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Br abbreviation of 'Brother' (in the Roman Catholic Church), 'bugler' Br. abbreviation of Bratsche (s.), Bratschen (pl.) (German: viola) br. abbreviation of 'branch', 'bronze', 'brown' Brabant (English, German) of or pertaining to a region and former duchy of the Netherlands that became an independent duchy in 1190 and is now divided between the southern Netherlands and north-central Belgium brabbeln (German) to babble, to jabber, to gibber brabbelnd (German) gabbling brabbelt (German) gabbles brabbelte (German) gabbled braccare (Italian) to hunt Bracciale (Italian m.) bracelet, armband Braccialetto (Italian m.) bracelet, watch-strap Bracciante (Italian m.) day labourer Braccio (s.), Braccia (pl.) (Italian m.) arm, sound (of the sea) braccio, da (Italian, literally 'of the arm') stringed instrument held under the chin or against the upper arm, as opposed to da gamba (of the leg), those held down between the legs or resting vertically on the lap. Although the term was applied originally to both violin and viola, it is in connection with the violda that the term has persisted. In German, the word for viola is Bratsche Bracciolo (Italian m.) arm (of an arm-chair) Bracco (Italian m.) hound Bracconiere (Italian m.) poacher Brace (Italian f.) embers Brace llave (Spanish), corchete (Spanish), graffa (Italian), accolade (French), Klammer (German), Akkolade (German) or 'bracket', a perpendicular line with a bracket (called in French accolade) joining multiple staves, for example, as found in piano music. The bracket differs from the brace in that the former connects staves for one instrument - such as a keyboard- while a bracket marks groupings of two or more unlike instruments, identical instruments or instruments of one particular family, such as strings when using a single staff for vocal or instrumental parts, no bar-line, bracket or brace should be used at the left end of the staff. The staff lines should remain open with the clef being the leftmost symbol. This rule holds even in score situations where only one part is playing and all but one staff have been omitted to save space Music Notation Questions Answered from which this advice has been taken a wooden strut glued inside a hollow body guitar that provides mechanical strength and serves a secondary role as an influence on the tone quality of the finished instrument. Layout, thickness, height, width and material can vary greatly amongst instruments X-brace by far one of the most popular bracing patterns on flattop guitar tops. The braces of the top intersect to form the shape of an X just below the soundhole ladder bracing top braces which run parallel to themselves like the rungs of a ladder. They run from treble to bass side fan bracing a bracing pattern which fans out like a hand spread open, commonly found on classical style guitars scalloped braces a technique used to decrease the mass of a brace and change the stiffness of the top. A scalloped brace often appears to dip down towards its centre and peak on either end popsicle brace a flat top brace located just in front of the neck block on some acoustic flat top guitar tops the leather slide attached to the looped cords on drums bracear (Spanish) to wave one's arms, to swim, to crawl Braceo (s.), Braceos (pl.) arm movement made by flamenco dancers, including the continuous movement of one or both arms passing from one position to another Bracero (Spanish m.) labourer brach (German) broke, fallow, uncultivated Brache (German f.) waste land, uncultivated land, (piece of) fallow land, fallow ground Brachflächen (German pl.) brownfields, fallow land brachial (German) brute (force, etc.), violent brachiale Gewalt (German f.) brute force Brachialgewalt (German f.) brute force Brachland (German n.) fallow land, wasteland, wasteground, waste ground Brachlandlinie (German f.) ley line brachliegen (German) to lie waste, to lie fallow, to lie idle brach liegen (German) to lie idle brachliegend (German) fallow, idle, inactive, unemployed, underused brachliegendes Land (German n.) uncultivated land brachte (German) brought brachte das Unternehmen über den Berg (German) carried the enterprise through brachte hervor (German) begot brach völlig zusammen (German) broke down completely Brachycephaly disproportionate shortness of the head Brachykephalie (German f.) brachycephaly Brachylogie (German f.) brachylogy Brachylogy a figure of speech that is an abbreviated expression Brachyzephalie (German f.) brachycephaly Braciere (Italian m.) brazier Bracket see 'brace' used as punctuation, there are four specifically named bracket types (always used in pairs): round bracket parenthesis (s.) parentheses (pl.) () square bracket [] curly bracket {} single angle (quote) bracket ‹› double angle (quote) bracket «» brackig (German) brackish brackisch (German) brackish Brackwasser (German n.) brackish water (any mixture of sea water and fresh water with a salinity of substantially less than 30 parts per thousand (ppt) but greater than 3 ppt) Braço (Portuguese) neck (of a string instrument) Brácsa the Hungarian viola, used in folk ensembles in Szék, Transylvania, with its strings tuned to a, d, and g. All three strings are sounded simultaneously with one stroke of the bow Brad. abbreviation of 'Bradford' brader (French) to sell off Braderie (French f.) open-air sale Bradycardia a slow heart rate Bradycardie (German f.) bradycardia Bradykardie (German f.) bradycardia Brag in Norse mythology, the god of poetry Braga (Spanish f.) underpants, knickers, rope Bragas (Spanish f. pl.) underpants, knickers Bragazas (Spanish m.) hen-pecked man Bragueta (Spanish f.) flies Braguette (French f.) fly Braguinha (Portugal) a cavaquinho from Madeira Braguinho see cavaquinho Brahma Hindu name of God the Creator, one of the Trinity Brahmachari a celibate, one who observes Brahmacharya Brahmacharya code of conduct involving strict observance of chastity or continence in the pursuit of learning, philosophy and God Member of the first of the four castes, whose first duty is the study and teaching of the Vedas and the performance of sacrifices and other religious rituals Brahman (English, German n.) supreme consciousness, absolute reality Brahmanism the early religion of India that emanated from Vedism Brahmanismus (German m.) Brahmanism Brahmaputra (English, German m.) a river having its source in the Mansarovar Lake in present day Tibet and flowing south east to the Bay of Bengal Brahmsgitarre (German f.) Brahms guitar Brahms guitar its name derives from Paul Galbraith's arrangement of Brahms' Variations on an Original Theme Opus 21a for piano, which he transcribed originally for the 6-string guitar. Worried by a certain incompleteness in the bass and the fact that his left hand was stretched to its limits for much of the piece, he thought about increasing the range of the guitar (not a new idea, for even in the nineteenth-century guitarists played and wrote for the 7-string guitar, which carried an extra bass string strung below the traditional six) and felt that one extra string, tuned to a low A (a fifth below the low E string) yet also flexible enough to stand tuning up to a low C, would be sufficient to give the sense of "completeness" in the bass that he was looking for. Following a discussion with his friend, the Italian guitarist Stefano Grondona, it was suggested that in order to increase the available range within one position, and therefore also reduce the stretching, an eighth string could be placed above the high E string, tuned a fourth above to a high A. This would also balance the instrument, as the additional strings would effectively surround the (unaltered) traditional six strings. David Rubio, who was asked to built a suitable instrument, arrived at an inspired solution by basing it on the Renaissance model of the Orphareon which was unique amongst fretted string instruments in that it gave a staggered, rather than uniform, length to the strings, which was achieved by using a slanting bridge and nut, opening up in length towards the bass, with the frets 'fanning out' over the complete length of the fingerboard. Rubio's prototype was an outstanding success: the two outer strings sounded like 'normal' guitar strings and integrated beautifully with the original six. The whole instrument was amazingly full and rich in tone over its entire range, and very natural to play because of some fine adjustments to the width between the strings and thus to the overall width of the neck. During performance, it is supported by a metal spike, similar to that of a cello, which rests on a wooden acoustic box 8-string Brahms Guitar from which this extract has been taken Braided strings see 'twined strings' Braies loose drawers or breeches belted or tied with cord at the waist, the lower end tucked into the hose below the knee. After the thirteenth century, braies become shorter in the leg as the hose grew longer and, by the later fifteenth century, became short underpants braille (English, French m., Spanish m.) the braille system, devised in 1821 by Louis Braille, is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write. Each braille character or "cell" is made up of six dot positions, arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each. A dot may be raised at any of the six positions to form sixty-four combinations, counting the space in which no dots are raised. For reference purposes, a particular combination may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered 1 through 3 from top to bottom on the left, and 4 through 6 from top to bottom on the right. For example, dots 1-3-4 would describe a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and on top of the right column to prevent confusion the proper noun "Braille" is written in English in lower case ('braille') when referring to the writing system braille from which this extract has been taken Brailledrucker (German m.) braille printer braille music notation a complete, well developed, and internationally accepted musical notation system that has symbols and notational conventions quite independent of print music notation. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two-dimensional nature of standard printed music notation braille music from which this information has been taken Braille-Notenschrift (German f.) braille music notation Brailler an all-purpose braille writer enclosed in a grey enamel aluminum case, operated by six keys brailler (French) to bawl Brailleschreibmaschine (German f.) brailler Brailleschrift (German f.) braille Braille-Schrift (German f.) braille Brailleschriftdrucker (German m.) braille printer Braindrain (German m.) brain drain (colloquial) Brain drain the loss, through emigration, of highly trained scientists, doctors, etc. from the country where they were born and trained Brains of musicians musicians have bigger and more sensitive brains than people who do not play instruments, scientists revealed. The auditory cortex, which is the part of the brain concerned with hearing, contains 130 per cent more "grey matter" in professional musicians than in non-musicians. Professionals musicians showed 102 per cent more activity in their auditory cortex than non-musicians. Activity in the brains of amateur musicians was on average 37 per cent higher than in those who did not play an instrument, the researchers said in a report in Nature Neuroscience... The scientists found startling physical differences between the three groups. Those with musical experience had larger amounts of grey matter in the region called the Heschl's gyrus. The structure contained 536 to 983 cubic millimetres of grey matter in professional musicians, 189 to 798 cubic millimetres in amateurs, and 172 to 450 cubic millimetres in non-musicians Musicians found to have 'more sensitive brains' Brainstorming (English, German n.) a technique used by groups of people to overcome the widespread tendency to overlook various obvious options while solving problems or generating new ideas, where the key principle is to defer judgment, achieved by insistence on first recording all suggested ideas Brainstorming-Methode {f} zur Ideenfindung (German f.) brainstorming braire (French) to bray Braise (French f.) embers, live coals stew slowly with a little liquid in a closed container Brajbhasha a dialect of Hindi spoken around Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, the language of the lyrics of Bandish Brake drums tambours de frein (French), Bremstrommeln (German), tamburo di freno (Italian) tambores del freno (Spanish) [German entry corrected by Michael Zapf] automobile brake drums are used to produce metal percussion sounds by the comparsas in Cuban carnival Brakka a dance of young exiled Kenyans in the 1960s Brakteat (German m.) bracteate (a very thin medieval European coin with the design impressed on one side showing through to the other side) Braktee (German f.) bract (a modified leaf that bears a flower) Bralette (English, German f.) an unlined, soft cup bra Brama (Italian f.) longing bramar (Spanish) to roar, to moo (cow), to howl bramarbasieren (German) to boast, to bluster bramare (Italian) to long for Bramburi (German pl. - Austria) potatoes Bramme (German f.) slab Bramido (Spanish m.) roar Branca (Italian f.) branch, claw Brancard (French m.) stretcher, shaft Brancardier (French m.) stretcher-bearer Branche (s.), Branchen (German pl.) (French f.) branch (German f.) branch, line (field of activity), branch of trade, industry, sector, (line of) business, branch of industry branché (French) trendy Branchement (French m.) connection Branchenadressbuch (German n.) classified directory, trade directory Branchenadressbuch der Post (German n.) directory of business addresses Branchenbericht (German m.) industry report Branchenbuch (German n.) yellow pages, trade directory, business directory, commercial directory Branchenflaute (German f.) industry slowdown Branchengeheimnis (German n.) trade secret Branchenjournal (German n.) industry magazine Branchenrepräsentativität (German f.) trade representation branchenspezifisch (German) sectoral, branch-specific branchenüblich (German) customary (in this line of business) branchenüblicher Handelsbrauch (German m.) custom of the trade Branchenverband (German m.) branch association, industry association, trade group, trade association Branchenverzeichnis (German n.) classified directory, yellow pages, trade directory branchenweit (German) industry-wide Branchenwerbung (German f.) trade advertising brancher (French) to connect, to plug in (electricity) Branchia (Italian f.) gill (of a fish) Branco (Italian m.) pack (of dogs), flock (birds), gang (of people) brancolare (Italian) to grope Brand (s.), Brände (pl.) (German m.) fire, blaze, blight, gangrene, firing (of porcelain enamel, ceramics, etc.), smut, baking (ceramic, etc.) Brand- (German) conflagrative, incendiary (prefix) Branda (Italian f.) camp-bed brandaktuell (German) late-breaking, red-hot (news, etc.), hot from the presses brandaktuelle Nachrichten (German) red-hot news Brandanschlag (German m.) arson attack, incendiary attack Brand Awareness (English, German f.) the expansion of a company's brand in the marketplace Brandbekämpfer (German pl.) fire fighters Brandbekämpfung (German f.) firefighting, fire fighting Brandbekämpfungsausrüstung (German f.) firefighting equipment Brandbelüftung (German f.) fire ventilation, emergency ventilation, smoke control ventilation Brandbeschleuniger (German m.) combustive agent, (fire) accelerant brandbeständig (German) fire resistant Brandbestattung (German f.) cremation burial Brandbinde (German f.) bandage for burns Brandblase (s.), Brandblasen (pl.) (German f.) blister, burn blister Brandbombe (German f.) incendiary bomb, fire bomb, firebomb, incendiary (bomb) Brandbrief (German m.) begging letter, urgent reminder, flame (letter, e-mail) (colloquial) Branddetektierung (German f.) fire detection brandeilig (German) extremely urgent Brandeisen (German n.) branding iron Brandello (Italian m.) scrap branden (German) to break (wave, noise), to surge Brandenburg (English, German n.) the territory of an Elector (of the Holy Roman Empire) that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701 Brandenburg Gate a former city gate and one of the main symbols of the city of Berlin, Germany Brandenburger Tor (German n.) Brandenburg Gate brandenburgisch (German) Brandenburg Brandenburgisches Konzert (s.), Brandenburgische Konzerte (pl.) (German n.) BWV 1046-1051 cover the set of six concertos written by J.S. Bach and presented to the Margrave of Brandenburg in 1721 as a bound manuscript for chamber orchestra, works based on the Italian concerto grosso style Bach's Brandenburg Concertos - MIDI Sequenced Brander (German m.) fireship Branderkennung (German f.) fire detection Brandermittler (German m.) fire investigator Brandermittlung (s.), Brandermittlungen (pl.) (German f.) fire investigation Brandermittlungsbeamter (German m.) fire investigator brandete auf (German) broke out (applause) Brandfackel (German f.) firebrand Brandflasche (German f.) Molotov cocktail, petrol bomb Brandfleck (s.), Brandflecken (pl.) (German m.) scorch, burn, singe, burn mark, gangrenous spot (plural form) Brandfluchthaube (German f.) (emergency escape) smoke hood, fire emergency mask Brandfühler (German m.) fire detector Brandgase (German pl.) fire gases, combustion gases Brandgefahr (s.), Brandgefahren (pl.) (German f.) fire hazard brandgefährlich (German) immensely dangerous Brandgeruch (German m.) burnt smell, smell of burning Brandgeschoss (German n.) incendiary projectile, incendiary shell Brandgiebel (German m.) gable end, end wall brandheißer Favorit (German m.) red-hot favourite Brandhemmer (German pl.) flame retardants Brandherd (German m.) source of fire, trouble spot brandig (German) burnt, gangrenous, necrotic brandig sein (German) to have a burning taste Branding (English, German n.) brand development, development of brands brandir (French) to brandish brandire (Italian) brandish Brandkatastrophe (German f.) fire disaster Brandlehm (German m.) burnt clay Brandlüftung (German f.) fire ventilation, emergency ventilation Brandmal (s.), Brandmale (pl.) (German n.) stigma, brand, burn Brandmalerei (German f.) poker work Brandmarke (German f.) burning mark brandmarken (German) to brand (figurative), to denounce, to stigmatise Brandmarkenbildung (German f.) burning, burn marks Brandmarkung (German f.) stigmatisation Brandmauer (s.), Brandmauern (pl.) (German f.) fire wall, firewall, fire partition, fire-proof wall, party wall Brandmeldeanlage (German f.) fire-alarm system, fire detection system, fire alarm system Brandmelder (German m.) fire detector, fire detection device, fire warning device, automatic fire alarm detector, automatic fire incident device Brandmeldung (German f.) fire detection brandneu (German) brand-new Brandnotbeleuchtung (German f.) fire emergency (guidance) lighting Brándo (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a sword, branle, braule Brandöl (German n.) carron oil (a mixture comprising equal volumes of linseed oil and lime water which is used for the relief of burns) Brandopfer (German n.) burnt offering, fire victim, burn victim Brandort (German m.) seat of the fire Brandpfahl (German m.) stake Brandrede (German f.) inflammatory speech Brandrisiko (German n.) fire risk Brandrodung (German f.) slash-and-burn (land clearance) Brandruinen (German pl.) burnt-out ruins Brandsachverständiger (German m.) fire investigator Brandsalbe (s.), Brandsalben (pl.) (German f.) burn ointment Brandschaden (German m.) fire damage, fire loss, loss by fire, damage by fire brandschatzen (German) to plunder, to pillage, to sack, to pillage and threaten to burn Brandschatzung (German f.) pillage Brandschicht (German f.) burnt layer Brandschott (German n.) fire wall Brandschutt (German m.) debris from the blaze Brandschutz (German m.) fire prevention, fire control, fire protection Brandschutzanstrich (German m.) fire-proof coating Brandschutzausrüstung (German f.) flame retardant Brandschutzbeschichtung (German f.) intumescent paint Brandschutzbestimmungen (German pl.) fire regulations Brandschutzfarbe (German f.) fire-retarding paint Brandschutzmauer (German f.) fire wall, fire barrier Brandschutzordnung (German f.) fire safety regulations brandschutztechnisches System (German n.) fire protection system Brandschutztor (German n.) fire protection door, fire door Brandschutztür (German f.) (emergency) fire door Brandschutzübung (German f.) fire drill Brandschutzverglasung (German f.) fire-retardant glass, fire-resistant glass, fire-resistant glazing Brandschutzvorkehrung (German f.) fire control Brandschutzwand (German f.) fire wall, fire barrier brandsicher (German) fireproof Brandsicherheit (German f.) fire safety Brandsohle (s.), Brandsohlen (pl.) (German f.) insole, inner sole, innersole, flat insole Brandsohlenleder (German n.) insole leather Brandsohlleder (German n.) insole leather Brandspant (German m.) firewall Brandspur (German f.) burn mark Brandstelle (s.), Brandstellen (pl.) (German f.) scene of fire, burnt spot brandstiftend (German) incendiary Brandstifter (s./pl.) (German m.) arsonist, firebug, incendiary, fire-raiser Brandstiftung (s.), Brandstiftungen (pl.) (German f.) arson, incendiarism, fire-raising Brandstiftung begehen (German) to commit arson Brandteig (German m.) choux pastry Brandteigmasse (German f.) choux pastry dough Brandthema (German n.) burning issue (colloquial) (figurative) Brandtür (German f.) fire door, emergency door Brandung (German f.) surf, breakers, surge Brandungshöhle (German f.) sea cave, littoral cave Brandungsreiten (German n.) surfing Brandungsreiten (German n.) surfing Brandungsrückstrom (German f.) rip current, riptide Brandungswelle (s.), Brandungswellen (pl.) (German f.) surging billow Brandungszone (German f.) surf zone Brandursache (German f.) cause of conflagration, cause of a fire Brandverhütung (German f.) fire prevention Brandverhütungsvorschriften (German pl.) fire prevention regulations Brandvermeidung (German f.) fire prevention Brandversicherung (German f.) fire insurance Brandwand (German f.) firewall, fire-resisting wall Brandwunde (s.), Brandwunden (pl.) (German f.) burn, singe, burn (on) Brandwunden durch Zigaretten (German pl.) cigarette burns (on the body) Brandy (English, German m.) brandy Brandzeichen (German n.) brand, brand mark Branle (English, German m., from French m.) a rustic circle or ring dance in duple time, similar to the gavotte, originating in France among the many regional varieties, there were four main types: branle simple in duple time branle double in duple time branle gai in triple time branle de Bourgogne in various metres The Branle Branle Branle-bas (French m.) bustle Branle-bas de combat (French m.) bustle branler (French) to be shaky, to shake brannte (German) burnt, fired brannte ... durch (German) eloped Branntkalk (German m.) anhydrous lime, unhydrated lime, caustic lime, burnt lime Branntwein (s.), Branntweine (pl.) (German m.) spirit, spirits, brandy, firewater, fine (ordinary French brandy) Branntweinbrenner (German m.) distiller Branntweinbrennerei (s.), Branntweinbrennereien (pl.) (German f.) distillery Branntweinessig (German m.) brandy vinegar Branntwein und Soda (German m.) brandy-and-soda Brano (Italian m.) piece, passage (from a book) Branquia (Spanish f.) gill Bransle (French m.) branle Bransle de Pictou (French m.) an example of a branle double, a quicker form of the circle dance Bransle l'Officiale (French m.) this medieval bransle has survived to the present day as the tune to the carol Ding, dong, merrily on high! Brantle (English) branle braquer (French) to aim, to fix (with a look), to turn, to hold up (bank) Bras (French m.) arm, arm-rest (French m.pl.) labour (figurative), hands Bras. abbreviation of Brasil (Portuguese: Brazil) Brasa (Spanish f.) hot coal brasare (Italian) to braise Bras articulé (French m.) articulated arm Bras bas (French m., literally 'arms low or down') in dance, this is the dancer's "attention." The arms form a circle with the palms facing each other and the back edge of the hands resting on the thighs. The arms should hang quite loosely but not allowing the elbows to touch the sides Bras de lumière (s. & pl.) (French m.) a wall-light bras dessus bras dessous (French) arm in arm Bras droit (French m.) right-hand man (figurative) Brasero (Spanish m.) brazier Brasier (French m.) blaze Brasil (Spanish m.) Brazil Brasilbikini (German m.) brazil bikini Brasile (Italian m.) Brazil Brasileño (Spanish m.) Brazilian brasileño (Spanish) Brazilian Brasilero (Spanish/Latin America m.) Brazilian brasilero (Spanish/Latin America) Brazilian Brasilholz (German n.) brazil wood (Caesalpinia echinata) Brasilianer (m.), Brasilianerin (f.), Brasilianer (pl.) (German) Brazilian Brasilianisch (German) Brazilian brasilianischer Bikini (German m.) Brazilian bikini brasilianisches Portugiesisch (German n.) Brazilian Portuguese Brasiliano (m.), Brasiliana (f.) (Italian) Brazilian brasiliano (m.), brasiliana (f.) (Italian) Brazilian Brasilien (German n.) Brazil Brass (brass instrument section) metales (Spanish), ottoni (Italian), Blechbläser (German), cuivres (French) a collective term for the instruments of a band or orchestra normally although not always made of brass (for wire, etc. the correct French term is laiton (French m.)) the bright yellow or golden alloy of copper and zinc, in the proportion of about two parts of copper to one part zinc. The zinc makes brass stronger and harder than copper is alone. It is malleable and ductile, though variations in its composition make its properties variable. The alloy of copper and tin is bronze, while alloys with both zinc and tin are called gunmetals. Many of the alloys that are described as bronze are actually brass various brass alloys are commonly used in the making of brass instruments: yellow brass 70:30 alloy of copper and zinc medium hardness most commonly used material for brass instruments gold brass 85:15 alloy of copper and zinc softer than yellow brass, giving a warmer, darker sound nickel-silver brass 63:27:10 alloy of copper, zinc and nickel harder than yellow brass, giving a brighter sound red brass 90:10 alloy of copper and zinc reddish colour, gives a dark sound ArtLex Art Dictionary this extract being taken from the entry entitled 'brass' a term applied to wind instruments made usually of brass, for example, trumpet, trombone, tuba, etc. a tomb effigy incised in two dimensions in a brass plate Brassage (French m.) mixing, brewing Brassard (French m.) arm-band, a badge worn on the arm, armlet Brassband (German f.) brass band Brass band (English, Brassband (German f.)) a band formed of brass instruments and percussion, similar to a military band but without reed instruments some continental 'brass bands' feature saxophones and others woodwind instrument too. We would classify a band featuring both brass and woodwind as being a Blasorchester, a Harmonie or a wind-band Brass band Brass bass tubas have been used in jazz since the genre's beginning. In the earliest years, bands often used a tuba for outdoor playing and a double bass for indoor jobs. In this context, the tuba was sometimes called 'brass bass', as opposed to the double bass, which was called 'string bass'; it was not uncommon for players to double on both instruments Brasse (French f.) breast-stroke (swimming), fathom (measure of depth) Brassée (French f.) armful Brassen (German n.) bracing brassen (German) to brace brasser (French) mix, brew (beer), handle a lot of (business) Brasserie (English, German f. from French f.) brewery, café (in which beer and food are served) Brasseur (French m.) brewer Brasseur d'affaires (French m.) big businessman Brassière (French f., literally 'bodice') baby's vest, an underbodice (also soutien-gorge) Brass instrument instrumento de viento-metal (Spanish), instrumento d'ottone (Spanish), Blechinstrument (German), Blechblasinstrument (German), instrument de cuivres (French) Brassinstrument (Swedish) brass (e.g. orchestral section) Brass quintet the standard configuaration consists of two trumpets, French horn, trombone, and tuba Brasssektion (German f.) brass section [corrected by Michael Zapf] Bras supérieur (French m.) upper arm Brät (German n.) sausage meat Bratapfel (German m.) baked apple Bratapfelkuchen (German m.) roasting apple cake Bratbirne (German f.) baked pear Bratblech (German n.) roasting tin Braten (German m.) roast, joint, frying braten (German) to roast, to barbecue, to fry (in a pan), to bake Bratenduft (German m.) smell of frying Bratenfett (German n.) dripping Bratenform (German f.) roasting tin Bratengabel (German f.) carving fork, sauté fork Bratenheber (German m.) spatula Bratenkruste (German f.) crackling Bratenmesser (German n.) roast slicer, roast knife Bratenplatte (German f.) meat plate Bratenrock (German m.) Prince Albert (coat), frock coat Bratensaft (German m.) gravy (using juice from roast meat) Bratensoße (s.), Bratensoßen (pl.) (German f.) gravy Bratentopf (German m.) stewing pan Bratenwender (German m.) turnspit Bräter (German m.) roasting dish bratfertig (German) oven-ready Bratfett (German n.) dripping, frying fat Bratfisch (German m.) fried fish Bratfisch mit Pommes frites (German m.) fish 'n' chips, fish and chips Bratgut (German n.) barbecued food Brathähnchen (German n.) roast chicken, fried chicken (in breadcrumbs) Brathendl (German n. - Southern Germany, Austria) roast chicken, fried chicken Brathering (German m.) fried herring Brathühnchen (German n.) fryer Brathwaite, Edward Kamau (b. 1930) West Indian poet and cultural historian, who used calypso, work songs and other verse-forms to explore the relationship between the legacy of slavery and West Indian ritual, music and dance in his poetry Brathwaite has infused European and African influences. He combines spoken word with modernist techniques, and new spellings, and uses rhythms from jazz and folk music. But in Brathwaite, play with words and linguistic inventions are not a manifestation of self-absorbed individualism or postmodern ironic attitude toward aesthetic practices. His poetry is a part of the collective search of Caribbean identity and racial wholeness. Feelings of rootlessness emerge often from Brathwaite's poems, and in an interview he has confessed that his travels have given him a sense of movement and restlessness Edward Brathwaite Kamau Brathwaite from which the comment above has been taken Bratislava (English, German n.) the capital of Slovakia and the country's largest city Bratkartoffel (s.), Bratkartoffeln (pl.) (German f.) roast potato, fried potato, chip potato, chipped potato, chip, sauté potato Bratkartoffelverhältnis (German n.) meal ticket (colloquial) Bratöl (German n.) frying oil Bratpfanne (German f.) fryer, frying pan, skillet Bratröhre (German f.) oven Bratrost (German m.) grill Bratsche (s.), Bratschen (pl.) (German f.) viola Bratschenkonzert (German n.) viola concerto Bratschenschlüssel (German m., literally 'viola clef') the alto clef, viola clef, chiave di Do3 (Italian f.), chiave di contralto (Italian f.), Altschlüssel (German m.), clef alto (French f.), clef d'ut (French f.), clé d'ut (French f.), clef d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clé d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clave de do (Spanish f.), clave de do en tercera (Spanish f.), clave de contralto (Spanish f.) Bratschenspieler (German m.) viola player Bratschenwitz, Bratscherwitz (German m.) viola joke Bratscher (m.), Bratscherin (f.) (German) violist, a viola player Bratschist (m.), Bratschistin (f.) (German) violist, viola player [corrected by Winfried Bauer] Bratspieß (German m.) spit, broach, skewer Bratwurst (s.), Bratwürste (pl.) (German f.) frying sausage, fried sausage Bratwurststand (German m.) (German) bratwurst stand, bratwurst stall Bratze (German f. - Berlin) ugly woman Bratzeit (German f.) frying time Bräu (German n.) brew Brauch (s.), Bräuche (pl.) (German m.) custom (convention), rite, convention, practice, usage, observance brauchbar (German) usable, useful, suitable, convenient, acceptable, efficient, expedient, practicable, serviceable, viable, workable brauchbare Erfindung (German f.) practical invention brauchbare Kenntnisse (German pl.) working knowledge brauchbare Lösung (German f.) workable solution brauchbare Mehrheit (German f.) working majority brauchbare Werkzeuge (German pl.) serviceable tools brauchbarer Rat (German m.) useful advice brauchbarer Regenschirm (German m.) practical umbrella brauchbares Ergebnis (German n.) acceptable result brauchbares System (German n.) practical system brauchbares Verfahren (German n.) practical method Brauchbarkeit (s.), Brauchbarkeiten (pl.) (German f.) usefulness, usability, serviceability Brauchbarkeitsgrad (German m.) degree of usefulness brauchen (German) to need, to require, to want, to be in need of, to consume, to spend, to take (time) [corrected by Michael Zapf] brauchend (German) needing braucht (German) needs, wants braucht nicht zurückgegeben werden (German) unreturnable Brauchtum (German n.) custom, traditions, customs (conventions) brauchtümlich (German) customary (conventional, traditional) Brauchtumsrecht (German n.) customary law Braue (s.), Brauen (pl.) (German f.) eyebrow, brow Brauen (German n.) brewing brauen (German) to brew, to concoct brauend (German) brewing Brauer (m.), Brauerin (f.) (German) brewer Brauerei (s.), Brauereien (pl.) (German f.) brewery, beer company Brauereigaul (German m.) brewery horse Brauereigewerbe (German n.) brewery Brauereipferd (German n.) brewery horse, dray horse Brauereiwesen (German n.) brewing trade Braugerste (German f.) malting barley, brewing barley Brauhaus (German n.) brewhouse Brauhefe (German f.) brewer's yeast Brauindustrie (German f.) brewery, brewing industry Braul (English) branle Braumeister (m.), Braumeisterin (f.) (German) master brewer Braun (German n.) brown, brunatre (heraldic term for the colour brown) braun (German) brown braunäugig (German) brown-eyed Bräune aus der Flasche (German f.) fake suntan Bräune (German f.) quinsy, tan (suntan), suntan bräunen (German) to brown, to tan (in the sun) bräunend (German) tanning brauner (German) browner Brauner (German m.) bay (horse), café au lait (Austria) brauner Briefumschlag (German m.) manilla envelope brauner Zucker (German m.) brown sugar, demerara (sugar) braunes Packpapier (German n.) brown wrapping paper braunes Pferd (German n.) bayard (properly, a bay horse, but often any horse) braunes Rauschen (German n.) brown noise braune Ware (German f.) brown goods (home entertainment equipment) braune Zeichentusche (German f.) sepia Braunfäule (German f.) blight, brown rot braungebrannt (German) sunburnt, suntanned, bronzed, tanned braun gebrannt (German) sunburnt, suntanned, bronzed, tanned braungelb (German) buff Braunglas (German n.) amber glass braungrau (German) taupe (brownish grey) braunhaarig (German) brunette, brown-haired braunhaarige Frau (German f.) brunette braunhaariges Mädchen (German n.) brunette Braunhemd (s.), Braunhemden (pl.) (German n.) brown shirt, brown-shirt, brownshirt, Brownshirt (Nazi organisation) Braunkohl (German m.) kale Braunkohle (German f.) lignite, brown coal Braunkohlenteer (German m.) lignite tar, bituminous tar bräunlich (German) brownish, browny bräunlich-schwarz (German) blackish-brown braunrot (German) puce braunsche Röhre (German f.) Braun tube, cathode ray tube (CRT) Braunschweig (German n.) Brunswick Braunschweiger (German f.) Braunschweiger (pork liver sausage) braunschweigisch (German) Braunschweig, Brunswick braunste (German) brownest Braunstein (German m.) manganese dioxide (a black crystalline compound, MnO2, used in textile dyeing) Brauntöne (German pl.) shades of brown Bräunung (German f.) browning, tanning Bräunungsbad (German n.) tanning session Bräunungscreme (German f.) sunless tanning lotion, self-tanning lotion, fake tan Bräunungslotion (German f.) (quick-)tanning lotion Bräunungsmittel (German n.) tanning lotion Bräunungsöl (German n.) tanning oil Bräunungspuder (German m./n.) bronzing powder Bräunungsstreifen (German m.) tan line braun von der Sonne (German) tanned braun werden (German) to get a (sun) tan, to go brown [corrected by Michael Zapf] Brauprozess (German m.) process of brewing Brause (German f.) sherbet, rose (on a watering can), soda (soft drink), sprinkler, fizzy drink, shower Brausebad (German n.) shower-bath Brausekopf (German m.) hothead Brausekugel (German f.) citrus bon-bon Brausen (German n.) boom, hum (of traffic) brausen (German) to roar (wind, water, etc.), to rush, to swoosh, to bluster, to race (run quickly), to boom (waves) brausend (German) wuthering, roaring, effervescent Brausenmischer (German m.) shower mixer Brausepulver (German n.) sherbet powder, effervescent powder Brausetablette (German f.) fizzy tablet, effervescent tablet Brausetasse (German f.) shower tray Braut (s.), Bräute (pl.) (German f.) bride, moll (of a gangster), girlfriend, bird (colloquial), lady (colloquial), betrothed, fiancée Braut- (German) bridal (prefix) Brautausstattung (s.), Brautausstattungen (pl.) (German f.) bridal trousseau, trousseau Brautaussteuer (s.), Brautaussteuern (pl.) (German f.) trousseau Brautauto (German n.) bride's car, bridal car Brautbad (German n.) bridal bath, hamam (traditional Turkish bride's bath) Brautbett (s.), Brautbetten (pl.) (German n.) bridal bed, marital bed, nuptial bed Braut Christi (German f.) bride of Christ Brauteltern (German pl.) parents of the bride, bride's parents Brautexamen (German n.) pre-wedding religious examination (Catholic Church) Brautfrisur (German f.) bridal hair style, bridal hairstyle, bridal hairdo, bride's hairdo, bride's hairstyle, bride's hair style Brautführer (German m.) bridesman, best man, garçon d'honneur Brautgemach (German n.) nuptial chamber Bräutigam (s.), Bräutigame (pl.) (German m.) bride groom, bridegroom, groom, fiancé Brautjungfer (s.), Brautjungfern (pl.) (German f.) bridesmaid Brautjungferngeschenk (German n.) bridesmaid gift Brautjungfernkleid (German n.) bridesmaid's gown, bridesmaid's dress Brautkleid (s.), Brautkleider (pl.) (German n.) wedding dress, bridal dress, bridal gown, bride's gown Brautkranz (German m.) bridal crown, bridal garland, bridal wreath Brautkrone (German f.) bridal crown Brautkutsche (German f.) (horsedrawn) bridal carriage, (horsedrawn) bride's carriage, (horsedrawn) bride's coach, (horsedrawn) bridal coach Brautleute (German pl.) engaged couple, bridal couple bräutlich (German) bridal Brautlied (German n.) bridal song, wedding song Brautlimousine (German f.) bridal limousine, bride's limousine Brautmesse (German f.) Nuptial Mass, a Catholic church wedding taking place as part of the Holy Mass [clarified by Michael Zapf] Brautmode (German f.) bridal fashion Brautmutter (German f.) bride's mother Brautmystik (German f.) bridal mysticism, nuptial mysticism Brautnacht (s.), Brautnächte (pl.) (German f.) wedding night Brautpaar (German n.) bride and (bride)groom, engaged couple, bridal pair, bridal couple Brautparty (German f.) bridal shower, shower (bridal) Brautpreis (German m.) bride price Brautschau halten (German) to be looking for a wife Brautschleier (s./pl.) (German m.) bridal veil, bride's veil Brautschleppe (German f.) bride's train, bridal train, bridal trail, bride's trail Brautschmuck (German m.) bride's jewels, wedding jewellery Brautschuh (German m.) bridal shoe Brautstrauß (German m.) bridal bouquet, bridal flowers Brautunterricht (German m.) religious instruction before marriage Brautunterwäsche (German f.) bridal lingerie Brautvater (German m.) bride's father Braut und Bräutigam (German) bride and bridegroom, bride and groom Brautwäsche (German f.) bridal lingerie Brautzug (German m.) bridal procession Brauwirtschaft (German f.) brewing industry Brauzucker (German m.) brewer's sugar brav (German) good, well-behaved, prissy (dress, hairstyle), virtuous (child), honest, dutifully, honestly brava see bravo Bravache (French m.) braggart Bravata (Italian f.) bragging Bravata (Spanish f.) boast brave (French) good, brave (Italian) see bravo bravement (French) bravely braver (French) to defy braver kleiner Junge (German m.) dear little boy braver Patient (German m.) good patient bravi see bravo bravío (Spanish) wild, coarse (person), uncouth bravissimo (m.), bravissima (f.), bravissimi (pl.) (Italian) exceedingly good, exceedingly well Bravo (French m.) cheer (German n.) cheers, bravos bravo (Spanish) brave, wild (animal), rough (sea) bravo (m.), brava (f.), bravi (m.pl.), brave (f.pl.) (Italian) good, brave, courageous, clever, skilful (English, Italian, German, Spanish) as an exclamation signifying "Well done!" Bravour (German f.) bravura, bravery, boldness Bravourarie (German f.) aria di bravura Bravoure (French f.) bravura, bravery bravourös (German) brilliant (masterful), brilliantly (masterfully) Bravourstück (German m.) bravura performance, bravura piece (a brilliant, showy and technically demanding vocal or instrumental piece) (German n.) bravura, brilliant coup Bravur (German f.) bravery Bravura (Italian f.) skill, spirit, as in aria di bravura, an eighteenth-century aria requiring great technical skill (Spanish f.) ferocity, courage con bravura (Italian: boldly) Brawl (English) branle Brawle (English) branle Bray harp or Schnarrharfe (German), an effect on certain early harps where adjustable pins can be set to lightly touch each string thus creating a loud buzzing tone Braz. abbreviation of 'Brazilian', 'Brazil' Braza (Spanish f.) fathom Brazada (Spanish f.) waving of the arms, stroke (swimming), armful (quantity) Brazado (Spanish m.) armful (quantity) Brazal (Spanish m.) arm-band Brazalete (Spanish m.) bracelet, arm-band Brazen made of or like brass Brazilbikini (German m.) brazil bikini Brazil-Bikini (German m.) brazil bikini Brazilian funk a popular form of music in Brazil that has its roots in Miami Bass style rap music Brazilian funk from which this extract has been taken Brazilian hip hop in Brazil, 'hip hop' is often called "funk" (pronounced "FOONK"), with rap enthusiasts referred to as funkeiros Brazilian hip hop from which this information has been taken Brazilian jazz term for the style of jazz popular or associated with Brazil. The style is sometimes seen as a Brazilian outgrowth of cool jazz as many of the early populists of jazz in Brazil were associated with that sub-genre. It was noted for the bossa nova, which mixes samba and jazz, and a greater use of guitar then in North American jazz Brazilian jazz from which this information has been taken Brazilian music Brazilian music Brazilian tango see maxixe Brazilslip (German m.) brazil brief, brazil briefs Brazil-Slip (German m.) brazil briefs, brazil brief Brazing the joining of two pieces of metal (often mild steel) by heating to red heat and using a high-melting-point solder such as copper, zinc, or brass. This is known as 'hard soldering'. A flux such as borax is necessary to aid the flow of the alloy Brazo (Spanish m.) arm, foreleg (animal), branch Brazo derecho (Spanish m.) right-hand man Brazo de tocadiscos (Spanish m.) tone arm (on a record player) Br.C. abbreviation of 'British Columbia' (in Canada) brch abbreviation of 'branch' BRD abbreviation of Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German: Federal Republic of Germany) brdcst abbreviation of 'broadcast' Brea (Spanish f.) tar, pitch Breach of confidence breach of faith, betrayal of trust, abuso di confidenza (Italian m.), Vertrauensbruch (German m.), violation du secret professionnel (French f.), abuso de confianza (Spanish m.) Breach of contract breaking or non-observation of a law, contract, etc., rottura (Italian f.), Vertragsbruch (German m.), rupture (French f.), incumplimiento (Spanish m.) Break (English, German m./n.) the point where the quality of tenor, alto and soprano voices changes (a genuine bass has no break), between the lower range called voce di petto or chest voice and the upper, voce di testa or head voice, although in a properly trained voice, the break, also called 'crack', should be practically imperceptible in the clarinet, flute, recorder or other wind instrument, the place between the lower register of the instrument and the higher, for example, the break on the clarinet is between B flat and B natural on the third line of the treble clef an imperfectly formed note on the horn, trumpet or clarinet a break provides a solo instrumentalist, usually the leader of a jazz or Blue Grass group, to play for a number of bars (usually 2, 4 or 8) without the rest of the ensemble. The rest of the band is said to 'lay out' that point on an organ with a limited range where a scale, if descending, involves a return to a higher octave, or, if ascending, a return to a lower octave, in order to complete the sequence a momentary silence at the end of a musical phrase, its time being taken from the last note of the phrase (which must, therefore, be shortened) so that there is not time lost between that note and the next Break (music) Break (French m.) estate car Break ad lib an improvised break Break a leg said by actors before they go out on stage, meaning 'good luck!'. The equivalent phrase in German is Hals- und Beinbruch! [imformation extended by Michael Zapf] Theater terms from which this entry has been taken Breakaway (English, German m.) or 'Break-a-Way', so-called because the couple would split or breakaway from each other still holding hand(s) and perform a solo impromptu of the same rhythm/beat of the music and come back together again, a 1920s black dance, danced to coloured or blues music, which, in the 1930s, was incorporated into the Lindy Hop, which replaced it as a social dance Break-a-Way from which this information has been taken Breakbeat (English, German m.) one of the most dominant forms of dance music. You can trace the movement back to the days when James Brown, Curtis Mayfield, and Isaac Hayes ruled, through the electro explosion led by Afrika Bambaataa and the Soul Sonic Force, up to the present day nu-breaks movement engineered by Adam Freeleand et al. The early '90s rave boom in Europe was built on it, the West Coast is obsessed with it, and drum and bass (to some extent) grew out of it. Breakbeat gained popularity in the U.K. through seminal tracks like "The Phantom" by Renegade Soundwave, "Papua New Guinea" by Future Sound Of London, and later "Bombscare" by 2 Bad Mice. In the late 90s the commercial success of bands like Fatboy Slim, Chemical Brothers, The Crystal Method, and The Prodigy has both attracted the attention of the major labels and has made the music available to a much wider audience. Many believe that it is this genre that will break electronic music in the U.S. Contemporary Breakbeat - mp3s - from which the extract above has been taken Contemporary Breakbeat Breakbeat Hardcore (German m.) breakbeat hardcore Breakbeat hardcore popularly known as rave music, originally referred to as simply hardcore in the United Kingdom, with old school hardcore a common term in the twenty-first century, is a style of electronic music that primarily uses breakbeats for its rhythm lines Breakbeat hardcore from which the extract above has been taken Breakcore (English, German m.) a loosely defined electronic music style that brings together elements of jungle, hardcore techno and IDM into a breakbeat-oriented sound that encourages speed, complexity, impact and maximum sonic density Breakcore from which the extract above has been taken Breakdance (English, German m.) see 'breakdancing' Breakdancer (m.), Breakdancerin (German f.), Breakdancer (German pl.) (English, German) a performer of breakdancing Breakdancing originating from the hip-hop movement, it consists of jerky rhythmic patterns, smooth linear robot-like movements, syncopation and so called 'helicopter spins' with the dancer on the floor on his or her back Breakdancing Breakdown in DJayed music, a breakdown is a section where only one part plays. All other parts may be gradually stripped away or suddenly cut out in Bluegrass music, a breakdown is a type of instrumental, such as a Hornpipe, a Jig, or an Irish Reel Break-even-Kurs (German m.) break-even price Break-even-Point (German m.) break-even point Break for colour also known as a colour break, or colour separation, to separate mechanically or by software the parts to be printed in different colours Breaks see 'breakbeat' Bream a European fresh-water fish related to the carp; any of various salt-water fishes, as the sea bream brear (Spanish) to ill-treat Breath control the ability to direct the breathing mechanism to provide a well-regulated supply of air to the vocal cords or the mouthpiece of a wind instrument Breathing a term applied to the performance of music on all instruments, including the voice, indicating all silences between sounds, as in the phrase 'let the music breath' the adequate provision of breath in order to perform on a wind-instrument or with the voice. Pier Francesco Tosti in his Opinioni de Canbtori Antichi e Moderni Bologna, Lelio dalla Volpe (1723) wrote 'the maestro may [instruct the pupil so that he] learns to use the breath well, to provide .. always more than is needed, and to avoid demands with which the chest cannot cope. He should also enable [the pupil] to recognise in any composition the points at which to draw breath without becoming tired, for there are singers who, to the distress of their audience, struggle like asthmatics, and laboriously catch their breath from one moment to the next or reach the last notes expiring from breathlessness.' Breathing, circular see 'circular breathing' Breathing mark respiro (Italian), respiration (French), Atemzeichen (German), Trennungszeichen (German) or 'breath mark', where, by use of a mark like a large comma, an apostrophe or an inverted V, placed above the stave, the composer or editor suggests that the performer break the musical line (whether taking a breath or not) and/or take an actual breath, in either way contributing to the desired phrase shape Breath mark Breath mark see 'breathing mark' Breath support in singing, efficient and appropriate use of the breath stream for phonation Brebis (French f.) ewe Brebis galeuse (French f.) black sheep Breccia (Italian f.) breach (Italian f.) a composite mass of gravel and ice Brecha (Spanish f.) gap, gash Brechanfall (German m.) vomit Brechbohne (German f.) French bean Brechbohnensalat (German m.) French bean salad Brechdurchfall (German m.) vomiting and diarrhoea Brèche (French f.) gap, breach Brecheisen (German n.) jemmy, crowbar Brechen einer Gewohnheit (German n.) breaking of a habit brechen (German) to crack, to burst, to breach, to break, to diffract, to fracture, to infract, to infringe, to rupture, to override, to vomit, to bear down, to crush brechend (German) breaking, breaching, diffractive brechend voll (German) packed Brecher (s./pl.) (German m.) crusher, breaker, crushing machine Brechhammer (German m.) pick hammer Brechkraft (German f.) refractive power Brechmaschine (s.), Brechmaschinen (pl.) (German f.) crusher, crushing machine Brechmittel (s./pl.) (German n.) emetic (agent) Brechnungsvermögen (German n.) refractivity, refrangibility Brechpunkt (German m.) breaking point Brechreiz (German m.) nausea Brechreiz erregend (German) emetic brechreizhemmend (German) antiemetic Brechschale (German f.) kidney dish Brechstange (s.), Brechstangen (pl.) (German f.) crowbar, lever, crow bar Brechtian acting acting style in which actors intentionally try to alienate the audience as well as reminding them that they are watiching a play (i.e. anti-naturalistic). This approach is derived from the theories of the German dramatist Bertholt Brecht (1898-1956) Theater terms from which this entry has been taken Brechung (s.), Brechungen (pl.) (German f.) refraction, breaking Brechungs- (German) refractivity, refractive, diffractive (prefix) Brechungsindex (German m.) refractive index, index of refraction Brechungslinse (German f.) refractive lens Brechungsstreifen (German pl.) refraction fringes Brechungsvermögen (German n.) focussing power Brechungswinkel (s./pl.) (German m.) angle of refraction Brechwerk (German n.) crusher Brechwurzel (German f.) ipecac (a medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting, especially in cases of drug overdose or poisoning) Brechzahl (German f.) refractive index bredouille (French) empty-handed bredouiller (French) to mumble (French) to perform music in a slovenly, indistinct or confused manner Breeches (English, German pl.) trousers reaching to the knees Breeches role female-to-male cross-dressed parts (or "breeches" roles) became famously popular to the extent that nearly one quarter of all plays produced between 1660 and 1700 contained at least one breeches part. Closely fitting breeches offered audiences an unparalleled opportunity to view the female form in a culture where women's shapes from their waist to their feet otherwise remained hidden from view. As an added bonus, most of these roles derived much of their erotic appeal from the inevitable discovery or unmasking of their gender deception. (In Dryden's The Rival Ladies two cross-dressed women - each of whom thinks the other is a man - simultaneously reveal their breasts as they unbutton their jackets ready to fight each other.) the operatic concept of the breeches role assumes that the character is male, and the audience accepts him as such, even knowing that the actor is not. By contrast, a female opera character who dresses in male clothing to deceive other characters - that is, who plays a woman pretending to be a man (e.g. Gilda in Rigoletto) - is not considered a breeches role Breeches role from which the second entry has been taken Girls and boys come out to play from which the first short extract has been taken bref (m.), brève (f.) (French) short, brief, in short bref coup de cymbales (French) short blow on the cymbals, short stroke on the cymbals Brega (Spanish f.) struggle bregar (Spanish) to struggle, to work hard, to slog away bregenklöterig (German - Northern Germany) nuts (colloquial), confused Bregenzer Festspiele (German pl.) Bregenz Festival Bregenz Festival an opera festival with two stages; a traditional opera house (the Festspielhaus), home to rare operas, and a stage under the open sky on the Seebühne (Lake Stage), where productions are given in the most spectacular fashion Bregenz Festival Breguet-Spiralfeder (German f.) Breguet overcoil spring (invented in 1795, a balance spring whose terminal curve is raised and turned towards the centre so that the spring expands and contracts concentrically) Brei (s.), Breie (pl.) (German m.) pulp, pap, porridge, mash, mush, purée breiig (German) mushy, pappy, pulpy, pasty, paste-like breiige Masse (German f.) pulp breiiger (German) mushier Breiigkeit (German f.) mushiness breiigste (German) mushiest Brein (German m.) millet Breischluck (German m.) barium meal breit (German, literally 'broad' or 'wide') largo (Italian), large (French), in a stately manner, broad (as in bowing or tempo), broadly, wide, stoned (on drugs), spaced out (on drugs) breit angelegt (German) broad breit angelegt sein (German) to be broad in scope breit aufgefasster Begriff (German m.) concept of broad understanding Breitaxt (German f.) broad axe, broad-axe, broadaxe Breitband (German n.) broadband Breitbandanschluss (German m.) broadband connection (Internet) Breitbandantibiotikum (German n.) broad-spectrum antibiotic Breitbandfilter (German m./n.) broadband filter breitbandig (German) broadband Breitband-Internet (German n.) broadband internet Breitbandnutzer (German m.) broadband user Breitbandzugang (German m.) broadband access breitbeinig (German) with one's legs apart breitbeinig dastehen (German) to stand with one's legs apart breitbeiniger Gang (German m.) rolling gait breitbeinig stehen (German) to stand with one's legs apart Breitbild (German n.) wide screen, widescreen Breitbildfernseher (German m.) widescreen television Breitbildformat (German n.) widescreen format breitblättrig (German) broad-leaved breitbrüstig (German) barrel-chested breit darstellen (German) to write up (for example, a review of a musical or theatrical performance) Breite (s.), Breiten (pl.) (German f.) width, breadth, broadness, latitude, gauge, wideness breite Basis (German f.) wide base breite Borte (German f.) deep border Breite des Blattes (German f.) width of page Breite einer Hand (German f.) a hand's breadth Breite eines Fahrzeugs (German f.) width of a vehicle breite Hüften (German pl.) broad hips breite Klinge (German f.) broad blade breite Krempe (German f.) broad brim breite Masse (German f.) the masses breiten (German) spread, broaden Breiten- (German) latitudinal (prefix) Breiteneinstellung (German f.) tentering (stretching of fabric as it dries) Breitenforschung (German f.) mass research Breitengrad (s.), Breitengrade (pl.) (German) latitude, degree of latitude, line of latitude, parallel (as in 49th parallel) Breitenkreis (German m.) parallel, circle of latitude Breitenkultur (German f.) mainstream culture Breitensport (German m.) mass sport, mass sports Breitensportler (German pl.) weekend warriors breiten über (German) spread over Breitenwirkung (German f.) broad effect, wide appeal, broad impact breite Öffentlichkeit (German f.) the public at large (i.e. the greater public) breitere Öffentlichkeit (German f.) wider public breite Öffnung (German f.) wide opening breiter (German) broader, more spread, wider, more broadly breiter als hoch sein (German) to be broader than one is tall breiter Dialekt (German m.) broad dialect breiteres Tempo (German n.) broadening the tempo (i.e. getting slower) breitere Streuung (German f.) wider distribution breiter Fluss (German m.) broad river breiter Konsens (German m.) broad agreement breiter machen (German) to widen, to broaden breiter Rand (German m.) broad brim, broad margin, wide margin breiter Streifen (German m.) swathe (broad strip), swath (broad strip) breiter werden (German) to broaden breiter Widerstand (German m.) broad resistance breites Blatt (German n.) broad blade, broad leaf breite Schrift (German f.) expanded type breite Schultern (German pl.) broad back, broad shoulders, square shoulders breites Doppelbett (German n.) king-size bed breites Hutband (German n.) broad hatband breites Messer (German n.) broad knife breite Spalte (German f.) wide gap breites Publikum (German n.) general public breites Sortiment (German n.) wide range of goods breiteste (German) broadest breite Stirn (German f.) broad forehead breites Tor (German n.) wide door breite Straße (German f.) broad road, broad street, wide road, avenue breite Strasse (German f. - Switzerland) avenue breite Streifen (German m.) belt (geography) breite Streuung (German f.) broad distribution breites Wirkspektrum (German n.) broad spectrum efficacy (antibiotic) breites Wissen (German n.) broad knowledge breitete aus (German) spread breite Tür (German f.) wide door Breitformat (German n.) landscape format breit gebaut (German) square-built breitgefächert (German) widespread, diverse, widely varied breit gefächert (German) diversified, wide-ranging, widespread breit gefächerte Interessen (German pl.) catholic interests, wide-ranging interests breit gelagert (German) widespread breitgestreut (German) widely spread breit gestreut (German) widespread breit gestrichen (German) broadly bowed breit grinsen (German) to grin broadly [corrected by Winfried Bauer] Breithacke (German f.) pickaxe, mattock breitkrempig (German) wide-brimmed breitkronig (German) broad-crested breit machen (German) to broaden, to spread breitrandig (German) broad-rimmed, wide-margined (book) breitrandiger Cowboyhut (German m.) ten-gallon hat (US) (colloquial) breitrandiger Hut (German m.) broad-brimmed hat Breitschrift (German f.) wide font breitschulterig (German) broad-shouldered breitschultrig (German) square-shouldered, broad-shouldered breitschultrig sein (German) to be a broad-shouldered individual Breitschwanz (German m.) artifical sable fur Breitschwert (German n.) broadsword Breitseite (s.), Breitseite (pl.) (German f.) long side, broadside Breitspur (German f.) broad gauge Breitspurbahn (German f.) broad gauge railway breitspurig (German) broad gauge breit und langsam (German) largo (Italian), broad and slow breit veröffentlicht (German) widely publicized Breitwagen der Schreibmaschine (German m.) long carriage (on a typewriter) Breitwagenschreibmaschine (German f.) long-carriage typewriter Breitwand (German f.) wide screen (cinema film format) Breitwandbauweise (German f.) wide wall design breit werden (German) to broaden breitwürfiges Säen (German n.) broadcast sowing breitwürfig säen (German) to broadcast Breiumschlag (German m.) cataplasm (poultice) breken van akkorden (Dutch) broken chords Brekete a two-headed round bass drum from Ghana with thin goatskin, which has a thin shell and thin head and is played with sticks Brekzie (German f.) breccia (rock composed of sharp-angled fragments embedded in a fine-grained matrix) Brelka a double-reed Russian instrument Bremer ... (German) Bremen (prefix) Bremer (m.), Bremerin (f.) (German) inhabitant or native of Bremen Bremer Stadtmusikanten (German) Bremen Town Musicians bremisch (German) Bremen Bremse (s.), Bremsen (pl.) (German f.) horsefly, gadfly, botfly (German f.) brake, impediment (figurative), retardant Bremsen (German n.) retarding, braking bremsen (German) to retard, to apply the brake, to arrest (stop), to brake, to close brackets, to put on the brake, to put on the brakes, to slow down, to stop, to baffle, to set the brake, to limit, to restrict, to cushion, to rein in, to pull up, to check (stop), to curb, to inhibit, to act as a brake, to slow things down, to moderate (slow down), to cut down on things, to ease up. to restrain (figurative) bremsend (German) braking, reducing the speed Bremsenplage (German f.) plague of biting flies, plague of horseflies Bremsenquietschen (German n.) squeal of brakes, brake squeal Bremsenstich (German m.) horsefly bite Bremsflüssigkeit (German f.) brake fluid Bremsgeräusch (German n.) brake noise Bremshügel (German m.) speed hump, sleeping policeman Bremsleuchte (German f.) brake light, brakelight, (rear) stop lamp, (rear) brake lamp Bremslicht (s.), Bremslichter (pl.) (German n.) brake-light, brake light, stop light, stoplight, (rear) brake lamp [corrected by Winfried Bauer] Bremsrubbeln (German n.) braking growl, brake judder Bremsschlussleuchte (German f.) stop and tail lamp Bremsschwelle (German f.) sleeping policeman (colloquial), speed bump Bremsspur (German f.) skid marks, braking marks, skid mark Bremstrommeln (German pl.) brake drums [entry provided by Michael Zapf] bremste ab (German) slowed Bremsung (German f.) application of the brakes, brake action, retarding, slow-down, slowing-down, deceleration, moderation, braking Brenn- (German) focal (prefix) Brennball (German m.) burning ball brennbar (German) burnable, combustive, flammable, combustible Brennbarkeit (German f.) combustibility Brennbarkeitsprüfung (German f.) flammability test Brennblase (German f.) still (distillery) Brenndauer (German f.) burning time (candle, rocket, fuse) Brennebene (German f.) focal plane Brenneisen (German n.) brand iron, branding iron, searing iron Brennelementwechsel (German m.) refuelling Brennen (German n.) cauterisation, sting, burning brennen (German) to burn (a CD, etc.), to be on (light), to be alight (cigarette), to smart (sore), to sting, to be on fire, to blaze, to distil (alcohol), to cauterise, to bite, to catch (ignite), to roast (nuts, etc.), to fire (ceramics, etc.), to bake brennend (German) burning, fervent (figurative), ardent, parching, smarting, stinging, firing, blazing, keenly (figurative), lighted (candle) brennende Hitze (German f.) blistering heat brennende Kerze (German f.) lighted candle brennender Busch (German m.) burning bush brennender Ehrgeiz (German m.) burning ambition brennender Schmerz (German m.) sting, searing pain, burning pain brennende Sonne (German f.) scorching sun brennende Sorge (German f.) deep anxiety brennendes Problem (German n.) urgent problem brennendes Verlangen (German n.) ardent desire, ardent longing brennendes Zündholz (German n.) lighted match brennend heißer Tag (German m.) boiling hot day brennen wie Zunder (German) to burn like tinder Brenner (s./pl.) (German m.) burner, Brenner Pass Brennerei (German f.) distillery, still Brennessel (German f., older spelling) stinging nettle [entry clarified by Michael Zapf] Brennfleck (German m.) focus, focal spot (optics) Brenngeschwindigkeit (German f.) rate of combustion, burning rate Brennglas (German n.) burning glass, burning lens Brennhaar (s.), Brennhaare (pl.) (German n.) stinging hair (of stinging nettles, etc.) Brennhärten (German n.) flame hardening brennhärten (German) to flame-harden brennheiß (German n. - Austria) sizzling hot Brennholz (s.), Brennhölzer (pl.) (German n.) firewood, stovewood Brennnessel (German f., new spelling) stinging nettle [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Brennnesselgewächse (German pl.) nettle family (Urticaceae) Brennofen (German m.) kiln, firing furnace [corrected by Winfried Bauer] Brennofenbau (German m.) kiln building Brennofen mit aufsteigender Flamme (German m.) updraught kiln Brennofen mit durchziehender Flamme (German m.) cross-draught kiln Brennofen mit einer Kammer (German m.) single-chambered kiln Brennofen mit überschlagender Flamme (German m.) downdraught kiln Brennöl (German n.) fuel oil Brennphasen (German pl.) firing stages Brennpunkt (s.), Brennpunkte (pl.) (German) focus (optics), focal point, fire point, combustion point Brennpunkt- (German) focal (prefix) Brennpunkte der Ellipse (German pl.) foci of the ellipse brennpunktlos (German) astigmatic Brennschneiden (German n.) gas cutting, thermal cutting, flame cutting, welding torch Brennspiegel (German m.) concave mirror, burning mirror, convex mirror Brennspiritus (German m.) denatured alcohol, methylated spirits Brennstempel (German m.) branding iron Brennstoff (German m.) fuel Brennstrahl (German m.) focal ray Brennsuppe (German f. - Southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland) flour soup brennt (German) burns, fires Brenntemperatur (German f.) firing temperature brennt gut (German) burns well Brennverhalten (German n.) flammability Brennweite (German f.) focal length, focal distance Brennweitenbereich (German m.) focal length range Brennweiteneinstellung (German f.) zoom control Brennwert (German m.) calorific value, caloric value brenzlig (German) hairy (colloquial: situation), risky (situation), dicey (colloquial), burnt (smell, taste) brenzliger Geruch (German m.) smell of burning brenzlig riechen (German) to smell of burning brenzlig schmecken (German) to taste burnt Bresche (German f.) breach (figurative), gap, opening crack Brésil (French m.) Brazil Brésilien (m.), Brésilienne (f.) (French) Brazilian brésilien (m.), brésilienne (f.) (French) Brazilian Breslau (German) Wroclaw (a city in southwestern Poland on the Oder) Brester Union (1595/96) (German) Union of Brest Brest is a city in Lithuania, with some 50,000 inhabitants, famous in the history of the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church of Russia for the union of the Ruthenians with Catholicism Union of Brest from which this extract has been taken Bret. abbreviation of 'Breton' Bretagne (French f., German f.) Brittany Bretaña (Spanish f.) Brittany Bretella (Italian f.) shoulder-strap Bretelle (Italian f. pl.) braces (for holding up trousers) Bretelle (French f.) shoulder-strap, access road (motorway) Bretelles (French f.) braces (for holding up trousers) Breton a Celtic language spoken in the northwestern part of France Breton (m.), Bretonne (f.) (French) the Celtic inhabitants of Brittany breton (m.), bretonne (f.) (French) from Brittany Bretonen (German pl.) Bretons Breton hat a brimmed hat that rolls up all the way around, a popular shape since the end of the 19th century Bretonisch (German n.) Breton bretonisch (German) Breton Bretonistik (German f.) Breton studies Breton lai or Breton lay, also known as a narrative lay or simply a lay, is a form of medieval French and English romance literature. Lais are short (typically 600-1000 lines), rhymed tales of love and chivalry, often involving supernatural and fairy-world Celtic motifs Breton lai from which this extract has been taken Brett (s.), Bretter (pl.) (German n.) board, shelf, plank, axe (colloquial: electric guitar) Brettbinder (German m.) plank truss Brettchen (German n.) slat, small board, (small) cutting board Brettchenklapper (German f.) bones Brettchenweben (German n.) tablet weaving, card weaving Brettel (German n. - Southern Germany, Austria) cabaret Bretterboden (German m.) wooden floor Bretterbude (German f.) shack, shed Bretter, die die Welt bedeuten (German) The stage is the world Bretterfußboden (German m.) boarded floor Bretterhütte (German f.) booth Brettermaß (German n.) board measure Bretterschuppen (German m.) shed Bretterverschalung (German f.) boarding Bretterverschlag (German m.) wooden shed Bretterwand (German f.) boarding Bretterzaun (s.), Bretterzäune (p.) (German m.) board fence, wooden fence, hoarding Brettgeige (German f.) pocket fiddle, a kit-violin [corrected by Michael Zapf] Brettl (German n. - Southern Austria) cabaret (German pl. - Southern Germany, Austria) skis Brettschichtholz (German n.) composite lumber, (glued) laminated timber, glue-laminated timber, laminated wood Brettspiel (s.), Brettspiele (pl.) (German n.) board game [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] Bretzeln (German pl.) pretzels Breu (Catalan f.) double whole note, breve Breuvage (French m.) beverage Brev (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) letter brev. abbreviation of breveté (French: 'patent'), brevetto (Italian: 'patent') Breve (Spanish, English, Italian) brève (French), Brevis (German - medieval note), Doppelganze (German - modern note) a mark in the shape of a bowl-like half circle that indicates a light stress or an unaccented syllable (from the Latin brevis, literally 'short') in mensural notation, an alternative name for the 'brevis', in thirteenth-century notation, a symbol for a note of the shortest duration (Latin, meaning 'short') Doppelganze (German - modern note), a double whole note equal to two semibreves (whole notes) (Spanish) double whole note, breve, Doppelganze (German - modern note) Double Whole Note (German n.) brief (papal letter) breve (Italian, Spanish) brief, short Brève (French) double whole note, breve, Doppelganze (German - modern note) see bref breve, alla see alla breve Brevedad (Spanish f.) shortness brevement (French) abruptly brevemente (Italian) shortly, briefly Breve rest (Latin, meaning 'short') a double whole rest equal to two semibreves (whole notes) Double Whole Note Brevet (French m.) diploma, patent Brevet d'invention (French m.) patent breveté (French) patented breveter (French) to patent brevettare (Italian) to patent, to license Brevetto (Italian m.) patent, licence, diploma, certificate, brevet Brevetto d'invenzione (Italian m.) (letters) patent Breviario (Italian m.) breviary Breviary a book of daily services other than the mass, including daily prayers and readings used by priest and monks for Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline. Major feasts began with Vespers (first Vespers) of the previous day. The Roman breviary underwent considerable reform during the 16th century including that by Cardinal Quignonez (published in Rome in 1536 but abandoned in 1558), The Holy See (working with the authority of the Council of Trent - published in 1568), an edition instigated by Clement VIII (published in 1602) and a further revision which included a rewriting of the hymns taking place in 1632. The music book that corresponds with the breviary is called the 'antiphonal' or 'antiphonary' Brevier (German n.) breviary, divine office, extracts, guide Brevier beten (German) to say the divine office Breviloquenza (Italian f.) concise eloquence brevi manu (Italian) by hand (for example, on a letter delivered 'by hand') Breviora (Italian pl.) the shorter works (of a writer) Brevis (Latin, literally 'short') in thirteenth-century mensural notation, the brevis (or breve) indicated the short note value while the longa indicated a long note value (German f., Dutch, French) double whole note, breve Brevispause (German f.) a breve rest, a double whole rest equal to two semibreves (whole notes) Brevità (Italian f.) shortness, brevity Brevveksling (Norwegian) correspondence Brezal (Spanish m.) moor Breze (German f. - Southern Germany) pretzel Brezel (German f.) pretzel Brezen (s./pl.) (German f. - Austria) pretzel Brezn (German f. - Southern Germany) pretzel Brezo (Spanish m.) heather Brezza (Italian f.) breeze brezzeggiare (Italian) to blow a breeze brg abbreviation of 'bearing' briaco (s.), briachi (pl.) (Italian) drunk Briacone (Italian m.) drunkard Briard (English, German m.) Berger de Brie (French m.), an old French breed of large strong usually black dogs having a long tail and long wavy and slightly stiff coat Bribes (French f. pl.) scraps Bribón (Spanish m.) rogue, rascal Bribonada (Spanish f.) dirty trick Bribonería (Spanish f.) dirty trick Bric-à-brac (French m.) odds and ends, miscellaneous curios Bricco (s.), Bricchi (pl.) (Italian m.) large jug, tankard Briccola (Italian f.) catapult Bricconata (Italian f.) dirty trick, low trick Briccone (Italian m.) blackguard, rascal, rogue bricconeggiare (Italian) to cheat, to swindle Bricconeria (Italian f.) roguery bricht auf (German) decamps bricht zusammen (German) collapses Briciola (Italian f.) crumb, grain (figurative) Briciolo (Italian m.) fragment, tiny morsel, bit (fragment) Bricolage (French m.) do-it-yourself job (French, from bricoler, equivalent to the English 'do-it-yourself', the core meaning in French being, however, "fiddle, tinker" and, by extension, "make creative and resourceful use of whatever materials are to hand (regardless of their original purpose) a term used in several disciplines, among them the visual arts and literature, to refer to: the construction or creation of a work from a diverse range of things which happen to be available, or a work created by such a process Bricolage from which the second and third entries have been taken Bricole (French f.) trifle, any oblique or indirect action bricoler (French) do odd jobs, do do-it-yourself jobs, fix up Bricoleur (m.), Bricoleuse (f.) (French) handyman, handywoman, someone who engages in bricolage Brida (Spanish f.) bridle Bride (French f.) bridle brider (French) to bridle, to keep in check (figurative) Bridewell although originally a specific place lying on the banks of the Fleet River in London, the name was soon applied more generally to a house of correction, a place for the short-term confinement and punishment of petty offenders and those who were regarded as anti-social misfits, such as vagrants, itinerants, vagabonds and loose women Bridge (in a stringed instrument) puente (Spanish m.), ponticello (Italian m.), Steg (German m.), chevalet (French m.) the device, normally made of wood, that transfers energy from a vibrating string (on a stringed instrument or a 'string-bearing' keyboard instrument) to the belly, table or soundboard on a piano, made of hard maple and located on the front side of the soundboard, the bass and treble bridges transfer the vibrations of the strings to the soundboard, resulting in tone on a solid body electric guitar, the bridge is generally fixed and holds the saddle that makes contact with the strings on archtop guitars, the bridge is usually held in place only by the tension of the strings and can be easily moved - for this reason is is called a 'floating bridge' on arch top instruments, the bridge is fixed in place by the tension of the strings passing over it, while on arch top instruments, the bridge may be held in place by screws or glued. Other arch top instruments have moveable bridges which can be re-positioned according to the tuning requirements. On some guitars, the bridge may sit on top of a bridge base plate or bridgeplate fixed bridge for example, violins, viols, lutes, guitars (although some guitar bridges can be adjusted by a thumbwheel built into the bridge) the term 'fixed bridge' is also applied to 'non-vibrato bridges' on guitars moveable bridges for example, Indian tambura (or tanpura) and dilruba , Japanese koto, Chinese sè and guzheng, spiked rebab (where the fingers of the player's left hand acts as movable bridges) the B section of an AABA song form, also called 'release' or 'channel', which, in jazz, goes into a different often remote key. By extension, a bridge (in this case, also called transition) is any transitional passage connecting two sections of a composition Bridge (music) (English, German n.) a card game Bridgemeisterschaft (German f.) bridge tournament Bridge note Brückenton (German). In Tonic Sol-fa, a modulation requires a change of key-note, tonic or doh (hence 'movable doh'). The note at the point of modulation is called a 'bridge note' and bears a double name, one according to the old key-note and a second according to the new key-note [entry extended by Michael Zapf] Bridge pickup in electric guitars, this is the pickup that is placed closest to the bridge Bridge pins on an early keyboard instrument, brass pins inserted in the bridge to position the string as it passes across it toward the hitchpin on a modern piano, steel pins inserted at critical points along both edges of the treble and bass bridges. They keep the strings in the exact position required, and provide for side-bearing as well on solid body guitars, bridge pins anchor the strings on to the bridge Bridge pin Bridgespieler (German m.) bridge player Bridiernadel (German f.) trussing needle Brie (English, German m.) French cheese Brief (s.), Briefe (German pl.) (German m., Dutch) letter, correspondence, epistle (as in the New Testament, etc.) an abridged memory aid for presenting arguments in a legal case, or a set of instructions concerning a specific task, operation, or project Briefablage (German f.) letter tray Briefabschluss (German m.) complementary close (words, such as 'Yours sincerely', that appear at the end of a letter and just before the writer's signature) Briefadresse (German f.) postal address Briefaktion (German f.) letter-writing campaign Briefaufgabestempel (German m.) postmark Briefaufschrift (German f.) address Brief aus vorformulierten Teilen (German m.) boiler plate letter (a letter made up of boilerplate text, units of writing that can be reused over and over without change) Briefbeilage (German f.) enclosure Briefbeschwerer (German m.) paper weight, paperweight Briefbeutel (German m.) mailbag Briefblock (German m.) writing pad Briefbogen (German m.) a sheet of notepaper Briefbogen (German m.) letterhead, (sheet of) note paper, (sheet of) writing paper Briefbombe (German f.) letter bomb Briefbomber (German m.) letter bomber Briefchen (German n.) sachet Briefchen Nadeln (German n.) booklet of needles Briefchen Streichhölzer (German n.) book of matches Briefchen Zündhölzer (German n.) book of matches Brief des Jeremia (German m.) Letter of Jeremiah Brief des Judas (German m.) Epistle of Jude, Book of Jude Briefdienst (German m.) letter service Briefe abholen (German) to collect letters Briefe an den Herausgeber (German pl.) letters to the editor Briefe austauschen (German) to correspond, to correspond by letter Briefe austragen (German) to deliver letters briefen (German) to brief Briefe sortieren (German) to sort letters Briefestapel (German m.) pile of mail Briefe verfassen (German) to draft letters Briefflut (German f.) avalanche of letters Brieffreund (s.), Brieffreundin (f.), Brieffreunde (pl.) (German) penfriend, pen pal, pen friend, penpal, correspondent [corrected by Winfried Bauer] Brieffreundschaft (German f.) correspondence with a pen friend Brief für dich (German m.) letter for you Briefgeheimnis (German n.) privacy of letters, secrecy of letters, inviolability of the mail Briefgestaltung (German f.) phrasing of a letter Briefing (English, German n.) the oral or written disclosure, before the event, of information or instructions concerning an operation, project, or visit Briefkampagne (German f.) letter-writing campaign Briefkarte (German f.) letter card Briefkasten (s.), Briefkästen (pl.) (German m.) letter box, letter-box, mail box, mailbox, letterbox, postbox, pillar box Briefkastenadresse (German f.) accommodation address Briefkastenfirma (German f.) offshore company, phantom company Briefkastenschlüssel (German m.) letterbox key Briefkontakt zu ... halten (German) to keep up a correspondence with ... Briefkopf (s.), Briefköpfe (pl.) (German m.) letterhead, head of a letter, (letter) heading, letter head, letter-head Briefkopierpresse (German f.) letterpress Briefkurs (German m.) asking price, offer price, price asked, price offered, sellers price Briefkursangabe (German f.) (offer) quotation brieflich (German) by letter, epistolary [corrected by Winfried Bauer] briefliche Bestätigung (German f.) mail confirmation brieflicher Antrag (German m.) postal application briefliches Interview (German n.) postal interview brieflich verständigen (German) to communicate by letter Briefmarke (s.), Briefmarken (German f.) stamp, postage stamp Briefmarken sammeln (German) to collect stamps Briefmarkenalbum (German n.) stamp album Briefmarkenausstellung (German f.) stamp exhibition Briefmarkenautomat (German m.) stamp machine, stamp vending machine Briefmarkenblock (German m.) miniature sheet, souvenir sheet Briefmarkenbuch (German n.) book of stamps Briefmarkenfalz (German m.) stamp hinge Briefmarkenhändler (German m.) stamp dealer, stamp-dealer Briefmarkenheft (German n.) stamp booklet, book of stamps Briefmarkenheftchen (German n.) book of stamps Briefmarkenkunde (German f.) philately Briefmarkensammeln (German n.) collecting stamps, stamp collecting Briefmarkensammler (m.), Briefmarkensammlerin (f.) (German) philatelist, stamp collector Briefmarkensammlung (German f.) stamp collection, collection of stamps, stamp-collection Briefmarkenserie (German f.) series of postage stamps Briefmarkentrennung (German f.) postage stamp separation Brief mit einem Scheck (German m.) letter containing a cheque, letter enclosing a cheque Briefmonopol (German n.) letter monopoly Brieföffner (German m.) letter opener, paper knife Brieföffnermaschine (German f.) letter-opening machine Briefordner (German m.) letter file, letter book (for copies) Briefpapier (German m.) notepaper, stationery, letter paper, writing paper Briefpartner (German m.) correspondent Briefporto (German n.) postal rate (for letters), letter rate (postage) Briefpost (German f.) letter post, snail mail (colloquial) Briefroman (German m.) epistolary novel Briefsammlung (German f.) collected letters Briefschreiber (m.), Briefschreiberin (f.) (German) letter writer Briefständer (German m.) paper holder Briefstil (German m.) phrasing of a letter Brieftasche (s.), Brieftaschen (pl.) (German f.) billfold, wallet, pocket book Brieftaube (s.), Brieftauben (pl.) (German f.) carrier pigeon, homing pigeon, messenger pigeon, racing pigeon Brieftelegramm (German n.) letter telegram Briefträger (m.), Briefträgerin (f.), Briefträger (pl.), Briefträgerinnen (f.pl.) (German) postman (m.), postwoman (f.), mail carrier, letter carrier Briefübungsbüchlein (German n.) book of letter writing exercises (in which members of the nobility practised their style of letter writing) Briefumschlag (s.), Briefumschläge (pl.) (German m.) envelope, mailer Briefverkehr (German m.) correspondence Brief von ihm (German m.) letter from him Briefwaage (German f.) letter balance, letter scale, letter scales Briefwahl (German f.) absentee voting, voting by mail, postal voting, postal vote Briefwähler (German m.) absentee voter Briefwechsel (German m.) correspondence, exchange of letters Briefwerbung (German f.) direct mailing Briefzensur (German f.) censorship of letters Briefzustellung (German f.) mail delivery, letter delivery Briekäse (German m.) Brie cheese Brie-Käse (German m.) Brie cheese Briemesser (German n.) Brie knife Bries (German n.) sweetbread, thymus (gland) Brieschen (German n.) sweetbread Brièveté (French f.) brevity brièvement (French) briefly Brig a two-masted sailing ship, square-rigged on both masts Briga (s.), Brighe (pl.) (Italian f.) care, trouble, quarrel, vexation, strife Brigada antidroga (Spanish f.) drug squad Brigade (French f.) brigade, team (figurative) Brigade (s.), Brigaden (pl.) (German f.) brigade Brigade de police (French f.) squad Brigadegeneral (German m.) brigadier, brigadier general, brigadier-general (military rank) Brigadier (English, German m. - Austria) a general officer ranking below a major general Brigadier de police (French m.) police sergeant Brigadiere (Italian m.) sergeant Brigand (French m.) robber Brigandage (French m.) robbery Brigant (s.), Briganten (pl.) (German m.) brigand Brigante (Italian m.) bandit, rogue brigare (Italian) to scheme Brigata (Italian f.) brigade, group Brigg (German f.) brig Brigg Fair both Percy Grainger and Frederick Delius set folksinger Joseph Taylor's rendition of the English folksong Brigg Fair. Brigg Fair is related to two other English folksongs, Maria Marten and Dives and Lazarus. Dives and Lazarus sometimes bears the title Come all you Faithful Christian Men, or in the Irish tradition, The Star in the Country. The Jolly Miller is a variant of the same melody. Grainger originally collected the folksong from Taylor in 1905 and made his setting, Brigg Fair, for tenor and mixed chorus in 1906. Delius's setting, in his Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody, was inspired by Grainger's earlier setting and dates from 1907. Delius's setting borrows ideas from Grainger's but does not copy it stylistically Musical Borrowings from which this extract has been taken Bright disco an extension of typical disco music, but with a strong 1980s touch. It lasted a few years, roughly from 1977 to 1983, in the transition between the disco culture and the 80s fashion Bright disco from which this extract has been taken Brightness luminosity, the quality of being luminous, emitting or reflecting light intelligence as manifested in being quick and witty in printing, the brilliance or reflectance of paper in music, a pitch whether specific or general that tends towards sharpness is described as being 'bright' in music, a tone that has a lot of high frequency overtones (particularly those above 1000 Hz) may be described as being 'bright' brightsche Krankheit (German f.) Bright's disease Bright's disease nephritis, an inflammation of the kidney Brigitte (German f.) Bridget, Brigid Briglia (Italian f.) rein briguer (French) to seek, to seek after Brikett (s.), Briketts (pl.) (German n.) briquette, briquet brill. abbreviated form of brillante (Italian: brilliant) brillamment (French) brilliantly Brillant brilliant (Italian, Spanish), Glänzend (German), brilliant (French) (French m.) shine, diamond (German m.) (cut) diamond, brilliant brillant (German) splendid, brilliant, shining, pyrotechnic (figurative), brilliantly brillant (m.), brillante (f.) (French) brilliant, bright, sparkling, shiny, with verve and vivacity, with sparkle Brillante (Italian m., Spanish m.) (cut) diamond brillante (Italian, Spanish) brilliant, bright, sparkling, with verve and vivacity, with sparkle brillante ed energico (Italian) brilliant and energetic brillanter Geist (German m.) lucid mind brillanteste (German) most brilliant Brillantez (Spanish f.) brilliance Brillantfeuerwerk (German n.) cascade, brilliant fireworks Brillantgelb (German n.) brilliant yellow brillantgelb (German) brilliant yellow Brillantine (English, German f.) an oily, perfumed hairdressing, created at the turn of the 20th century, when French perfumer Edouard Pinaud (1810-1868) presented a product he called Brillantine (from the French brillant meaning 'brilliant') at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris (English, German f.) a glossy fabric made from cotton and worsted or cotton and mohair, often of alpaca or vicuña Brillantring (German m.) brilliant ring brillant sein (German) to be splendid Brillanz (German f.) splendour, sparkle, brilliance, shine, pyrotechnics (figurative: used with singular verb) Brillanz {f} einer Rede (German f.) sparkle of a speech brillar (Spanish) to shine, to sparkle brillare (Italian) to shine, to glitter (metal), to sparkle (Italian) in music, to play or sing in a brilliant style brillar por su ausencia (Spanish) to be conspicuous by one's absence Brill Building built 1930, the Brill Building is located at 1619 Broadway in New York City, just north of Times Square. By 1962 it contained 165 music businesses. A musician could find a publisher and printer, cut a demo, promote the record, and cut a deal with radio promoters, all within this one building. Its creative culture defined the influential "Brill Building Sound" and style of popular music songwriting and recording Brill building from which this information has been taken Brille (German f.) eyeglasses, spectacles, pair of glasses, a pair of spectacles, glasses, specs (colloquial), goggles, toilet seat (German f.) or Brillenklappe, ring key (on a musical instrument), anello (Italian m.), anneau (French m.) the Brille mechanism is used on some models of bass recorder (in F) for the notes B and Bb (both octaves) fingering. If you press the key and fully cover the litle hole in the key you get the Bb (both holes underneath are closed), if you leave the little hole open but press the ring only (upper hole is closed), it is a B natural. The key just controls 2 holes, that is the mechanism behind it. By using this special key, the fingering for the B is easier than the standard, which is 0 123 -567 [from a note sent to the recorder-onelist by Winfried Bauer (23 Aug 2006), the entry has been further corrected by Michael Zapf] Brillen- (German) spectacled (prefix) Brillenadapter (German m.) eyeglass adapter Brillenband (German n.) spectacle cord Brillenbass (s.), Brillenbässe (pl.) (German m., literally 'spectacle bass') where pairs of minims (half notes) are beamed together, indicating that the each pattern of note so represented is to be repeated a set number of times, a notation which in certain circumstances calls for a tremelo [entry clarified by Michael Zapf] Brillenetui (German n.) spectacle case, spectacles case, eyeglasses case, (eye) glasses case, specs case Brillenfassung (German f.) spectacle frame Brillengestell (German n.) spectacles frame, (eye) glasses frame, spectacle frame Brillenglas (German n.) spectacles glass, ophthalmic lens Brillenklappe (German f.) ring key, mechanism is used on some models of bass recorder (in F) for the notes B and Bb (both octaves) fingering. If you press the key and fully cover the litle hole in the key you get the Bb (both holes underneath are closed), if you leave the little hole open but press the ring only (upper hole is closed), it is a B natural. The key just controls 2 holes, that is the mechanism behind it. By using this special key, the fingering for the B is easier than the standard, which is 0 123 -567 [entry by Winfried Bauer, corrected by Michael Zapf] Brillenoptiker (German m.) optometrist Brillenputztuch (s.), Brillenputztücher (pl.) (German n.) spectacle cloth Brillenrahmen (German m.) spectacle frame Brillensteckscheibe (German f.) spectacle blind Brillenträger (German m.) spectacle wearer, wearer of glasses briller (French) to shine Brille mit dicken Gläsern (German f.) thick-lensed glasses Brille mit goldenem Gestell (German f.) gold-rimmed glasses brilliante Ausführung (German f.) brilliancy of execution Brilliantone mando see 'mandolin, mandoline' brillieren (German) to shine forth, to shine brillo (Spanish) shine, brilliance, sparkle (Italian) tipsy Brimade (French f.) vexation Brimborium (German n.) hoo-ha (colloquial), mumbo-jumbo (colloquial: meaningless ritual), unnecessary fuss brimer (French) to bully, to harass Brin (French m.) strand (of a rope), sprig Brina (Italian f.) hoar-frost brincar (Spanish) to jump up and down Brinco (Spanish m.) jump brindando (Italian) drinking a toast brindar (Spanish) to offer brindare (Italian) to toast brindare a ... (Italian) to drink a toast to ... brindar por (Spanish) to toast, to drink a toast to Brin d'herbe (French m.) blade of grass Brindille (French f.) twig Brindis (Spanish m.) toast Brindisi (Italian m., from the Italian, far brindisi, 'to drink one's health') a toast, a drinking song, as for example Libiamo, libiamo from the La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Brine in cooking, etc., a preserving solution of water, salt, saltpetre, herbs and spices used for meats Brinell hardness named for Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell, the Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science Brinell hardness from which this information has been taken Brinell (hardness) number abbreviated Bhn or HB, the numerical value assigned to the Brinell hardness of metals and alloys Brinellhärte (German f.) Brinell hardness Brinellzahl (German f.) Brinell (hardness) number bring (English, German) take something or somebody with oneself somewhere bringen (German) to bring, to get, to yield, to convey, to feature (story, picture), to take, to publish, to broadcast (radio), to show (film) bringend (German) bringing bringen zu (German) to cause to Bringservice (German m.) delivery service bringt (German) brings bringt zum Schweigen (German) silences bringuebaler (French) to wobble about Brio (French m.) brilliance (Spanish m.) energy, determination (English, Italian m.) spirit, vigour, vivacity, animation (English, German m.) spirit, vigour, vivacity, animation Brioche (English, German f., from French f.) a delicate, French sweet bread, traditionally served at breakfast (French f.) paunch (colloquial) Briolette (French f.) pear-shaped diamond with triangular facts cut in all directions Briolka (Russian) the name given to the jaleika in the Tver region of Russia brioso (Italian) vivaciously, fiery, lively, vigorously (Spanish) spirited, elegant, with fire Brique (French f.) brick briquer (French) to polish Briquet (French m.) cigarette-lighter Brisa (Spanish f.) breeze Brisant (French m.) reef brisant (German) explosive (figurative), controversial, dicey (colloquial), volatile (situation, issue) brisante Lage (German f.) volatile situation Brisanz (German f.) explosive power Brisb. abbreviation of 'Brisbane' Brise (s.), Brisen (German pl.) (French f., German f.) breeze, breath of air, puff of wind brisé (French) broken, as in 'arpeggiation' in violin playing, to play with short, detached bow strokes, called style brisé in dance, small beating step in which the movement is broken. Brisés are commenced on one or two feet and end on one or two feet. They are done dessus, dessous, en avant and en arrière. Fundamentally a brisé is an assemblé beaten and traveled. The working leg brushes from the fifth position to the second position so that the point of the foot is a few inches off the ground, and beats in front of or behind the other leg, which has come to meet it; then both feet return to the ground simultaneously in demi-plié in the fifth position Brisé from which this information has been taken Brise-bise (French) a net curtain that obscures only the lower part of the window briser (French) to break Brisesoleil (German m.) brise-soleil Brise-soleil (pseudo-French) a louvred screen designed to protect the walls and windows of buildings from tropical sunshine brisé, style see 'style brisé' Briseur de grève (French m.) strikebreaker Brisé volé (French, literally 'flying brisé') in dance, at the end of this brisé the dancer finishes on one foot after the beat, the other leg crossed either front or back. The foundation of this step is a fouetté movement with a jeté battu. In the Russian and French Schools the raised leg finishes sur le cou-de-pied devant or derrière and the brisé volé is done like a jeté battu. In the Cecchetti method, the working foot passes through the first position to the fourth position, the calves are beaten together and on alighting the free leg is extended forward or back with a straight knee Brisé volé from which this information has been taken Brisk vivente (Italian), vivo (Italian), lebhaft (German), vif (French), vive (French), enérgico (Spanish) Brist. abbreviation of 'Bristol' Bristling technique of brushing fabric, often leather, with stiff brushes for a worn look Bristol board also referred to as Bristol paper, a heavyweight paper used for technical drawing, illustration, and other two-dimensional art forms. Common sizes include 22.5" × 28.5" (572 × 724 mm) and its bulk thickness is .006 inches (0.15 mm) or higher[1] and A4, A3, A2 and A1 Bristol paper see 'Bristol board' Brit. abbreviation of 'Britain', 'British', 'Briton' Británico (Spanish m.) a Briton, a British person británico (Spanish) British Britannia a silver-white alloy of tin, antimony, copper, and sometimes other elements, similar to pewter and once widely used in domestic utensils britannico (Italian) British Britannien (German n.) Britannia Britannier (German m.) Briton Britannique (French m./f.) Briton britannique (French) British britannisch (German) Britannic britannische Sprachen (German pl.) Brythonic languages, Brittonic languages, British languages Brite (m.), Britin (f.), Briten (pl.) (German) Briton, Brit (colloquial), British man (m.), British woman (f.) [corrected by Michael Zapf] Brit funk a music style that has its origins in the British music scene of the 1980s. It mixes elements from jazz and pop music with original funk music Brit funk from which this extract has been taken Briticism an expression or word that developed in Britain after the American colonies separated politically from British rule britifizieren (German) to briticise britisch (German) British britisch-amerikanisch (German) British-American britische Abkürzung (German f.) British abbreviation Britische Armee (German f.) British Army britische Besitzungen (German pl.) British possessions britische Fremdenverkehrsbehörde (German f.) British Tourist Authority britische Handelsflagge (German f.) red ensign, red duster (colloquial) Britische Inseln (German pl.) British Isles Britische Jungferninseln (German pl.) British Virgin Islands britische Kolonie (German f.) British colony britische Landmeile (German f.) statute mile (1609 metres) britische Nationalität (German f.) British nationality britische Normungsorganisation (German f.) British Standards Institution britische Pfunde (German pl.) pounds sterling britischer Abstammung (German) of British descent britischer Bürger (German m.) British subject britischer Dialekt (German m.) British dialect britischer Filmschauspieler (German m.) British film actor britischer Gewerkschaftler (German m.) British trade unionist britischer Politiker (German m.) British politician britischer Schauspieler (German m.) British actor britischer Schilling (German m.) bob (colloquial: shilling, pre-decimal coin) britischer Staatsangehöriger (m.), britische Staatsangehörige (f.) (German) British subject britischer Staatsangehöriger von Geburt (m.), britische Staatsangehörige von Geburt (f.) (German) natural-born British subject britischer Staatsangehöriger sein (German) to be a British subject britischer Staatsbürger (m.), britische Staatsbürgerin (f.) (German) British citizen britischer Staatsmann (German m.) British statesman britisches Englisch (German n.) British English britisches Gebiet (German n.) British territory britisches Herrschaftsgebiet (German n.) British dominion Britisches Museum (German n.) British Museum Britische Sommerzeit (German f.) British Summer Time britisches Pfund (German n.) British pound britische Spracheigentümlichkeit (German f.) Briticism britische Staatsbibliothek (German f.) British Library, British national library britische Staatsbürgerschaft erwerben (German) to acquire British citizenship britische Staatskirche (German f.) Church of England Britisches Territorium im Indischen Ozean (German n.) British Indian Ocean Territory Britisches Weltreich (German n.) British Empire britische Tonne (German f.) long ton (1016.05 kg) Britische Überseegebiete (German pl.) British overseas territories britische Waren (German pl.) British goods britische Waren kaufen (German) to buy British goods britische Wesensart (German f.) Britishness britische Zeit (German f.) British Mean Time Britisch-Guayana (German n.) British Guiana (now Guyana) Britisch-Kolumbien (German n.) British Columbia Britisch-Nordamerika (German n.) British North America Britisch-Somaliland (German n.) British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) British blues a type of blues music that originated in the late 1950s British blues from which this extract has been taken British chromatic accordion the favoured diatonic accordion in Scotland, on which the right hand is bisonoric while the left hand follows the Stradella system British English the English language in the British isles, especially in contrast with Canadian, Australian, or U.S. English British folk (music) over the past century, British folk has variously been adopted as an important tool in battling the menace of imperial Germany, a means of inciting a communist revolution, a mellifluous accompaniment to the LSD experience, cosy light entertainment, a brand of pop music, a reaction against pop music, a talisman to ward off Thatcherism, the preferred soundtrack of British fascists and a basis for stand-up comedy Nowt so queer ... from which this extract has been taken British folk-rock a hybrid form derived from North-American style folk-rock with the deliberate incorporation of elements of traditional British folk music and later folk musicians themselves incorporating electrical amplification, and later overt rock elements, into their own music British hip hop British hip hop British Invasion a term applied to the influx of rock and roll performers from the United Kingdom who became popular in the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere. The classic British Invasion was in 1964-1966, but the term may also be applied to later "waves" of UK artists to significantly impact entertainment markets outside of Britain British Invasion from which this extract has been taken British Music Society the British Music Society was founded in 1979 by enthusiasts who believed an organisation was needed to stem the indifferent attitude generally displayed towards the music of many British composers. Some composers, such as Henry Purcell, Vaughan Williams, Edward Elgar and Benjamin Britten do not need much support, whilst others such as Arthur Sullivan, Frederick Delius, Frank Bridge and Peter Warlock have their own organisations to promote their music. But there are many other composers who have written good music which deserves to be promoted and heard British Music Society British languages see 'Brythonic languages' British rock born out of the influence of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from the United States, but added a new drive and urgency, the music was exported back and widening the audience for black R & B in the U.S. as well as spreading the gospel world wide. Much of what has made rock music unique, in its ability to unite audiences and adapt new influences, came from British bands in the late 50s and rock groups in the early 60s British rock from which this extract has been taken Britizismus (German m.) Briticism Brit.Mus. abbreviation of 'British Museum' Briton an inhabitant of Britain, especially a Celtic one Brit.Pat. abbreviation of 'British Patent' Britpop (English, German m.) a British alternative rock movement from the mid 1990s, characterised by the prominence of bands influenced by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. Though these bands did not on the whole have a single unifying sound they were grouped together by the media first as a 'scene' and later as a national cultural movement Britpop from which this extract has been taken Britt. abbreviation of Britanniarum (Latin: Great Britain) Brittany-Spaniel (German m.) brittany (spaniel) Brittany spaniel tall active short-tailed French breed of bird dog having a usually smooth orange- or liver-and-white coat Britton, Thomas (1654?-1714) Britton's concerts, which began as early as 1678, must be ranked as among the earliest professional concert in London. Their high standard was guaranteed by the many professionals, as well as amateur musicians, who formed his ensemble. The influential journalist, Sir Roger L'Estrange, was among the founder members of the ensemble, described by a contemporary as being "a very musical Gentleman, [...] who had a tollerable Perfection of the Base-Viol". Others included John Banister, "who played the first violin at Drury-lane theatre, and was esteemed one of the best performers in his time"; John Hughes and the music-enthusiast Henry Needler "of the Excise-office", who had been "instructed in the principles of harmony" by Purcell and afterwards become a pupil of John Banister; the portraitist J. Woolaston, too, belonged to the consort, being a "sound performer" on the violin and the flute; the organist and composer Philip Hart; the organist Obadiah Shuttleworth, "a teacher of music, and a transcriber of Corelli's works", who is said to have learned to play the violin primarily in order to be admitted as a member of Britton's consort; John Christopher Pepusch, professor of music and composer, "presided at the harpsichord, 'a Rucker's virginal, thought to be the best in Europe'"; the famous violin-virtuoso Matthew Dubourg made his début as a child with Britton, "the first solo that ever he played in public, and which probably was one of Corelli's, he played at Britton's concert, standing upon a joint-stool; but so terribly was the poor child awed at the sight of so splendid an assembly, that he was near falling to the ground"; the most celebrated player was Georg Friedrich Händel, who "played the organ (which had only five stops)"; Thomas Britton himself, not only a committed organizer and manager, but also an able musician, who had a good command of the recorder and who "frequently played the viol da gamba in his own concert". Thomas Britton, the "Musical Smallcoal-man" from which this material has been drawn Brittonic languages see 'Brythonic languages' Brivido (Italian m.) shiver, shudder, thrill (of emotion) brizzolato (Italian) going grey (a person), grizzled Brjansk (German n.) Bryansk (a city in Russia, located 379 km southwest from Moscow brn abbreviation of 'brown' brng abbreviation of 'bearing' Brnivka (Slovenia) a wooden strip on a string that is spun over the player's head to produce a whirring sound Bro. abbreviation of 'Brother', 'Brotherhood' Broadcast (English, German m.) to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use Broadcast-Adresse (German f.) broadcast address, an address broadcast by radio or television Broadening out allargande (Italian), breiteres Tempo (German), en élargissant (French) Broadly largamente (Italian), breit (German), largement (French) Broadsheet in printing, any sheet in its basic size (not folded or cut) or broadside, a large sheet of single sided printed paper often contained breaking news or official pronouncement with an illustration added to create greater notice and provide emphasis. Broadsides have long been used to disseminate public information and were often used where newspapers did not exist or were too slow to print news of immediate concern. Today a broadside often refers to a large sheet of advertising Broadside (ballads) printed sheets bearing the words and sometimes the music to a ballad sold by balladmongers as 'broadside ballads'. 80% of English folk songs collected by early twentieth-century collectors have been linked to printed broadsides, including over 90 of which could only be derived from those printed before 1700. It has been suggested the majority of surviving ballads can be traced to 1550-1600 by internal evidence Broadside (music) Broadside ballads (index) Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads Broadsheet ballads also known as 'street ballads' or 'blackletter ballads', cheaply printed and often topical, humorous, even mildly subversive, were hawked in English streets from the eighteenth century. One sub-genre, the 'murder ballad', usually told from the point of view of the killer, typically recounted the details of the crime, followed by the escape and/or capture and/or execution of the murderer Broadway (English, German m.) where theatrical productions, including musical productions, are staged in one of forty professional New York theatres Broadway Artists Colony [c.1885-late 1890s] a Cotswold village 'discovered' by American illustrator and painter Francis Millet. Millet was joined by a host of English and American friends, namely the painters Edwin Abbey, Sargent, George Boughton, Alfred Parson (illustrator of Dickens' work), Edwin Blashfield, the English illustrator Fred Barnard and the writer Henry James and Edmund Gross who all moved into the village. Serious work was interspersed with tennis, tea, musical evenings, dances and more tennis. Abbot's Grange in the village became a sort of dilapidated rural arts centre. Edmund Gross wrote in 1866, "A mediaeval ruin, a small ecclesiastical edifice, which was very roughly repaired so as to make a kind of refuge for us, and there, in the morning, Henry James and I would write, while Abbey and Millet painted on the floor below, and Sargent and Parsons tilted their easels just outside. We were all within shouting distance, and not much serious work was done, for we were in towering spirits and everything was food for laughter" Broadway layout a layout that sets only four bars on a line. A Broadway show is a work in progress and room must be left for last minute changes, corrections, additions, etc. If music were laid out in a normal, tight format, there would be no room for such changes, which must be physically pasted onto the parts. Although the computer would allow you to reprint the parts, that is usually not an option because they have been marked up by the players. This style also improves sight-readability, since the rule is not strictly four bars on line, but rather that phrases must start at the beginning of a line Music Notation Questions Answered from which this material has been drawn Broad transcription see 'narrow transcription' Broc (French m.) pitcher Broca-Aphasie (German f.) expressive aphasia, motor aphasia, nonfluent aphasia, ataxic aphasia, Broca's aphasia Brocade (from the Italian brocco, twisted thread) rich, jaquered weave fabric with a woven design of raised figures and floral motifs, pattern emphasized by contrast in weave or colours Brocado (Spanish m.) brocade Brocante (French f.) second-hand goods Brocanteur (m.), Brocanteuse (f.) (French) second-hand goods dealer Broca's aphasia aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired Broca's area a portion of the inferior frontal lobe of the brain that is important for speech production, particularly syntax Brocatelle (French f.) a heavy figured fabric with an embossed pattern, a kind of brocade Brocca (Italian f.) jug Broccato (Italian m.) brocade Broccoli (English, German m.) Brassica oleracea, plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds Broccolisalat (German m.) broccoli salad Broccolo (Italian m.) Brassica oleracea, plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds, broccoli Broch (from the Danish) or brogh, a prehistoric stone fort found in north-eastern Scotland, Orkney and Shetland Brocha (Spanish f.) paintbrush, shaving brush Broche (French f.) brooch, roasting spit (cookery) Broche (Spanish f.) brooch, clasp, fastener broché (French) (sheets of paper) stitched (said of a book that has no cover or only a paper one) Brochetta (Spanish f.) skewer Brochette (French f.) skewer Brochure (English, Danish, Dutch, French f.) pamphlet, booklet (often containing descriptive information) a pamphlet or booklet, a very small book bound by staples or stitches, or unbound as a trifold (one sheet of paper folded in two places), used, for example, to promote concerts, music publishing businesses, instrument makers, etc. Bröckchen (German n.) crouton [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] bröckelig (German) friable, crumbly, papery (plaster, pastry) Bröckeligkeit (German f.) friableness bröckeln (German) to crumble bröckelte (German) crumbled Brocken (s./pl.) (German m.) gobbet, hunk, crumb, boulder, fragment, chunk, wodge (colloquial), lump, nugget (of information, knowledge) brocken (German - Southern Germany, Austria) to pick (fruit, berries) Brockengespenst (German n.) Brocken spectre Brocken spectre Brockengespenst (German n.) also called 'Brocken bow' or 'mountain spectre' is the apparently enormously magnified shadow of an observer, cast upon the upper surfaces of clouds opposite the sun. The phenomenon can appear on any misty mountainside or cloud bank, or even from an aeroplane, but the frequent fogs and low-altitude accessibility of the Brocken, a peak in the Harz Mountains in Germany, have created a local legend from which the phenomenon draws its name. The Brocken spectre was observed and described by Johann Silberschlag in 1780, and has since been recorded often in literature about the region Brocken spectre from which this extract has been taken brockenweise (German) bit by bit Brockes Passion the German poet Barthold Hinrich Brockes (1680-1747) published a libretto of Christ's passion in 1712. It is said that not long after its publication Mattheson offered to compete with others and compose passion oratorios based on Brockes's libretto. Indeed, Reihard Keiser (1674-1739) composed such an oratorio in 1712, Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) composed one in 1716, and Handel (1685-1759) composed one in 1716/1717. Later, other composers, including Gottfried Heinrich Stoelzel (1690-1749) and Johann Friedrich Fasch (1688-1758), composed oratorios based on the same libretto Barthold Hinrich Brockes Brock-Insel (German f.) Brock Island Brock Island (one of the Canadian arctic islands located in the Northwest Territories, Canada bröcklig (German) friable, crumbly Bröckligkeit (German f.) friability brodeln (German) to bubble up, to bubble, to wallop, to seethe brodelnd (German) seething, bubbling Brodem (German m.) vapour broder (French) to embroider, to embroider the truth (figurative) Broderie(s) (French f.) neighbouring note(s), auxilary note(s) (French f.) the term can also refer generally to 'ornaments' or 'embellishments' (French f.) embroidery Broderie anglaise (French f.) or, in English, 'Broderie Anglaise', popular stitching technique, known in Europe since the 16th century, whereby small holes are cut out of a white fabric (usually cambric) and the edges over stitched also in white, creating delicate patterns used most often in underwear and trimmings for dresses (in French, anglaise does not require a capital letter) Brodo (Italian m.) broth, stock (cooking) Brodo ristretto (Italian m.) consommé Brogh see broch Brogliaccio (Italian m.) notebook Broglio elettorale (Italian m.) gerrymander Brogue a marked accent, particularly that of the Irish in black or brown, a flat heeled, leather, laced-up shoe, patterned with a perforated design, popular as a male shoe shape Brokat (German m.) brocade Brokel dantza Basque combat dance Brokenbeat an electronic music genre first appearing at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Appearing in the western parts of London, the genre is also referred to as West London Brokenbeat from which this material has been drawn Broken cadence an interrupted cadence Broken chord accordo arpeggiato (Italian m.), gebrochener Akkord (German m.), accord brisé (French m.), acorde harpejado (Spanish m.), acorde arpeggiado (Spanish m.) an arpeggiated chord where the notes are played, not simultaneously, but one after the other as in an Alberti bass or two notes may be immediately followed by another two Broken Consort (German n.) broken consort Broken consort an ensemble consisting of several different kinds of instruments, as opposed to a consort in which all the members were of a single family of instruments, for example, descant, treble, tenor and bass recorders Broken heart syndrome a temporary heart condition brought on by stressful situations, such as the death of a loved one Broken octaves where alternate notes are played an octave apart, a feature of some piano music Broken slur in vocal music where there are two or more verses to the same musical line, a broken slur would show that if the lyrics call for a slur then the slur should be observed, but if not then the slur is omitted Broken style or arpeggio style, where the notes of the chord are written or played one after another Broken time the interposition of short sections (general only a bar or two) in a contrasting time signature; unusual time signatures that can be unsettling to a less experienced player, for example 7/8 or 13/16 Brokkoli (German m.) broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Brokkolisalat (German m.) broccoli salad Brom (German n.) bromine Broma (Spanish f.) joke bromas aparte (Spanish) joking aside Brombeerbusch (German m.) blackberry bush Brombeere (s.), Brombeeren (pl.) (German f.) blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), bramble-berry, brambleberry Brombeeren pflücken gehen (German) to go blackberrying Brombeerenkonfitüre (German f.) blackberry jam Brombeerenpflücken (German n.) blackberrying Brombeergestrüpp (German n.) blackberry bush, bramble, brambles Brombeerlikör (German m.) blackberry liqueur Brombeermarmelade (German f.) blackberry jam Brombeersaft (German m.) blackberry juice Brombeerstrauch (s.), Brombeersträucher (pl.) (German m.) blackberry bush, bramble, bramble bush Bromborough Pool [1853-8] founded by the Wilson brothers, a factory village created by the enlightened owners of Price's candle factory. They built cottages with large gardens and indoor toilets, along with a social club and playing fields. The Wilsons also set up a branch of the Belmont Mutual Improvement Society 'for their workers instruction and intellectual recreation' and to promote "intellectual, moral and social advancement" bromear (Spanish) to joke Bromide in printing, a photographic paper used in graphic reproduction, phototypesetting on which a photographic image is created more generally, a commonplace statement Bromista (Spanish m./f.) joker bromista (Spanish) fun-loving Bromopnea also malodor, halitosis or fetor ex ore (Latin), bad breath Bromsilberdruck (German m.) bromide (photographic paper) Bronca (Spanish f.) row, telling-off Bronca de abrigo (Spanish f.) almighty row, almighty telling-off Bronce (Spanish m.) bronze bronceado (Spanish) bronze, tanned (by the sun), sunburnt broncear (Spanish) to tan broncearse (Spanish) to get a suntan Bronches (French f. pl.) bronchial tubes Bronchial- (German) bronchial (prefix) Bronchialasthma (German n.) bronchial asthma Bronchial asthma a condition of the lungs which is characterized by periodic, reversible constriction (narrowing) of the bronchi Bronchialkatarrh (German m.) bronchitis Bronchialstimme (German f.) bronchophony, bronchiloquy Bronchial tea an infusion designed to relieve the symptoms of bronchitis Bronchialtee (German m.) bronchial tea Bronchienentzündung (German f.) bronchitis Bronchite (Italian f., French f.) bronchitis Bronchitis (English, German f.) inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes, chest cold, cold on the chest Bronchitisanfall (German m.) attack of bronchitis Bronchophonie (German f.) bronchophony, bronchiloquy Bronchophony also known as bronchiloquy, the abnormal transmission of sounds from the lungs or bronchii Bronchospirometrie (German f.) bronchospirometry Bronchospirometry the determination of various aspects of the functional capacity of a single lung or lung Bronci (Latin pl.) the two main branches of the trachea or wind-pipe Broncio (Italian m.) sulk Bronco (Spanish m.) an unbroken or only partially broken horse bronco (Spanish) rough Bronquitis (Spanish f.) bronchitis Bronteion (ancient Greece) instrument used in theatres to produce the noise of thunder brontolare (Italian) to grumble, to rumble Brontolio (Italian m.) grumbling, rumbling Brontolone (m.), Brontolona (f.) (Italian) grumbler brontophob (German) brontophobic Brontophobia also known as astraphobia, keraunophobia, or tonitrophobia, an abnormal fear of thunder and lightning Bronzage (French m.) sun-tan Bronze (English, French m., German f.) an alloy of copper (usually about 90 per cent) and tin, often also containing small amounts of other metals such as lead or zinc. Since antiquity it has been the metal most commonly used in cast sculpture because of its strength, durability, and the fact that it is easily workable - both hot and cold - by a variety of processes. It is easier to cast than copper because it has a lower melting-point, and its great tensile strength makes possible the protrusion of unsupported parts - an advantage over marble sculpture. The colour of bronze is affected by the proportion of tin or other metals present, varying from silverish to a rich, coppery red, and its surface beauty can be enhanced when it acquires a patina. A work cast in bronze is sometimes referred to as a bronze. It may also refer to the colour of bronze, a moderate yellowish to olive brown bronzé (French) sun-tanned Bronze-Age music, Aegean see 'Aegean Bronze-Age music' Bronzedraht (German m.) bronze wire bronzefarben (German) bronze (colour) Bronzegefäß (German n.) bronze vessel Bronzegießer (German m.) brass founder, brass-founder Bronzegießerei (German f.) brass foundry Bronzeguß (German m.) bronze casting Bronzeinschrift (s.), Bronzeinschriften (pl.) (German f.) bronzeware script, bronze inscriptions (plural form) Bronzelager (German n.) bronze bearing Bronzemedaille (German f.) bronze medal Bronzemedaillengewinner (s.), Bronzemedaillengewinnerin (f.) (German) bronze medallist Bronzemünzen (German pl.) bronze coins bronzen (German) bronze, aerose (of the nature of, or like, copper) bronzeplattiert (German) bronze-plated Bronze Powder (in gilding) particles of bronze used as a pigment and mixed with a medium to produce a gold-colored finish. These finishes tarnish due to the copper content of bronze powders. They reflect light differently than leaf, the finishes they produce are thereby grainy in comparison. There are binders that allow some degree of burnishing of very finely ground bronze powders, producing a far less grainy and more reflective finish than regular bronze powders would produce. Bronze powders are toxic, especially when air born Bronzesarg (German m.) bronze coffin, bronze casket Bronzeskulptur (German f.) bronze sculpture Bronzestatue (German f.) bronze statue Bronzetafel (German f.) bronze plaque Bronzeton (German m.) bronze colour Bronzezeit (German f.) Bronze Age Bronzezeitalter (German n.) Bronze Age bronzezeitlich (German) Bronze Age bronzieren (German) to brass, to braze, to bronze Bronzing a method used to create the 'Copper Window' effect on postcards without the use of metallic inks. After the image was printed on a card an adhesive pattern would be printed over it, then dusted with a very fine metallic powder while wet. A variety of powders could be used and sometimes this process was repeated to create multiple metallic effects. Bronzing was meant to convey the illusion of illuminated or glistening light. Sometimes this process was used to create pure graphic decoration. Reichner Brothers held the patent on this process. This method should not be confused with images that had metallic inks printed over them. Printing will produce a sharply defined edge while those cards with bronzing tend to have rounder and softer outlines Bronzo (Italian m.) bronze Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels the first successful African American blackface minstrel troupe. The company was formed in 1865 Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels Broqueta (Spanish f.) skewer Bros. abbreviation of 'Brothers' Brosame (s.), Brosamen (pl.) (German m.) (bread) crumb Brosche (s.), Broschen (pl.) (German f.) brooch, broach, scarf pin broschieren (German) to stitch (book) broschiert (German) paper, paper-bound, bound (book), paperback broschierte Ausgabe eines Buches (German f.) paper edition of a book Broschüre (s.), Broschüren (pl.) (German f.) leaflet, booklet, brochure, folder, pamphlet, flyer, prospectus Broschyr (Swedish) pamphlet Brösel (s./pl.) (German m.) breadcrumb, crumb (German n. - Southern Germany, Austria) breadcrumb, crumb bröselig (German) crumbly, friable Bröselpfad (German m.) breadcrumb trail Brosjyre (Norwegian) pamphlet Brosse (French f., literally 'brush') wire or rhythm brush Brosse à dents (French f.) toothbrush Brosse à habits (French f.) clothes-brush brosser (French) to brush, to paint (figurative) Brot (s.), Brote (pl.) (German n.) bread, loaf brotar (Spanish) to bud, to sprout, to break out (medicine), to gush forth, to well up (tears) brotartig (German) bready brotartiger Geschmack (German m.) bready flavour Brotaufstand (German m.) bread riot Brotaufstrich (s.), Brotaufstriche (pl.) (German m.) spread Brot aus der Dose (German n.) canned bread Brotbackautomat (German m.) automatic bread maker, bread maker, bread machine, breadmaker Brotbacken (German n.) bread baking Brot backen (German) to bake bread, to make bread Brotbäcker (German m.) bread-baker Brotbackform (German f.) bread tin, loaf tin Brotbaum (German m.) bread tree Brotbelag (German m.) spread Brotbeutel (German m.) haversack, tommy-bag, breadbag, tuckerbag (Australian) (colloquial) Brotbrechen (German n.) breaking of bread Brot brechen (German) to break bread Brotbrett (German n.) breadboard Brotbüchse (German f.) bread-bin Brot buttern (German) to butter bread Brötchen (s./pl.) (German n.) bread roll, bun, roll, open sandwich (Austria) Brötchenbote (German m.) baker's roundsman Brötchengeber (German m.) employer Brotdose (German f.) bread bin, lunch box (US) Brote (Spanish m.) bud, shoot, outbreak (medicine), gushing (liquid), welling-up (tears) Brot einbröckeln (German) to break bread into milk Broterwerb (German m.) living, earning a living Brotfrucht (German f.) bread-fruit, breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Brotfruchtbaum (German m.) bread-fruit tree, breadfruit tree (Artocarpus incisa) Brotgutschein (German m.) bread coupon Brotherhood Church established in 1891 in Southgate Road, London, by J. Bruce Wallace. In 1895 the Brotherhood Co-operative Tust was registered and opened a North London store, a 'Mutual Service Circle' was set up using barter notes as an alternative to money. However, legal difficulties were encountered over the issue of barter notes as wages. A coalmine was acquired at Swadlincote in Derbyshire and run as a co-operative established in 1921, a Christian anarchist land colony in Stapleton, Yorshire, set up by a group from Leeds. They live by the precepts of the Sermon on the Mount, recognising no authority other than that of God, a stance that has brought them into repeated conflicts with the authorities, for erecting dwellings without permission (the group rebuilt the houses everytime time the council demolished them!), failing to register children's births, keeping their children out of state schools, refusing to fill in census forms & to pay the poll tax. They have close links with the Peace Pledge Union (PPU) & War Resisters International holding a 'Strawberry Teaparty' each summer to raise funds for them. During the 1960s they ran a film van for the PPU, showing back-projection peace films in town centres up and down the country. The colony consists of a series of small cottages dotted about a large smallholding. Over the years they have run a market garden, carried out knitting, sold honey and Christmas trees to support themselves as well as running their own small printing business publishing booklets, recipe books and calendars. Over the years the community has developed into a network of extended 'families' that extend beyond the geographic bounds of the colony Brothers-in-arms individuals in medieval warfare who have sworn a military partnership with each other, agreeing to ransom each other from imprisonment if one of the two is captured by the enemy, swearing to abide by the rules established in their company, vowing loyalty to one another, and agreeing to share their plunder amongst themselves in a predetermined way Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Brotherrin (German f.) employer (female) Brotherstellung (German f.) breadmaking, bread making brotig (German) bready Brot in Milch einweichen (German) to soak bread in milk Brot in Milch eingeweicht (German n.) brewis (a kind of broth thickened with bread or meal) Brotkanten (German m.) crust (crusty end of bread) Brotkasten (German m.) bread bin, bread box, bread tin, breadbox Brotkorb (s.), Brotkörbe (pl.) (German m.) bread basket, breadbasket, bread-tray Brotkörbchen (German n.) bread basket Brotkrume (s.), Brotkrumen (pl.) (German f.) crumb, bread crumb, breadcrumb Brotkrümel (s./pl.) (German m.) breadcrumb, bread crumb Brotkrumenpfad (German m.) breadcrumb trail Brotkruste (German f.) bread crust, outer crust (of bread) Brotkügelchen (German n.) pellet of bread Brotladen (German m.) bread shop, bread store Brotlaib (s.), Brotlaibe (pl.) (German m.) loaf of bread, bloomer (particular type of loaf of white bread), split tin (particular type of loaf of white bread) brotlos (German) breadless, out of bread, without bread, destitute, unprofitable (figurative) brotlose Künste (German pl.) unprofitable arts Brotmangel (German m.) bread shortage Brotmehl (German n.) bread flour, breadmaking flour Brotmesser (s./pl.) (German n.) bread knife Brot mit Butter bestreichen (German) to butter bread Brot mit Kleie (German n.) bran bread Brotpudding (German m.) bread pudding, bread-pudding Brotration (German f.) bread ration Brotrinde (s.), Brotrinden (pl.) (German f.) bread crust Brotröster (German m.) toaster Brotsägemesser (German n.) serrated bread knife Brotschale (German f.) bread bowl Brotscheibe (German f.) slice (of bread) Brotschneidebrett (German n.) bread board, breadboard Brotschneidemaschine (German f.) bread cutter, bread slicer, breadcutter, bread slicing machine Brot schneiden (German) to cut bread Brotschnitte (s.), Brotschnitten (pl.) (German f.) slice of bread Brotschrift (German f.) bread-and-butter type Brotsoße (German f.) bread sauce Brotsuppe (German f.) bread soup Brotteig (German m.) bread dough Brotteller (German m.) bread plate, bread-plate Brottopf (German m.) bread crock Brot und Spiele (German) bread and circuses Brotverdiener (German m.) breadwinner, bread-winner Brotverdienst (German m.) bread and butter Brotvermehrung (German f.) multiplication of the loaves Brotwürfel (German pl.) bread cubes Brotzeit (German f. - Southern Germany) snack, light meal Brotzeitdose (German f. - Southern Germany) lunchbox Brouche (German f.) braies (loose drawers or breeches belted or tied with cord at the waist, the lower end tucked into the hose below the knee) Brouette (French f.) wheelbarrow Brouhaha (French m.) hubbub, fuss and bother, uproar Brouillard (French m.) fog Brouille (French f.) quarrel brouillé (French) scrambled (cookery), quarrelled brouiller (French) to mix up, to blur (vision), to scramble (eggs), to jam (radio), to set at odds Brouillon (French m.) (rough) draft (of a letter or document) brouillon (m.), brouillonne (f.) (French) untidy Broussailles (French f. pl.) undergrowth brouter (French) to graze Broutille (French f.) trifle Brown after Maurice J. E. Brown the cataloguer of music by Frédéric François Chopin (1810-1849) Brown noise also called red noise or Brownian noise, a brown noise signal when graphically represented mimics a Brownian pattern. Its spectral density is proportional to 1/f2, meaning it has more energy at lower frequencies, even more so than pink noise. It decreases in power by 6 dB per octave and, when heard, has a "damped" or "soft" quality compared to white and pink noise. Brown noise can be produced by integrating white noise. That is, whereas (digital) white noise can be produced by randomly choosing each sample independently, brown noise can be produced by adding a random offset to each sample to obtain the next one Red noise from which this extract has been taken browsen (German) to browse Browser (English, German m.) a software program that allows users to view content on the Internet and World Wide Web browserbasiert (German) browser-based broyer (French) to crush, to grind brt abbreviation of 'bright' BRTN abbreviation of Belgische Radio en Televisie Nederlands Bru (French f.) daughter-in-law brucare (Italian) to graze Bruce Road, Children 's House opened in East London as an outreach of Kingsley Hall Settlement and opened in 1923 by H. G. Wells. Its foundation stones represent: vision, nature, rhythm and music, beauty, health, education, motherhood, internationalism and fellowship. The Children's House is still run today as a Nursery School Bruch (s.), Brüche (pl.) (German m.) break, breaking, burst, fracture (medical), rupture, hernia, fraction (mathematics), breach (figurative), breakup (relationship), breakage, leakage, split, broken number (fraction), discontinuity, disruption (also figurative), rejects, broken pieces, twist-off, fold, breaking-off (figurative), breakaway (figurative), curd, violation, nconsistency, flaw, marshy ground, infringement, parting, crack, scrap, cleavage, rubble, quarry, inconsistency (of style), mire, wreckage, crash, break-in, fault, failure, debris, break (between chest voice and head voice) bruchanfällig (German) fragile Bruchband (German n.) truss Bruchbude (German f.) ramshackle hut, jerry-built house, hovel Bruch der beruflichen Schweigepflicht (German m.) breach of professional secrecy Bruch der Freundschaft (German m.) breach between friends Bruch der Neutralität (German m.) breach of neutrality Bruch des Eheversprechens (German m.) breach of promise Bruch des Eises (German m.) break-up of the ice Bruch des Gelöbnisses (German m.) breach of covenant Bruch des Versprechens (German m.) breach of promise Bruche (German f.) braies (loose drawers or breeches belted or tied with cord at the waist, the lower end tucked into the hose below the knee) Brüche auf einen gemeinsamen Nenner bringen (German) to reduce fractions to a common denominator, to convert fractions to a common denominator Bruch eines Eids (German m.) breach of an oath, breach of oath Bruch eines Versprechens (German m.) breach of promise Brüche gleichnamig machen (German) to reduce fractions to a common denominator, to convert fractions to a common denominator Bruchfestigkeit (German f.) breaking strength, ultimate strength bruchfrei (German) free from breakage Bruchgefahr (German f.) risk of breakage bruchgefährdet (German) fragile Bruchgestein (German n.) rubble Bruchglas (German n.) cullet (broken glass, the excess glass from previous glass manufacture or edge trims off the cutting of glass to size) brüchig (German) fragile, brittle, brash (of wood), flawed (floor, wall), crumbly, unsound, bitty brüchig machen (German) to embrittle, to make brittle brüchige Nägel (German pl.) brittle nails Brüchigkeit (German f.) brittleness, fragility, unsoundness Brüchigkeit der Knochen (German f.) brittleness of the bones Bruch im Schutzdamm (German m.) crevasse bruchlanden (German) to crash-land Bruchlandung (s.), Bruchlandungen (pl.) (German f.) crash landing Bruch machen (German) to crash-land, to crash Bruch mit der Vergangenheit (German m.) break with the past Bruchrechnen (German n.) fractions Bruchrechnung (s.), Bruchrechnungen (pl.) (German f.) fraction Bruchschaden (German m.) breakages, breakage bruchsicher (German) shock-resistant, burstproof, shatterproof, unbreakable, shockproof Bruchstärke (German f.) breaking strength Bruchstein (German m.) rubble, quarrystone, ashlar (square hewn stone) Bruchsteinmauer (German f.) dry-stone wall, drystone wall Bruchstelle (s.), Bruchstellen (pl.) (German f.) breakage, site of fracture, breakpoint Bruchstrich (s.), Bruchstriche (pl.) (German m.) fraction line, fraction bar, horizontal line Bruchstück (s.), Bruchstücke (pl.) (German n.) fragment, piece, splinter, scrap, sliver, smithereens (plural form), broken bits (plural form) bruchstückartig (German) scrappy bruchstückartige Information (German f.) scrappy information bruchstückhaft (German) fragmentary, scrappy, fragmentarily, piecemeal bruchstückhafte Kenntnis (German f.) smattering Bruchstückhaftigkeit (German f.) fragmentariness Bruchteil (s.), Bruchteile (pl.) (German m.) fraction, fractional amount, fractional part Bruchteil der Kosten (German m.) fraction of the cost Bruchteilsvermögen (German n.) joint ownership Bruch verhindern (German) to prevent breakage Bruchzahl (s.), Bruchzahlen (pl.) (German f.) fraction number, fractional number, fraction bruciacchiare (Italian) to scorch bruciare (Italian) to burn, to set fire to Bruciato (Italian) burnt, burnt-out (figurative) Bruciatore (Italian m.) burner Bruciatura (Italian f.) burn Bruciore (Italian m.) burning sensation Brücke (s.), Brücken (pl.) (German f.) bridge, rug (valuable), jumper (in computer, etc.) Ernst Ludwig Kirchner founded Die Brücke (The Bridge) in Dresden in 1905 with fellow expressionists, such as Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Erich Heckel, Max Pechstein, and Otto Müller. Following Van Gogh and the French Fauvists, especially Matisse, the German expressionists celebrated emotional spontaneity and "naturalness" by experimenting with wild brushstrokes and bold primary colors. The call of the "primitive" - African masks, American "negro music," tropical islands, and so on - was also part of the quest for authenticity. And here, too, they took the cue from Paris: Gauguin, Picasso, and, of course, Matisse die Brücke Desire in Berlin by Ian Buruma from which the second entry has been taken Brücke mit Gebühr (German f.) toll bridge brücken (German) to bridge Brücken- (German) pontine (prefix) Brücken schlagen zwischen (German) to forge links between, to bridge the gap between Brückenbaluster (German m.) newel post Brückengeländer (German n.) parapet, bridge parapet, bridge railing Brückengeld (German n.) bridge toll Brückenkopf (s.), Brückenköpfe (pl.) (German m.) bridge head, bridgehead, toehold, beachhead, bridge-head Brückenkran (German m.) overhead crane, gantry crane, pulley block Brückenpfeiler (German m.) pier, bridge pier, bridge pillar Brückenschlag (German m.) bridge building (also figurative) Brückensprengung (German f.) bridge demolition (using explosives) Brückenton (German m.) bridge note, bridge-note [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Brückenzoll (German m.) bridge toll Brücke über einen Fluss (German f.) bridge across a river Bruco (Italian m.) caterpillar Brüden (German m.) exhaust vapour Bruder (s.), Brüder (pl.) (German m.) brother, sibling, Brother (title of a monk), frater (monk), brethren (plural form) Brüderchen (German n.) kid brother (colloquial), little brother Brüder Grimm (German pl.) Grimm Brothers, Brothers Grimm Bruderherz (German n., dated) dear brother Bruderkuss (German m.) brother's kiss, brotherly kiss Bruder Leichtfuß (German m.) happy-go-lucky chap Brüderlein (German n.) little brother, baby brother brüderlich (German) brotherly, fraternal, fraternally brüderliche Gemeinschaft (German f.) confraternity Brüderlichkeit (German f.) brotherliness, confraternity, fraternalism, fraternity Bruderliebe (German f.) brotherly love Bruder Lustig (German m.) jolly fellow Brudermord (German m.) fratricide Brudermörder (German m.) fratricide brudermörderisch (German) fratricidal Bruderschaft (s.), Bruderschaften (pl.) (German f.) brotherhood, fraternity, brotherhood, fraternity, circle of brothers, congregation, confraternity, sodality Brüderschaft von Mönchen (German f.) confraternity of monks Brüder vom Gemeinsamen Leben (German pl.) Brethren of the Common Life Bruderzwist (German m.) feud between brothers, fraternal strife Brufolo (Italian m.) spot Brug (Dutch) bridge Brügge (German n.) Bruges (Belgian city) Brughiera (Italian f.) heath Brühe (s.), Brühen (pl.) (German f.) broth, stock (culinary), swill, wash, sludge, clear soup, dishwater (colloquial), muck (colloquial) Brühe abschöpfen (German) to skim broth Brühe mit Einlage (German f.) a clear soup with meat balls, dumplings etc. brühen (German) to scald, to boil (dated) Brühe von Gemüse (German f.) vegetable water (the water in which vegetables have been boiled) brühheiß (German) scalding hot Brühlsche Terrasse (German f.) Brühl's Terrace Brühl's Terrace in Dresden, Germany, north of the recently rebuilt Neumarkt Square, is one of the favourite inner-city places of both locals and tourists for walking, people-watching, and having a coffee Brühl's Terrace from which this extract has been taken Brühwürfel (German m.) stock cube, bouillon cube Brühwurst (German f.) scalded sausage Brühwürstchen (German n.) small pre-cooked sausage Bruikademhaling (Dutch) abdominal breathing Bruine (French f.) drizzle bruiner (French) to drizzle bruire (French) to rustle bruissement (French) rustling Bruit (French m.) noise, rumour (figurative) Bruitage (French m.) sound effects Bruiteur (French m.) sound effects engineer Bruitism (from the French, bruitisme, itself from bruit, literally 'noise') music whose compositional elements include noise Bruitismus (German m., from the French, bruitisme, itself from bruit, literally 'noise') bruitism Bruja (Spanish f.) witch Brujería (Spanish f.) witchcraft Brujo (Spanish m.) wizard, magician Brújula (Spanish f.) compass Brukdown a creole mixture of European harmonies, African syncopated rhythms and call-and-response format and lyrical elements from the native peoples of Belize Brukdown from which this extract has been taken brûlant (m.), brûlante (f.) (French) burning (hot), red-hot (topic), fiery (hot-blooded) Brûlé (French m.) burning brûlé (m.), brûlée (f.) (French, literally 'burnt') compromised, having lost one's reputation brûle-parfums (s. & pl.) (French) small ornamental brazier for the burning of aromatic substances brûle-pourpointe (French) point-blank brûle-pourpointe à (French) point-blank brûler (French) to burn, to use, to use up, to consume (figurative) Brûleur (French m.) burner brulicare (Italian) to swarm Brüllen (German n.) bellow, bawl, shout loudly and without restraint brüllen (German) to roar, to moo (cow), to bawl, to yell, to bellow, to scream, to holler, to howl, to low brüllend (German) hollering, roaring (noisy), aroar, whooping, uproariously (laugh) brüllende Löwen (German pl.) roaring lions brüllender Schrei (German m.) yell, roar Brüller (German m.) bawler brullo (Italian) bare Brûlure (French f.) burn Brûlures d'estomac (French f.) heartburn Brum. abbreviation of 'Brummagem' (colloquial name for Birmingham, U.K.) Bruma (Italian f.) mist (Spanish f.) mist, confusion (figurative) Brume (French f.) mist brumeux (m.), brumeuse (f.) (French) misty, hazy (ideas) Brumm (German m.) hum brumm (German) vroom Brummbär (German m.) growler, grumbler Brummbaß (German m., old form) bourdon, rumbling bass Brummbass (German m.) bourdon, rumbling bass Brummagem (named for the old name for the English city of Birmingham) of or pertaining to things that are cheap, showy, tawdry, or counterfeit Brummeinkopplung (German f.) hum pickup Brummeinstreuung (German f.) hum pickup Brummeisen (German n.) Jew's harp brummeln (German) to mumble, to mutter, to mumble Brummen (German n.) hum, background noise, buzzing, buzz brummen (German) to drone, to grumble, to buzz, to boom, to hum, to mutter, to do time (slang: to be in prison) brummend (German) humming Brummer (German m.) bluebottle brummfrei (German) hum-free Brummfrequenz (German f.) hum frequency Brummi (German m.) truck (US) brummig (German) grumpy, grumpily, peevish, unkind brummiger (German) grumpier brummigste (German) grumpiest Brummkompensationsspule (German f.) humbucking coil Brummkreisel (German m.) humming top Brummpegel (German m.) hum noise level Brummschädel (German m.) headache Brummstimme (s.), Brummstimmen (pl.) (German f.) squeaker (as in a teddybear), bocca chiusa (plural form), wordless humming (plural form) Brummton (German m.) hum, humming noise Brummtopf (German m.) also Rummelpott, friction drum, string drum brumoso (Spanish) misty, foggy Brun (French m.) brown Brun (m.), Brune (f.) (French) dark-haired person brun (m.), brune (f.) (French) brown, dark Brunch (English, German m., French m.) a meal taken between, and often instead of, breakfast and lunch that combines aspects of both brunchen (German) to have brunch Brunei (English, German n.) a sultanate of northwest Borneo on the South China Sea Brunei Darussalam (English, German n.) officially, the State of Brunei Bruneier (m.), Bruneierin (f.), Bruneier (pl.) (German) Bruneian bruneiisch (German) Bruneian brünett (German) brunette, dark-haired Brunette (French f.) a girl with dark hair, a girl with a dark complexion (French f., meaning 'little brown one') mostly songs (petits airs tendres) about shepherdesses with brown hair, popular in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, in character simple and gentle Brünette (s./pl.) (German f.) a girl with dark hair, a girl with a dark complexion [corrected by Michael Zapf] Brunft (German f.) rut brunften (German) to rut Brunftsaison (German f.) rutting season Brunftschrei (German m.) rutting call Brunftzeit (German f.) rutting time, rutting season Brunhilde (German f.) Brynhildr bruñido (Spanish m.) polish Brünieren (German n.) bronzing, browning, burnishing brünieren (German) to brown brünierter Stahl (German m.) burnished steel, blue steel Brünierung (German f.) bluing, blueing Brünig-Napf-Reuss line a geographical boundary in traditional Swiss culture (Kulturgrenze). Running from the Brünig Pass along the Napf region to the Reuss River (which joins the Aare at Brugg), it partly separates western (Bernese German) and eastern (Zurich German) varieties of High Alemannic, although some places east of the line belong to the western dialect group (Schwyz, Zug). The line runs across the cantons of Lucerne and Aargau Brünig-Napf-Reuss line from which this extract has been taken Brünig-Napf-Reuss-Linie (German f.) Brünig-Napf-Reuss line brunir (French) to turn brown, to get a tan bruñir (Spanish) to polish Brünn (German n.) Brno (a city of southeast Czech Republic southeast of Prague, founded in the tenth century, and which became a free imperial city in 1243) Brünne (German f.) coat of mail, shirt of mail Brunnen (s./pl.) (German m.) well, fountain, spa-water (source) Brunnenbecken (German n.) basin of a fountain Brunnenbohrung (German f.) well drilling (for water) Brunneneinfassung (German f.) wellhead Brunnenfiguren (German pl.) fountain figures Brunnenhaus (German n.) pump room Brunnenhaus (German n.) well house Brunnenvergifter (German m.) troublemaker (figurative) Brunnenvergiftung (German f.) well poisoning Brunnenwasser (German n.) well water bruno (Italian) brown, dark (eyes, hair, etc.) Brunoise (French) fruit or vegetables diced into small pieces Brunst (German f.) heat, rut brunsten (German) to rut brünstig (German) in rut, rutting, on heat Brunstsaison (German f.) rutting season Brunstzeit (German f.) rutting time, pairing season, rutting season bruscamente (Italian) brusquely, short and abruptly, forcefully accented, coarsely, bluntly brusco (Italian) sharp, brusque, short and abrupt, forceful accent [entry provided by Wesselin Christoph Karaatanassov] (Spanish) sudden, brusque Bruselas (Spanish f. pl.) Brussels Brushes a drum stick with metal wires connected to a handle so that the bristles make a rounded fan shape at the beating end that produce a softer more diffuse effect than a standard wooden drum stick. The bristles can be made of metal or plastic; handles are commonly made of wood or aluminum, and are often coated with rubber. Brushes add texture and sound not possible with sticks. For instance, silky swish sounds on coated heads and the delicate "ting" sound on cymbals are only possible with thin wire or nylon brushes Brushing (French m.) blow-dry brusio (Italian) buzzing brüsk (German) brusque, brusquely, curt, curtly, abrupt, abruptly brüskieren (German) to snub Brüskierung (German f.) snub brusque (French) sudden, abrupt, roughness of manner the title of a movement from a Suite in d minor from Les pièces de clavessin ... livre second (Paris 1670) by the French harpsichordist and composer Jacques Champion de Chambonnières (c.1602-1672) Brusquedad (Spanish f.) abruptness brusquely bruscamiento (Spanish), bruscamente (Italian), barsch (German), schroff (German), brusquement (French) abruptly, in an offhand manner brusquement (French) suddenly, adruptly, brusquely brusquer (French) to rush (hurry) Brusquerie (French f.) roughness or abruptness of behaviour, the behaviour itself Brüssel (German n.) Brussels Brüsseler (m.), Brüsselerin (f.) (German) inhabitant of Brussels, native of Brussels Brüsseler ... (German) Brussels Brüsseler Spitze (German f.) Brussels lace Brüsseler Sprossen (German pl.) Brussels sprouts, Brussel sprouts Brust (s.), Brüste (pl.) (German f.) breast, chest, bosom, bubby (colloquial) Brust- (German) mammary, pectoral, thoracic Brustansatz (German m.) cleavage (décolletage) Brustbein (German n.) breastbone Brustbein (s.), Brustbeine (pl.) (German n.) breastbone, sternum, breast bone Brustbeschwerde (s.), Brustbeschwerden (pl.) (German f.) chest trouble Brustbeutel (German m.) neck pouch (i.e. a purse worn round the neck) [clarified by Micheal Zapf] Brustbild (German n.) half length portrait, portrait, bust, bust portrait Brustblatt (German n.) breast plate (horse), breastplate (horse) Brustchirurgie (German f.) breast surgery Brustdrüsenentzündung (German f.) mastitis Brustentfernung (German f.) mastectomy, breast removal Brustfell (German n.) pleura (the lining around the lung) Brustfellentzündung (German f.) pleurisy Brustgurt (German m.) chest strap Brusthaar (s.), Brusthaare (f.) (German n.) chest hair Brustharness (German m.) chest harness Brustharnisch (German m.) breast-plate, body armour, breastplate brusthoch (German) breasthigh, chest-high, breast-high Brusthöhe (German f.) breast height, chest height brusthohe (German) breast-high, chest-high Brustimplantat (s.), Brustimplantate (pl.) (German n.) breast implant, pectoral implant (for a man) Brustkasten (German m.) chest Brustkorb (s.), Brustkörbe (pl.) (German m.) thorax, chest, ribcage, rib cage, rib-cage Brustkorbinfektion (German f.) chest infection Brustkrampf (German m.) angina pectoris Brustkrebs (German m.) breast cancer Brustkyphose (German f.) thoracic kyphosis (postural 'round back') Brustlatz (German m.) bib Brustmilch (German f.) breast milk Brustmuskel (German m.) pectoral muscle, chest muscle Brustmuskulatur (German f.) pectoral muscles Brust-OP (German f.) boob job (slang) Brustpanzer (German m.) chest protector Brustplastik (German f.) cosmetic breast surgery, mammoplasty Brustplatte (German f.) breast plate, breastplate Brustporträt (German n.) bust portrait Brustprotektor (German m.) chest protector Brustregister (German n.) 'chest register', 'chest voice', 'chest tone' or Brustton (German m.), an adjustment that produces heavy tones suitable for loud singing and the lower range of the voice, where the singer feels the voice coming from the chest as opposed to the head [supplmentary information provided by Michael Zapf] Brustschild (German n.) breast-plate, breast shield Brustschmerzen (German pl.) chest trouble, chest pain, chest pains Brustschutz (German m.) chest protector Brustschwimmen (German n.) breaststroke (swimming) brustschwimmen (German) to do the breaststroke Brustschwimmer (German m.) breast-stroke swimmer Brustspezialist (German m.) chest specialist Bruststil (German m.) breast-stroke, breaststroke Bruststimme (German f.) chest voice Bruststraffung (German f.) breast lifting, breast lift, mastopexy Bruststück (German n.) brisket (of meat) Bruststück vom Rind (German n.) brisket of beef Brusttasche (s.), Brusttaschen (pl.) (German f.) breast pocket Brusttee (German m.) pectoral tea (herbal tea) Brusttomosynthese (German f.) breast tomosynthesis (medical breast-imaging technique) Brustton (German m.) chest tone [entry provided by Michael Zapf] see Brustregister Brusttrommeln (German n.) chest thumping Brustumfang (German m.) chest measurement, breadth of the chest, bust measurement Brüstung (s.), Brüstungen (pl.) (German f.) balustrade, balusters, parapet, railing, breastwork Brustvergrößerung (German f.) breast enlargement, boob job (slang), breast augmentation Brustverkleinerung (German f.) breast reduction Brustwarze (s.), Brustwarzen (pl.) (German f.) nipple, teat Brustwarzenhof (German m.) areola (Areola mammae) Brustwarzenpiercing (German n.) nipple piercing Brustwarzenring (German m.) nipple ring Brustwarzenvorhof (German m.) areola Brustwehr (German f.) breast-work, parapet, rampart Brustweite (German f.) bust measurement Brustwerk (German n.) a section of shorter pipes built directly above the organist, below the Hauptwerk (German: Great Organ) Brut (German f.) incubation (period), brood (of young), fry (young fish), spawn, brat, breed, covey brut (French) rough (diamond), raw (silk), crude (oil), gross (business), unsweetened (wine) brutal (German) brute, harsh, beastly, bestial, brutal, brutish, vicious, bare-knuckled, violent, boarish (figurative), sledgehammer (figurative), thuggish, savage, viciously, strong-arm, brutally brutal angegriffen (German) brutally attacked brutal behandeln (German) to brutalise brutal berechnend (German) brutally calculating brutal diktatorisch (German) brutally dictatorial brutale (Italian) brutal brutale Aggressivität (German f.) brutal aggression brutale Aufrichtigkeit (German f.) brutal honesty brutale Bande (German f.) brutal gang brutale Barbarei (German f.) brutal savageness brutale Besetzung (German f.) brutal occupation brutale Bilder (German pl.) brutal images brutale Dummheit (German f.) brutal stupidity brutale Führerschaft (German f.) brutal leadership brutale Gefangenschaft (German f.) brutal imprisonment brutale Handlungen (German pl.) brutal acts brutal einschüchternd (German) brutally intimidating brutale Kraft (German f.) brutal force brutale Kriegsherren (German pl.) brutal warlords brutale Mahnung (German f.) brutal reminder brutale Maßregelung (German f.) brutal crackdown brutale Massaker (German pl.) brutal massacres brutale Mutter (German f.) brutal mother brutale Niederlage (German f.) brutal defeat brutale Offenheit (German f.) brutal frankness brutale Opposition (German f.) brutal opposition brutale Person (German f.) brute brutaler (German) beastlier, more brutal brutale Rache (German f.) savage revenge brutaler Angriff (German m.) brutal attack, brutal aggression brutaler Diktator (German m.) brutal dictator brutaler Ehemann (German m.) brutal husband brutaler Feldzug (German m.) brutal campaign brutaler Kerl (German m.) brute, beastly fellow brutaler Mensch (German m.) brute, bully, ruffian, beast (man) brutaler Mord (German m.) brutal murder brutal ermordet (German) brutally murdered brutaler Rückschlag (German m.) brutal cutback brutaler Scherz (German m.) cynical joke brutaler Schlag (German m.) brutal blow brutaler Überfall (German m.) brutal assault, vicious attack brutaler Winter (German m.) brutal winter brutales Gemetzel (German n.) brutal slaughter brutales System (German n.) brutal system brutale Strenge (German f.) brutal strength brutales Vorgehen (German n.) bestial act brutale Tötung (German f.) brutal killing brutale Tyrannei (German f.) brutal tyranny brutale Umstände (German pl.) brutal circumstances brutale Ungerechtigkeit (German f.) brutal injustice brutale Vergangenheit (German f.) brutalized past brutale Vergewaltigung (German f.) brutal rape brutal gemordet (German) brutally murdered brutal getroffen (German) brutally hit brutal hässlich (German) brutally ugly Brutalidad (Spanish f.) brutality, stupidity brutaliser (French) treat roughly, treat roughly, manhandle brutalisieren (German) to brutalise brutalisiert (German) brutalised Brutalism a short-lived architectural movement of the 1950s and 60s that set itself in opposition to the picturesque Scandinavian-influenced mainstream of the period, and instead advocated the brutally frank expression of the nature of modern materials, characterized by unadorned concrete and the blunt detailing of joints and openings Brutalismus (German m.) brutalism Brutalità (Italian f.) brutality Brutalität (s.), Brutalitäten (pl.) (German f.) brutality, beastliness, bestiality Brutalité (French f.) brutality brutal offen (German) brutally frank brutal provozierend (German) brutally provocative brutalste (German) beastliest, most brutal brutal zusammengeschlagen (German) brutally battered Brutanstalt (German f.) hatchery Brutapparat (German m.) incubator Brutbetrieb (German m.) hatchery Brute (English, French f.) someone who behaves roughly or violently Brutei (s.), Bruteier (pl.) (German n.) rotten egg, hatching egg Brüten (German n.) pondering brüten (German) to breed, to brood, to hatch, to incubate, to sit (on eggs), to ponder (figurative) brütend (German) incubating brütende Henne (German f.) broody hen, brooding hen brütende Hitze (German f.) oppressive heat brütender Vogel (German m.) sitter (broody bird) brütend heiß (German) scorching, broiling brüten über (German) to chew over, to brood about, to brood on, to brood over, to ponder over (figurative) Brüter (German m.) breeder, brooder Bruterfolg (German m.) breeding success brütete (German) bred Brutgebiet (German n.) breeding habitat, breeding area Brutgefieder (German n.) breeding plumage Brutgerät (German n.) chicken brooder Bruthenne (s.), Bruthennen (pl.) (German f.) hatcher, sitting hen, breeder hen, breeding chicken, brood hen brütig (German) broody Brutkasten (German m.) incubator, breeder Brutkolonie (German f.) breeding colony Brutmaschine (German f.) incubator Bruto (Italian m.) brute bruto (Italian) brute bruto (Spanish) stupid, rough, uncouth, gross (business) Brutpaar (German n.) breeding pair Brutperiode (German f.) breeding period Brutpflege (German f.) parental care Brutplatz (s.), Brutplätze (pl.) (German m.) hatchery, breeding place, breeding ground, breeding-ground, breeding site Brutsaison (German f.) breeding season Brutschrank (German m.) incubator Brutstätte (German f.) hotbed, breeding place, hatchery, seminary (figurative), breeding ground (figurative) Brutstätte der Sünde (German f.) hotbed of sin Brutstätte von Ideen (German f.) breeding ground for ideas Brutta copia (Italian f.) rough copy Bruttezza (Italian f.) ugliness Brutto (German) gross (as in gross price) brutto (Italian) ugly, bad (behaviour) (German) gross Brutto-Stichprobe (German f.) initial sample (before nonresponse and exclusion of ineligibles) brutto tiro (Italian) dirty trick Bruttotonne (German f.) long ton (1016.05 kg), long ton, gross tonne (in metric tons) Bruttura (Italian f.) ugly thing brutum fulmen (s.), bruta fulmina (pl.) (Latin, literally 'a harmless thunderbolt') an empty threat (figurative) Brutverhalten (German n.) breeding behaviour Brutzeit (German f.) incubation period brutzeln (German) to spit, to frizzle, to sizzle, to fry, to splutter brutzelnd (German) sizzling, sputtering BruWV Brunetti-Werke-Verzeichnis, reference to catalogue of works by Gaetano Brunetti (1744-1798) prepared by Olaf Krone Brux. abbreviation of Bruxelles (French: Brussels) Bruxelles (French m./f.) Brussels Bruxer someone who habitually and involuntarily grinds their teeth Bruxism grinding and gnashing the teeth Bruxismus (German m.) bruxism bruyamment (Italian, French) noisily bruyant (Italian) noisy bruyant (m.), bruyante (f.) (French) noisy, rackety Bruyère (French f.) heather Bruyèreholz (German n.) briar (wood) Bruzellose (German f.) brucellosis bruzzeln (German) to sizzle Brynhildr also Brünhild, Brunhilda, Brünnhilde (in the Nibelungenlied), a shieldmaiden and a valkyrie in Norse mythology, where she appears as a main character in the Völsunga saga and some Eddic poems treating the same events. Brynhildr is probably inspired by the Visigothic princess Brunhilda of Austrasia (c.543-613), married with the Merovingian king Sigebert I in 567 Brythonic languages or Brittanic, one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic. The name Brythonic was derived by Welsh celticist Sir John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython, meaning an indigenous Briton as opposed to an Anglo-Saxon or Gael. The name Brythonic derives ultimately from the name Prettanic recorded by Greek authors for the British Isles. Some authors reserve the term Brittonic for the modified later Brythonic languages after about AD 600. These languages have been spoken in the British Isles since at least the Iron Age until today, originally as the majority languages but now as minority ones in Wales and Cornwall. In the Isle of Man, Scotland and (possibly) Ireland the Brythonic languages have been replaced by Goedelic ones. By emigration there are also communities of Brythonic language speakers in Brittany, and Patagonia Brythonic languages from which this extract has been taken brz. abbreviation of 'bronze'