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tjue (Norwegian) twenty tjuga, tjugo (Swedish) twenty Tjurunga see churinga Tlapitzalli pre-Hispanic small Mexican flute Tlf. abbreviation of teléfono (Spanish m.: telephone) tm abbreviation of tragédie en musique (French) Tmesis (Greek) in linguistics, the separation of the elements of a compound word by the insertion of another word or phrase intentionally breaking a word into two parts for emphasis. In English, this rhetorical scheme is fairly rare, since only the compounds of "ever" readily lend themselves to it, but it is much more common in Greek and Latin Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken TMusA, T.Mus.A. abbreviation of 'Teacher of Music Australia (AMEB)' To (Ghana) calabash rattle (Danish, Norwegian) two Toast (English, French m., German m.) a toasted piece of sliced bread, a call to drink the health or in honour of a person, event, etc. Toasting one of many alternative Jamaican terms for what in other parts of the world is called 'rapping' toben (German) to rave, to rage, to play boisterously, to rush tobend (German) blustering Tobera very similar to the txalaparta except that they are made of iron in place of wood Tobshuur Mongolian lute tobsüchtig (German) raving mad Tocabilidad (Spanish) action (the height of the strings above the fret- or fingerboard) toca madera (Spanish) touch wood (for good luck) Tocaor (m.), Tocaora (f.) also tacaor (m.) or tacaora (f.), the Iberian term for a flamenco guitarist tocar (Spanish) to touch, to blow (a trumpet), to play with, to mess about with, to play (musical instrument), to ring (sound), to knock (wood), to honk (a horn), to strike (a bell), to touch on (mention) (Spanish) to win, to have to, to concern, to be related to, to be a relative of, to touch (Spanish) to do the hair of tocar a muerto (Spanish) to toll a bell tocar a su fin (Spanish) to be coming to an end tocar con (Spanish) to be next to tocar el timbre (Spanish)to ring the bell tocar en (Spanish) to border on tocar la bocina (Spanish) to sound the horn (car, etc.) tocar la campana (Spanish) to ring the bell tocar música (Spanish) to perform music, to play music tocarse (Spanish) to touch oneself, to touch one another (Spanish) to cover one's head tocarse la nariz (Spanish) to pick one's nose ¿tocas algún instrumento? (Spanish) do you play any instruments? Tocata (Spanish m.) record player (familiar) Tocata (Spanish f.) toccata Tocayo (m.), Tocaya (f.) (Spanish) namesake tocca a te (Italian) it is your turn toccante (Italian) touching toccare (Italian) to touch, to feel (to the touch), to concern, to call at toccare a (Italian) to happen, to be up to, tov have to Toccata (English, German f., Italian f., from the Italian toccare meaning 'to touch') a piece of music for keyboard intended as a virtuosic display. A toccata is often the prelude to a fugue in the 16th-century, synonymous with anabole, fantasia, ricercar, prelude, preambulum and prooemium Toccatina diminutive form of toccata Toccatino diminutive form of toccata Toccato (Italian) the fourth (i.e. the lowest) part of a choir of trumpets Tocco (Italian m.) touch, stroke (of a bell) Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European family of languages - now extinct. Unusually, Tocharian was geographically located in central Asia, far away from most other Indo-European languages Tocho (Spanish m.) iron ingot, tome (a large book), a boring book Tochter (German f.) a daughter Tochtergesellschaft (German f.) a subsidiary Tocino (Spanish m.) lard Tocón (m.), Toncona (f.) (Spanish) a person with roving hands (a groper) Tocsin (English, French m.) an alarm bell the striking of a bell as an alarm Tod (German m.) death todavia (Spanish) still, yet, even todavia más (Spanish) even more todavia menos (Spanish) even less todelt Takt (Danish) duple meter todernst (German) deadly serious, deadly seriously Todesangst (German f.) mortal fear Todesanzeige (German f.) obituary, death notice Todesca see tedesca Todesfall (German m.) death Todesgesang (German m.) a dirge, a work commemorating the dead Todeslied (German n.) a dirge, a work commemorating the dead Todesopfer (German n.) a fatality, a casualty Todesstafe (German f.) death penalty Todesurteil (German n.) death sentence Todfeind (German m.) mortal enemy todito (m.), todita (f.) (Spanish) all (familiar) todkrank (German) dangerously ill tödlich (German) fatal, fatally, mortal, mortally, deadly tödlichgelangweilt (German) bored to death todmüde (German) dead tired Todo (Spanish m.) whole todo (Spanish) everything, completely, totally todo (m.), toda (f.) (Spanish) all, like (the same as) todo acabó bien (Spanish) it all ended happily todo amaneció cubierto de nieve (Spanish) in the morning everything was covered in snow todo bicho viviente (Spanish) everyone todo derecho (Spanish) straight on todo el mundo (Spanish) everybody todo el santo dia (Spanish) all day long todo lo contrario (Spanish) quite the contrary, quite the opposite todo lo más (Spanish) at the most Todopoderoso, el (Spanish m.) The Almighty todopoderoso (m.), todopoderosa (f.) (Spanish) all-powerful, almighty todo quedó en el aire (Spanish) everything was left up in the air (left unfinished, left unresolved) todos (Spanish) everybody, tutti (Italian) todsicher (German) dead certain (familiar), for sure Todsünde (German f.) a deadly sin Todt (German m.) dead Todtenlied (German n.) a dirge, a work commemorating the dead Todtenmarsch (German m.) dead march Todtenmesse (German f.) Mass for the dead, requiem mass Todtenmusik (German f.) funeral music Todtgesang (German m.) a dirge, a work commemorating the dead todunglücklich (German) desperately unhappy Toe dance a dance that is performed on the toes, especially in ballet Toe dancer a dancer who performs on the toes, especially in ballet toegevoegd (Dutch) added toenemen (in luidheid) (Dutch) augmenting, increasing Toe pistons see 'toe studs' Toe rail small rail around the deck of a boat. The toe rail may have holes in it to attach lines or blocks. A larger wall is known as a gunwale To'ere Tahitian slit log drum, played with one stick Toe studs or toe pistons, these are the large buttons on the console near the pedals that control several mechanisms on the organ. On the right, there are a group of divisional toe pistons that only memorize stops for the pedal division. The group on the left is the general pistons which affect all stops and couplers on the organ. These are repeats of the thumb generals below the manuals. The last kind of toe studs you will see are called reversibles. These are usually spread out across the bottom of the console, above the generals and pedal divisionals. These are a convenience item and has only one function per stud Toets (Dutch) key (for example, as onea piano, etc.), trial, test, attempt, effort, endeavour Toetsenbord (Dutch) keyboard (piano, computer, typewriter, etc.), keyboard instrument toevallig (verplaatsings) teken (Dutch) accidental Tof Hebrew frame drum Tofu a low-fat bean curd made from soya beans Toga (Latin) the normal outer garment of a citizen of ancient Rome youth at puberty, an academic gown (in some continental countries) Togaku (Japanese) togaku and to-sangaku were gagaku styles derived from T'ang China, where court musical life was multicultural and followed a formal rules, called the 'Ten Styles of Music'. These rules governed the hierarchy and use of Chinese and foreign musical styles in court. Performances that followed these rules and musical types was known as togaku, or T'ang music, while those that drew their form and content from popular music from T'ang China, were classified as to-sangaku, or 'unofficial T'ang music' The Earliest Japanese Music Toga virilis (Latin) (any symbol of) intellectual maturity (a reference to the toga, a garment adopted by an ancient Roman youth at puberty) Toge (French f.) the gown (of a judge, etc.) Toggle a pin, rod, or crosspiece fitted or inserted into a loop in a rope, chain, or strap to prevent slipping, to tighten, or to hold an attached object To give the pitch a phrase that describes the supply of a reference note (usually by an oboist) to which the members of an orchestra will tune their instruments, or a choir to take its pitch (for example, using a pitch pipe) or the use of an electronic or other pitch source such as a tuning fork when tuning a violin, guitar, piano, harpsichord or organ togli (Italian) take off, take away, in the sense to turn off some aspect of organ or harpsichord registration togliere il pedale sinistro (Italian) take off (or release) the left pedal, take off (or release) the damper pedal togliere la sordina (Italian) take off the mute, mute off togliendo (Italian) taking away, wegnehmend (German), en ôtant (French) Tohoun (Benin) a calabash turned over in a container filled with water and drummed with sticks Tohu-bohu (French m., from Hebrew) chaos and utter confusion, a hubbub Toi (French) you, yourself Toile (Italian) theatre curtain, a fabric used in dressmaking (linen or a mixture of linen and silk) (French f.) cloth, canvas, cotton Toile d'araignée (French f.) (spider's) web Toile de fond (French f.) a backdrop, a backcloth Toilette (French) washing, clothes, dress, manner and style of dressing, the action or process of dressing (German f.) toilet Toilettenpapier (German n.) toilet paper Toi-même (French) yourself toiser ... (French) to look ... up and down Toison (French f.) fleece Toisto (Finnish) repeat Toit (French m.) a roof Toit-ouvrant (French m.) a sun-roof (of a car) Toiture (French f.) a roof Toke canoe shaped iron bell held in palm and struck with an iron beater from Ghana Tokens, chord see 'chord tokens' Tokka from Assam (India), a type of clapper made of thin bamboo tube, split in half leaving the lower end intact. The lower end is held, and the rattle is shaken to produce a sound Tokkata (s.), Tokkaten (pl.) (German f.) toccata Tokmak see davul Tokonoma (Japanese) a shaded alcove in a Japanese house (often used to display an arrangement of flowers) Tôle (French f.) an iron sheet Tôle-ondulée (French f.) (a sheet of) corrugated iron tolérable (French) tolerable, endurable, fairly good Tolérance (French) allowance (in business, when importing goods duty free), forbearance, willingness to tolerate tolérant (m.), tolérante (f.) (French) tolerant, disposed to tolerate others or their acts or opinions Toleranz (German f.) tolerance tolérer (French) to tolerate, to allow tolerieren (German) to tolerate toll (German) crazy, mad, fantastic (familiar), awful, beautifully, very, badly Tollé (French m.) hue and cry tollen (German) to romp Tolling the measured striking of a bell, usually that in a church tower or a tower of a public building tollkühn (German) foolhardy Tollwut (German f.) rabies tollwütig (German) rabid Tololoche Mexican double bass guitar tolpatschig (German) clumsy, clumsily Tölpel (German m.) a fool tolv (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) twelve tolvte (Danish) twelfth Tom (Portuguese) whole tone toma, agarra (Spanish) here, hold this tomando como base (Spanish) on the basis of tomar apuntes (Spanish) to take notes tomar armas (Spanish) to take up arms tomar cartas en un asunto (Spanish) to intervene (in an affair) tomar el pelo a uno (Spanish) to pull someone's leg (figurative) tomar el tren (Spanish) to take the train tomar las aguas (Spanish) to take the waters (at a spa, health clinic, etc.) tomar las armas (Spanish) to take up arms tomarle antipatía a ... (Spanish) to take a dislike to ... (somebody/something) tomar ... por asalto (Spanish) to take ... by storm tomarse un día de asueto (Spanish) to take a day off tomar una determinación (Spanish) to make a decision Tomate (French f., German f.) tomato Tomatenmark (German n.) tomato purée Tômbak see tonbak Tombe (French f.) a grave, a tomb Tombeau (French m.) a tomb, a piece written in someone's memory, an elegy Tomb chest a tomb set above ground level in a box-like structure (also known as a table tomb) Tombée de la nuit (French) nightfall tomber (French) to fall, to drop, to die down tomber à l'eau (French) to fall through (figurative) tomber amoureux de (French) to fall in love with tomber à point (French) to come at the right time tomber au champ d'honneur (French) to be killed in action tomber bien (French) to come at the right time tomber dru (French) to fall thick and fast tomber en panne (French) to break down tomber en panne en route à (French) to break down on the way to tomber en syncope (French) to faint tomber les quatre fers en l'air (French) to fall flat on one's back tomber sur (French) to run across Tombola (German f.) a raffle Tomb slab a plain or carved cover for a grave within a church, set at floor level Tome (French m.) volume (of a set of collected volumes) tome usted asiento (Spanish) please take a seat Tom inteiro (Portuguese) whole tone Tompion a plug in a flute or an organ pipe, used to modulate the tone Tom-tom (Italian m., English, German n., French m.) or 'tomtom', in the modern orchestra, a tunable drum without snares having a wooden shell and two heads, with a sharp hollow sound Tom-tom drum an American Indian drum constructed with a wooden frame or a carved and hollowed-out log, with finely tanned buckskin or elkskin stretched taut across the opening by sinew thongs. Traditionally American Indian drums are large, two to three feet in diameter, and they are played communally by groups of men who stand around them in a circle. However, there were also some tribes in which each drummer had his own instrument These hand drums are the ones that are sometimes called tomtoms by non-native people -contrary to popular belief, tomtom is not an American Indian word, but rather an English word for a child's toy drum a child's toy drum ton (m.), ta (f.) (French) your Ton (German m.) clay Ton (s.), Töne (pl.) (German m.) note, pitch, key, sound, stress (emphasis), shade (paint, dye, etc.) (German m.) the interval of a second (German m.) Medieval and Renaissance verse structure and song tune which was commonly associated with more than one poetic text Ton (French m., Swedish) pitch, key, note, tone, melody, voice (French m.) the interval of a second, tone, key (music), pitch (of the voice) Tonabstand (German m.) an interval Tonabnehmer (German m.) pick-up Tonada (Spanish f., from tono, a polyphonic song) a tune set for a dance or to verse the Chilean tonada is a traditional song form that is not danced Tonadica see tonadilla Tonadilla (Spanish) also tonadica, diminutive form of tonada, originally a short guitar-accompanied song but which developed into short stage pieces which were concerned with Spanish national melodies and dances and aspects of popular life. This comic opera form was popular particularly during the 18th-century when it comprised solo songs and choruses separated by dialogue. The tonadilla was the precursor to the zarzuela Tonadillera (Spanish) a singer of tonadillas Ton aigre (French m.) shrill sound Tonal music that is based on major and minor tonalities or modes rather than twelve-tone, or other atonal musical systems in a fugue, if the answer has exactly the same intervals as the subject, the only difference being that it is transposed, the answer is said to be 'real', but if the answer varies from the subject it is said to be 'tonal' Tonal ambiguity certain intervals, progressions and choice of harmonies result in a collapse of a strong sense of key or tonality for example: the use of diminished sevenths or tritones for example, whole tone scale semitonal progressions for example, twelve note scale bare fifths free chromaticism a lack of cadences leading to fluid tonality oscillating major-minor triads a high level of dissonance unresolved appoggiatura chords Tonal answer in a fugue, after the first entry or statement, there will be an answer, a second statement at a diffent pitch an answer can be of two types: real answer where the answer is not modified so that it is in a different key to that of the subject tonal answer where the answer is modified to keep it in the same key as that of the subject Tonal center US spelling of 'tonal centre' Tonal centre the most prominent pitch-class, i.e. the tonic Key Centres Tonale (Latin, German) tonary Tonal fugue the term used to describe a fugue in which the answer is a modified reproduction of the subject Tonal function rarely found in harmony text books, the entry "tonal function" is subject of many discussions. ... The term "tonal function," normally employed in the sense of "harmonic function," is far from being clearly defined and its use has been vague. Basically, function means harmonic meaning or action, and both terms heve been used differently. For example, harmonic meaning or tonal function might be used as a scalar degree and its variations, used as a root of different chords; or even it can be associated to tendencies of individual pitches of a chord. The most frequent use of the term function has been that of relating the harmonic meaning of an element capable of expressing a tonality with a tonal center, a tonic Schoenberg on Tonal Function from which this edited extract has been taken Tonalidad (Spanish f.) tonality, key (in music), tonalité (French) Tonalidad homónima (Spanish f.) or tonalidad paralela, parallel key (a pair of keys, one major and the other minor, with the same key note) Tonalidad paralela see tonalidad homónima Tonalidad relativa (Spanish f.) relative key (for example, the key of A minor is the relative minor to the key of C major, and the key of C major is the relative major to the key of A minor) Tonal imitation non-modulating imitation, i.e. imitation within the key of the musical work Tonalità (Italian f.) tonality Tonalità affine (Italian f.) relative key Tonalità relativa (Italian f.) relative key Tonalität (German f.) tonality Tonalitats, les (Catalan) the keys Tonalitätsvorstellung (German f.) the concept of tonality Tonalité (French f.) tonality, tone, dialling tone (on the telephone), dial tone (on the telephone) Tonalité à l'armure (French f.) key signature Tonalité eloignée (French f.) remote key Tonaliteetti (Finnish) tonality Tonalité flottante (French f.) vagrant harmony Tonalité fuyante (French f.) vagrant harmony Tonaliteit (Dutch) tonality Tonalité relative (French f.) relative key Tonalité voisine (French f.) related key Tonality tonalità (Italian), Tonalität (German), tonalité (French) a system of relating pitches or chords in Western music, a system of relating scale-degree functions, such as tonic, supertonic, mediant, etc an organizing principle, where an important aspect of music construction is the preeminence of a central pitch or tonic synonymous with key, where a piece is considered to be governed or organized with respect to a single key a system of relating keys or key areas for works that modulate, and where tonal closure is deemed important Tonality The Tonal Centre Tonal memory in music, tonal memory is the recollection of a previously sounded tone Tonal memory from which this extract has been taken Tonal music see 'atonal' Tonal music as language theories explaining chord progressions (in particular root progressions) in tonal music have been presented by several theorists, including: Rameau, Weber, Schoenberg, McHose and Piston. There have also been some chord progression analyses by computer. Schenker's theory in contrast emphasises the importance of contrapuntal elements in the understanding of musical structure. None of the above theories accurately describes the behaviour of chord progressions in tonal music. Through the systematic analysis of chord progressions, a theory is possible which describes more accurately the patterns of chord progressions within the musical phrase and that, when analysed correctly, root progressions show patterns similar to grammatical structures in language. By these patterns each chord can be fully explained in terms of its role in relation to the musical phrase harmony.org.uk Tonal scale see 'anhemitonic scale' Tonal sequence see 'sequence' tonangebend (German) leading (figurative) tonante (Italian) thundering, thunderous Tonarium (Latin) a pitch-pipe (Latin) tonary Tonarius (Latin) tonary Tonart (German f.) key (as in 'the key of C major'), mode, scale, key signature, character of different types of scale (i.e. major, minor, modal, etc.), tone (of voice), a (musical) note (German f., Swedish) tonality Tonarten (German f. pl.) scales or modes Tonartencharakter (German m.) key colour Tonartssignatur (Swedish) key signature Tonartvorzeichnung (German n.) key signature Tonary (from the Latin, tonarium, tonarius, tonale) from the Medieval period, a chant book arranged according to mode Tonás one of the oldest flamenco styles, with songs that include long moans and sudden halts, relating the tragedies suffered by the incarceration of the Gypsies, chain gangs, hard labour and violent quarrels. There are twenty variants, including martinetes and deblas Tonatella (s.), Tonatellas (pl.) see tonadilla Tonausweichung (German) modulation Tonbak also called tômbak, a goblet shaped drum made from wood with a drum head is made from lamb or goat skin. The variety of sounds are made from various finger rolling and snapping techniques Tombak Tonband (s.), Tonbänder (pl.) (German n.) recording tape Tonbandgerät (German n.) tape recorder Ton bas (French m.) a low, deep tone or note Ton bemolisé (s.), Tons bemolisés (f.) (French m.) flattened or flatted note Tonbeugung (German f.) pitch bend Tonbezeichnung (s.), Tonbezeichnungen (pl.) (German f.) note name Tonbild (German n.) tone-picture, tone-poem On Words and Music - Brief Notes on Nietzsche's Lecture on Rhetoric: 1871 Tonbildung (German f.) tone production, the study of improving tone production Ton bouché (French m.) stopped note on a horn Tonbuchstabe (German m.) note letter-name (correction by Debbie Hogg) Tonbühne (German f.) orchestra, orchestral platform Toncharakter (German m.) tone quality Toncluster (German n,) note cluster, tone cluster Tondauer (German f.) note duration, tone duration Ton de chambre (French m.) the pitch (a'=c. 404Hz.) used between 1680-1800 in France and in other parts of Europe Ton de chasse (French m.) hunting call Ton de cor (French m.) horn crook Ton d'écurie (French m.) in the 1630s, French wind instruments (which in this period never played in church) were at a level similar to the Italian mezzo punto. In France that pitch was called ton d'écurie, and woodwinds continued to be made to it until the 18th century Ton d'eglise (s.), Tons d'eglise (pl.) (French m.) church mode Ton de la trompette (French m.) trumpet crook Ton de rechange (French m.) crook, and in particular, spare crook Ton de trompette (French m.) trumpet crook Tondeuse (French f.) shears, clippers (for cutting) Tondeuse à gazon (French f.) a (lawn-)mower Ton dhar small Tibetan drum shaped like an hourglass with two pieces of string at the end of which are small round strikers. The drum is turned rapidly left and right. The strikers whip around and alternately strike each drumhead, also known as damaru Tondichter (German m.) composer, poet Tondichtung (German f.) tone-poem Ton dièzé (s.), Tons dièzés (French m.) sharpened or sharped note Tondo (s.), Tondi (pl.) (Italian) a circular painting, a relief carving within a circular border tondo (Italian) full-toned Ton d'Opera (French m.) the pitch, a'=c.393Hz., used between 1660-1750 in the Opera in Paris, France Ton doux (French m.) sweet tone tondre (French) to mow (the grass), to shear (sheep), to clip (hair) Ton du cors (French m.) horn crook Ton d'ut (French m.) key of C Tone the means of creating a relationship or conveying an attitude or mood. By looking carefully at the choices an author makes (in characters, incidents, setting; in the work's stylistic choices and diction, etc.), careful readers often can isolate the tone of a work and sometimes infer from it the underlying attitudes that control and color the story or poem as a whole (English, Danish) or note, a sound of definite pitch tuono (Italian), Ton (German), ton (French), the interval equivalent to two semitones, a major 2nd, a whole-tone tono (Italian), Ton (German), son (French), ton (French), the quality of a sound the American word for 'note' a recitational melody in Gregorian chant Literary Terms and Definitions from which the first entry has been taken Töne (German m. pl.) plural of Ton Tone arm the arm of a phonograph turntable that holds the cartridge Toneart (Danish) tonality Tone cluster a truly simultaneous musical chord comprised of consecutive tones separated chromatically: for instance, the tones C, C#, D, D#, E, and F, held at the same time. Variants of the tone cluster include chords comprised of tones separated diatonically or pentatonically and played in unison (on a piano, for example, a chord created by striking a set of consecutive black keys). Tone clusters may also be considered secundal chords. In true tone clusters, the notes are sounded and held fully and synchronically, distinguishing them from ornamented figures involving acciaccaturas and the like. In the context of Western classical music, tone clusters tend to be heard as very dissonant Tone cluster from which this extract has been taken Tone color US spelling of 'tone colour' Tone colour see 'timbre' Tone control between the source of the sound signal and the loudspeaker(s) all sorts of changes to that signal can be made by various tone control circuits. They may be just very simple, or very elaborate, as required by users, and these circuits are often called filters Tone control circuits Tone deafness also called 'amusia', 'tune deafness', 'dysmelodia' and 'dysmusia'. A person who is tone deaf lacks relative pitch, the ability to discriminate between notes. Thus one who is tone deaf is unable to accurately discriminate between musical notes and is thus also incapable of reproducing them. However, the particular quality of being tone deaf is descriptive of having difficulty or being unable to correctly hear relative differences between notes, while in common usage it refers to a person's inability to reproduce them accurately. The latter inability is most often caused by lack of musical training or education and not actual tone deafness. However, tone deaf people seem to be only disabled when it comes to music, and they can fully interpret the prosody or intonation of human speech. It has been observed that in societies with tonal languages such as Cantonese and Vietnamese, there are almost no tone deaf people Tone deaf from which this short extract has been taken Toneelmuziek (Dutch) incidental music Toneelschrijver (Dutch) playwright toneelstuk (Dutch) play Tone generator see 'signal generator' Tonehøjde (Danish) pitch Tone hole see 'finger hole' tönen (German) to tune, to sound, to tint (to add colour) Tonen (van orkest/grammofoon) (Dutch) musical strains or sounds (from an orchestra/a gramophone) Ton entier (French m.) whole tone, the interval of a major second Tone painting the use of various tone qualities, moods etc. to engender a response in the listener the response in the listener to various choices of tone colour, mood, etc. Tone placement learning the facts about tone placement and resonance make a huge difference in the abilities of a singer. In simple terms, a singer has numerous body cavities (nasal cavity, chest cavity, etc.) and amplifiers (bones, ligaments, etc.) that act as resonators. Focusing the vocal tone through the proper resonating chamber with the proper support is important with regard to controlling and developing your personal sound A2Z Singing and Voice Lesson Tips from which this entry has been taken Tone poem symphonic poem Tone production the manner of producing musical notes. In vocal music, it involves the coordination of breath support, resonance of the tone and vowel and consonant sounds. In wind instruments, it involves the coordination of breath support, tonguing, and embouchure. In stringed instruments, it involves the varied uses of the bow and finger movement, such as vibrato Tone ring on the banjo, elaborate tone enhancers, which actually improved the instrument's sound, tone rings were placed on the top of the wooden banjo rim, allowing the head (which was stretched over the tone ring) to vibrate more freely than when it was just mounted over the rim itself. This greatly increasing the volume. Tone rings usually had round or square profiles, were made of brass or some other metal, and were might be raised slightly above the banjo rim by an additional ring of metal Tone row see 'note-row' Tonescape Tonalsoft Tonescape is a commercial, Windows-based, graphical music composition software developed by Joe Monzo and Chris Wittmann of Tonalsoft, Inc.. As of November 29, 2005, Tonescape is in the final phase of the alpha stage of development. With Tonescape, Tonalsoft aimed to develop a fast, intuitive, and highly extensible standalone digital music production package for electronic music, allowing the user to compose music in any imaginable tuning system. Tonescape is the flagship product from Tonalsoft Tonescape from which this extract has been taken Tonette small black plastic whistle-type instrument which was once popular with elementary school children, now largely superceeded by the more accurately tuned and better sounding recorder Ziegner Swanson, inventor; Chicago Musical Instrument Co. / Tonette Tonfall (German m.) a cadence (German m.) inflection, tone (of voice), intonation (accent) Tonfarbe (German f.) tone-colour, tone quality, timbre Tonfilm (German m.) sound film (as opposed to 'silent film'), talkie, talking picture Tonfilmaufnahme (German f.) film recording Tonfolge (German f.) a tune, a melody, a succession of sounds Tonfülle (German f.) volume of tone Tonführung (German f.) melodic or harmonic progression Tonfilmaufnahme (German f.) film recording Tonfuss (German m.) meter T'ong see 't'ong guitar' Tonga (Hindi) a light two-wheeled horse-driven Indian cart or carriage Tongali (Philippines) a four-holed nose flute (one hole in the back) from northern Philippines and played by the Kalinga and other peoples of Luzon. It is a solo instrument played only by men for courting and at funerals Tongali Tongali Tongang (German) tune, melody Tongan music notation a subset of the standard music notation, originally developed by the missionary James Egan Moulton in the 19th century for singing church hymns in Tonga Tongan music notation from which this extract has been taken Tongatong from the Philippines, a bamboo tube held in one hand, the closed end at the bottom, and struck against the ground or a hard surface. The palm of the other hand partly opens or closes the open end, changing the timbre Tongatong from which this information has been taken Tongattung (German f.) the individuality of two modes, the major and the minor however, Tongeschlecht is more correct Tongbo Chinese cymbals Pair of cymbals (tongbo), China, 19th century Tongedicht (German n.) tone poem Tongemisch (German n.) tone mixture Ton générateur (French m.) the fundamental note, or root, of a chord (French m.) the principal key in which a piece is written Tongeschlecht (German m., literally 'tonal genus') the character of a mode or scale, for example, whether major or minor tongesteigert (German) reinforced (in tone) Tonggu (Chinese) a type of drum T'ong guitar or 'tong guitar', a form of Korean music developed in the early 1970s. It was heavily influenced by American pop music, and artists in the genre were considered Korean versions of American folk singers. In the 1980s, t'ong became a form of soft rock ballad that earned critical scorn, being described as a 'mindless love affair with american culture' Tongling Chinese hand bell Tongs (French f. pl.) flip-flops Tongue the long, bent, metal bar inside the frame of a Jew's harp, music box, thumb piano, or other plucked idiophone, plucked with the finger or in some other way, the vibration of which produces notes. Where the device uses a ratchet, the tongue is wooden and makes a clicking sound clapper or beater of a bell to articulate a note on a wind instrument the pivoted part of a harpsichord jack which carries the plectrum Tongue in cheek or to speak with one's tongue in one's cheek, ironicamente (Italian), nicht ernst (German), ironiquement (French), irónicamente (Spanish) a familiar expression meaning to speak ironically Tongue-tied senza parola (Italian), sprachlos (German), muet (French), mudo (Spanish) incoherent, unable to express yourself clearly or fluently Tongue twister scioglilingua (Italian m.), Zungenbrecher (German m.), (phrase) difficile à prononcer (French f.), trabalenguas (Spanish m.) a word or group of words difficult to articulate rapidly, usually because of a succession of similar consonantal sounds Tonguing on wind instruments, the production of tone effects through the use of the tongue, for example, single tonguing, double tonguing, triple tonguing, flutter-tonguing Tonhalte-Pedal (German n.) sostenuto pedal [entry provided by Mark Polesky] Ton haut (French m.) a high note Tonhöhe (German f.) pitch (of a note), compass, register Tonhöjd (Sweden) pitch, compass, register Tonholz (German n.) tone wood Toni see tono Tonic tonique (French), tonica (Italian), nota fondamentale (Italian), Tonika (German), tónica (Spanish), first degree of a major or minor scale the key centre the note, in relation to which, the actual pitch of the other notes in a scale refer Tonic Tonica (Italian f.) or nota fondamentale, tonic, key-note Tonica (Dutch) tonic, key-note Tónica (Spanish f.) tonic, key-note, fondamentale (French), tonique (French) Tônica (Portuguese) tonic, key-note Tonic accent emphasis that may be given to notes where their pitch is higher than that of the notes following or preceding them Tonic chord the chord based on the tonic of a key or scale the I chord Tonic dominant axis the tonality-defining relationship governed by the tonic and dominant chords, whose roots are a perfect fifth apart Tonic eleventh chord a six-note chord built in thirds on the first degree of a scale, I Tonic function a chord that can substitute for the tonic, for example, the submediant Tonicisation (French) tonicization Tonicization also called 'false modulation' or 'transitory modulation', tonicization is a process that temporarily allows a chord other than the tonic to function as a goal of motion or point of stability, and therefore, function as a temporary tonic. A chord is said to be "tonicized," when it is preceded by its own dominant, dominant seventh, seven chord, or diminished seventh, that is, the dominant determined by the key of the chord. Tonicization is a local event, unlike modulation, which implies establishing a new key centre and continuing in the new key. Any chord in a major key, except VII, can be preceded by its own dominant. Any chord in the natural minor, except II, can be preceded by its own dominant Tonicization Tonic major / Tonic minor the names given to the two parallel keys that have the same tonic, for example C major (tonic major) and c minor (tonic minor) Tonic minor a jazz scale or chord with a minor 3rd and a major 6th and 7th (for example, a II chord), generally used for the tonic (I) or home chord in minor keys Tonic pedal an organ point or pedal point on the keynote Tonic section a part of a composition that is writtern in the 'home key', the key of the work (i.e. the key in which it started), with a cadence to the tonic of that key Tonic seventh chord a four-note chord built in thirds on the first degree of a scale, I Tonic sol-fa a technique of teaching music based upon the 'movable do' system Tonic Sol-fa Tonic triad triad built on the first degree of the scale tonificar (Spanish) to tone (muscles, skin) tonificar los músculos (Spanish) to tone up (muscles) Toni ficti (Latin) the transposed ecclesiastical tones, or modes tonifier (French) to tone up Tonigkeit (German f.) tone quality Tonika (German f., Danish, Swedish) tonic, keynote Tonika-Do-Methode (German f.) 'moveable do' solfeggio Toning the addition of a metal into a photo emulsion to change the colour of a photograph. Toning is done before or after the fixing procedure. Photographs were often exposed to look dark as toning would lighten the image. Gold was the first metal to be used for toning, which also increases contrast and moves the colour balance toward a cooler blue. Selenium increases the range and richness of tones, sometimes producing silvery highlights with rich purple shadows. Toning gelatin silver prints changes their chemical composition by depositing various compounds on their surface resulting in shades that cover the spectrum Tonique (French f.) tonal centre, tonic tonique (French) tonic tonisch (German) pertaining to the tonic tonisches Symbol des Kreuzes (German n.) 'sounding' symbol of the cross, religio-musical symbolism that originated with Franz Liszt (1811-1886) but later influenced Richard Wagner (1813-1883), Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) and Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) Franz Liszt and the Sacramental Bridge: Music as Theology of Presence Tonitruone (Italian) a sheet of metal used to simulate the sound of thunder Tonkopf (German m.) magnetic head Tonkori (Japan) a tube zither placed on the knee with the peg box uppermost and plucked with the fingers of both hands Tonkori from which this extract has been taken Tonkunde (German m.) the science of music Tonkunst (German f.) (the art of) music Tonkünstler (German m.) musician Tonkünstler-Societät founded by Florian Gassmann in Vienna in 1771, the concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät were held at Easter and Christmas to raise money for the widows and orphans of musicians. The programmes usually included one or more vocal items although concertos and symphonies by Viennese composers were played too. Beethoven made his public debut as a pianist and composer at the March 1795 concert of the society Tonlage (German f.) range, compass, register tonlängd (Swedish) duration Tonlehre (German f.) acoustics Tonleiter (German f.) (musical) scale, gamut Tonleitern der Pentatonik, Die (German f.) pentatonic (five note) scales Tonleitern der Heptatonik, Die (German f.) heptatonic (seven note) scales Tonleitern der Hexatonik, Die (German f.) hexatonic (six note) scales Tonleitern musikalisch zu spielen (German) to play scales in a musical way Tonleiterstufe (German f.) degree of the scale tonlos (German) toneless, tonelessly Tonmalerei (German f.) tone painting, word painting Ton majeur (French m.) major key Tonmalerei (German f.) programme music, tone-painting, musical imagery Tonmass (German n.) time, i.e. the duration of a beat Tonmeister (m.), Tonmeisterin (f.) (German) a sound engineer Tonmesser (German n.) a monochord or sonometer or 'reed tonmesser', a reed instrument closely related to the harmonium or the symphonion, re-named the concertina in 1833 by its inventor Sir Charles Wheatstone. It was designed to study the non-musical intervals of sounds between 256 and 512 hz. It has 64 brass reeds each producing a note controlled by the 64 stops on the front of the instrument. When a stop is pulled out the air from the belows passes through the windchest , which increases the pressure when squeezed. This air at pressure then blows over the brass reed causing it to vibrate. Many of these instruments were built by Anton Appunn and C. Appunn & Söhne, Hanau, Germany Ton mineur (French m.) minor key Tonmischpult (German n.) sound mixer Ton naturele (French m.) a key without sharps or flats, i.e. C major and A minor Toning (in gilding) the application of pigment and/or other materials to a gilded surface. Toning can also include the removal of gold from a gilded surface. It literally means toning down the brilliance of a gilded surface. Toning is usually employed to replicate age. Toning is also employed as a final step in the restoration of gilding to replicate the original patination of the object Tonne (French f.) a metric ton (a unit of weight) (German f.) a bin, a barrel (cask), a metric ton (a unit of weight) Tonneau (s.), Tonneaux (pl.) (French m.) the rear part of a motor-car, the back seat of a motor-car, a barrel (for storage), a somersault Tonnelle (French f.) a bower tonner (French) to thunder Tonnerre (French m.) thunder Tonnetz (German, literally 'tone-network') a conceptual lattice diagram discovered by Leonhard Euler in 1739 that shows a two-dimensional tonal pitch space created by the network of relationships between musical pitches in just intonation. The space was rediscovered in 1866 by Artur von Oettingen. The influential musicologist Hugo Riemann explored the capacity of the space to chart harmonic motion between chords and modulation between keys. Recent research (by music psychologist Carol Krumhansl, music theorist David Lewin, and others) substitutes equal temperament and enharmonic equivalence for just intonation, and explores the group-theoretic and topological aspects of the space Tonnetz from which this extract has been taken Tono (s.), Toni (pl.) (Italian m.) tone, key, mode, voice, melody, sound, ton (French) the titles to many Italian and Spanish pieces include a reference to the tono in which the work is written. The classification of the 8 toni, dates back to Cicero, who described their alignment with specific planets and heavenly bodies, and their character. Occasionally the piece retains the inherent characteristics of a tono but has been transposed, either up or down one tone: mode tone final ruling planet characteristics and effects Dorian tone 1 D Sun happy as well as serious, modest; disperses laziness, the sadness of the heart and heavy sleep Hypodorian tone 2 D Moon moves to tears of sadness, induces sleep/dreams, laziness Phrygian tone 3 E Mars inflames the heart to anger; terrible and frightening; provokes pride and lies Hypophrygian tone 4 E Mercury moves to both sadness and happiness, to meekness Lydian tone 5 F Jupiter moves to happiness; very benevolent influences favouring human nature; purifies foul air Hypolydian tone 6 F Venus benign influences, promoting tenderness, devotion, piety and love of God Mixolydian tone 7 G Saturn melancholic, induces a love of solitude, thoughtful but inconstant; can make sad, and move to weeping, and to internal unrest Hypomixolydian tone 8 G all planets and stars serious, pours spiritual joy into the soul and fervent yearning for the things eternal and a view of our Creator Tono (s.), Tonos (pl.) (Spanish m.) song, key, tone (musical interval), tone (quality of sound, quality of voice), melody, sound, tune, tone (mood, style) Tono corista (Italian m.) also tuono chorista or tuono corista, a pitch one whole tone below Cornet-ton (a'=465Hz) - therefore about a'=413Hz. Tono de marcar (Spanish m.) dialing tone (telephone) Tono de timbrar (Spanish m.) ringing tone (telephone) Tono de voz (Spanish m.) tone of voice Tono divino (Spanish m.) sacred song Tono humano (Spanish m.) a secular Castilian-language texted work performed in the context of theatrical productions and as chamber music. As a genre, the tono humano is a vocal composition of one or more voices, usually with a structure that is based on a combination of estribillo (refrain) and coplas (verses) Tonoi (Greek) plural of 'tonos' Tono internacional (Spanish m.) or tono francés, diapasón normal Tono intero (Italian m.) whole tone, the interval of a major second Tono maggiore (Italian m.) in Zarlino's natural scale, the major tone, the difference between a perfect fifth (3:2) and a perfect fourth (4:3), thus (9:8) (Italian m.) major key Tono medio (Italian m.) meantone Tonometer or 'tuning fork tonometer', a device invented by the German physicist Johann Heinrich Scheibler (1777-1837) which was one of the first accurate methods for measuring musical pitch. It consisted of 52 forks tuned from A 219 2/3 to A 439 1/2 at 69 degrees Fahrenheit. The device and his amazingly accurate method of measuring beats were described in Scheibler's book The Physical and Musical Tonometer. Rudolph Koenig manufactured scientific instruments in Koenigsburg (1858-1901), including tonometers which he calibrated in 4hz increments. He displayed and sold one of these at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, USA Tonometers Tono minore (Italian m.) in Zarlino's natural scale, the minor tone (10:9) (Italian m.) minor key Tono poco amigable (Spanish m.) rather unfriendly manner Tono relativo (Italian m.) relative key Tonos (s.), Tonoi (pl.) (Greek) a term with various meanings in the tradition of ancient Greek music theory. It could refer to a pitch, tasis, a note, phthongos, the size of an interval, diastema, or a 'scalar mode' tropos sustematikos. The last two definitions came to be synonymous as a reference to the pitch of the musical system Aristoxenus compared the disagreements about the number and pitch of the tonoi to the disparities between the calendars of Corinth and Athens. Cleonides (author of uncertain date, between 2nd and 4th centuries AD) summarized Aristoxenus: the word tonos, he wrote, has four meanings - note, interval, region of the voice, and pitch. Aristoxenus recognized 13 tonoi; Alypius (ca. 3rd- or 4th-century) gave tables of notation for 15. Ptolemy cast out all but seven of the tonoi based on the belief that height of pitch (register) was not the only important source of variety and expression in music and that the arrangement of intervals within a vocal register was more important Tono sinfónico (Spanish m.) pitch standard from the 19th century, a' (or A4 or la3)=452Hz. Tonotechnie (French) the art of marking the notes on the cylinder of a barrel organ Ton patala Burmese iron xylophone Ton pythagoricien (French m.) major tone, the just major second, the Pythagorean interval equivalent to the frequency ratio of 9:8 Tonqualität (German f.) tone quality Tonrad (German n.) tone wheel Tonreihe (German f.) note-row, tone-row (serial music) Ton ronflant (French m.) growling note, Schnarrender Ton (German m.) Tons (French m. pl.) plural form of ton Tonsatz (German m.) a composition, compositional technique, a musical phrase tonsätz (German) multivoice Tonsätze (German pl.) a multivoice work Tons boucés (French m. pl.) stopped notes on a horn Tonschluss (German m.) a cadence Tonschlüssel (German m.) key, keynote Tonschrift (German f.) musical notes, pitch notation Tons d'église (French m. pl.) the church modes Tons de la trompette (French m. pl.) the crooks used to alter the pitch or key of the trumpet Tons du cor (French m. pl.) the crooks used to alter the pitch or key of the horn Tonsetzer (German m., literally 'note setter') a composer however the term is less flattering than Tondichter Tonsetzkunst (German f.) the art of musical composition Tonsetzung (German f.) a musical composition Tonsignet (German n.) a jingle Tonsil either of two small organs, one on each side of the root of the tongue Tonsilbe (German) accented syllable Tonsillectomy surgical removal of the tonsils Tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils Tons naturels (French m. pl.) the natural notes on a brass instrument Tonsorial of a hairdresser or hairdressing (usually jocular) Tons ouverts (French m.) the natural notes on a brass instrument Tonspur (German f.) or Soundtrack (German m.), soundtrack Tonstärke (German f.) intensity of sound Tonstück (German m.) a musical composition Tonstufe (German f.) scale degree, a step of the stave Tonsure shaving of the crown of the head or the entire head, especially of a person entering the priesthood or a monastic order bare patch made by shaving of the crown of the head or the entire head give a tonsure to (usually a person entering the priesthood or a monastic order) Tonsymbolik (German f.) tonal symbolism Tonsystem (German n.) a tonal system, the science of harmony, a musical scale Tonte (French f.) mowing (a meadow), shearing (sheep) Tonton (French m.) uncle (familiar) Tontraube (German f.) tone cluster Tontrom (Dutch) barrel-shaped drum Tonumfang (German m.) compass Tonus (Latin) mode, tone, sound (French m.) energy (Latin) in music, an interval of a major 2nd Gregorian tone or plainchant recitation formula, of which there were many, one for each of the modes and several more besides Tonus contrarius (Latin, literally 'contrary melody' or 'counterpoint') apparently in reference to highly ornamented and harmonically daring chorale variations that Bach composed after his return from hearing Buxtehude's Abendmusik Tonus currens (Latin) the reciting note, the repercussion note, Reperkussionston (German) Tonus peregrinus (Latin, literally 'wandering note') a Medieval term for an 'irregular' psalm note, i.e. a psalm in which the tenor changes in pitch, that is, there are two different reciting notes Tonverhalt (German) rhythm Tonverschmelzung (German f.) tonal fusion, a theory propounded by Carl Friedrich Stumpf (1848-1936), based on the tendency of certasin combinations of tones to be perceived as a single sound image, the intervals most strongly demonstrating this effect being the unsion, the octave and the perfect fifth Tonverstärker (German m.) sound amplifier Tonwerkzeug (German n,) a natural or artificial musical instrument, i.e. the human voice, a violin, flute, trumpet, etc. Tonwertverlauf (German) in music, a scale passage Tonwissenschaft (German) the science of music Tonzeichen (German n.) any sign used in musical notation tonzentrale Einführung (German f.) or tonzentrale Modulation (German f.), common-note modulation (UK), common-tone modulation (US) [entry by Michael Zapf] tonzentrale Modulation (German f.) or tonzentrale Einführung (German f.), common-note modulation (UK), common-tone modulation (US) [entry by Michael Zapf] Toogtredivtedelsnode (Danish) a demisemiquaver or thirty-second note, a note one thirty-second the time value of a semibreve or whole note Toogtredivtedelspause (Danish) a demisemiquaver rest or thirty-second rest, a rest one thirty-second the time value of a semibreve rest or whole rest Too much more than is required, troppo (Italian), zu viel (German), trop (French) Toon (Dutch) note, tone (English, colloquial) cartoon (film) tooneelstuk (Dutch) play Toonhoogte (Dutch) pitch Toon kleiner dan een halve toon (Dutch, literally 'note of less than a semitone') microtone Toonaard (Dutch) key toondemper (Dutch) damper, mute Toondichter (Dutch) composer Toonhoogte (Dutch) pitch toonika (Finnish) tonic Toonkleur (Dutch) timbre Toonkunstenaar (Dutch) musician Toonladder (Dutch) gamut, scale Toonladdertrappen (Dutch) scale degrees toonloze Stem (Dutch) toneless voice Toonregeling (Dutch) tone control Toonsafstand (Dutch) interval Toonschaal (Dutch) gamut, scale Toonsoort (voortekens) (Dutch) key signature toonzetten (Dutch) to set to music Toonzetting (Dutch) musical composition, musical setting Top the point, in jazz, from where a chorus starts (i.e. the beginning of a tune, which will be after the intro, when there is one, or from where the band starts when 'right on it') (French m.) stroke (as on the stroke of midnight) the first beat of the first measure, hence 'let's go from the top' meaning 'let's go from the beginning' Topan Kosovar Albanian percussion instrument, a short wooden cylinder covered at each open end with leather-stretched with rope that is played with two wooden drumsticks Top C C, two octaves above 'middle C' see 'octave' Topee (Hindi) a sun-helmet, an insulated hat designed to protect the wearer against sunstroke Topf (German m.) a pot, a (cooking) pan Topfen (German m.) a curd cheese Töpfer, Töpferin (German) a potter Töpferei (German f.) pottery (where pots are made) Töpferwaren (German f. pl.) pottery (pots, etc.) Topflappen (German m.) an oven-cloth Topfpflanze (German) a potted plant Toph (Hebrew) tambourine or drums (Genesis 31:27) Topical song a song that comments on current political and social events. Typically, these songs offer a mix of narrative and commentary Topical song from which this extract has been taken Topline to star, to be billed above the title of a show or film Topliner a star of a particular show or film Topo (French m.) atalk (familiar), an oral report Topoi (s.), Topos (pl.) (Greek) or 'phrasing referent', a short, distinct and often memorable rhythmic figure of modest duration, that serves as a point of temporal reference in ensemble playing Toponym a place-name Topos (Greek) in linguistics, a figure of speech which has become stereotyped, a rhetorical cliché Toquade (French f.) a craze, an infatuation (for a person) Toque (French) a woman's headdress resembling a low turban of twisted silk or other rich material, a fur hat, a (jockey's) cap, a chef's hat (Portuguese) touch flamenco guitar flamenco interpretation on the guitar a specific flamenco form santería, a religion that developed amongst the African slaves brought to Cuba, influenced Cuba's music, as percussion is an inherent part of the religion. Each orisha, or deity, is associated with colours, emotions, Roman Catholic saints and drum patterns called toques toqué (m.), toquée (f.) (French) 'cracked', dotty, irresponsible, crazy Toque compás guitar playing which involves fixed rhythmic beat patterns Toque libre guitar playing in a free form rhythmic style Tor (German m.) a fool (German n.) a gate, a gateway, a goal (in sport) Toraja dances Toraja dances - a glossary Toraja songs Toraja songs - lyrics Torban or teorban, an Eastern European musical instrument that combined features of the Baroque lute with those of the psaltery. It was invented in about 1700, probably influenced by the central European type of the theorbo known as angélique which Cossack mercenaries would have encountered in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Torban from which this extract has been taken Torbellino (Ecuador) a folk music genre, part of the country's Afro-Ecuadorian tradition Torbogen (German m.) an archway Torche (French f.) a torch torcher (French) to wipe (familiar) Torchère (French f.) a tall ornamental candlestick or lamp-stand Torchon (French m.) a dish-cloth, a duster, a tea-towl, a dish-towel, a coarse bobbin-lace of loose mixture, a kind of rough paper used for water-colour painting Torch song a song describing an unrequited love, derived from the expression 'to carry a torch' for someone Torculus see 'neume notation' Torculus respinus see 'neume notation' Tordiglione (Italian) tordion Tordiglióne (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kind of dance in Spaine Tordion a lively basse-dance of the 16th-century that resembles the galliard tordre (French) to twist, to wring tordu (French) twisted, bent, warped Toré a religious rhythm of the Fulni-o Indians in Brazil, where messages for protection are sent to the ancestors Toreador (Spanish m.) a bull-fighter (originally, a bull-fighter on horse-back - the term is no longer in use) Torero (Spanish m.) a bull-fighter (originally, a bull fighter on foot - the term is applied generally to all types of bull-fighter) Torf (German m.) peat Torheit (German f.) folly Torhüter (German m.) a goalkeeper töricht (German) foolish, foolishly torkeln (German) to stagger Tornada, Tornadas a refrain from a Catalonian folk song see vers see envoi or envoy (Spanish) melody, tune a term widely used in Spanish speaking Latin-America and Brazil to refer to a song with guitar accompaniment, in a major key and at a slow tempo Tornade (French f.) a tornado tornare (Italian) to return tornando (Italian) returning tornando al primo tempo (Italian) return to the original tempo tornando al tempo (Italian) return to the former tempo tornando come prima (Italian) return to the original tempo Tornister (German m.) a knapsach, a satchel Töröksíp (Hungarian, literally 'Turkish pipe') an oboe-like double-reeded pipe made of maple, that was introduced into Hungary by the Turks. Instruments of this type are known to all Asiatic people, from Tibet to Japan. The töröksíp was a military shawm, but it could be found together with the bass drum in dances from Transylvania in the 17th- and 18th-centuries Torpeur (French f.) a lethargy Torpfosten (German m.) a goal-post Torque (French) a collar or bracklet made of a twisted strip of precious metal (associated particularly with Celtic peoples) in science, a rotary force Torrás lively dance from the province Ciudad Real, Spain, in which the dancers line up in rows torréfier (French) to roast Torrent (French m.) a torrent torrentiel (m.), torrentielle (f.) (French) torrential torride (French) torrid Torsade (French f.) a twist Torse (French m.) chest, torso Torso (s.), Torsi (pl.) (Italian) the trunk of the human body from neck to hip (Italian) (og a work of literature, etc.) of which the main part but not the whole is extant Tort (French m.) a wrong Torte (German f.) a gateau, a flan Torticolis (French m.) a stiff neck Torticollis (Latin) in medicine, a rheumatic affection of the muscles of the neck resulting in the permanent twisting of the head to one side Tortilla (Spanish) a thin round cake made of maize-flour tortiller (French) to twist, to twirl Tortillon (French) a stump of paper rolled into the form of a pointed cylinder, used for shading chalk and pencil drawings Tortionnaire (French m.) a torturer Tortue (French f.) a tortoise, a turtle tortueux (m.), tortueuse (f.) (French) tortuous (explanation), twisting (path) Tortur (German) torture torturer (French) to torture torvo (Italian) grim Torwart (German m.) a goalkeeper To-sangaku (Japanese) see togaku tosen (German) to roar, to rage tossire (Italian) to cough Tossisce (Italian) coughs tostamente (Italian) quickly, rapidly tostissimamente (Italian) extremely rapidly, very promptly tostissimo (Italian) very rapid, very prompt tosto (Italian) quick, rapid, swift, at once tot (German) dead tôt (French) early total (French) to conclude (familiar), in short (German) total, totally totalement (French) totally Total harmonic distortion or THD, a measurement of the harmonic distortion present in a signal, defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Lesser THD allows the components in a loudspeaker, amplifier or microphone or other equipment to produce a more accurate reproduction by reducing harmonics added by electronics and audio media Total harmonic distortion from which this extract has been taken totaliser (French) to total totalitär (German) totalitarian totalitaire (French) totalitarian Totalité (French f.) entirety totalité de, la (French) all of Totalschaden (German m.) a write-off Total serialism or integral serialism, complex, totally controlled music where the twelve-tone principle is extended to elements of music other than pitch, for example, rhythm. Pierre Boulez (a student of Messiaen's) and Milton Babbitt developed Total Serialism separately, and created enormously complicated mathematical systems to generate matrices for the integration of events Total Serialism Serialism Tote (m.), Toter (f.) (German) a dead man (m.), a dead woman (f.), a fatality Totem (Algonquin) the hereditary emblem (often an animal) of a tribe or clan particularly of American Indians Totemism in its most specific sense, the term applies to the religious practices of the Native American Ojibiwa tribe, i.e., a religious belief in which a family or a clan would be watched over assisted by a totem-spirit. Today, anthropologists and scholars of comparative religion apply the term generally to such beliefs among Native American tribes and find analogues in Western and Eastern Europe, Africa, Australia and the Arctic Circle Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Totem-pole pole on which totems are carved or hung töten (German) to kill Toten, die (German m. pl.) the dead tötenblaß (German) deathly pale Totengräber (German m.) a grave-digger Totenkopf (German m.) a skull toten Punkt haben, einen (German) to be at a low ebb (figurative, meaning to be extremely exhausted and/or very depressed) Totenmesse (German f.) requiem mass Totenschein (German m.) a death certificate Totenstille (German f.) a deathly silence Totentanz (German m.) (in French, Danse Macabre) the Dance of Death, an allegorical representation of Death leading all conditions of men to the grave Totentanzorgel installed in 1477 on the eastern side of the crossed nave of Marien zu Lübeck (German: St Mary's of Lübeck) and so named because of the Totentanzkapelle (Death dance chapel), which was already established to serve and hold requiems. After the Church Reformation it was used for prayers and for Holy Communion services. In 1549 and 1558 Jakob Scherer added to the organ among other things, a Rückpositiv and in 1621 it received chest work. In addition, extensive repair work was completed by Friedrich Stellwagen during 1653-55, though afterwards only smaller modifications were made to the organ. By this point the organ itself had accumulated various worldwide interest, along with the Arp-Schnitger-Orgel in St Jacob's of Hamburg and the Klein Orgel (small organ) in the St Jacob's Church of Lübeck. In 1937 it was restored with the primary goal to bring it to a condition of how it would have been in the 16th and 17th century. The organ was played upon by Dieterich Buxtehude (c.1637-1707) and, due to requests asking for it to be examined when it needed repair, most probably by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). It was destroyed by incendiaries on the night of Palm Sunday over the period 28-29 March, 1942 totfahren (German) to run over and kill totgeboren (German) stillborn T'other the other (colloquial or jocular) tot het einde (Dutch) to the end toties quoties (Latin) as often as occasion demands, repeatedly Toto (German n./m.) football pools toto caelo (Latin) diametrically (opposed) Totodzi small open-bottom barrel drum from Ghana Totoschein (German) football pools coupon tôt ou tard (French) sooner or later totschießen (German) to shoot dead Totschlag (German m.) manslaughter totschlagen (German) to kill totschweigen (German) to hush up (figurative) Totter to stand or walk unsteadily or feebly, to shake as if about to collapse Totting-up adding up separate items (on a bill, etc.) Tötung (German f.) a killing fahrlässige Tötung (German: manslaughter) Toubib (French m.) a doctor (familiar) Toucan tropical American fruit-eating bird with an immense beak Touch tasto (Italian), Anschlag (German), toucher (French) the art of depressing, striking, releasing, etc. the keys of a keyboard instrument to produce the required sound quality the amount of force the needs to be applied to a key on a keyboard instrument due to the mechanism's inherent resistance which is characterised by describing the touch as being 'heavy', light', elastic', etc. Some electronic keyboards have touch-control allowing the player to vary this resistance like 'tucket' of Tusch, a fanfare for trumpets and timpani "He (Chambonnières) had a delicacy of hand that others lacked, in a such a way that if he played a chord and someone else imitated him in doing exactly the same, one perceived nonetheless a great difference - and the reason is, as I have said, that he had a different manner of approaching the keyboard and of placing his fingers on the keys that was unknown to others". Jean Le Gallois: Lettre de M. Gallois à Mme. Regnault de Solier touchant la musique, (Paris, 1680) "Touch is not (only) a question of articulation, of going from one note to another; it is a method of going from one rhetorical gesture to another. That depends on time and the blending and building up of resonance - how long one holds the notes further than their written value and which notes one chooses to blend them with, by putting things together under the same harmony or things that are not in the same harmony. One can only do it by listening to the instrument. The Flemish-style harpsichord, in particular the noble and luxurious instruments by Ruckers and Couchet valued by Chambonnières, has a ring, a very long sustaining quality that allows one to blend things in a way that short scaled, earlier instruments do not encourage. Resonance is something that changed the technique of the harpsichord, allowing it to win out over the lute. This is what composers were looking for - the absolute maximum of resonance". ref. Capriccio Stravagante - Skip Sempé touchant (m.), touchante (f.) (French) touching (moving) Touche (French f.) Griffbrett (German n.), Fingerbrett (German n.), tastiera (Italian f.), fingerboard, fretboard (French f.) the 'key' on a keyboard instrument (French f.) in the 16th-century, 'a fret' (French f.) touch (of paint) touché (French) admitting that a thrust in argument has hit its mark Touche-à-tout (French m.) a meddler, a busybody Touche blanche (French f.) on a keyboard, a white key (on a traditional keyboard, synonymous with touche diatonique) Touche chromatique (French f.) on a traditional piano keyboard, the black key (or touche noire) touche de, une (French) a touch of Touche de la guitare (French f.) guitar fingerboard Touche diatonique (French f.) on a traditional piano keyboard, the black key (or touche blanche) touche mélodieuse (French) in a singing style, with a singing tone Touche noire (French f.) on a keyboard, a black key (on a traditional keyboard, synonymous with touche chromatique) Toucher (Dutch, French m.) touch (the sense of) toucher (French, literally 'to play') to play, to touch, to move, to get in touch with, to hit (the target), to draw (money), to cash (a cheque), to affect (to concern) toucher à (French) to touch, to touch on (question), to approach (the end) toucher un chèque (French) to cash a check Touches (French f. pl.) the 'keys' of a keyboard instrument the frets of a guitar, lute, viol, etc. Touches bloquées (French f. pl., literally 'blocked keys.) the title given to one of György Ligeti's piano etudes (book I, no. 3), the term is also often given to a piano technique Ligeti employed in that work, among others, that involved silently-held notes in one hand with the other hand rapidly playing over both the held and unheld keys. The sounding notes in the rapidly-moving hand comprise an often complicated rhythm that is difficult to play in any other way. The technique is also utilized in Ligeti's Three Pieces for Two Pianos no. 2 [entry provided by Brandon Hendrix] Touches mélodieuses (French f. pl.) in a singing style, cantabile Touchettes the frets of a guitar, mandoline, etc. Touch guitar style similar to 'tapping', where the pick hand is used to play lead while rhythm is played simultaneously with the fret hand Stanley Jordan Touffe (French f.) a tuft, a clump (of plants) touffu (French) thick, bushy, complex (figurative) Tou gamou tragoudi (Greek) Cretan wedding song Touguan see guanzi toujours (French) always, still, anyhow toujours de l'audace (French) audacity always pays toujours la politesse (French) politeness always pays toujours perdrix (French, literally 'always partridge') too much of a good thing Touloulou (French, Pyrenees) the local name of the rhombe or bull-roarer Toumeleki (Greek) a small drum, made of metal or clay, cylindrical in shape shape, with one side is open and the other covered with a leather membrane. It is called tymbeleki in Evroa, tsimbourleki in Thessaly, tarabouka in Lesvos and is similar to the Turkish and North African darbooka and the Greek doumbeleki Toupee (anglicized French) toupet Toupet (French m.) or toupée, a patch of false hair to cover a bald spot on the scalp, cheek (familiar), nerve (German n.) a toupee Toupie (French f.) a top (toy) toupieren (German) to back-comb (hair) Touquet (French m.) toccata Tour (French m.) a tower, a tower block, a rook (in chess) (French m.) a turn (movement), volta (Italian f., Portuguese f.) (French m.) a trip (excursion), a walk, a drive (in a car), a trick, circumference, a lathe (machine) (French m.) or tour sur place, in ballet, a full turn of the body on the point of the toe with the toe of the free leg at the knee of the other, a pirouette (German f.) a tour (journey), a trip, a drive (in a car), a ride, a distance, a revolution (engineering), a way (familiar) Tourbe (French f.) peat Tourbillon (French) or tourbillion (anglicized French), a whirlwind, a waterspout, a whirlpool, a vortex, an unceasing round (of gaiety, etc.), whirl (figurative), swirl (figurative) tourbilloner (French) to whirl, to swirl Tour de chant (French m.) an entertainment given by a singer, a performance of characteristic songs, song recital in French baroque music, an ornamental form comprising a mordent followed by a trill Tour de contrôle (French m.) control tower (airport) Tour de force (s.), Tours de force (pl.) (French m.) in dance, an arresting, vital step in dance, a feat of technical skill such as a series of brilliant pirouettes or a combination of outstanding jumps and beats on an instrument or with a voice, a bravura display of great technical prowess and emotional power commonly, the implication is that the performance is more concerned with display than any other merit Tour de gosier (French m.) turn (a musical ornament) Tour de passe-passe (French m.) a sleight of hand Tour de piste (French m.) a lap Tour de promenade (French m.) see promenade, tour de tour de rôle, à (French) in turn Tour de taille (French) waist measurement, waistline Tour d'horizon (French m.) a (general) survey Tourdion (French) tordion Tourelle (French f.) a turret Tour en l'air (French m., literally 'turn in the air') volta no ar (Portuguese), in dance, this is essentially a male dancer's step although contemporary choreographers use this tour for girls. lt is a turn in the air in which the dancer rises straight into the air from a demi-plié, makes a complete turn and lands in the fifth position with the feet reversed. The turn may be single, double or triple according to the ability of the dancer. The arms assist and the head must spot as in pirouettes. Tour en l'air may also be finished in various poses such as attitude, arabesque, grande seconde or on one knee. It may also be done in a series Tour en l'air from which this information has been taken Tourisme (French m.) tourism Tourismus (German m.) tourism Tourist (English, German m.) one who goes on a tour Touriste (French m./f.) a tourist touristique (French) touristic, scenic Tourment (French m.) torment tourmenté (French) distressingly or anxiously, restlessly, breathlessly, agitatedly, affannosamente (Italian), con angustia (Italian), con affanno (Italian), affannoso (Italian), anxious, with anxiety, bangend (German), anxieusement (French) tourmenter (French) to torment Tournage (French m.) shooting (cinema) Tournant (French m.) a bend, a turning-point (figurative) tournant (m.), tournante (f.) (French) revolving tournant, en (French, literally 'turning') in dance, a term indicating that the body is to turn while executing a given step, as, for example, in assemblé en tournant tourné (French) turned, shaped into barrel- or large olive-shapes Tourne-disque (French m.) a record-player Tournedos (French) a small fillet steak Tournee (German f.) a tour Tournée (French f.) round (voyage, drinks), a (theatrical) tour tourner (French) to turn, to shoot (a film), to make (a film), to spin, to run (a motor) tourner au froid (French) to turn cold tourner autour de (French) to go round, to hang around (a person, etc.), to revolve round, to centre on (question) tourner de l'oeil (French) to faint tourner en dérision (French) to mock tourner en ridicule (French) to ridicule tourner le dos à (French) to turn one's back on tourner mal (French) to turn out badly tourner sept fois sa langue dans sa bouche avant de parler (French) to think long and hard before speaking tourner sur la droite (French) to turn right tourner sur la gauche (French) to turn left tourner sur l'église (French) to turn toward the church tourner vers la droite (French) to turn to the right tourner vers la gauche (French) to turn to the left Tournesol (French m.) a sunflower Tourneur de pages (m.), Tourneuse de pages (f.) (French) page turner Tournevis (French m.) a screwdriver Tourney a musical piece created for a tournament, especially popular in 17th-century Italy and France, as part of weddings and other festive occasions Tournez vivement (French) turn over quickly, volti subito Tourniquet (French) any device for stopping the flow of blood, either before or after the event, a turnstile Tournoi (French m.) a tournament tournoyer (French) to whirl Tournure (French f.) manner or bearing (especially a manner suited to polite society), a turn of phrase, a turn Tour sur place (French m.) or tour, in ballet, a full turn of the body on the point of the toe with the toe of the free leg at the knee of the other, a pirouette Tourte (French f.) a pie Tourterelle (French f.) a turtle-dove tous, toutes (French) all tous ces gens (French) all these people tous les deux (m.), toutes les deux (f.) (French) both of them tous les deux jours (French) every other day tous les enfants (French) all the children Tous les goûts sont dans la nature. (French) It takes all kinds (to make a world). tous les jours (French) every day tous les mois (French) every month tous les trois (French) all three (of them) Toussaint, la (French f.) All Saints' Day tousser (French) to cough Tout (French m.) whole (English) any person who solicits business or employment in an importune manner (generally equivalent to a 'solicitor' in American English, or a 'spruiker' in Australian English). A ticket tout is someone who engages in ticket resale for more than the face value of the ticket (though a ticket reseller is known as a 'scalper' rather than a 'solicitor' in North American and Australian parlance) tout, toute, tous, toutes (French) all, any, entirely (French) very, quite tout à coup (French) suddenly, all of a sudden, a sudden (blow, noise, surprise, etc.) tout à fait (French) completely, quite tout à fait exact (French) dead right tout à fait juste (French) dead right Tout-à-l'égout (French m.) main drainage tout à l'heure (French) in a moment, a moment ago tout au bout (French) right at the end tout au début (French) right at the start, right at the beginning tout au long de (French) throughout tout au moins (French) at least tout au plus (French) at most, at the very most tout autour (French) all around tout bonnement (French) quite simply tout ce que (French) all that tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner (French) to understand everything is to forgive everything tout compris (French) (all) inclusive tout confort (French) with all mod cons tout court (French) without anything added (to the word or phrase cited) there is an implication that some additional phrase is required for accuracy or courtesy tout de même (French) all the same Tout dépend de (French) It all depends on tout de suite (French) right away, straight away, all at once, immediately (originally, consecutively) tout droit (French) straight ahead tout d'un coup (French) all of a sudden, suddenly toute cette tristesse (French) all this sadness toute la journée (French) all day toute ma famille (French) my whole family tout enfant (French) every child toutes ces idées (French) all of these ideas Tout est bien qui finit bien. (French) All's well that ends well. toutefois (French) however toute la journée (French) the whole day toute la machine (French) the entire mechanism toute la nuit (French) the whole night tout en chantant (French) while singing tout en marchant (French) while walking tout ensemble (French) the whole (of something), the general effect (of a work of art, etc.), all together tout entier (French) whole tout juste (French) only just, barely Tout laisse à penser que... (French) There is every indication that... tout laisser en plan (French) to drop everything tout l'archet (French) whole bow (that is, the whole length of the bow) tout le bazar (French) the whole lot tout le contraire (French) quite the opposite tout le long de (French) throughout tout le monde (French) everyone tout le pays (French) the whole country tout le temps (French) all the time tout neuf (French) brand-new tout nu (French) stark naked tout premier, le (French) the very first tout près (French) nearby tout-puissant (m.), toute-puissante (f.) (French) omnipotent, all-powerful Tout se paie (French) Everything has its price tout seul (French) alone Tout soldat a dans son sac son batôn de maréchal. (French) The sky is the limit. (colloquial) tout un paquet (French) the whole packet Tout va le mieux du monde. (French) Everything is going beautifully. Tout vient à point à qui sait attendre. (French) All things come to those who wait. Toux (French f.) a cough Tower music (English) Turmmusik Tower sonatas or Turmmusik, compositions for a small group of wind instruments that were played from church steeples and towers Township jive see mbaqanga Toxicomane (French m./f.) a drug addict Toxine (French f.) toxin toxique (French) toxic Toy alternative spelling of 'toy' Toye a light piece for virginals from the 16th- and early 17th-centuries Toynbee Hall established in 1888, the first of the University Settlement houses, set up by Canon Barnet to bring middle-class students in touch with working class communities and carry out social relief work. Among the students that passed through its doors were C.R. Ashbee. William Beveridge and Clement Attlee