is noted as a health resort and spa badend (German) bathing, imbruing (wetting or moistening) Badender (German m.) bather badend in (German) imbruing (wetting or moistening) baden gehen (German) to be totally unsuccessful Badenixe (s.), Badenixen (pl.) (German f.) bathing beauty, bathing belle Baden verboten (German) bathing forbidden, bathing prohibited Baden-Württemberg (English, German n.) a Land of the Federal Republic of Germany in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine baden-württembergisch (German) of or from Baden-Württemberg Badeofen (German m., dated) geyser (water heater) Badeort (s.), Badeorte (pl.) (German m.) bathing resort, spa, bathing place, bathing-place, (seaside) resort Badepantoffel (s.), Badepantoffeln (pl.) (German m.) bathing slipper Badepantolette (s.), Badepantoletten (pl.) (German f.) bathing slipper Badeplatz (German m.) bathing place, place for bathing Bader (s./pl.) (German m.) barber surgeon, bath, bathhouse Bäderbehandlung (German f.) medical treatment using therapeutic baths Bäderdampfer (German m.) sea-side excursion steamer, tourist steamer Badereise (German f.) trip to a spa, visit to a spa Bäderkunde (German f.) balneology (the science of baths or bathing, including the study of the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badesachen (German pl.) bathing things, swimming things Badesaison (German f.) spa season Badesalz (German n.) bath salts Badesandalen (German pl.) flip-flops Badeschönheit (German f.) bathing beauty Badeschuh (s.), Badeschuhe (pl.) (German m.) bathing shoe, sandal, (bath) slipper Badeschwamm (German m.) bath sponge Badesee (German m.) lake for bathing, bathing lake, bathing pond Badessa (Italian f.) abbess, Äbtin (German f.), Äbtissin (German f.), abbesse (French f.), abadesa (Spanish f.) Badesteg (German m.) bathing jetty Badestrand (s.), Badestrände (pl.) (German m.) beach, bathing beach, strand badet (German) bathes, imbrues (wets or moistens) badete (German) bathed Badeteich (German m.) bathing pond Badetherapie (German f.) balneotherapy (the therapeutic use of mineral baths) Badethermometer (German n.) bath thermometer Badetuch (s.), Badetücher (pl.) (German n.) bath-towel, bath towel Badeumhang (German m.) bath robe, bath wrap, bathing wrap Badeunfall (German m.) bathing accident Badeurlaub (German m.) holiday at the seaside, vacation by the sea Badeurlaub machen (German) to go to the seaside for one's holiday Badeverbot (German n.) bathing ban Badewanne (s.), Badewannen (pl.) (German f.) bath, bathtub, bath tub Badewannengriff (German m.) bath rail Badewärter (German m.) bathing attendant Badewasser (German n.) bathwater, bath water Badewasser einlassen (German) to draw a bath Badeweiher (German m.) bathing pond, swimming pond Badezeit (German f.) bathing hours Badezeug (German n.) bathing gear, bathing things, swimming things, bathing clothes Badezimmer (s./pl.) (German n.) bathroom, bath room, bath, bath-room, powder room Badezimmerfenster (German n.) bathroom window Badezimmerfliesen (German pl.) bathroom tiles Badezimmermatte (s.), Badezimmermatten (pl.) (German f.) bath mat Badezimmerschrank (German m.) bathroom cabinet Badezimmerspiegel (German m.) bathroom mirror Badezimmerwaage (s./pl.) (German f.) bathroom scale Badezimmerwaschbecken (German n.) bathroom sink, bathroom washbasin Badezimmerwaschtisch (German m.) bathroom vanity (sink, mirror and all the storage necessary for cosmetic activity in a bathroom) Badger in English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln in by 1252. It continued in use until the nineteenth century in Great Britain Badia (Italian f.) abbey Badigeon (French m.) whitewash Badigeonner (French) whitewash, daub Badile (Italian m.) shovel Bad im Freien (German n.) bathe badin (m.), badine (f.) (French) light-hearted (also 'cheerful', 'frivolous') Badinage (French, meaning 'jest') chaff, playfulness, banter, raillery, jesting, light-heatred fooling "Badinage [the act of bantering] is an innocent amusement in itself and agreeable to society; in order to badiner with bonne grâce [graciously], one must be extremely polite. One does not badiner about serious and respected things." Abbé Roubaud (1785) badiner (French) to joke, to banter, to trifle with, to toy with, to tease in fun, to jest the verb can be used about clothing or decorations attached to clothing, for example ils badinet, meaning 'they are fluttering' badiner avec (French) to joke about badiner sur (French) to joke about Badinerie (French, meaning 'jest') playfulness a quick eighteenth-century piece in 2/4 time, for example, a movement from Bach's Suite in B minor for flute and strings, light and playful in character badisch (German) Baden, associated with Baden (Germany) Badische Küche (German f.) cuisine of Baden, Baden cuisine Badman ballads songs that tend to romanticise the outlaw whether Robin Hood, Dick Turpin or Jesse James Badminton (English, German n.) a game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net badnerisch (German) Baden Bad note or nota cativa (Italian), a note that falls on the unaccented part of a bar (or measure) the opposite, a good note or nota buono (Italian), is one that falls upon the accented part of a bar (or measure) Bad patch a difficult time, a troubled period Bad quarter of an hour mauvais quart d'heure (French), a brief unpleasant experience Bad quarto in the jargon of Shakespearean scholars, a "bad quarto" is a copy of the play that a disloyal actor would recreate from memory and then submit for publication in a rival publishing house without the consent of the author. These bad quartos are often grossly inaccurate, but may contain useful stage directions not included in the original Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Badvorleger (German m.) bath mat Bad way, in a gravely ill, in serious trouble Baedeker, Karl (1801-1859) author of a famous series of guidebooks, modelled on John Murray's Handbooks Baerpfeife (German f.) a stopped organ pipe of 8ft. or 16ft. tone baff (German) open-mouthed, gobsmacked (colloquial) Baffe (French f.) slap Baffi (Italian m. pl.) moustache, whiskers (animal) Baffinbai (German f.) Baffin Bay Baffin Bay an ice-clogged body of water between northeast Canada and Greenland Baffinbucht (German f.) Baffin Bay Baffininsel (German f.) Baffin Island Baffin Island an island off eastern Nunavut, Canada, west of Greenland, and which is the fifth-largest island in the world Baffle (French m.) speaker baff sein (German) to be flabbergasted baffuto (Italian) moustached, whiskered Bafoko West African calabash drum, covered by a goat skin Bafoué (m.), Bafouée (f.) (French) at person who is never going to be taken seriously bafoué (m.), bafouée (f.) (French) mocked at, derided bafouer (French) to scoff at bafouiller (French) to stammer BAFTA acronym for 'British Academy of Film and Television Arts' Bagabha see bagana Bagad (Breton) one or more specified number of pipe bands, composed of biniou (Breton bagpipes), bombardes and snare drums (one source suggests huit biniou, huit bombardes, quatre caisses claires, deux toms, une grosse caisse), that play mainly Breton music. However, for an unspecified number greater than one, the plural is bagadoù Bagage (French m.) bag, (store of) knowledge (German f.) rabble, baggage (dated) Bagages (French m.) luggage, baggage Bagages à main (French m.) hand luggage Bagaglio (Italian m.) luggage Bagagliaio (Italian m.) luggage van (train), boot (car) Bagaje (Spanish m.) baggage, beast of burden (animal), knowledge (figurative) Bagana or bagabha, a large eight to ten-string Ethiopian plucked lyre with a trapezoidal wooden frame Lyre (beganna), Ethiopia, first half of twentieth century Bägänna see bagana Bagarre (French f.) fight, rumpus, racket, scuffle bagarrer (French) to fight Bagasse (English, German f.) the dry, fibrous residue remaining after the extraction of juice from the crushed stalks of sugar cane, used as a source of cellulose Bagatela (Spanish f.) trifle, bagatelle Bagatelldelikt (German n.) minor offence, petty crime, petty offence Bagatelldiebstahl (German m.) petty theft Bagatelle (French f.) trifle, trifling amount, something of no importance (French f.) a type of billiards Bagatelle (s.), Bagatellen (German pl.) (English, German f., French f., from Italian bagattella) trifle, unpretentious, unimportant, triva (plural form) (French f.) a sketch a short, light instrumental piece of music of no specified form, usually for piano, although François Couperin (1668-1733) composed Les Bagatelles for the harpsichord (German f.) fleabite (figurative) bagatellisieren (German) to minimize, to trivialise Bagatellschaden (German m.) minor loss, petty damage Bagatellverlust (German m.) trivial loss Bagattella (Italian f.) trifle, bagatelle (musical) Bagdad (German) Baghdad Båge (Swedish) slur Bagel (English, German m./n.) a ring-shaped bread roll Baggage a term applied to an immoral or flirtatious woman Bagger (s./pl.) (German m.) excavator, dredger, excavating machine, mechanical digger, earthmover, backhoe Baggergut (German n.) dredged material, spoil Baggerloch (German n.) flooded gravel-pit, quarry pond Baggermaschine (German f.) couloir (a steep chute, which may have snow or ice) Baggern (German n.) sharking (luring an employee from one restaurant to another) baggern (German) to scoop, to excavate, to dredge, to put the make on a girl (colloquial) Baggerpumpe (German f.) dredging pump Baggerschiff (German n.) dredger Baggerschute (German f.) hopper barge, mud lighter, mud boat, dredging barge Baggersee (German m.) flooded gravel-pit, quarry pond baggert (German) excavates baggert aus (German) dredges baggerte aus (German) dredged Baggy a British music scene popular in the early 1990's. The scene was extremely influenced by Madchester, although the scene was not geographically local to Manchester as was its predecessor. Baggy was characterised by psychedelia & acid house influenced guitar music, often with a "funky drummer" beat Baggy from which this extract thas been taken Baglama see baglamás Baglamás (s.), Baglamades (pl.) (Greek) a family of long-necked Turkish lutes, with a pear shaped body that is also found in Greece. This is the most common stringed instrument in Turkey. In Greece it is classified as a scaled-down version of the bouzouki. It is known as baglama, meydan sazi, divan sazi (court saz), bozuk, tambura, cura, üçtelli (three-string), onikitelli (twelve-string), çarta, irizva, cögür etc. depending on its size and region Baglama Baglama Baglama from which this extract thas been taken Baglama, Egypt, third quarter of twentieth century Bagliore (Italian m.) glare, flash (inspiration), gleam (figurative) Bagnante (Italian m./f.) bather Bagnard (French m.) convict bagnare (Italian) to wet, to soak, to dip, to water, to bathe, to wash, to flow through bagnarsi (Italian) to get wet, to bathe bagnarto (Italian) wet, soaked bagne (French) Bagnino (Italian m.) life-guard Bagnio (English, from the Italian bagno, 'bath') a brothel, an Oriental slave prison Bagno (s.), Bagni (pl.) (Italian m.) bath, bathroom, bathe Bagnole (French f.) car Bagpipe gaita (Spanish), cornamusa (Italian), cornemuse (French), Dudelsack (German), tibia utricularis (Latin) very old musical instrument with a reed chanter, with fingerholes and/or keys operated by the player's fingers, one or more tunable drone pipes playing pre-set notes, powered by air generated either by a bag squeezed under the arm and refilled by the player's breath, or a mechanical bellows Bags trousers (slang) Bags under the eyes puffy bulges under the eyes Bague (French f.) ring (finger, etc.) baguer (French) to ring (encircle) Baguette (s.), Baguettes (French pl.) (French f., German n.) an ornament in the form of a half cylinder, a small jewel cut into a thin rectangular shape (French f.) drumstick, baton of the conductor, the stick of a bow for a violin, etc. (French f., German f./n.) French loaf, French stick (loaf) Baguette de batterie (French f.) drumstick Baguette de bois (French f.) wooden drum stick Baguette (de chef d'orchestre) (French f.) conductor's baton Baguette de cuir (French f.) leather-headed stick Baguette de cymbales (French f.) cymbal stick Baguette de feutre (French f.) felt-headed stick Baguette d'éponge (French f.) sponge-headed stick Baguette de tambour (French f.) drum stick Baguette de timbales (French f.) timpani stick Baguette de triangle (French f.) triangle beater Baguette en bois (French f.) wooden drum stick Baguette rembourée (French f.) padded stick Baguettes de percussion (French f.pl.) claves Baguettes entrechoquées (French f.pl.) claves Baguettes moyennes (French f.pl.) medium (hardness) sticks Baguettes rigides (French f.pl.) hard sticks Baguettes souples (French f.pl.) soft sticks Bäh! (German) Yuck! Ugh! (colloquial) Bah. abbreviation of 'Bahamas' Baha (Island of Saint Kitts and Nevis) a blown metal pipe Bahaismus (German) Baha'i (religion), Bahaism Bahamaer (m.), Bahamaerin (f.), Bahamaer (pl.) (German) Bahamian (person born in or living in the Bahamas) bahamaisch (German) Bahamian Bahamas (English, German pl.) island country in the Atlantic east of Florida and Cuba, that is a popular winter resort Bähen (German n.) fomentation (incitement, substance or material used as a warm, moist medicinal compress, poultice) bähen (German) to foment (to incite, to apply a substance or material as a warm, moist medicinal compress, to apply a poultice) Bahia (Spanish f.) bay Bahn (s.), Bahnen (pl.) (German f.) path, pathway, course, web, way, track, orbit, width (cloth, paper), railway, train, tram, (bowling) alley Bahnanlage (German f.) railway system Bahnbeamter (m.), Bahnbeamtin (f.) (German) railway official Bahnbeförderung (German f.) rail transport Bahnbeschleunigung (German f.) path acceleration, tangential acceleration Bahnbetreiber (German m.) train operator Bahnbetriebswerk (German n.) depot, engine facilities, engine shed Bahnbogen (German m.) railway arch Bahn brechen (German) to break fresh ground, to break ground bahnbrechend (German) pioneering (figurative), epoch making, groundbreaking, trailblazing, seminal, innovative bahnbrechendes Ereignis (German n.) tectonic shift (figurative) bahnbrechendes Urteil (German n.) landmark decision Bahnbrecher (German m.) pathfinder, pioneer, trailblazer Bahnbrecher (für) (German m.) spearhead (of) (figurative) Bahnbrücke (German f.) railway bridge Bahndamm (German m.) railway embankment Bahnebene (German f.) ecliptic (the plane in which the Earth orbits the Sun) bahneigen (German) railway-owned Bahneinschnitt (German m.) railway cutting Bahnellipse (German f.) elliptical trajectory Bahnen schwimmen (German) to swim laps Bahnenkleid (German n.) panel dress Bahnenrock (German m.) panel skirt, gored skirt (skirt with a flirty, full hemline, flat front with elastic back and sides) Bahnfahrkarte (German f.) train ticket, rail ticket Bahnfahrplanauskunft (German f.) train schedule information, train timetable information Bahnfahrt (s.), Bahnfahrten (pl.) (German f.) train journey, rail ride, train ride, rail journey Bahnfracht (German f.) rail carriage, rail freight, railway freight Bahnfrachtunternehmen (German n.) freight train operator Bahngeschwindigkeit (German f.) speed (of trains) Bahngesellschaft (German f.) railway company, train company, train operator Bahngleis (German n.) track, rail track Bahnhof (s.), Bahnhöfe (pl.) (German m.) railway station, train station, station Bahnhof mit Personal (German m.) staffed station Bahnhofbuffet (German n. - Switzerland) station buffet Bahnhofplatz (German m.) station square Bahnhofsbuchhandlung (German f.) station bookshop Bahnhofsbuffet (German n. - Austria) station buffet Bahnhofseingang (German m.) railway station entrance, station entrance Bahnhofsgaststätte (German f.) station restaurant Bahnhofshalle (German f.) station concourse Bahnhofsplatz (German m.) station square Bahnhofspolizei (German f.) station police Bahnhofspostamt (German n.) (railway) station post office Bahnhofsrestaurant (German n.) station restaurant Bahnhofsuhr (German f.) station clock Bahnhofsviertel (German n.) area around the station Bahnhofsvorplatz (German m.) station forecourt Bahnhofsvorstand (German m. - Austria) stationmaster Bahnhofsvorsteher (German m.) stationmaster Bahnhofswerbung (German f.) railway station advertising Bahnhofswirtschaft (German f.) station bar Bahnhofvorstand (German m. - Switzerland) stationmaster Bahnknotenpunkt (German m.) rail hub, rail junction Bahnkunde (German m.) rail passenger Bahnkurve (German f.) trajectory Bahnlesung (German f.) course reading Bahnlinie (German f.) railway line, rail line, line bahnmäßig verpackt (German) packed for carriage by rail, packed for railway transport Bahnnetz (German n.) rail network, railway network Bahnpassagier (German m.) rail passenger Bahnpolizei (German f.) railway police Bahnpost (German f.) Travelling Post Office Bahnpostamt (German n.) railway post office Bahnreisen (German n.) rail travel Bahnreisender (s.), Bahnreisende (pl.) (German m.) rail traveller, railway passenger, train traveller Bahnreservierung (German f.) train reservation Bahnspediteur (German m.) rail forwarding agent Bahnspedition (German f.) rail forwarder (company), rail freight forwarder (company) Bahnsteig (German m.) (railway) platform, track (US) Bahnsteiggleis (German n.) platform line Bahnsteighalle (German f.) platform hall Bahnsteigkarte (German f.) platform ticket Bahnsteigüberführung (German f.) footbridge between platforms Bahnsteigunterführung (German f.) subway between platforms Bahnstrecke (German f.) railway line, railway track, rail route, track Bahnstreik (German m.) rail strike Bahnsystem (German n.) railway system, rail system Bahntarif (s.), Bahntarife (pl.) (German m.) train fare Bahntransport (German m.) carriage by rail, transport of goods by rail Bahntrasse (German f.) railway line Bahntunnel (German m.) rail tunnel Bahnübergang (German m.) railway crossing, level crossing Bahnübergang mit Schranken (German m.) railroad crossing with gates, gated railway crossing Bahnverbindung (German f.) rail service, rail link Bahnverlauf (German m.) trajectory Bahnwärter (German m.) signalman, level crossing keeper, linesman, line-keeper Bahnwärterhäuschen (German n.) line-keeper's lodge Bahrain (English, German n.) island nation in the Arabian Gulf Bahrainer (m.), Bahrainerin (f.), Bahrainer (pl.), Bahrainerinnen (f.pl.) (German) Bahraini (person born in or associated with Bahrain) Bahraini hip hop Bahraini hip hop bahrainisch (German) Bahraini Bahre (s.), Bahren (pl.) (German f.) stretcher, bier, barrow, litter, gurney (US) Bahrtuch (German n.) pall (burial garment in which a corpse is wrapped, synonymous with shroud, cerement, winding-sheet, winding-clothes) Baht (English, German m.) a weight measurement for gold (0.47 troy ounces = 14.6 grammes) used in Thailand, a currency used in Thailand bäht (German) foments bähte (German) fomented Bai small hand clappers from Ghana see hora (German f.) bay Baia (Italian f.) bay Baião a slow samba rhythm from Brazil. The traditional instrumental baião is a musical form based on an ancient figure dance or ballroom dance of European origin. Ceará, a Northeastern state in Brazil, seems to be the point of origin for this form, although it developed through most of Northeast Brazil. Here it was played by local bands that performed in salons and in private parties and various celebrations. The original instrumentation would have been one or two lead pífanos (small hand-carved bamboo flutes), a zabumba (a large bass drum), together with other smaller percussion instruments. This instrumentation became standard in the performance of traditional instrumental baião, for which these bands got to be known as bandas de pífanos. Luiz Gonzaga is credited with being the inventor of modern baião as we know it today. During the 1940s he got into a radio program in which he played baião with the accordion, accompanied by an orchestra with chorinho instrumentation (guitar and cavaquinho) and some minor percussion. They also incorporated wood blocks (taken from the American Westerns) and later the triangle for a fast polyrythmic music good for dancing typical lively Brazilian music Baião: A Dance Rhythm from Northern Brazil from which this extract has been taken Baião Baie (French f.) bay (geographical feature), berry (fruit), picture window Baie vitrée (French f.) picture window Baïf's Academy L'Academie de Poesie et de Musique was the first French academy officially instituted by royal decree. In 1570, Charles IX gave Jean-Antoine de Baïf and Joachim Thibault de Courville permission to found an academy that would endeavor to bring into use "both the kind of poetry and the measure and rule of music anciently used by the Greeks and Romans". Baïf and Courville had already been working toward this end, some three years before the royal decree, and had completed some attempts at "measured verses set to measured music in accordance with or as near as may be with the laws of the masters of music in the good old times". Turning to all available sources in an attempt to systematically determine the rules which governed the composition of ancient music, but working without extant material evidence, they were forced to theorize on what the modes of ancient music actually sounded like and how they achieved such diverse and wondrous effects. Based on his readings of ancient texts, Baïf believed that the effects of ancient music were dependent on a close union between poetry and music. He attempted to bring about such a union by experimenting with vers mesurés (measured verse). In addition to its artistic aims, Baïf's Academy also had an underlying moral objective which was informed by strong Neo-Platonist beliefs. Charles IX was no doubt well acquainted with the writings of Plato and Aristotle that related the powerful moral and psychological effects that music had on men's souls. He chose to support the work of the academy on political grounds because he hoped that the revival of ancient music and poetry would bring about a moral and spiritual reformation in his kingdom. The humanist belief in the restorative effects of "ancient" music and verse also stems from that Pythagorean philosophy which endeavored to explain the physical universe in terms of harmony and number, and which spoke of a relationship between the harmony of the universe and the structure of the human soul Baif's Academy - Musical Humanism from which this extract has been taken Baignade (French f.) bathing, swimming baigné (French) or, in Italian, campanella, in which neighbouring notes or repeated notes are plucked on different strings of the lute so that the first note continues to sound even while the second is being played baigné de (French) bathed in (sweat), soaked in (blood) baigner (French) to bathe, to bath baigner dans (French) to soak in, to be steeped in Baigneur (m.), Baigneuse (f.) (French) bather Baignoire (French f.) bath, bath-tub (French f.) a stage-box, a box at the theatre on the same level as the stalls Baikalsee (German m.) Lake Baikal (situated in south-east Sirberia, the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world) Bail (s.), Baux (pl.) (French m.) lease Baila when the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in the fifteenth century, they brought with them cantiga ballads, ukuleles and guitars, along with African slaves, who further diversified the musical roots of the island. These slaves were called kaffrinha, and their dance music was called baila, originally consisting of songs to the accompaniment of a guitar and handclaps or other improvised percussion. Baila remains at the roots of modern Sri Lankan music bailable (Spanish) dance Bailador (Spanish m.) dancer bailador (Spanish) dancing Bailantas (Spanish) tropical dance parties Bailaor (m.), Bailaora (f.) (Spanish) flamenco dancer bailar (Spanish, Portuguese) to dance bailar agarrado (Spanish) to dance closely Bailarín (Spanish m.) professional dancer, danseur (French), ballerino (Italian) Bailarina (Spanish f., Portuguese f.) dancer, ballerina (classical dance), danseuse (French) Bailarina principal (Spanish f.) principal dancer Bailarino (Portuguese m.) danseur (French) Bailarino nobre (Portuguese m.) danseur noble (French) Baile (Spanish m.) also bayle or ballet (French, Spanish), dance, ballo (Italian) (Spanish m.) flamenco dance (Spanish m.) knees-up Baile a lo agarrado (Catalan, literally 'embracing in order to dance') one of the Catalan dance forms Bailecito typical festive Bolivian handkerchief dance Baile de candil (Spanish m., literally 'candle dance') a ball given in a room lit by candlelight or, later, by oil lamp (Spanish m.) a dance associated with Andalusia Baile de etiqueta (Spanish m.) ball (formal dance) Baile del maní (Spanish m.) only known from engravings and writings, a fighting dance from Cuba, danced by two Bantu men moving to the yuka drums, that is similar to capoeira Baile di Sinta (Bonaire, Spanish m.) a popular fertility dance, performed around a maypole Baile Funk a term that through mistranslation, has earned a dual meaning, where usage depends largely on geography and native language. Most English speakers believe 'Baile Funk' is a type of street music from Brazil, basically, Brazil's version of 'Miami Bass'. However, this is a mistranslation. Brazilians are quick to point out that 'Baile' loosely translates to "ball", as in "a dance party", and "funk" describes what type of dance party is in question. The actual term for the music is itself is 'Funk Carioca', which translates to "Funk from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Alternatively, it is simply referred to as "Funk" by most Brazilians Baile funk from which this extract has been taken Baile popular (Spanish m.) traditional dance (as distinct from formal, court or stage dancing) Baile por sevillanas (Spanish m.) a four-section dance that is not part of the flamenco tradition but rather is associated with the sevillanas, a type of folk music, sung and written in Seville, Spain. Schools teaching baile por sevillanas may be found in nearly every town in Spain Baile suelto (Catalan, literally 'dancing alone') one of the Catalan dance forms Baile típico de Auvernía (Spanish m.) a dance from the Auverne, particularly the bourrée Bailiff's Daughter of Islington a ballad given in Percy's Reliques. In this case Islington refers to a place near King's Lynn, Norfolk Baîllement (French m.) yawn baîller (French) to yawn, to gape Bailleur de fonds (French m.) (financial) backer Baîllon (French m.) gag baîllonner (French) gag Bain (French m.) bath, bathe Bain de bouche (French m.) mouthwash Bain de soleil (French m.) sunbathing Bain-marie (French m.) a flat-bottomed vessel of boiling water into which saucepans, etc. are placed to simmer or to keep food hot Bain-Marie (German f.) bain-marie, double boiler Baion see baião bairisch (German, dialect) Bavarian Bairisch-Österreichisch (German n.) Austro-Bavarian Baiser (French m.) kiss (German n.) meringue baiser (French) to kiss (hand) Baisergebäck (German n.) meringue pastry Baiserkuchen (German m.) meringue cake Baiser mit Eiscreme (German n.) ice-cream meringue Baiser mit Schlagsahne (German n.) meringue chantilly Baisertorte (German f.) meringue cake Baisha xiyue (Chinese, literally 'Baisha fine music') a classical orchestral musical form, with 24 qupai (tunes), played on antique Chinese musical instruments, such as flute, shawm, Chinese lute, and zither. It is derived from the ritual music of Taoist and Confucian ceremonies from the fourteenth century and is one of the two surviving forms of traditional music of the Naxi (Nakhi or Nahi) of Lijiang, China. The Naxi are believed to be the descendants of the nomadic Qiang, an ethnic group inhabiting the Tibetan plateau Baisha xiyue from which this extract has been taken Baisse (French f.) fall, drop (German f.) slump, bear market, depression, downturn, fall baisser (French) to lower (as 'to tune down a violin string', 'lower the volume on a sound system'), to turn down (light, radio, etc.), to go down, to fall, to fail Baithak an informal Hindustani classical music session where the listeners sit in close proximity to the performer Baixi (China) in effect a 'variety show' in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), with performances being held in entertainment houses called washe and goulan, which served generally as arenas for folk arts Baixo (Portuguese) bass (instrument or voice) Baixo cifrado (Portuguese) figured bass Baize usually green woollen-felted material, used for coverings (for example, card tables, snooker tables, etc.) Baja (Spanish f.) drop, fall Baja calidad (Spanish f.) low quality Bajada (Spanish f.) slope, descent Bajamar (Spanish m.) low tide Bajan (English, German n.) see bayan Baja por maternidad (Spanish f.) maternity leave bajar (Spanish) to lower, to get down, to bow (of the head) bajar el diapasón (Spanish) to lower the tone of one's voice bajar la escalera (Spanish) to go downstairs, to go down, to fall (temperature, price) bajar la mano (Spanish) to lower one's hand bajarse (Spanish) to bend down bajarse de (Spanish) to get out of, to get off (bus, horse, etc.) bajarse uno los pantalones (Spanish) to give in Baja sexto (Spanish) an acoustic bass guitar, with six pairs of strings, that resembles a twelve-string guitar tuned an octave lower. The heavy gauge strings generate a large string tension, yet the guitar is built relatively lightly. The baja sexto began to be used in Texas in the 1920s with the rise of 'Tex-Mex' music. The standard tuning is: E-e-A-a-D-d-G-g-C-c-F-f (capital letters are an octave below the smaller letters) Bajeza (Spanish f.) vile deed Bajiaogu (China) a single-headed frame drum, used in tan xian pai zi qu, a popular style of narrative music of the Beijing region Bajiaogu from which this extract has been taken Bajio (Spanish m.) sandbank Bajflöjt (Swedish) drone flute Bajo (Spanish m.) lowland, sandbank, bass bajo (Spanish) low, short, small, lowered, humble, vile, pale (colour), deep (Spanish) quietly, low, deep, below (temperature) (Spanish) bass, as in cantado el bajo meaning bass singing bajo arresto (Spanish) under arrest Bajo cantante (Spanish m.) best described as basse-taille (French), a tenor voice strong in the lower register, the baritone voice, a high bass voice, basso cantante (Italian), basse chantante (French) Bajo cifrado (Spanish m.) figured bass, basse chiffrée (French), basse continue (French) Bajo continuo (Spanish m.) basso continuo Bajo de Alberti (Spanish m.) Alberti bass, basse d'Alberti (French) Bajo de la una (Spanish m.) a bass guitar with 8 strings with a large body that is played with a plectrum, called at the time una del perro, hence its name de la una Bajo de viola (Spanish m.) viola da gamba, the bass viol, viole de gambe (French) Bajo eléctrico (Spanish m.) electric bass (guitar) bajo el sol (Spanish) under the sun bajo la lluvia (Spanish) in the rain bajo llave (Spanish) under lock and key bajo los auspicios de (Spanish) sponsored by bajo los efectos de la anestesia (Spanish) under (the) anesthetic Bajón (Spanish m.) drop, decline (health), slump (business) (Spanish m.) also baxón, bassoon Bajonett (s.), Bajonette (pl.) (German n.) bayonet Bajonettangriff (German m.) bayonet charge bajonettförmig (German) bayonet-shaped bajonettierend (German) bayoneting bajonettierte (German) bayoneted Bajonettstift (German m.) bayonet pin (a pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it) Bajonettverbindung (German f.) bayonet joint (a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed onto a rifle) Bajonettverschluss (German m.) bayonet joint (a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed onto a rifle) Bajonettzange (German f.) bayonet rongeur (surgical instrument) Bajo sexto (Spanish m., literally 'lower sixth') a Mexican twelve-string (six courses) acoustic bass guitar. The standard tuning is E-e-A-a-D-d-g-g-b-b-F-f (capital letters are an octave lower than the small letters) Bajo sexto Bajazzo, Der (German m., 'clowns') the German title of the opera Pagliacci, an opera in two acts written and composed by Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857-1919). It is the tragedy of a jealous husband in a commedia dell'Arte troupe. It premiered in Milan in 1892, and it is Leoncavallo's only successful opera. The title is sometimes incorrectly rendered I Pagliacci (The Clowns) Pagliacci from which most of this information has been taken Bajs Istrian double-bass Bak formed of up to six pieces of wood bound together at one end by a strip of leather, sound is produced by spreading and closing the bundle Bak Bakchich (French m.) bribe Bake (German f.) marker buoy, beacon Bake-Hardening-Stahl (German m.) bake-hardening steel Bakelit (German n.) bakelite Bakelite Bakelite (TM) is the original name for phenol plastic; but now usually covers a range of different types of plastic. This material has featured in a number of musical instruments including the Dolmetsch 'Dolonite' plastic recorders made between 1947 and 1967 Bakelitfeile (German f.) file for plastics Bakerinsel (German f.) Baker Island Baker Island an atoll, located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, with an area of approximately 1 square mile and about 1650 miles from Hawaii Baker's biographical dictionary of musicians the standard US biographical dictionary of music which primarily covers figures from the western classical tradition and includes composers, performers, and scholars. Published by Schirmer Books, NY, USA Bakersfield sound a genre of country music developed in the mid- to late 1950s in and around Bakersfield, California Bakersfield sound Baker's knee knock-knee Bakewell tart a jam pastry with an egg and ground almond enriched filling which is also called a Bakewell pudding, particularly in the Derbyshire town of Bakewell in which it originated Bakewell tart from which this extract has been taken Bakewell-Törtchen (German n.) Bakewell tart Bakewell-Torte (German f.) Bakewell tart Bakkalaureat (German n.) baccalaureate Bakkalaureus (German m.) bachelor Bakkalaureus der Chirurgie (German m.) Bachelor of Surgery Bakkalaureus der Ingenieurwissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Engineering Bakkalaureus der Literatur(wissenschaft) (German m.) Bachelor of Literature Bakkalaureus der Medizin (German m.) Bachelor of Medicine Bakkalaureus der Musik (German m.) Bachelor of Music Bakkalaureus der Naturwissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Science (natural sciences) Bakkalaureus der Philosophie (German m.) Bachelor of Arts Bakkalaureus der philosophischen Fakultät (German m.) Bachelor of Arts Bakkalaureus der Theologie (German m.) Bachelor of Divinity Bakkalaureus der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (German m.) Bachelor of Economic Science Bakkalaureus des Rechts (German m.) Bachelor of Laws Bakkarat (German n.) baccarat (a game of chance) Bakou trilling vocals that accompany Wolof wrestling Bakschisch (German m.) baksheesh, bakshish Baksheesh (English, from the Persian) or bakshish, a gratuity, a tip Bakshish (English, from the Persian) or baksheesh, a gratuity, a tip Bakshy Turkmen folk music made by travelling musicians also called bakshy see ashiq Bakshy Baksimba a royal dance of the Baganda people from Uganda Bakst, Léon Nikolayevich (1866-1924) Russian painter and scene- and costume- designer who revolutionized the arts he worked in Léon Bakst from which this extract has been taken Bakterie (s.), Bakterien (pl.) (German f.) bacterium, bacteria (plural form) bakteriell (German) bacterial, bacterially bakterielle Infektion (German f.) bacillus infection, bacterial infection Bakterien- (German) bacterial (prefix) bakterienabtötend (German) bactericidal,bactericidally bakterienfrei (German) abacterial, free from bacteria Bakterieninfektion (German f.) bacterial infection Bakterienkunde (German f.) bacteriology Bakteriologe (m.), Bakteriologin (f.), Bakteriologen (pl.) (German) bacteriologist Bakteriologie (German f.) bacteriology bakteriologisch (German) bacteriological, bacteriologically, bacterial Bakterium (German n.) bacterium Bakterizid (s.), Bakterizide (pl.) (German n.) bactericide bakterizid (German) bactericidal, antibacterial, bactericidally Baktrien (German n.) Bactria (an ancient country of southwest Asia which was an eastern province of the Persian Empire before its conquest by the Greeks in 328 BC) Baktrisches Kamel (German n.) Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Bal (French m.) ballo, dance, ball, dance-hall bal. abbreviation of 'balance' (in book-keeping) bal(s) abbreviation of 'ballad opera(s)' Bala also balo or balofon, a West African xylophone made with strips of wood, increasing in length, connected together with thread, and with hollow gourd resonators of varying sizes attached to the bottom to achieve a greater tonal range Balaphone Bala (German n.) Bahla (a town in Ad Dakhiliyah, Oman, famous for its its ancient fort and its pottery) Balaam in printing, matter kept in type for filling up odd spaces in periodicals, also called 'fill-ups' (English, German m.) a Biblical character an island in Northern Russia Balaam's basket or 'Balaam's box', printer's slang for the recepticle for storing 'Balaam' Balaban or balaman, a short Persian cylindrical oboe Balaban Balada (Spanish f.) or balata, ballad, ballade (French), torch song Balade (French f.) stroll a common misspelling of the French word ballade Baladeur (French m.) personal stereo baladi (Spanish) trivial baladrón (Spanish) boastful Baladronada (Spanish f.) boast baladronear (Spanish) to boast Balafo (Spanish m.) bala Balafon (French m.) bala Balafre (French f.) gash, scar balafré (m.), balafrée (f.) (French) gashed, scarred balafrer (French) to gash Balai (s.), Balais (pl.) (French m.) wire or steel brush (drumming), broom (for sweeping) Balai-brosse (French m.) garden broom Balais de batterie (French m. pl.) brushes, special sticks used when playing the drums Balais de jazz (French m. pl.) wire or rhyhtm brushes Balakadri a traditional quadrille music that was performed for balls in Guadeloupe called balkadri or simply kadri Balakovo a town in Saratov Oblast, Russia, founded in 1762 Balakowo (German n.) Balakovo Balalaica (Italian f., Spanish f.) balalaika (English, French), Balalaika (German) Balalaika (English, German f., French f., from the Russian) or balalaica (Italian , Spanish), established since the seventeenth century, the balalaika, a triangular guitar-like instrument with a fretted finger-board normally bearing three strings, was, by the ninteenth century, seen as being old fashioned. During this period its use waned as the seven-stringed guitar and concertina were introduced into Russia. In the 1880s, Vladimir. V. Andreev, aristocrat, folklorist and musician, heard the balalaika while collecting folk songs, fell in love with its sound, and decided to become its champion. Working with two violin makers and a carpenter, Andreev created a new, improved version of the instrument, took it into the salons of St. Petersburg, and was greatly encouraged by its acceptance. With even grander plans, he went back to his collaborators, created six different sizes of balalaika, and arranged some of the folk songs he had collected for this new ensemble. To save other endangered native instruments, Andreev revised and added the fifteenth-century domra, a round-bodied, three-stringed mandolin, the gusli, a type of zither, and various folk wind instruments. These instruments formed the Great Russian Orchestra which performed Western classical music as well as arrangements from the folk literature. In the meantime, the smaller balalaika ensemble, consisting of just balalaika, domra, and guitar, kept alive a more intimate performance of traditional folk songs and dance tunes name how played piccolo balalaika the smallest and rarely seen, played with the fingers prima balalaika played with the fingers sekunda balalaika either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played alto balalaika either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played bass balalaika are played with leather picks contrabass balalaika are played with leather picks all have three-sided bodies, spruce or fir tops and backs made of from three to nine wooden sections, and all have three strings the bass and contrabass are equipped with extension legs which rest on the floor the prima balalaika strings are tuned: A, E, E (1st-3rd), all notes immediately above middle C. The 1st string is the thinnest, and passes over more frets than the 2nd or 3rd string Balalaika Balalajka Balalaika Balalaika Balalajka alternative transliteration of balalaika Balaman Azerbaijani short cylindrical oboe see balaban Balance (English, French f.) scales (weighing) (English, Spanish m., German f.) swinging, balance, equilibrium, balance sheet (English, German f.) the adjustment of volume and timbre between instruments or voices so that, when required, each is clearly heard through the general texture (English, German f.) in contradance, a basic figure in which the couple faces each other with both hands joined (less commonly with one hand joined) and, in time to the music, takes two steps toward each other, and then two steps apart; often followed by a swing. Balances may also be done in lines or circles Balance from which the last entry has been taken Balancé (French, literally 'balanced') balanceado (Portuguese), in dance, this step is very much like a pas de valse and is an alternation of balance, shifting the weight from one foot to the other. Balancé may be done crossing the foot either front or back. Fifth position R foot front. Demi-plié, dégagé the R foot to the second position and jump on it lightly in demi-plié, crossing the L foot behind the R ankle and inclining the head and body to the right. Step on the L demi-pointe behind the R foot, slightly lifting the R foot off the ground; then fall on the R foot again in demi-plié with the L foot raised sur le cou-de-pied derrière. The next balancé will be to the left side. Balancé may also be done en avant or en arrière facing croisé or effacé and en tournant Balancé from which this information has been taken balanceado (Portuguese) balanced, balancé (French) Balanceakt (German m.) juggling act (figurative), balancing act (figurative) Balance All one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures balancear (Spanish) to balance, to hesitate balancearse (Spanish) to swing, to hesitate Balanced phrasing phrases of the same length paired together so that the first sounds like a question and the second like an answer Balanced tension on the piano, a system of piano back construction, wherein iron levers replace the conventional wood posts. The back is tremendously strong and rigid, thereby permitting greater string tension which results in better piano tone balancement (French, literally 'wavering') or tremblement (French), the French term for tremolo, particularly Bebung on the clavichord and vibrato in music for strings or for the voice balancement sur deux accords (French) alternating chords Balanceo (Spanish m.) swinging balancer (French) to swing, to sway, to chuck, to chuck out Balance rail on a piano, the hard maple member of the key frame, wherein the balance pin is set, which in turn is the fulcrum point of the piano key Balance swell-pedal a foot-lever in an organ, which enables the tone of certain manuals to be increased or diminished, and which will remain in any fixed position Balanchine, George (1904-1983) Russian-born US choreographer whose work with Diaghilev's Ballet Russe was followed by his work with the New York City Ballet (from 1948) which made him, with his 'American Neo-Classic' style, probably the most influential twentieth-century choreographer of ballet in the USA Balancier (French m.) pendulum (of a clock), pole (wire-walker) balancieren (German) to poise, to balance balancierend (German) balancing balanciert (German) poises, balanced, poised balancierte (German) poised Balançoire (French f.) swing, see-saw Balan-ru synonymous with bala Balaschicha (German n.) Balashikha Balanyi synonymous with bala Balanza (Spanish f.) scales, balance Balaphone see bala balar (Spanish) to bleat Balashikha a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Pekhorka River 25 km east of Moscow Balata (Spanish f.) or balada, ballad, ballade (French) Balaustra (Italian f.) balustrade Balaustrada (Spanish f.) balustrade, railing, railings, banisters Balaustrata (Italian f.) balustrade Balay (Spanish, Latin America) wicker basket Balayage (French m.) sweeping, highlights (hair) balayer (French) to sweep, to sweep up, to sweep away, to sweep aside Balayeur (m.), Balayeuse (f.) (French) (road-)sweeper Balazo (Spanish m.) shot, bullet wound balbettando (Italian) stammering balbettare (Italian) to stammer, to babble (baby) Balbettio (Italian m.) stammering, babble (baby) Balboa a form of swing dance that emerged in the 1930s and 1940s Balboa balbucear (Spanish) to stammer, to babble Balbuceo (Spanish m.) stammering, babbling balbuciente (Spanish) stammering, babbling balbucir (Spanish) to stammer, to babble balbutier (French) to stammer, balbettare (Italian), stottern (German), tartamudear (Spanish), balbucear (Spanish) Balbutiement (French m.) stammering Balbuzie (Italian f.) stutter, Stottern (German n,), bégaiement (French m.), tartamudeo (Spanish m.) Balbuziente (Italian m./f.) stutterer balbuziente (Italian) stuttering Balcken (German m., archaic spelling) the bass-bar which lies under the fourth string in a violin, etc. the modern word in Bassbalken (German m.) [clarification by Michael Zapf] Balcon (French m.) balcony, dress circle (theatre) Balcón (Spanish m.) balcony Balconada (Spanish f.) row of balconies Balconaje (Spanish m.) row of balconies Balcone (Italian m.) balcony Balconette see 'balcony' Balconette-BH (German m.) balcony bra Balconnet-BH (German m.) balconette bra, balconnet bra Balcony or 'balconette', a balcony is a platform that projects from the wall of a building and is surrounded by a railing, balustrade, or parapet. Where the balcony is so small, projecting shallowly and from only one window, it may be called a balconette. The same terms may be applied to a gallery that projects over the main floor in a theatre or an auditorium Bal costumé (French m.) fancy-dress ball bald (German) soon, almost, presently, shortly, at the earliest opportunity, ere long (archiac), in a hurry (colloquial), before long, going on (age) Balda (Spanish f.) shelf Baldachin (German m.) canopy Baldacchino (s.), Baldacchini (pl.) (Italian m.) canopy of brocade (or wool and metal in a similar form), placed over an altar, throne or doorway Baldado (Spanish m.) disabled person, cripple baldado (Spanish) disabled, crippled, shattered baldamente (Italian) audaciously, boldly Baldaquino (Spanish m.) canopy Baldanza (Italian f.) audacity, boldness baldar (Spanish) to cripple bald danach (German) soon after, soon afterwards bald darauf (German) by and by (old-fashioned) bald das eine, bald das andere (German) sometimes this, sometimes that, first this, then that bald dies, bald das (German) one moment this, the next that, now this, now that Balde (Spanish m.) bucket balde (German) soon baldear (Spanish) to wash down bald eine Woche (German) almost a week Baldezza (Italian f.) audacity, boldness baldig (German) early, speedy baldige Genesung (German f.) speedy recovery baldige Rückantwort (German f.) early answer baldigst (German) at soonest, at the soonest baldigst kommen (German) to come as soon as may be Baldini, Vittorio (died 1618) an Italian printer and engraver. He started publishing in Venice, where he was born, and later moved to Ferrara, joining the court of Duke Alfonso II d'Este in mid-to-late 1582, where he was the official ducal music printer. He may have met the duke through Giulio Cesare Brancaccio, whose translation and commentary on Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico Baldini printed in early 1582 Vittorio Baldini from which this extract has been taken baldio (Spanish) waste (ground), useless (figurative) baldmöglichst (German) as soon as possible, earliest possible, soonest possible, at earliest convenience, soonest bald nach Anfang (German) soon after the beginning of baldo (Italian) bold Baldoria (Italian f.) merrymaking Baldosa (Spanish f.) floor tile, flagstone Baldósa (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) bolde, saucie a kind of croud or country fiddle a country dance Bal drabces a carnival dance Baldrian (German m.) valerian (a plant of the genus Valeriana, especially V. officinalis, native to Eurasia and widely cultivated for its small, fragrant, white to pink or lavender flowers and for use in medicine. The dried rhizomes of this plant are used medicinally as a sedative) Baldrianöl (German n.) oil of valerian, valerian oil Baldriantee (German m.) valerian tea Baldrianwurzel (German f.) valerian root Baldrick coloured bands worn crossed over a moris man's chest and back, worn over whites Balduque (Spanish m.) red tape (also used figuratively) bald werdend (German) soon-to-be Balé (Portuguese m.) ballet Balear (Spanish m.) native of the Balearic Islands balear (Spanish) Balearic Balearen (German pl.) Balearic Islands, Balearics Baleareninsel (German f.) Balearic island Balearic Islands or Balearics, an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of Spain, noted for their scenery and mild climate Balearische Inseln (German pl.) Balearic Islands Balearic Beat a style of electronic dance music that emerged in the late 1980s and was popular into the mid-1990s. The style was named for its popularity among European nightclub and beach rave patrons on the Balearic island of Ibiza, a popular tourist destination. Some dance music compilations referred to the style as "the sound of Ibiza," even though many other, more aggressive and upbeat forms of dance music could be heard on the island Balearic Beat from which this extract has been taken Balé clássico (Portuguese m.) ballet Balefire an outdoor fire, a bonfire, a beacon fire, a funeral pyre Balé moderno (Portuguese m.) contemporary or modern ballet Balen (German n.) Baelen (a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of Liège) balenare (Italian) to lighten, to flash (figurative) Baleno (Italian m.) flash, lighting (lamp) Baleo (Spanish, Mexico) fan Balestra (Italian f.) crossbow Balg (s.), Bälge (pl.), Bälger (North German plural for brats) (German n./m.) brat (German m.) bag, pod (pea, etc.), pelt, skin (German n.) kid (colloquial), bantling (an infant or young child ) (German pl., literally 'bellows', archaic word) originally, on the organ, bellows produced the air supply for the pipes. Today, fans are used, giving a constant air stream, and most old organs have changed over to this system today Balgen, meaning bellows, is used only for the bellows of a camera [clarification by Michael Zapf] balgen (German) to struggle balgen sich (German) to tussle Balgengerät (German n.) bellows (camera) Balgentreter (German m.) bellows-treader, in old German organs (the man who by 'pumping' the bellows with his feet kept the organ suppied with wind) Balgerei (German f.) tussle, scrap, struggle, kerfuffle, romp, scramble Bälgetreter (German m.) bellows-treader, in old German organs (the man who by 'pumping' the bellows with his feet kept the organ suppied with wind) Balgmanometer (German n.) bellows pressure gauge Balgpumpe (German f.) bellows pump Balgtremolo (German n.) bellow shake (accordion), bellowshake (accordion) Balgtreter (German m.) bellows-treader (organ) Balgtreter (German m.) bellows-treader Balgventil (German n.) bellows release (accordion) Balgwerk (German n.) or Windwerk (German n.), blower (that part of the organ that provides the wind) Bali an island of southern Indonesia in the Lesser Sundas just east of Java, that is largely mountainous with a tropical climate and fertile soil Balia (Italian f.) wet-nurse Bali-BH (German m.) Bali (flower) bra Balido (Spanish m.) bleat, bleating Bali-ing Philippine nose flute Anonymous / Bali-ing (Nose Flute) Balinese music Balinese Gamelan music is very similar to Javanese Gamelan music. The music is also cyclical but it is usually quicker. One characteristic of Balinese gamelan music is that there are a lot of sudden changes in tempo and dynamics. Like the Javanese gamelan, the instruments in Balinese gamelan include both metallophones and gongs. However, there are more metallophones than gongs in Balinese gamelan. The metal keys on Balinese metallophones are thicker than those of Javanese, so that they produce a much brighter sound. Another characteristic of Balinese Gamelan music is the used of cymbals, which are used to create the fast rattling sound that is usually absent from Javanese Gamelan music Balinese Music: Glossary of Terms Balinesisch (German n.) Balinese Balingbing from the Philippines, a bamboo the lower end of which the player holds with one hand while strikes the upper part against the wrist of the other arm. A split running down the center of the tube causes a distinctive buzzing sound. The tone quality may be altered by opening and closing the finger hole for the thumb Balingbing Balise (English, German f.) an electronic beacon or transponder placed between the rails of a railway as part of an Automatic Train Protection system baliser (French) to mark out with beacons, to signpost (route) Balisong (English, German n.) a knife produced in the Phillipines, also known as a 'butterfly knife' Balivernes (French f. pl.) balderdash Balje (German f.) tidal channel Balk (Swedish) beam (Dutch) see notenbalk Balk at, to to stop suddenly at an obstacle in one's way Balkadri see balakadri Balkan (German m.) the Balkans (the countries in the Balkan Peninsula: Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, and the European part of Turkey) Balkanfieber (German n.) Q fever (an acute febrile illness due to Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), a species of bacteria. Q fever is a zoonotic disease, that is it is contracted from animals) Balkan folk dance Balkan folk dance includes the folk dances of Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and all other countries of the Balkans. The most distinctive feature of Balkan folk dance music is its complex rhythms (compared to Western music), which are built using combinations of groups of 2 ("quick") and 3 ("slow") beats. All of the basic folk dances use a distinct combination of these rhythmic "units". Some examples are the rachenitsa (7 beats divided 2-2-3), kopanitsa (11 beats divided 2-2-3-2-2), and pravo horo, which can either be standard 4/4 or 6/8. Some rhythms with the same number of beats can be divided in different ways: for example, 8-beat rhythms can be divided 2-3-3, 3-2-3, 3-3-2, 2-2-2-2, 2-2-4, 2-4-2, 4-2-2, or even 4-4 Muskc of Bulgaria from which some of this information has been taken Balkan Folk Dance Balkangebirge (German n.) Balkan Mountains Balkan-Grippe (German f.) Balkanfieber (German n.) Balkanhalbinsel (German f.) Balkan Peninsula balkanisch (German) Balkan Balkanise divide a territory into small, hostile states balkanisieren (German) to Balkanise Balkanisierung (German f.) balkanisation Balkankrieg (German m.) Balkan War Balkanländer (German pl.) Balkan countries (Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, and the European part of Turkey) Balkan music Balkan Music Balkans, The countries in the Balkan Peninsula: Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, and the European part of Turkey Balkanstaaten (German pl.) the Balkans Balken (s..pl.) (German m.) beam, joist, timber, baulk, arbor (German m.) bass-bar placed under the fourth string of a violin, etc. [corrected by Michael Zapf] (German m.) corpus callosum (a white-matter bundle of 200-300 million nerve fibres that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain) Balkenanzeige (German f.) bargraph Balkenbreite (German f.) beam width Balkenbrücke (German f.) beam bridge, girder bridge Balkencode (German m.) bar code, barcode Balkendecke (German f.) beam ceiling, wood-beamed ceiling, joist ceiling Balkendiagramm (German n.) bar graph, bar diagram, bar chart Balkengalaxie (German f.) barred galaxy (a galaxy with a bright central bar of stars) Balkengraphik (German f.) bargraph Balken-Gruppierung (German f.) beam grouping Balkenhöhe (German f.) beam height, beam depth (vertical extent) Balkenkode (German m.) bar code Balkenkopf (German m.) abutment, joist end Balkenplan (German m.) bar chart Balkenpumpe (German f.) beam pump Balkenspiralen (German pl.) barred spirals Balkenspiralgalaxie (German f.) barred spiral galaxy Balkenüberschrift (German f.) streamer headline (a newspaper headline that runs across the full page) Balkenwaage (German f.) beam and scales, beam balance Balkenwulst (German m.) Splenium corporis callosi, splenium of the corpus callosum (the posterior end of the corpus callosum which is the thickest part) Balkon (s.), Balkone (pl.) (German m.) balcony, gallery, circle (theatre seating area) Balkonfenster (German n.) balcony window Balkonpflanze (German f.) balcony plant Balkontür (German f.) balcony door, French window Ball (s.), Bälle (pl.) (German m.) ball, ball (formal dance), ballo (Italian m.), bowl, prom (school dance) Balla (Italian f.) tall story Ballabile (Italian) a piece of dance or ballet music, particularly a dance interlude in a nineteenth-century opera (Italian) in a dance style, to be danced Ballad (English, German f., derived from the Italian, ballata, 'a dancing song', which is derived from Latin, ballare, 'to dance') a narrative song, often sentimental, with verses alternating with a refrain, originally to be danced, but now generally without dance associations, a ballad has five characteristics: it tells a story, typically in third person narrative it focuses on actions and dialogue rather than characteristics and narration it has a simple metrical structure and sentence structure it is sung to a modal melody it is of oral tradition, passed down by word of mouth, undergoes changes and of anonymous authorship in jazz or 'pop', a slow tune, for example a 'torch song' a form of traditional narrative poetry, most of which, in England, date from the fifteenth century, although the genre experienced a revival at the hands of the early nineteenth-century English and German Romantics see 'folk ballad', 'broadsheet ballad' see moritat Ballade (s.), Balladen (German pl.) (French f.) one of the thirteenth-, fourteenth- and fifteenth-century formes fixes, strophic, each stanza having an initial repeated section followed by a second section played only once, and a final four-line refrain (envoy). In a typical ballade, the last lines of each stanza and of the envoy are the same. The ballade first rose to prominence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, popularized by French poets like Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-1377) and Eustache Deschampes (1346-1406). It was perfected in the sixteenth century by François Villon (1431-after 1463), but it later fell into disrepute when sevententh-century poets like Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), also known by his stage name Molière, and Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636-1711) mocked its conventions (French f.) a species of chanson de danse a dramatic heroic piano piece often inspired by poetry a setting of a poem to music (French f., Dutch, German f.) ballad, lay Balladenbüchlein (German n.) chapbook Balladendichtung (s.), Balladendichtungen (pl.) (German f.) balladry Balladenform (German f.) ballad metre balladenmäßig (German) in the style of a ballad [corrected by Michael Zapf] Balladenoper (German f.) ballad opera Balladensammlung (German f.) book of ballads, collection of ballads Balladensänger (m.), Balladensängerin (f.), Balladesänger (pl.) (German) balladsinger, minstrel, ballad singer, balladeer balladesk (German) balladic Ballad horn (brass instrument) in 1868, a virtuoso musician and long-time friend of Adolphe Sax named Henry Distin sold an instrument design to Boosey & Co along with his own company, and Boosey subsequently manufactured a family of bell-up brass instruments under the name ballad horn Ballad Horn Ballad Horn, London, England, ca 1880-86 Ballad horn (organ stop) an 8' manual Reed stop whose timbre is quite like that of the Waldhorn. On theatre and concert organs this name is used to designate a whole series of mellow, somewhat brassy, pleasant-toned horns voiced for the Solo manual. The Ballad Horn's smooth and pungent effect combines the best elements of the brass-like timbre and the warm quality of the Orchestral Horn. It is a very effective tone or playing the melody line, especially as heard in the popular and sentimental songs of the day. Most examples are harmonically full and a little on the big side in loudness. This is not a French or Orchestral Horn, and cannot be used for the same type of effects. Neither does it have any of the Baryton's thin tone. The resonators are of full length and may be flared in their top halves in addition to the normal flare in Horn stops Ballad Horn (organ stops) from which the above extract has been taken Balladic of the nature of a ballad balladisch (German) balladic Ballad measure traditionally, ballad measure consists of a four-line stanza or a quatrain containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines with an ABCB or ABAB rhyme scheme. Works written in ballad measure often include such quatrains Literary Terms and Definitions from which the above extract has been taken Ballad meter (US) ballad metre, also known as 'common meter' Ballad metre the metre of a four-line stanza with eight, six, eight and six syllables per line, commonly found in four-line hymn verse, and also known as 'common metre' Balladmonger someone earning his or her living writing and selling ballads either as songsheets (broadsides) or as a booklet (chapbook) Ballad opera (English, Ballad-Opera (German f.)) eighteenth-century English comic drama with songs, based on popular tunes but set to new words, and spoken dialogue, the form derived from the French opéras comiques en vaudevilles the first example of this form was The Beggar's Opera (1728) written by John Gay (1685-1732) and Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667-1752), a satire of the Italian opera seria then popular in London the eighteenth-century form inspired the twentieth-century cabaret operas of Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and Kurt Weill (1900-1950) including their Dreigroschenoper (1928) Ballad-Opera (German f.) ballad opera Ballad poem a narrative, in poetic form, used as the basis for a romantic or sentimental song which will have the same melody for each stanza Balladry ballad poems, the subject or style of ballads Ballads and Blues Club Britain"s first-ever folk club, founded,in 1951, by Ewan MacColl (1915-1989), Alan Lomax (1915-2002), Albert Lancaster Lloyd (1908-1982), Seamus Ennis (1919-1982) and others. MacColl was a marxist who believed that Britain's traditional music, that collected by Cecil Sharp and Ralph Vaughan Williams at the turn of the twentieth century, might be a means of countering German cultural influence in the period just before the Second World War. Later, in the 1950s, MacColl, hoped that it could be used to propagate communism Ewan MacColl Remembering Alan Lomax A. L. (Bert) Lloyd Seamus Ennis ballant (m.), ballante (f.) (French) dangling ballare (Italian) to dance Ballarella (Italian) an alternative name for the salterello (Italian) Ballaríno (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) dancer, teacher of dance Ballast (s.), Ballaste (German pl.) (English, German m.) material used to stabilize a structure, for example, coarse stone that lies under railways lines, road surfaces, etc. or finer aggregate used in concrete, burden (figurative) Ballast {m} der Tradition (German m.) weight of tradition ballasten (German) to ballast Ballaststoff (s.), Ballaststoffe (pl.) (German m.) (dietary) fibre, roughage (for example, in one's diet) (plural form) ballaststoffreich (German) fibre-rich, high fibre ballaststoffreiche Kost (German f.) high fibre diet Ballata (Italian f., 'ballad' from ballare, 'to dance') one of the three poetic forms used in Italian secular songs from the late 13th- to the early 15th-centuries, the other two being the 'madrigal' and the caccia. It has the musical structure AbbaA, with the first and last stanzas having the same words. The first and last A is called a ripresa, the b lines are piedi (feet), while the fourth line is called a volta a fourteenth-century Italian secular piece related to the French virelai Ballata Ballate (s.), Ballate (pl.) originally a song to accompany dancing, the thirteenth-century Italian ballata were monophonic dance songs with choral refrains Ballatella (Italian f.) a short balleta Ballatetta (Italian f.) a short balleta Ballatina (Italian f.) a short balleta Ballatore (m.), Ballatrice (f.) (Italian) dancer Ballawatsch (German m. - Austria) chaos Ball change Ball change Bällchen (German n.) small ball Ballematia (Italian f.) songs or melodies in a dance style Ballen (s./pl.) (German m.) ball (of the foot, hand, toe), bunion (medicine), bale, pad (of a paw) ballen (German) to agglomerate, to clot Ballen Baumwolle (German m.) bale of cotton, bolt of cloth Ballendraht (German m.) bale wire Ballen Papier (German m.) bale of paper Ballenschnur (German f.) bale twine Ballen Stroh (German m.) bale of straw, straw bale Ballen Tuch (German m.) bale of cloth, bolt of cloth ballenweise (German) in bales Ballen Wolle (German m.) bale of wool, pack of wool Ballenzeh (German m.) bunion (Hallux valgus) Ballerei (German f.) shoot-up, shoot-out Ballerfilm (German m.) shoot-'em-up (film) (colloquial) Ballerina (English s., Italian s., German s.), Ballerine (It. pl.), Ballerinen (German pl.), Ballerinas (English pl., German pl.) (English, Italian f., German f.) a principal female dancer in a ballet company or dancing-mistress. In the days of the Russian Imperial Theatres the title was given to the outstanding soloists whodanced the chief classical roles. Although the term ballerina is used for any female ballet dancer, it was originally a rank given to an exceptional ballet soloist in the Russian Imperial Ballet. The rankings, from highest to lowest, were ballerinas (prima ballerina assoluta, prima ballerina and ballerina), premiers danseurs, first and second soloists, coryphées and corps de ballet Ballerina Ballerinafrisur (German f.) ballerina (bun) hairstyle Ballerinaknoten (German m.) ballerina bun (hairstyle) Ballerina-Länge (German f.) ballerina length (skirt) Ballerinarock (German m.) ballerina skirt Ballerina-Rock (German m.) ballerina skirt Ballerinaschuh (German m.) ballerina shoe Ballerinaschühchen (German n.) small ballerina shoe Ballerine (German f. (rare), French f.) ballerina Ballerino (Italian m.) male dancer, dancing-master ballern (German) to (take a) pop (colloquial), to bang away (with a gun) ballern auf (German) to (take a) pop at (colloquial: to shoot at) Ballerspiel (German n.) shoot-'em-up (colloquial) (computer game) Balles de poussiéres (French f., dust dances) see djongo Ballet (English, French m., Spanish m.) balletto (Italian m.), Ballett (German n.) a dance form, originally Italian (balletto, where it first referred to a song (ballad) that was set to a tune that might be danced to), that was established at the French court in the sixteenth century, that was formal and courtly, originally danced both by professionals and guests but now danced by professionals. The term also applies to a company performing such works some dance purists argue that the term 'ballet' should be used only for works based on the danse d'école, the codified academic theatrical dance and its legitimate extensions. However, folkloric ensembles and jazz dance groups call themselves ballet companies, and even works based on modern dance are often termed ballets What is Ballet? What's the point of ballet? Ballet, abstract see 'Abstract ballet' Ballet blanc (French m., literally 'white ballet') ballet in which the female dancers (danceuses) wear calf-length white dresses, a costume introduced by Marie Taglioni (1804-1884) in La Sylphide (1832) Ballet d'action (French m., literally 'ballet with a plot') developed by the creator of modern classical ballet, Jean-Georges Noverre (1727-1810) and described in his Lettres sur la danse et les ballets (1760) Ballet d'action Ballet chanté (French m.) a ballet in which the performers accompany their actions with song Ballet d'action (French m.) a ballet in which the whole action is designed to tell a story rather than just to provide a graceful spectacle Ballet de cour (French m., literally 'court ballet') ballet de cour or court ballet incorporate verse, song, dance, music, scenery and spectacle with a unifying plot that could be allegorical, mythological, or both. Elements of ballett de cour were borrowed from French entrement (in England called a 'sotelty') and the Italian intermedio. The incorporation of ballet de cour into opera originated in France with Lully and continued through until the second half of the nineteenth century as a feature of grand opéra Ballet d'opera synonymous with ballet Balletknoten (German m.) ballet bun Ballet master the person in a ballet company whose duty is to give the daily company class and to rehearse the ballets in the company repertoire Ballet Mécanique (French m.) composed in 1924 by George Antheil (1900-1959), an American composer then living in Paris, this work was scored for player pianos, percussion, and airplane propellors. A scandalous success at its first performance in 1926, it is known for its outrageous orchestration and the idea of using non-traditional sounds in a musical context Ballet Mécanique Ballet mistress the person in a ballet company whose duty is to give the daily company class and to rehearse the ballets in the company repertoire Balletomane a ballet fan or enthusiast (the word was invented in Russia in the early nineteenth century) Ballets aux chansons (French m. pl.) ballets or dances accompanied with songs Ballett (s.), Ballette (pl.) (German n.) ballet [corrected by Michael Zapf] Ballettänzer (m.), Ballettänzerin (f.), Ballettänzer (pl.) (German, old spelling) dancer, ballerina [clarification by Michael Zapf] Ballettaufführung (German f.) ballet performance Ballettbekleidung (German f.) ballet apparel Ballettensemble (German n.) ballet ensemble Balletteuse (German f.) danseuse, ballet dancer (female) Ballettfanatiker (German m.) balletomane Ballettfilm (German m.) ballet film Ballettfrisur (German f.) ballet (bun) hairstyle Ballettgruppe (German f.) corps de ballet Ballettimpresario (German m.) ballet impresario Ballettkomödie (German f.) comic ballet Ballettkompanie (German f.) corps de ballet Ballettkorps (German n.) corps de ballet Ballettmädchen (German n.) ballet girl, young ballerina Ballettmeister (m.), Ballettmeisterin (f.) (German) ballet master, ballet mistress [corrected by Michael Zapf] Ballettmusik (German f.) ballet music [corrected by Michael Zapf] Balletto (Italian m.) an early form of ballet (Italian m.) in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an Italian dance (Italian m.) in the sixteenth century, a lively part-song, in the madrigal style, for several voices, with a fa la burden (Italian m.) an instrumental piece, many being for organ Ballettratte (German f.) ballet pupil, chorus girl, budding young ballerina, ballet girl Ballettrock (German m.) ballet skirt Ballettröckchen (German n.) (ballet) tutu Ballettsaal (German m.) ballet hall Ballettschuh (s.), Ballettschuhe (pl.) (German m.) ballet shoe, ballerina shoe Ballettschühchen (German n.) little ballet shoe Ballettschule (German f.) ballet school [corrected by Michael Zapf] Ballettsocke (German f.) ballet sock Ballettstange (German f.) ballet bar, ballet barre Balletttänzer (m.), Balletttänzerin (f.), Balletttänzer (pl.) (German, modern spelling) dancer, ballerina, ballet girl (f.), figurant, opera dancer [clarification by Michael Zapf] Balletttruppe (German f.) ballet (company), corps de ballet Ballettunterricht (German m.) ballet classes Ballflower carved decoration in the form of a globular three petalled flower ballförmig (German) ball-shaped Ballhupe (German f.) bulb horn (hand-operated rubber bulb operated horn, found of vintage cars, etc.) Balli (Italian m.pl.) dances Balli della Stiria (Italian m.pl.) Styrian dances resembling waltzes ballig (German) spherical, crowned Balligkeit (German f.) convexity Balli inglesi (Italian m. pl.) English country dances Ballism or ballismus, large-amplitude flinging, flailing movements, often associated with damage to the subthalamic nucleus, often seen on only one side of the body in which case it is called hemiballism or hemiballism Ballismus (English, German m.) ballism Ballista (s.), Ballistae (Latin pl.) (English, German f., from Latin) an ancient siege-engine that projected missiles by the release of energy stored in a spring Balliste (German f.) ballista Ballistia (Italian f.) songs or melodies in a dance style Ballistics the study of the dynamics of projectiles, the study of the flight characteristics of projectiles Ballistik (German f.) ballistics ballistisch (German) ballistic, ballistically Ballistophobia an abnormal fear of projectiles or missiles Ballistophobie (German f.) ballistophobia Balli ungaresi (Italian m. pl.) Hungarian dances, in duple time and generally syncopated Balljunge (German m.) ball-boy (tennis, etc.) Ballkenstamm (German m.) Truncus corporis callosi, truncus of the corpus callosum Ballkleid (s.), Ballkleider (pl.) (German n.) ball dress, ball gown Ballkleid-BH (German m.) backless bra Ballkönigin (German f.) belle of the ball, queen of the ball Ballmädchen (German n.) ball girl (tennis, etc.) Bal mirror see 'disco ball' Ballnacht (German f.) ball night Ballo (s.), Balli (pl.) (Italian m.) Domenico da Piacenza (1390-1470) is credited with the first use of the term ballo (in De Arte Saltandi et Choreas Ducendi) instead of danza (dance) for his baletti or balli which later came to be known as 'Ballets'. The first 'Ballet' per se is considered to be Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx's Ballet Comique de la Royne (1581) and was a ballet comique ('ballet drama'). 1581 also saw the publication of Fabritio Caroso's Il Ballarino, a technical manual on ballet dancing that helped to establish Italy as a major centre of ballet development (Italian m.) a specific type of fifteenth-century Italian dance that is often marked by changes of tempo and style (Italian m.) a ball (for social dancing), a formal court dance of the 15th-, 16th- and 17th-centuries (Italian m.) music for a ball, an ordered set of instrumental pieces designed to be performed at a single sitting, comprising branles, pavans, galliards, courentes, salterellos, etc., what in the Baroque period would be called a 'suite' Ballo di baraben (Italian m.) a ritual dance Ballo di marinai (Italian m.) hornpipe Ballo inglesi (s.), Balli inglesi (pl.) (Italian m.) English country dance(s) Ballon, Ballone (German pl.), Ballons (English, German pl.) (French m., literally 'bounce') the elastic quality of a jump (German m.) balloon (French m., German m.) large globe-shaped brandy-glass (in Switzerland, the glass containing wine) Ballonaufstieg (German m.) ascent of a balloon, balloon ascent Ballónchio (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a country hopping round or morice dance Ballonciuólo (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a merry skipping dance Ballon d'essai (French m.) a project designed to test public feeling Ballonet one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Ballonett (German n.) ballonet Ballonfahren (German n.) ballooning Ballonfahrer (German m.) balloonist Ballonfahrt (German f.) balloon voyage, balloon trip, balloon flight, balloon ride Ballonflasche (German f.) balloon flask, carboy, demijohn Ballonflieger (German m.) balloonist Ballonführer (German m.) balloon pilot Ballonhupe (German f.) bulb horn (hand-operated rubber bulb operated horn, found of vintage cars, etc.) Ballonkatheter (German m.) balloon catheter Ballonkleid (German n.) bubble dress, balloon dress Ballonkorb (German m.) nacelle Ballonluftfahrt (German f.) ballooning Ballonmacher (German m.) balloon-maker Ballonmodellierer (German m.) balloon sculpturer Ballonmütze (German f.) baker's boy cap Ballonné (French) in dance, a bouncing step in which the dancer lands on one leg in a demi-plie with the working foot sur le cou de pied ballonné (French) bloated Ballonrock (German m.) balloon skirt, bubble skirt Ballonschirm (German m.) ballute Ballonseide (German f.) balloon fabric, balloon silk Ballonsperre (German f.) barrage balloon Ballontine (French) a boned stuffed leg of poultry or game bird, it may be poached or roasted and served cold or hot Ballonvalvuloplastie (German f.) balloon valvuloplasty, a procedure used in the surgical repair of damaged valves in veins Ballonwerbung (German f.) balloon advertising ballonzare (Italian) to dance artistically ballonzolare (Italian) to skip about Ballot (French m.) bundle, idiot Ballotade (English, German f.) a leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or on a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out Ballotté (French) in dance, this step consists of coupé dessous and coupé dessus performed in a series with a rocking, swinging movement. Ballotté is performed traveling forward on ballotté en avant and backward on ballotté en arrière to the place from which the dancer made the first jump ballotter (French) to shake about, to toss Ballo ungaresi (s.), Balli ungaresi (pl.) (Italian m.) Hungarian dance Ballroom dancing a collective term for a form of social dancing, in particular dances usually performed by couples, including the fox-trot, waltz, tango, rumba, swing, mambo, samba and cha cha Glossary of Ballroom Dancing Terms Ballroom Dance and DanceSport Ballroom Dance Ballsaal (German m.) ballroom, ball room Ballsaalunterhaltung (German f.) ballroom conversation Ballschuh (German m.) dancing shoe, evening shoe Ballspiel (s.), Ballspiele (pl.) (German m.) ball game Ball spielen (German) to play ball, to play at ball Ballspieler (m.), Ballspielerin (f.) (German) ballplayer ballt sich zusammen (German) agglomerates balltragend (German) carrying the ball Ballung (German f.) agglomeration Ballungan Javanese term for the basic melody of gamelan music, a melody used as the basis for a gamelan gending, i.e. the basis for the various contrapuntal musical lines Ballungsgebiet (German n.) congested urban area, agglomeration area, conurbation, overcrowded area, overcrowded region Ballungsraum (German m.) megalopolis, agglomeration Ballungszentrum (German n.) centre, congested area, overcrowded area, area of high population density Ballute a cross between a balloon and a parachute, used to brake the free fall of sounding rockets, used to make observations anywhere within the earth's atmosphere Ballu tundu traditional popular dance from Sardinia Ballwechsel (German m.) rally (in tennis) Ballwerfer (German m.) bowler (cricket), pitcher (baseball) Ballwurf (German m.) ball-throwing Ballwurfmaschine (German f.) tennis ball serving machine Ballyhoo although popularly associated with Ballyhooly, a village in County Cork, Ireland, the word ballyhoo, a noisy demonstration designed to attract attention, originates from the U.S.A. Ballzauberer (German m.) magician with the ball Balm an aromatic, resinous gum extruded from certain trees and used in perfumery and medicine Bal masqué (French m.) a masked ball Balmoral bonnet or 'bluebonnet', a Scottish brimless hat, often of blue wool, with a cockade and a plume on one side Bal musette (s.), Bals musette (pl.) (French m.) a style of French popular music which arose in 1880s Paris especially the 5th, 11th and 12th districts. It was in these districts that Auvergnats settled in large numbers in the nineteenth century, opening cafés and bars where patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of musette (a bellows-powered bagpipe) and grelottière. In addition to the local Auvergnats, these drew many Parisians and Italians. The Italians settled in the 19th district of Paris, and already played the diatonic accordion which was used in the Auvergnat bars Bal-musette from which this extract has been taken Bal musette populaire (French) a style of French popular music that was associated particularly with Italian musicians balnéaire (French) seaside balneare (Italian) bathing Balneario (Spanish m.) spa, seaside resort Balneologe (m.), Balneologin (f.) (German) balneologist Balneologie (German f.) balneology Balneologist person who determines or supervises the use of various baths for therapeutic purposes Balneology the therapeutic use and effects of various baths Balneotherapie (German f.) balneotherapy Balneotherapy therapeutic use of various baths Balo West African xylophone made with wooden bars, also known as bala or balafon Balo, 19th century Mandinka people (West Africa) Balocco (Italian m.) toy Balofon see balo Baló-Krankheit (German f.) Baló's disease Balompié (Spanish m.) football, soccer Balón (Spanish m.) ball, football Baloncesto (Spanish m.) basketball Balonmano (Spanish m.) handball Balónvolea (Spanish m.) volleyball balordo (Italian) foolish, stunned Baló's disease a rare progressive form of multiple sclerosis with a strong viral association that primarily affects young adults Balourd (m.), Balourde (f.) (French) oaf balourd (m.), balourde (f.) (French) oafish Balsa (Spanish f.) pool (swimming), raft (floating platform) (English, German n.) a tropical American tree (Ochroma pyramidale) having wood that is soft and very light in weight Balsabrett (German n.) balsa sheet, sheet of balsa wood Balsaholz (German n.) balsawood, balsa wood, balsa Balsam (German m.) balm, balsam (any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes), ointment, cream, remedy, soothing medication Balsam erzeugend (German) balsamiferous Balsamapfel (German m.) balsam apple Balsam apple a tendril-bearing annual Old World vine (Momordica balsamina) grown as an ornamental for its yellow flowers and orange warty fruits Balsambaumgewächse (German pl.) incense tree family of the genus Burseraceae Balsamessig (German m.) balsamic vinegar Balsamfichte (German f.) balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Balsam fir medium-sized fir of northeastern North America (Abies balsamea) with leaves that smell of balsam when crushed. It is much used for pulpwood and Christmas trees Balsamico-Essig (German m.) balsamic vinegar Balsamic vinegar an aromatic vinegar of Modena, Italy, made from white Trebbiano grape juice that is heated and aged in wooden barrels Balsamierflüssigkeit (German f.) embalming fluid balsamiert ein (German) embalms balsamierte ein (German) embalmed Balsamiferous producing balsam Balsamine (German f.) yellow balsam (yellow transparent exudate of the balsam fir, used as a transparent cement in optical devices) balsamisch (German) balmy, balsamic, balsamous balsamischer Wohlgeruch (German m.) balm Balsamo (Italian m.) balsam, remedy Bálsamo (Spanish m.) balsam, balm (figurative) Balsampappel (German f.) balsam poplar Balsam poplar a poplar tree of northern North America (Populus balsamifera) having ovate leaves and large buds coated with a sticky, fragrant resin Balsamstrauch (German m.) balm of Gilead (any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Commiphora, especially C. opobalsamum, of Arabia and Somalia, known to be soothing medication for skin and used for fragrance in perfumes) Balsamtanne (German f.) balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Baltenstaat (German m.) Baltic state Balthasar (German) Balthazar Balthazar one of the three sages from the east who cam bearing gifts for the infant Jesus (from which comes the name for an oversized bottle which holds the equivalent of 12 to 16 standard bottles) Baltic an east-European branch of the Indo-European language family, that is usually grouped with the Slavic languages as "Balto-Slavic" Baltic languages a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. The language group is sometimes divided into two sub-groups: Western Baltic, containing only extinct languages, and Eastern Baltic, containing both extinct and the two living languages in the group: Lithuanian (including both Standard Lithuanian and Samogitian) and Latvian (including both literary Latvian and Latgalian). While related, the Lithuanian, the Latvian, and particularly the Old Prussian vocabularies differ substantially from each other and are not mutually intelligible. The now-extinct Old Prussian language has been considered the most archaic of the Baltic languages Baltic languages from which this extract has been taken baltico (Italian) Baltic Baltic Sea an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in northern Europe bounded by Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany Baltic States Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea Baltikum (German n.) Baltic states, Baltic countries baltisch (German) Baltic, Balt baltische Sprachen (German pl.) Baltic languages baltische Staaten (German pl.) Baltics, Baltic States Baltisches Meer (German n.) Baltic Sea Balto-Slavic a branch of Indo-European including the Slavic and Baltic languages Baluardo (Italian m.) bulwark Balumba (Spanish f.) mass, mountain Balùn (Italian) a folk dance Baluster vertical member in a railing used between a top rail and bottom rail or the stair treads. Balusters are sometimes referred to as 'pickets' or 'spindles' Balustersäule (German f.) newel post (the large starting post to which the ends of a stair guard railing or balustrade is fastened) Balustrade (French f., German f.) railing, railings, balusters (English) the rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway Balut (English, German n.) a speciality in the Philippines, these fertilised duck eggs are believed to be beneficial to pregnant women and men whose libido needs bolstering. Balut are eaten when the chick has formed Balwo a style of Somali popular music that began in Boorame and then spread throughout the area, a mixture of modern poetry and Arabian dance music Balz (German f.) mating season, courtship display Balza (Italian f.) crag, flounce balzare (Italian) to bounce, to jump balzato (Italian) springing (bowing), bouncing (bowing), mit (dem) Springbogen (German), fliegendes Staccato (German), bondi (French), staccato volant (French) balzellato (Italian) or saltellato (Italian), springing, bouncing, gehüpft (German), sautillé (French) balzen (German) to perform the courtship display, to croon (singer) Balzo (Italian m.) bounce, jump, cliff Balzritual (German n.) courtship ritual Balztanz (German m.) a courtship display involving dance, known in the middle of the nineteenth century but whose origins probably go back to the middle ages Balzverhalten (German n.) courtship behaviour BAM abbreviation of 'Bachelor of Arts in Music' Bamaaya bamaaya, meaning 'The river (valley) is wet', is the most popular social music and dance of the Dagbamba of Northern Ghana. It began as a religious musical performance, but now functions during funerals, festivals, national day celebrations, and other social occasions. Dancing the bamaaya requires a lot of waist movement and twisting. The maiden name for this music and dance, tubankpeli, is now the main dance movement. Originally, only men took part in the dance while the women would sing, shout praises, and encourage the dancers. Now, bamaaya is for both genders Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Bamba an old Mexican air from the province of Veracruz, Mexico Bambagia (Italian f.) cotton wool Bamberas (from bamba meaning 'swing') an Andalucian folk song of medieval tradition which may be Celtic in origin, one of the more obscure flamenco singing styles, also known as 'swing songs' Bambi effect an informal name used primarily by hunters and trappers to criticise what they feel are irrationally emotional objections to the killing of "adorable" animals, regardless of what the hunters consider are environmental and economic realities Bambi-Effekt (German m.) Bambi effect Bambin (French m.) tot Bambinaia (Italian f.) nursemaid, nanny Bambino (m.), Bambina (f.), Bambini (pl.) (Italian) child, a baby wrapped in swaddling-clothes as a representation of the infant Jesus Bambocciades grotesque pictures of country wakes, penny weddings and so forth, named for the Dutch painter Pieter van Laar (1592-c.1675) nicknamed bamboccio, who painted such scenes Bamboccio (Italian m.) chubby child, simpleton, rag doll Bambol (Guinea-Bissau) a calling drum Bambola (Italian f.) doll bambolear (Spanish) to sway, to wobble bambolearse (Spanish) to sway, to wobble bamboleo (Spanish m.) swaying, wobbling Bamboo a fibrous plant that grows into poles comprised of segments with hollow cores, gradually tapering to their upper tips. Leaves grow from the ridges at the ends of its segments. These ridges are distinctively dark in color. It can be found in widths up to several inches in diameter. Commonly grown in many parts of Asia, bamboo has been used for millennia as a material in architecture, sculpture, furniture, and the making of a wide variety of implements, including brushes, pipes and parts for other musical instruments Bamboo band originally from the Solomon Islands, music played by hitting bamboo tubes with sandals Bamboo brasilene a percussion instrument made of bamboo specified in the score of Mysteria op. 30 for organ and percussion by Elena Firsova (born 1950) Elena Firsova Bamboo saxophones a family of instruments made by Ángel Sampedro del Rio, made of bamboo, fitted with keys and played with a conventional saxophone mouthpiece Bamboo Saxophones Bambou (French m.) bamboo Bambou brésilien (French m.) bamboo brasilene Bamboula a tambourine of African descent from the West Indies, a dance accompanied by instrument Bambù (Italian m.) bamboo Bambú (Spanish m.) bamboo Bambuca the national dance of Colombia, South America. It is characterized by cross accents in the music. It was formerly danced only by the natives but became a ballroom dance to be added to the gentle pasillo, a favorite with Colombian society Bambuco a form of song and dance in 6/8 and 3/4 meter (similar to the European waltz or polska, not polka) from the Colombian Andes. Often considered the national music of Colombia Bambule (German f.) shindy (slang), shindig (a large and noisy party of people) Bambule machen (German) to go on a rampage Bambus (s.), Bambusse (pl.) (German m.) bamboo Bambus- (German) bamboo (prefix) Bambusanpflanzung (German f.) bamboo plantation Bambusblatt (German n.) bamboo leaf Bambusboden (German m.) bamboo flooring, bamboo floor Bambusbodenbelag (German m.) bamboo flooring Bambusflöte (German f.) bamboo flute Bambusgras (German n.) bamboo grass Bambushain (German m.) bamboo grove Bambushütte (German f.) bamboo hut Bambusleiter (German f.) bamboo ladder Bambusmatte (German f.) bamboo mat Bambusraspel (German f.) bamboo scraper Bambusrohr (German n.) bamboo cane, cane Bambusschüttelrohr (German n.) bamboo brasilene Bambussprößling (German m.) bamboo shoot Bambussprosse (s.), Bambussprossen (pl.) (German f.) bamboo shoot Bambusvorhang (German m.) Bamboo Curtain (an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s) Bambuswald (German m.) bamboo grove Bambuszaun (German m.) bamboo fence Bammel (German m.) jitters (colloquial), funk (colloquial), pre-exam jitters (colloquial) Bamoums of Cameroon a kingdom established in the sixteenth century in Bamoum which rose to become a powerful centralised state during the nineteenth century and whose spectacular court music reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Njoya (c.1876-1933) A Brief History of the Bamoums of Cameroon BA(Mus), B.A. (Mus.) abbreviation of 'Bachelor of Arts in Music' Ban (French m.) round of applause a proclamation given by the sound of a trumpet (China) clappers that are of two kinds: one is made of two pieces, usually of hardwood, and the other consists of two pieces of what are called 'half-moon' copper or steel strips, which give the instrument its alternative name of 'mandarin duck' clappers Bañador (Spanish m.) swimming costume, swimming trunks Banal (English, German) boringly commonplace and predictable, trite and obvious. A 'ban' once meant a widely proclaimed order, originating in the Indo-European bha, meaning 'speak'. Marriage banns, proclaiming a couple's engagement, are still publicly posted by some Christian churches. A French boulin à ban or four à ban was a mill or an oven which the lord of the manor provided for his tenants to use in common in return for a share of the output. To the French, and later the English, banal is derived from this example of the 'common' or 'usual' (German) banally, hackneyed, commonplace, trite, tritely, platitudinously, mundane, facile (remark) ArtLex Art Dictionary taken from the entry entitled 'banal' banale (Italian) banal Banalidad (Spanish f.) banality banalisieren (German) to banalise (to make mundane or commonplace) Banalità (Italian f.) banality Banalität (s.), Banalitäten (pl.) (German f.) banality, triteness Banalité (French f.) banality Banana bell Ewe name is Toke, Ashanti name is Dawuro; a hand-forged bell that produces tonal variations depending on where it is struck and whether or not the hand is used to damp the sound Banana boat often referred to simply as a banana, an unpowered recreational boat designed to be pulled by a larger boat a ship designed to transport bananas Banana chignon or 'chignon banana', a hairstyle (or coiffure) in which the hair is gathered together in a bun (the standard chignon), but with the placing of a fabric roll in the chignon to give the hair additional volume Banana paper a paper made from the bark of the banana plant, mainly used for artistic purposes, or paper made from banana fibre, obtained from an industrialized process, from the stem and the non utilizable fruits. This paper can be either hand-made or made by industrialized machine Banana republic a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies Banana saddle an elongated seat, on a lowrider bicycle, that curves upward at the rear Banana seat an elongated seat, on a lowrider bicycle, that curves upward at the rear Banane (s.), Bananen (German pl.) (French f., German f.) banana (German f.) banana chignon (hairstyle) Bananenanbau (German m.) banana cultivation Bananenblatt (s.), Bananenblätter (pl.) (German n.) banana leaf Bananenbrot (German n.) banana bread (a type of bread that usually contains mashed yellow bananas, one of several types of quick bread) Bananenbuchse (German f.) banana jack (a jack that fits a banana plug) Bananenchignon (German m.) banana chignon (hairstyle) Bananen-Chignon (German m.) banana chignon (hairstyle) Bananendampfer (German m.) banana boat (also figurative) bananenförmig (German) banana-shaped Bananenknoten (German m.) banana chignon (hairstyle) Bananenmilchmix (German m.) banana milkshake Bananenmilchshake (German m.) banana milkshake Bananenpflanzer (German m.) banana grower Bananenplantage (German f.) banana plantation Bananenrepublik (German f.) banana republic Bananenröckchen (German n.) banana skirt (associated particularly with Josephine Baker) Bananensattel (German m.) banana seat, banana saddle Bananenschale (German f.) banana peel, banana skin Bananensplit (German n.) banana split Bananen-Split (German n.) banana split Bananenstaude (German f.) banana tree Bananenstecker (German m.) banana jack Bananenstecker (German m.) banana plug bañar (Spanish) to bathe, to immerse, to bath (a child), to coat (cover) bañarse (Spanish) to go swimming, to have a swim, to have a bath Banasta (Spanish f.) large basket Banasto (Spanish m.) large round basket Banat (English, German n.) a region of southeast-central Europe extending across western Romania, northeast Serbia, and southern Hungary Banatanka a Serbian dance Banater Schwaben (German pl.) Banate Swabians Banate Swabians an ethnic German population in Southeast Europe, part of the Danube Swabians, who immigrated over 200 years ago to the Banat, which had been left sparsely populated by the wars with Turkey. This once strong and important German minority has now become quite small, most of its members having moved to Germany and elsewhere as a result of the Soviet Union's actions during the World War II and again for economic reasons after 1990. An attempt was made to establish an independent Banat Republic in 1918, however the province was divided against the population's wishes by the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. The greater part was annexed by Romania, a smaller part by Yugoslavia, and a small portion around Szeged by Hungary Banate Swabians from which this extract has been taken Banause (s.), Banausen (pl.) (German m.) philistine, low-brow banausenhaft (German) low-brow, philistine Banausentum (German n.) philistinism banausisch (German) philistine, low-brow Banbury man a proverbial name for a Puritan Banc (French m.) bench, (in law) judge's bench Banca (Italian f.) bank (Spanish f.) banking, bank bancaire (French) to bank (place money in a bank) bancal (French) wobbly, shaky (reasoning) Bancarella (Italian f.) stall bancario (Spanish) bank, banking Bancario (m.), Bancaria (f.) (Italian) bank clerk bancario (m.), bancaria (f.) (Italian) banking Bancarotta (Italian f., Spanish f.) bankruptcy Banc d'essal (French m.) test bed, testing ground Banchetto (Italian m.) banquet Banchiere (Italian m.) banker Banchina (Italian f.) quay, platform (station), path Banco (Italian m.) desk (school), counter, bench, bank, stall (Spanish m.) bench, bank, sandbank Banconota (Italian f.) banknote Band (s.), Banden (German plural) (English, German f.) orquesta (Spanish), banda (Italian, Spanish), Kapelle (German), orchestre (French) a group of musicians, or musical ensemble, usually popular or folk, playing parts of or improvising off a musical arrangement: all-women band where women sing and play all the instruments. They are distinct from girl groups, where the women sing but do not play any instruments All woman band big band also known as a jazz orchestra, a large musical ensemble that plays swing music Big band brass band a musical group consisting mostly of brass instruments, often with a percussion section. In some traditions other types of instruments like a clarinet or saxophones may be added, but other traditions do not accept woodwinds as part of a brass band Brass band bluegrass band like jazz, bluegrass is played with each melody instrument switching off, playing the melody in turn while the others revert to backing which is in contrast to old-time music, where all the instruments play the melody together or one instrument carried the lead throughout while the others provide the accompaniment Bluegrass band boy band a boy band (American English) or boyband (British English) is a style of pop group featuring between three to six young male singers who are usually also dancers Boy band chamber orchestra a development of the twentieth century, a group of about 35 or so musicians, mustering the forces of a eighteenth-century orchestra, to the repertoire of which many twentieth-century composers have made a special contribution girl group a musical group featuring a group of young female singers, singing usually pop songs. It is essentially the female equivalent of a boy band Girl group concert band wind band symphonic band a performing ensemble consisting of woodwind, brass, percussion instruments, and often string bass Concert band jazz band a musical ensemble that plays jazz music. Jazz bands usually consist of a rhythm section and a horn section Jazz band jug band a band employing a jug player and other traditional and homemade instruments, such as rhythm guitar, washtub bass, washboard, jug, mandolin, spoons and kazoo (see also skiffle group) Jug band marching band a group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors, and who incorporate movement - usually some type of marching - with their musical performance Marching band military band a group of soldiers assigned to musical duties, a typical military band consists mostly of string and wind instruments Military band on-stage bands see banda orquesta típica a large ensemble, often including violin, piano, guitar, flute and especially bandoneón, and which, in Argentina, is particularly associated with the tango pit band a band employed to perform the music for shows, operettas, etc. which for reasons of cost and space is generally much reduced from the forces required for grand opera which can involve a full symphony orchestra pop group a band or other musical ensemble that makes or performs pop music, such as a boy band rock group rock band rock group (or later rock band) is a generic name to describe a group of musicians specializing in a particular form of electronically amplified music Rock band salsa band the most important instrumentation in salsa is the percussion, which is played by a wide variety of instruments, including claves, cowbells, timbales and conga. Apart from percussion, a variety of melodic instruments are commonly used as accompaniment, such as a guitar, trumpets, trombones, the piano, and many others, all depending on the performing artists Salsa band school band a group of student musicians who rehearse and perform together, under the direction of a conductor (band director) School band skiffle group popular in Britain during the 1950s and 60s, performers of folk music with a strong jazz and blues flavour, the bands usually used homemade or improvised instruments such as the 'washboard', 'tea-chest bass', 'kazoo', 'cigar-box fiddle', or a 'comb and paper', and so forth. Skiffle and jug band music are closely related steel band see 'steel band' and 'steelpan' symphony orchestra philharmonic orchestra a typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of musical instruments: the strings (violins, violas, cellos, double basses), the woodwinds (flutes, piccolos, oboes, cor anglais, clarinets, bass clarinets, bassoons, contrabassoons), the brass (trumpets, trombones, french horns, bass trombones, tuba) and the percussion (timpani, snare drum, bass drum, celesta, piano, etc.) Orchestra windband a group of about 50 instrumentalists typically including piccolo and flute; oboe and English horn (cor anglais); clarinets in Eb and Bb, bass clarinet and contra-alto clarinet; bassoon and contra-bassoon; alto, tenor and baritone saxophones; French horn, trumpet, euphonium and tuba; string bass (double bass); timpani and percussion; keyboard worship band sometimes referred to as a praise band, a worship leads singing in Christian worship. Along with new styles of music is the incorporation of non-traditional church instruments such as guitars, synthesisers and drum kits in place of the more traditional organ/piano combinations Worship band the term 'band' can also be used as a synonym for 'section', i.e. those instruments of the same type in a larger body of instrumentalists; for example, 'string band' for 'string section' of a symphony orchestra Band (s.), Bänder (German pl.) (Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish) volume (of a periodical) (Dutch, Norwegian) band, binding (German n.) ribbon, tape, ligament, strap, reel, ribbon, tie, assembly line, bar, belt, bond, brace, cord, line, shackle, band (radio), ligature, sliver, production line, (magnetic) tape, hinge, (video) tape, shackles (plural form), bands (plural form) Band (s.), Bände (pl.) (German m.) volume (of a periodical), number (of a periodical), tome Banda (Italian f.) a military band, gang (Italian f.) a band of wind instruments with percussion in the Italian opera orchestra (Italian f.) the percussion section in an orchestra (Spanish f.) band, gang, group (Portuguese) band (Vojvodina, Serbia & Montenegro) an orchestra that often accompanies a small tamburitza in traditional music from this region. The format of that orchestra can vary. In its most common form, it usually has one or two tamburitzas, a violin, a guitar and a contrabass (colloquially referred to as beges). Sometimes it may also include an accordion see banda music Banda music band (German) ligated, bound Bandabschnittsmarke (German f.) tape mark Bandabstand (German m.) band gap (in the physics of semiconductors, a region between the valence band and the conduction band devoid of allowed energy states) Bandabwicklung (German f.) tape-unwinding Banda crítica (Spanish f.) critical band (in acoustics) Bandada (Spanish f.) flock (of birds), shoal (of fish) Banda d'atterraggio (Italian f.) landing strip Banda de sonido (Spanish f.) sound-track Banda di frequenza (Italian f.) frequency band Bandage (s.), Bandagen (German pl.) (English, French m., German f.) ligature or strip of material used to bind a wound, etc. Bandage herniaire (French m.) truss (a device that provides abdominal support) bandagieren (German) to bandage bandagierend (German) bandaging Bandagiernadel (German f.) tape needle (one type of surgical needle) bandagiert (German) bandaged Band-Aid a trademark used for an adhesive bandage with a gauze pad in the centre, employed to protect minor wounds Banda militar (Portuguese f., Spanish f.) military band Banda music a brass-based form of traditional Mexican music. Established in the late 1960s in Sinaloa, a state in northern Mexico, banda music exploded in popularity in the late 1990s throughout Mexico and in the southwest United States, primarily in Texas and California, but also in the Midwest states of Iowa, Kansas, and Illinois. Bandas play a wide variety of songs, including rancheras, corridos, cumbias and boleros Banda music from which this extract has been taken band an (German) tethered Bandanfang (German m.) beginning of tape Bandanfangsetikett (German n.) tape header label Bandanfangsmarkierung (German f.) beginning-of-tape marker, begin of tape (magnetic tape) Bandantenne (German f.) band aerial Bandantrieb (German m.) tape drive Bandarchiv (German n.) tape library Bandarchivar (German m.) tape librarian Bandari dance-like instrumental music from Iran, bandari means 'from the harbours' and it is thought to represent Bushehrs' oldest instrumental musical form Banda sinfônica (Portuguese) symphonic band Bandas Mochas (Ecuador) from the Chota Valley, a desert zone in the Andes, ensembles that use primitive instruments such as leaves doubled over and blown through Banda sonora (Spanish f.) sound-track Banda turca (Italian f.) see 'janissary music' Bandauflösung (German f.) band break-up Bandaufnahme (s.), Bandaufnahmen (pl.) (German f.) tape recording Bandaufzeichner (German m.) tape recorder Bandaufzeichnungsdichte (German f.) tape density (the number of bytes that are included in each unit of magnetic tape) B & B abbreviation of 'bed and breakfast' Bandblock (German m.) tape block (data is written to tape in blocks with inter-block gaps between them) Bandblockierung (German f.) tape jam Bandbreite (s.), Bandbreiten (pl.) (German f.) spectrum, bandwidth, range, fluctuation band Bandbreite der Wechselkurse (German f.) spread of exchange rates Bändchen (s.), Bändchen (pl.) (German n.) booklet, frenum, frenulum, frnula (plural form) Bändchendraht (German m.) ribbon wire Bändchenhochtöner (German m.) ribbon tweeter Bändchen-Hochtöner (German m.) ribbon tweeter Bändchenlautsprecher (German m.) ribbon loudspeaker Bändchen-Lautsprecher (German m.) ribbon loudspeaker Bändchenmikrofon (German n.) ribbon microphone Bändchen-Mikrofon (German n.) ribbon microphone Banddatei (German f.) tape file Band der Ehe (German n.) bond of matrimony Band der Freundschaft (German n.) bond of friendship Band der Liebe (German n.) bond of love Band der Zuneigung (German n.) bond of affection b & e abbreviation of 'beginning and ending' Bande, Banden (German pl.) (French f.) strip (of paper), stripe, reel (of film), (radio) band, bandage (Italian f. pl.) plural of banda (French f.) bunch, band, gang (German f.) caboodle, gang, band (of robbers, outlaws, smugglers, etc.), posse, cushion (pool, billiards), edge (bowling), clique Bandeau (s.), Bandeaux (pl.) (French m.) headband, blindfold Bandeau-BH (German m.) bandeau bra Bande de fréquences (French f.) frequency band Bande de la Grande Ecurie (French f.) founded in 1543 by Francis I, the purpose of the Bande de la Grande Ecurie was to supply the musique militaire for court celebrations such as anniversaries of military victories, triumphal royal entries etc. They also played for outdoor entertainment held for example in woods, gardens or on the water. The band consisted of hautbois et musettes de Poitou (soprano, tenor and bass hautbois de Poitou (a type of shawm) and one musette de Poitou (bagpipe) which doubled the soprano hautbois part Bande der Freundschaft (German pl.) bonds of friendship Bande der Liebe (German pl.) bonds of love Bande dessinée (French f.) comic strip bändefüllend (German) voluminous bändefüllende Ausgabe (German f.) voluminous edition Bandeinheit (German f.) tape drive, tape station, tape unit Bandeisen (German n.) band iron, band-iron (a thin metal strap used as a form tie, a hanger, etc.) Bandeja (Spanish f.) tray Bandel (German n. - Austria, Southern Germany) ribbon Bändel (German m./n.) ribbon Bande magnétique (French f.) magnetic tape Bandenchef (German m.) bandit chief Bandende (German n.) trailer, end of tape, end of tape, trailing end, tape-out Bandendeetikett (German n.) tape trailer label Bandenführer (German m.) bandit chief Bandenkämpfer (German m.) guerrilla Bandenkrieg (s.),Bandenkriege (pl.) (German m.) gang war, gang warfare (plural form) Bandenkriminalität (German f.) gang crime bandenmäßiger Raub (German m.) dacoity (robbery by a gang of armed robbers or murderous highway-men) Bandenmitglied (German n.) gangster Bandenwerbung (German f.) perimeter advertising boards, perimeter advertising Bandenwesen (German n.) gang culture bander (French) to bandage, to bend (curve), to tense (muscle) Bandera (Spanish f.) flag, banner, standard (flag) Bänderdehnung (German f.) sprained ligaments Banderder (German m.) earthing strip, earth strip Banderilla (Spanish f.) a decorated dart thrust into the neck or shoulder of a bull during a bull-fight Banderillero (Spanish m.) a bull-fighter whose function is to use the banderilla Banderín (Spanish m.) pennant, small flag, banner Banderkennung (German f.) tape recognition bander les yeaux à (French) to blindfold Banderol see 'banderole' Banderole also banderol, bandrol, bandrole, a small flag or streamer fastened to a lance, masthead, etc. a narrow scroll, usually bearing an inscription (especially in Reinaissance architecture) a sculpted band, as on a building, adapted to receive an inscription (German f., French f.) banner (German f.) ball of wool, ball of yarn Banderolierer (German m.) banding machine (packing) Bänderriss (German m.) torn ligament, ligament rupture Bändertanz (German m.) ribbon dance Banderuola (Italian f.) weathercock, pennant Bänderzaun (German m.) tape fence Bänderzerrung (German f.) pulled ligament Bande sonore (French f., from band, the French word for 'tape') sound track Bände sprechen (German) to speak volumes Bandetikett (German n.) volume label Bande turque (French f.) see 'janissary music' Bandfehlstelle (German f.) bad spot on tape Bandfilter (German m.) bandpass filter [information provided by Michael Zapf] Band flute the band flute, properly speaking, best refers to any eighteenth- or early twentieth-century transverse flute, in at least two sections, most often conical bore, and equipped with one or more keys of any system. It is usually in a flat key and intended for use in wind ensembles composed mostly of transposing instruments, including, of course, the flute band consisting exclusively of such flutes with percussion Band Flute Fife vs. Band Flute from which this extract has been taken Bandgerät (German n.) tape deck, tape recorder, tape unit, tape machine Bandgeschwindigkeit (German f.) tape speed, belt speed bandgesteuert (German) tape-controlled, tape-operated Bandiera (Italian f.) flag (part of a note symbol) bändigen (German) to subdue, to control (anger, thoughts, etc.), to restrain, to tame [corrected by Michael Zapf] bändigend (German) subduing Bändiger (s./pl.) (German m.) tamer bändigt (German) subdues bändigte (German) subdued Bändigung (German f.) taming, repression Banding in printing, method of packaging printed pieces of paper using rubber or paper bands Bandir hand-held round frame with snares lining the underside of the drum skin bandire (Italian) to banish, to publish, to dispense with (figurative) Bandish a Hindustani classical music composition that is bound within the frame of a raga. The text, normally in Brijbhasha, provides space for musical elaboration through a felicitous selection of vowels Bandisti (Croatia) brass bands Bandit (s.), Banditen (German pl.) (English, German m.) badman, bravo, brigand, outlaw, dacoit (armed robber or highwayman), desperado Banditentum (German n.) banditry Banditenwesen (German n.) brigandism Bandito (Italian m.) bandit Banditore (Italian m.) town crier, auctioneer Bandkabel (German n.) ribbon cable, tape level Bandkante (German f.) band edge Bandkantenschaden (German m.) tape edge damage Bandkapazität (German f.) tape capacity Bandkassette (German f.) tape cartridge Bandkatalog (German m.) catalogue in book form Bandkollegen (German pl.) bandmates (members of the same band) Bandkontakt (German m.) head-to-tape contact, strip contact Band leader or 'band master', Dirigent (German), Kapellmeister (German), a figure positioned on the facade of a band organ, many of which beat time with a small baton, the movement of which is often mechanically linked to the bass drum band los (German) unclamped, untied Bandlöten (German n.) fillet brazing Bandlücke (German f.) bandgap, band gap Bandmacher (German m., dated) ribbon weaver Bandmaß (German n.) tape-measure, measuring tape, tape measure Bandmaß aus Stahl (German n.) pull-push rule Bandmaster the conductor of a military band Bandmesserzuschneidemaschine (German f.) band-saw-type cloth cutter (used in the textile industry) Bandmitglied (s.), Bandmitglieder (pl.) (German n.) band member Bandname (German m.) band's name, name of the band Bandnudel (s.), Bandnudeln (pl.) (German f.) tagliatelle, ribbon noodle Bandnummer (German f.) (tape, film) reel number Bando (Italian m., Spanish m.) proclamation, banishment Bandoer see Bandora Bandöffnung (German f.) band opening (amateur radio) Bandola (English, German f.) the Venezuelan bandola is similar to the cuatro, but is shorter, often pear-shaped, and more percussive or stronger-sounding due to the manner in which it is played, with a plastic pick. The bandola is strung differently in different regions of the country, but, in general, has four courses of strings Bandola (English, German f.) also bandora, bandore or bandurria: of the cittern family, Spanish with six pairs (courses) of strings Bandurria Bandola andina colombiana although made in many different styles, all have 6 courses; the 12 string versions have each course doubled; the 14 string versions have the first two courses tripled and the remainder doubled; the 16 string versions where the first four courses are tripled and the last two are doubled; the 18 string version with 6 triple courses Bandola llanera probably the oldest South-American bandola it has 4 strings and 7 frets. More modern version have been made with 10 frets and 14 frets Bandola oriental (English) similar to the bandola llanera but having a deeper body and 8 strings arranged in 4 double courses Bandolim (Portuguese) mandolin Bandolín (Spanish) small South American Creole lute, pear shaped, and with a fretted neck, that comes in various sizes and ranges and has from 8 to 15 steel strings Bandolín o Mandolina Bandolim Portuguese mandolin Bandolina (Spanish f.) mandolin Bandoneon (Italian m., English, German n.) bandoneón Bandoneón (French m., Spanish m., German n.) also called the 'tango concertina', a bisonoric concertina, member of the free-reed family of musical instruments, a variant of the classical concertina developed by Heinrich Band in the 1840s. It had a reputation for being very difficult to master. The bandoneon became synonymous with the Argentine tango (although there it was called the bandonion). In 1924, the number and positions of the buttons were standardized to include 72 buttons that cover a five octave range. The keyboard offers three full octaves on either side. The left hand plays the two lower octaves, the right hand plays the two higher ones, and they share the remaining middle octave Bandoneón The Challenging Art of the Bandoneon Bandonion (Argentina, German n.) bandoneon Bandora sometimes called bandore, or pandora, a plucked chordophone with metal strings and a distinctive scalloped body outline. The first bandoras were made in London in the 1560s. It was used as part of the mixed consort, as an accompaniment to songs, and as a solo instrument. The bandora was normally strung with six courses (pairs of strings) tuned to the following intervals: second, fourth, fourth, major third, fourth (from bass to treble). There is also a seven course instrument with an extra bass course Bandore see bandora Band organ a term used mainly in the US, for an automatic music player usually consisting of a pipe organ, although sometimes found with the addition of brass trumpets, trombones and piccolos, in which case it is termed a 'military band organ' bandorientiert (German) tape-oriented Bandpass filter a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range. An example of an analogue electronic band-pass filter is an RLC circuit (a resistor-inductor-capacitor circuit). These filters can also be created by combining a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter Band-pass filter from which this extract has been taken Bandpaß (German m., old form) bandpass Bandpass (German m.) bandpass Bandpassfilter (German m.) bandpass filter Bandproduktion (German f.) line production Bandrauschen (German n.) band noise Bandrol see 'banderole' Bandrole see 'banderole' Bandrolle (German f.) reel (tape, film, etc.) Bandrollenende (German n.) end of reel Bandrückspulung (German f.) tape rewind Bandruptur (German f.) ligament rupture Bandsäge (German f.) band saw, band-saw, bandsaw, belt saw, ribbon saw Bandsägemaschine (German f.) band saw Bandsalat (German m.) tangled-up tape, spaghettied tape, tape jam Bandsatz (German m.) tape record Band saw a power saw used in woodworking, consisting essentially of a toothed metal band coupled to and continuously driven around the circumferences of two wheels Bandscheibe (s.), Bandscheiben (pl.) (German f.) disc (anatomical) Bandscheibenvorfall (s.), Bandscheibenvorfälle (pl.) (German m.) slipped disc (anatomical) Bandschelle (German f.) ribbon clip Bandschieflauf (German m.) belt misalignment Bandschleife (German f.) loop of tape, bow (of cloth or tape) Bandschleifer (German m.) belt sander Bandschleifmaschine (German f.) belt sander Bandschräglauf (German m.) tape skew Bandschreiber (German m.) strip chart recorder Bändsel (German n.) marline, earing, lanyard (of a knife) Bandspannung (German f.) tape tension Bandspule (German f.) spool, reel, tape reel, tape spool, ribbon coil Bandspüle (German f.) conveyor dishwasher, conveyer-type dishwasher Bandspur (German f.) tape track Bandstacheldraht (German m.) razor barbed wire, razor barb wire Bandstahl (German m.) steel strip, strip steel Bandstahlschnitt (German m.) steel rule die Bandstahlstanze (German f.) steel rule punch press Bandstand sometimes called a 'music pavilion', a covered structure, often found in public spaces, where a small band might perform music at week-ends for an ad-hoc non-paying audience West Park (including a fully restored bandstand) The Naumburg Bandshell in Central Park - A Brief History the first network television series devoted to rock and roll and the longest running musical show in television history, American Bandstand, was hosted by Dick Clark and was created to made rock music palatable to the mainstream American public and help promote the careers of many rock and roll artists of the 50s, both the talents and no talents American Bandstand from which this short extract has been taken Bandstärke (German f.) tape thickness Bandsystem (German n.) tape system Bandtrockner (German m.) belt drier, conveyor drier Bandübertragung mit Kreuzung (German f.) cross ribbon feed Bandura (English, German f.) or kobza, a fretless plucked dulcimer found in the Ukraine, with a short neck, an oval flat body and which is held vertically Bandura Modern Ukrainian Bandura Bandura Bandurria (English, German f., Spanish) small flat-backed 12-string mandolin-type instrument, played with a pick, with a very short wide neck and 14 metal frets, popular in Spain and Spanish America Bandurria Bandurria sonora a bandurria with 6 metal strings instead of guts strings Bandverzögerung (German f.) tape delay Bandvorsatz (German m.) tape leader B&W abbreviation of 'black and white' (photography) Bandweberei (German f.) ribbon weaving Bandwebmaschine (German f.) ribbon loom Bandwechsel (German m.) reel swapping, tape swapping Bandwidth a measure of frequency range, measured in hertz (Hz.), of a function of a frequency variable Bandwidth from which this extract has been taken band wieder (German) reattached Bandwurm (s.), Bandwürmer (pl.) (German m.) tapeworm Bandwurmsatz (German m.) run-on sentence bandy words, to to argue, to wrangle Bandzuführung (German f.) tape feed Bañera (Spanish f.) bath-tub Bañero (Spanish m.) life-guard Bang Chinese slit drum Slit drum (bang) and mallet, China, 19th century bang (German) anxious, afraid, anxiously Bangalore (English, German n.) an industrial city in south central India (west of Chennai, formerly Madras) Bangdi (China) a transverse bamboo flute with a bamboo membrane over a resonance hole, which produces a buzzing effect Bangdi from which this information has beene taken bange (German) funky (colloquial), anxious, afraid, apprehensive, fearful, scared, frightened, chicken-livered (colloquial) Bange haben (German) to be afraid Bange machen (German) to alarm Bangemachen (German n.) scaremongering bangemachen (German) to be scare-mongering Bangemacher (German m.) scaremonger, alarmist Bangen (German n.) trepidation bangen (German) to tremble, to headbang (slang) bangend (German) trembling, distressingly or anxiously, restlessly, breathlessly, agitatedly, affannosamente (Italian), con angustia (Italian), con affanno (Italian), affannoso (Italian), anxious, with anxiety, tourmenté (French), anxieusement (French) bangen um (German) to fear for banger (German) more scared bangeste (German) most scared Bang'gu or bangu, Chinese small single-membrane drum, used in the accompaniment of traditional theatre and in folk instrumental ensembles Bangu from which this information has been taken Banghyang (Korean) constructed in a similar way to the pyeonjong and pyeongyeong, the banghyang is a set of sixteen iron slabs, half the slabs placed on the upper and the other half on the lower part of a supporting frame. It is also called cholhyang (literally, 'iron sound'). Each slabs is identical in length and width, but their thickness varies according to the required pitches Banghyang Bangigkeit (German f.) apprehension, trepidation (old fashioned) Bangkok (English, German n.) the capital city of Thailand Bangladesch (German n.) Bangladesh Bangladescher (m.), Bangladescherin (f.), Bangladescher (pl.) (German) Bangladeshi bangladeschisch (German) of Bangladesh Bangladesh (English, German n.) a country of southern Asia on the Bay of Bengal Bangnis (s.), Bangnisse (pl.) (German f.) fear Bangor Pontifical the only complete liturgical manuscript known to survive from the medieval diocese of Bangor, and one of just two extant books from medieval Wales as a whole to contain substantial plainchant notation. Inscribed as belonging originally to Anian, bishop of Bangor, it is now confidently dated to the first quarter of the fourteenth century. (Anian 'Sais' was bishop of Bangor between 1309 and 1328.) It contains texts and detailed instructions for liturgical observances conducted by a bishop: the dedication of churches, altars and cemeteries; the enthronement and consecration of an archbishop; and special blessings given during the canon of the Mass and on other specific occasions. The manuscript also contains a very substantial corpus of plainchant, all copied onto a four-line stave. Several of these chants are known from no other source Bangor Pontifical from which this extract has been taken Bangsawan a form of traditional Malay opera. It was known to developed from a sort of Indian theater performance during the nineteenth century by visiting Indian travellers Bangsawan from which this extract has been taken bangt (German) trembles bangte (German) trembled Bangu see bang'gu Bangzidi Chinese transverse flute Transverse flute (bangzidi), China, 19th century Ban-hu the two string ban-hu, also called pang-hu, bang-hu, qin-hu, hu-hu and da-xian, among many others, is the leading accompanying instrument for bang-zi and other northern tunes or ballads. Similar to jing-hu, the timbre of ban-hu is bright, which makes it hard to use with other instruments. For this reason its use is reserved for solo performances of a joyful and passionate character. It is called ban-hu because it is made of pieces of wood that are bonded together. Since the 1940s, many new types of banhu have been created, including the mediant banhu, alt banhu, 'three-stringed banhu', 'bamboo banhu and so on Banhu Banhu Banhu Fiddle (banhu) and bow, China, 19th century Bañista (Spanish m./f.) bather Bañisto (Spanish m.) bath, swim, bath-tub, coat, coating Banjar the gourd banjo, a stringed folk instrument, used in the music of Antigua and Barbuda Banjeaurine (English, German n.) see 'banjo' Banjelele see 'banjolele' Banjo (Italian m., English, German n., French m., Spanish m.) a plucked, four to nine wire- (occasionally gut-) strung instrument with a circular body to which is attached an generally un-fretted neck, the strings lying on a low bridge over a resonator made of a metal hoop over which parchment is tensioned, popular in early jazz and country music. The traditional banjo has five strings. The fifth string, also called the "thumb string" or "melody string", is situated above the other strings and runs only about two-thirds of the way up the fingerboard. The precursors to the early banjos were brought to America by African slaves. The penetrating tones of the banjo are among the most recognizable qualities associated with country and bluegrass music many banjo-based instruments have been made: gourd banjo Africans transported to the Caribbean and Latin America were reported playing banjos in the 17th- and 18th-centuries, before any banjo was reported in the Americas. Africans in the US were the predominant players of this instrument until the 1840s. Originally the banjos were rudimentary, unfretted, lightweight instruments, made out of gourds and skins. The strings, gut not steel, numbered between three and nine, with four-and five-string banjos being popular. A distinguishing feature was one or more short drone strings sounded with the thumb fretted banjo the most important development of the banjo was the addition of frets to the banjo fingerboard. Up until the mid-1870s, banjo necks were fretless. The first frets were actually flush strips of wood laid perpendicularly to the strings, making it easier for the banjoist to accurately play past the fifth-string position, greatly expanding the musical potential of the instrument. Raised metal frets came into use about 1880, which made for even more accurate noting while increasing the volume of the banjo. Volume became an especially important issue as the banjo entered the concert hall banjeaurine a hybrid banjo (or to use Stewart's preferred spelling 'banjeau') invented by Samuel Swain Stewart in around 1885. The 'banjeaurine' had a rim which was about the same size as a regular banjo (10 1/2"-11 1/2" although some models have bodies up to 13" in diameter) but it had a shorter neck and was tuned a fourth higher, like capoing at the 5th fret of a standard banjo. In the banjo orchestral setting it took most of the leads, like the violin in traditional orchestras piccolo banjo a banjo with a body of about 5" diameter and tuned an octave higher than the standard banjo, used to play obbligato parts in a banjo orchestra second banjo found in a banjo orchestra, often tuned to open C tuning, used rhythmically or to play inner contrapuntal lines banjo cello tuned one octave below that of the regular banjo, with a large body (about 14" in diameter) that plays the bass lines in a banjo orchestra banjo-bass a banjo with a large body (around 20" diameter is not unusual) which usually has an end spike or extendable legs. Models may be fretted or fretless, the latter often used in place of a string bass guitar-banjo a banjo strung and tuned like a guitar mandolin banjo a banjo tuned and strung like a mandolin (i.e. double strung) developed in the period 1880-1914 contra-bass banjo a rarely used behemoth that stood over five feet tall samba banjo a Brazilian instrument, first introduced by sambista Almir Guineto in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which is derived from the four-stringed cavaquinho and is associated particularly with a samba subgenre called pagode. The samba banjo has the same tuning and range as the cavaquinho, but its timbre is quite different, sounding like a traditional banjo, but pitched higher. It is played with a pick zither banjo invented in approximately 1888 by an American composer and performer, Alfred D. Cammeyer, the zither banjo had a relatively small rim, usually eight to nine inches in diameter, as opposed to the eleven- or twelve-inch rims of regular banjos. This rim was set into a deep resonator and the instrument was strung with steel on the first, second and fifth strings, and gut on the third and fourth. This set-up provided a more sustained, ringing tone than the regular open-back banjo. In addition, it had geared tuning machines instead of the more usual friction pegs, and a closed back which reflected the sound outwards through spaces between the head and rim, functioning much like a modern resonator plectrum banjo steel-strung four-string banjo with the fifth drone string removed, an offshoot of the 5-string instrument (4 plus the short chanterelle string) developed in the period 1880-1914 tenor banjo short-necked, steel-strung four-string banjo with the fifth drone string removed, tuned c-g-d'-a', that could be played with a plectrum or pick, developed in the period 1880-1914 five-string banjo while most often associated with bluegrass, the banjo in old-time music is commonly played 'clawhammer' or with two fingers, rather than the three-finger Scruggs style common in 'bluegrass', and is usually open-back, i.e. it lacks the resonator found on most bluegrass banjos. However, important figures such as Uncle Dave Macon and Dock Boggs often played in idiosyncratic three finger styles, that were clearly distinct from the Scruggs rolls. Some, such as Scrugg's influence Snuffy Jenkins, played in a style that blurred the line between oldtime and bluegrass, using a three-finger roll that was idiomatically more oldtime than bluegrass five-string classic banjo the classic banjo was orginally gut-strung and the performer did not use fingerpicks. Today classical banjoists play with bare fingers or fingernails on nylon strings, which have replaced the gut strings originally used long ago. Most players use instruments with plastic heads, rather than tempermental skin heads banjo-ukelele or banjo uke a banjo tuned like a ukelele, an offshoot of the 5-string instrument (4 plus the short chanterelle string) developed in the period 1880-1914 concert banjo tuned a whole tone above the standard banjo ladies' banjo tuned a whole tone below the standard banjo Vega 'Pete Seeger' model banjo an extended neck five-string banjo, first made in the 1950s by the Vega Company six-string banjo a banjo strung and tuned like a six-string guitar. There are a number of tunings (low to high): standard (guitar) tuning E A D G B E open G tuning D G D G B D drop D tuning D A D G B E open D tuning D A D F# A D twelve-string banjo a banjo strung and tuned like a twelve-string guitar Banjo A Classic Banjo Jukebox Banjoist banjo player Banjola see 'mandolin, mandoline' Banjolele a brand-name for a ukulele-banjo, banjo ukulele or banjo uke. Sometimes also spelled 'banjelele' or 'banjulele', banjolele is a generic nickname given to the instrument, which was derived from the 'banjulele-banjo,' introduced by Alvin D. Keech in 1917 Banjolele from which this information has been taken Banjolin (English, German n.) a type of mandolin-banjo, although the banjolin is single-strung, while a true mandolin-banjo is double-strung, like a mandolin [information provided by Glen Jordan] a type of banjo, the 'younger brother' of the tenor banjo a type of banjo patented by John Farris in 1885 a type of bowed fretless zither Banjolin from which this information has been taken Banjoline (English, German f.) a type of electric guitar developed by Eddie Peabody in conjunction with Rickenbacker. Although its name suggests a combination of banjo and mandolin, it is most closely related - in appearance and construction - to the electric guitar, resembling the banjo and mandolin only in terms of stringing and tuning Banjoline from which this information has been taken Banjologe (German m.) banjologist Banjologist (a neologism, a new word, made up for The Simpsons an US produced cartoon series) an expert banjo player. In the episode Home Away From Homer, Lisa listens to a radio program on obscure music, and hears the host refer to a guest as a 'banjologist' Banjo-lute see 'mandolin, mandoline' Banjo-mandoline see 'mandolin, mandoline' Banjo position a term used to describe the holding of a violin or viola so that it rests horizonally on the lap, a position that may be adopted if a string player has to play pizzicato for a long period of time Banjospieler (German m.) banjoist, banjo player Banjulele (English, German f.) see 'banjolele' Bank (German f.) bench, settle, layer, stratum, bar (river, etc.), bank (commerce), board (in a betting shop or a bookmaker, showing the odds), pew (church), reef, stool, sandbank, desk (scholl), banquette, seat (chair), bank (of clouds), bed (oyster, etc.) MIDI devices divide patches into groups, or banks, of 128. One bank of patches from a MIDI device can be accessed at a time by a MIDI computer program or another MIDI device Bankabrechnung (German f.) bank statement Bankangestellter (m.), Bankangestellte (f.), Bankangestellte (pl.) (German) bank employee, bank clerk, bank assistant, bank staff (plural form) Bankauflage (German f.) bench cushion Bankauskunft (German f.) bank reference, banker's reference, credit report from a bank Bankauszug (German m.) bank statement, banking statement Bankauszüge erhalten (German) to obtain bank statements Bankautomat (German m.) cash dispenser, cash machine Bankbeamter (m.), Bankbeamte (f.), Bankbeamte (pl.) (German) bank clerk, bank officer, bank official Bankdienstleistungen (German pl.) financial services, banking services Bankdirektor (s.), Bankdirektoren (pl.) (German m.) bank director, bank manager, manager of a bank, bank directors (plural form) Bankeinzug (German m.) direct debit (payment) Bänkellied (s.), Bänkellieder (pl.) (German n.) broadside ballad, blackletter ballad, street ballad, broadsheet ballad [corrected by Michael Zapf] Bänkelsang (s.), Bankelsänge (pl.) (German m. from Bänk, a reference to the 'bench' on which the performer stood) or Bänkellieder, originating in the sixteenth century, a German song-form performed at fairs, markets, ports and various fesitvals, that incorporated news about accidents, tragedies, natural catastrophes and folk tales, performed by itinerant singers often to the accompaniment of a small Drehorgel Bänkelsänger (German m.) an itinerant ballad singer, ballad-monger, (wandering) minstrel, balladeer, balladmonger Bankert (German m.) bastard (child) Bankett (s.), Bankette (pl.) (German n.) banquet, (road) shoulder, verge (road) Banketteilnehmer (s.), Banketteilnehmer (pl.) (German m.) banqueter bankettieren (German) to banquet Bankettisch (German m.) banquet table Bankettpalast (German m.) Banqueting House, the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London Bankettsaal (German m.) banquet hall Bankfach (German n.) bank deposit safe, safe-deposit box bankfähig (German) bankable, negotiable Bankfeiertag (German m.) bank holiday, bank-holiday bankfrisch (German) in mint condition (coins, banknotes) Bankgebühren (German pl.) bank charges, banking charges Bankgeschäfte am Telefon (German pl.) phone banking Bankgeschäfte rund um die Uhr (German pl.) 24-hour banking Bankgeschäfte übers Telefon (German pl.) phone banking, telephone banking Bankgewerbe (German n.) banking industry Bankgewölbe (German n.) bank vault Bankhalter (German m.) banker (gambling games) Bank holidays although properly when banks are legally closed, the term is now applied to specified general public holidays Bankier (s.), Bankiers (pl.) (German m.) banker, fancier Bankiersfamilie (German f.) family of bankers, banking family Bankkarriere (German f.) career in banking Bankkarte (German f.) bank card, banker's card, cash card, ATM card (US) Bankkonto (s.), Bankkonten (pl.) (German n.) bank account Bankkrach (German m.) bank failure Bankkrise (German f.) bank crisis Bankleitzahl (German f.) bank code, bank identification number, Bank identifier code, bank routing number, bank sorting code, bank code number Banknote (s.), Banknoten (pl.) (German f.) banknote Banknoten fälschen (German) to counterfeit notes Banknotenfälschung (German f.) counterfeiting Bankomat (German m. - Austria) cash dispenser Bankomat ® (German m. - Austria, Switzerland) cash machine Bankpleite (German f.) bank failure Bankraub (German m.) bank robbery, bank heist Bankräuber (m.), Bankräuberin (f.) (German) bank raider, bank robber, bank-robber Bankreferenz (s.), Bankreferenzen (pl.) (German f.) bank reference Bankreihen (German pl.) rows of benches, pews (in a church) Bankrott (s.), Bankrotte (pl.) (German m.) bankruptcy, smashup, bankrott (German) bankrupt, broke (bankrupt), on the rocks (financially) bankrott erklären (German) to declare insolvent Bankrotterklärung (German f.) declaration of bankruptcy Bankrotteröffnungserklärung (German f.) bankruptcy notice, bankrupty notice Bankrotteur (German m.) bankrupt Bankrottfall (German m.) bankruptcy bankrottgehen (German) to go belly-up (colloquial: bankrupt) bankrott gehen (German) to go bust (colloquial), to go bankrupt, to go to the wall (colloquial), to go belly-up (colloquial: bankrupt) Bankrott machen (German) to go bankrupt, to become bankrupt Bankrott machend (German) bankrupting Bankrupt (from banca rotta (Italian: broken bench)) financial ruined Bankschalter (German m.) bank counter, counter Bankscheck (German m.) bank cheque, cashier's cheque Bankschließfach (German n.) safe, safe deposit box, safe-deposit box Banksinsel (German f.) Banks Island Banks Island one of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, situated in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada Bankspesen (German pl.) bank charges Banksystem (German n.) bank system, banking system Bank Top [1847-1945] founded by Ashworth Bros., a village comprising basic cottages and detached house was built around the mill by the owners Ashworth Bros. A library and school were provided - in 1833 all but 7 out of 532 workers could read Banktratte (German f.) bank draft, bankdraft, banker's draft, cashier's cheque Banktresor (German m.) bank vault Banküberfall (German m.) bank hold-up, holdup in a bank, raid on a bank, bank robbery, bank heist, bank raid Banküberweisung (German f.) bank transfer, bank credit transfer, bank giro transfer, giro transfer, bank wire transfer Banküberziehung (German f.) bank overdraft Banku-raban frame drum from Sri Lanka Frame drum (banku-raban), Sri Lanka, 19th century Bank von England (German f.) Bank of England Bankwesen (German n.) banking Bankzusammenbruch (German m.) bank collapse, bank crash, bank failure Banlieue (French f., singular in French but the English equivalent is plural) suburbs Banlieusard (m.), Banlieusarde (f.) (French) (suburban) commuter Bann (German m.) spell (influence), ban Banna máirseála (Gaelic) marching band Bannatyne Club a literary club founded in 1823 by Sir Walter Scott and others and named for George Bannatyne (c.1545-1608) whose manuscript preserves much fifteenth and sixteenth century Scottish poetry. The club printed 116 rare works of Scottish history and literature and was dissolved in 1861 Bannbulle (German f.) (Papal) bull of excommunication bannen (German) to allay, to charm, to spellbind, to captivate, to entrance (captivate), to avert, to ward off, to excommunicate, to exorcise Banner (s.), Banner (German pl.) (English, German n.) originally a piece of cloth attached to a staff and used as a standard by a monarch, military commander, or knight, although today more commonly used for decoration or advertising Banneret one who leads his vassals to battle under his own banner, an order of knighthood conferred on the field of battle for deeds of valour Bannerflagge (German f.) banner flag Bannerträger (German m.) standard bearer Bannerwerbung (German f.) banner advertisement, banner advertising, banner ad (colloquial) Bannfluch (German m.) excommunication Banngut (German n.) contraband Bannière (French f.) banner bannir (French) to banish Bannkreis (German m.) no-protest zone (an area in which the right to engage in public protest is legally restricted or forbidden) Bannmeile (German f.) no-protest zone (an area in which the right to engage in public protest is legally restricted or forbidden) Banns of marriage the giving of notice, by publication in a suitable church, of an intention to marry Bannware (German f.) contraband, prohibited goods Banqiangti the music of dagu, which originate chiefly from folk music in the locality where the particular type of dagu, sung in the local dialect, is popular. The difference in vocal music is the chief distinction between different kinds of dagu Banque (French f.) bank, banking Banquero (Spanish m.) banker Banqueroute (French f.) (fraudulent) bankruptcy Banquet (French m., from banchetto (Italian: little table)) dinner, feast, dessert (original meaning) in La civil Conversatione (1574) by Stefano Guazzo, the author purports to describe a small banquet held at Casale in honour of Duke Vespasiano Gonzaga. The meal is merely a pretext to show off elegance in manners and speech; banqueting becomes an exquisite exercise of finesse. The guests listen to music, recite poetry, act out theatrical declarations of love, and pose riddles. [extracted from Ritual in Early Modern Europe by Edward Muir; pub. Cambridge University Press, 2005] Banqueta (Spanish f.) stool Banquete (Spanish f.) banquet, wedding reception banquetear (Spanish) to banquet Banquette (French m.) seat, piano stool, a long cushioned seat with a cushioned back found against a wall in restaurants as a substitute for a series of individual seats Banquier (French m.) banker Banquillo (Spanish m.) bench, footstool Bansango a Mandinka (West African) dance rhythm for young women Banshee the bean-sidhe (woman of the fairy may be an ancestral spirit appointed to forewarn members of certain ancient Irish families of their time of death. According to tradition, the banshee can only cry for five major Irish families: the O'Neills, the O'Briens, the O'Connors, the O'Gradys and the Kavanaghs. Intermarriage has since extended this select list Banshee from which this extract has been taken Bansi bamboo flute of the divine cowherd, Sri Krishna Bansuri (bans literally 'bamboo', and swar, literally 'musical note') bansuri and venu are common Indian flutes, typically made of bamboo or reed, that come in two forms, 'transverse' and 'fipple. The transverse variety is nothing more than a length of bamboo with holes cut into it. This is the preferred flute for classical music because the embouchure gives added flexibility and control. The fipple variety is found in the folk and filmi styles, but seldom used for serious music, being usually considered to be no more than a toy because the absence of any embouchure limits the flexibility of the instrument. The bansuri is used in the North Indian system. It typically has six holes; however there has been a tendency in recent years to use seven holes for added flexibility and correctness of pitch in the higher registers. It was previously associated only with folk music, but today it is found in Hindustani classical, filmi and numerous other genre. Venu is the south Indian flute and is used in the Carnatic system. It typically has eight holes. The venu is very popular in all south Indian styles the tonic (Indian sa) of the bansuri is the note sounded when 3 finger holes are closed. 6 holes closed determines the key. The same flute may be referred to by either its tonic or key Basuri Anonymous / Bansuri (Transverse Flute) Duct flute (bansuri), India, (Bombay), ca 1950 Bantling an illegitimate child, a brat Bantowbol a central and southern Cameroon traditional music, a combination of bikutsi and bol, a traditional dance from southern Cameroon Bantowbol from which this extract has been taken Banya the bass Indian tabla drum played by the left hand Banyan East Indian fig tree (Ficus bengalensis) that puts out aerial shoots that grow down into the soil forming additional trunks a gentleman's banyan was a half-length man's jacket in Indian linen cloth. Influenced by Oriental fashion, these popular robes were also called 'Indian gowns', 'nightgowns', or 'wrappers' a Hindu merchant, or shopkeeper - the term banyan is used in Bengal to denote the native who manages the money concerns of the European, and sometimes serves him as an interpreter Banyanbaum (German m.) banyan (Ficus bengalensis), banyan tree Banyan day a day on which no meat is served Banzai (Japanese, literally '10,000 years') a cry used by the Japanese in battle or to greet the Emperor bap. abbreviation of 'baptized' Bapó Brazilian maracas bapt. abbreviation of 'baptized' Baptême (French m.) baptism, christening baptiser (French) to baptize, to hristen Baptism the rite admitting an individual to the Christian church; after the missionising period carried out in early infancy Baptist (s.), Baptistin (f.), Baptisten (German pl.) (English, German m.) a member of an evangelical Protestant church of congregational polity, following the reformed tradition in worship, and believing in individual freedom, in the separation of church and state, and in baptism of voluntary, conscious believers Baptisterio (Spanish m.) baptistry, baptistery, font Baptisterium (German n.) baptistry, baptistery Baptistery or baptistry, a separate building or separate area in a church which contains the font and where the rite of baptism is carried out Bapu, Bapuji meaning 'Father', term of affection used for Gandhi Baqa-Dschatt (German n.) Baqa-Jatt Baqa-Jatt an Israeli-Arab city in the Haifa District of Israel established in 2003 through a merger of Baqa al-Gharbiyye and Jatt Baquba (German n.) Ba'qubah Ba'qubah the capital of Iraq's Diyala Governorate, this city is located some 50 km (30 miles) to the northeast of Baghdad, on the Diyala River Baquet (French m.) tub Baqueta (Portuguese f., Spanish f.) mallet, drumstick, ramrod (for a rifle) baquetear (Spanish) to bother Baqueteo (Spanish m., literally 'nuisance' or 'bore') the rhythmic pattern played by the timbalero in the danzón. A style developed by Cuban timpanists, of playing beats on the shell or bead while the fingers of the other hand 'filled in'