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EO abbreviation of 'education officer' e.o. abbreviation of ex officio EOA abbreviation of 'examination, opinion and advice' e.o.d. abbreviation of 'every other day' EOE on an invoice, abbreviation of 'errors and omissions excepted' e.o.h.p. abbreviation of 'except otherwise herein provided' Eolia (Italian) Aeolian, Æolian Eolian (Greek) Aeolian, Æolian Eolian harp see Æolian harp Eólico (m.), Eólica (f.) (Spanish) Aeolian, Æolian Eolien (m.), Eolienne (f.) (French) Aeolian, Æolian Eolien mode see 'Æolian mode' Eolifono (Italian m.) wind machine Eolio (Italian) Aeolian, Æolian Eólio (Portuguese) Aeolian, Æolian Éoliphone (French m.) wind machine eolique (French) Aeolian, Æolian e.o.m. abbreviation of 'every other month', 'end of month' e.o.o.e. abbreviation of erreur ou omission exceptée (French: errors and omissions excepted; on invoice forms) E-Orgel (German f.) short for elektronische Orgel (German f.), 'electronic organ' EP abbreviation of 'educational psychologist'. 'expanded polystyrene', 'extended-play' (gramophone record) Ep. abbreviation of Episcopus (Latin: Bishop), 'epistle' e.p. abbreviation of editio princeps (Latin: first edition) Épagneul (m.), Épagneule (f.) (French) spaniel (breed of dog) épais, épaisse (French) thick Épaisseur (French f.) thickness Epanados repeating a word in the middle of a clause in either the opening or the conclusion of the same sentence for artistic effect Epanalepsis repeating a word from the beginning of a clause or phrase at the end of the same clause or phrase Épanchement (French m.) out-pouring, effusiveness épanoui (French) beaming (happy visual expression), radiant Épanouissement (French m.) blossoming, full bloom Épargne (French f.) saving, savings Épargnant (m.), Épargnante (f.) (French) saver épargner (French) to save, to spare éparpiller (French) to scatter épars, éparse (French) scattered épatant, épatante (French) amazing épater (French) to amaze Épaule (French f.) shoulder Épaulement (French, literally 'shouldering') in dance, the placing of the shoulders. A term used to indicate a movement of the torso from the waist upward, bringing one shoulder forward and the other backwith the head turned or inclined over the forward shoulder. The two fundamental positions of épaulement are croisé and effacé. When épaulement is used the position of the head depends upon the position of the shoulders and the shoulder position depends upon the position of the legs. Épaulement gives the finishing artistic touch to every movement and is a characteristic feature of the modern classical style compared to the old French style, which has little épaulement Épaulement from which this information has been taken épauler (French) to raise (an army), to support (aid) Epaulettes shoulder ornament or trimming designed to give effect of width to shoulder line; originated as a device to hold shoulder belt and protect shoulder during wartime Épave (French f.) wreck EPC abbreviation of 'Educational Publishers' Council', 'evaporative pattern-casting' EPCS acronym for 'electronic page composition system' see 'digital page composition' EPD abbreviation of 'earliest practicable date' Épée (French f.) a sword, the foil (with a point protected by a button) used in fencing épeler (French) to spell Epenthesis also called infixation, adding an extra syllable or letters in the middle of a word. Epenthesis has resulted in new words in English - the word 'thimble' developed from an earlier word 'thimel' éperdu (French) wild, frantic éperdument (French) wildly, frantically Épergne (English, from the French épargne, literally 'economy') or dessus de table, an ornamental centre-piece for a dinner-table Éperon (French m.) spur éperonner (French) to spur, to spur on Épervier (French m.) sparrow-hawk Ephebus (s.), Ephebi (pl.) (Latin from Greek) a young man (originally, a Greek citizen between 18 and 20 years of age) Ephemera written and printed matter published with a short intended lifetime Ephemera from which this extract has been taken éphémère (French) ephemeral Éphéméride (French f.) tear-off calendar Ephemeris (s.), Ephemerides (pl.) (Greek) an astronomical almanac Ephemeron (English s., Greek s.), Ephemera (Greek pl., English f.), Ephemerae (English pl.) Ephemeras (English pl.) (English from Greek) any person or thing that has only a transitory existence Épi (French m) ear (wheat, etc.) E-Piano (German n.) short for elektronisches Piano (German n.), 'electronic piano', 'electric piano' Epiaula (Greek) the ancient Greek song of the millers EPIC abbreviation of 'Engineering and Production Information Council' Epic in its most specific sense, a genre of classical poetry. The term applies most accurately to classical Greek texts like the Iliad and the Odyssey epicamente (Italian) in an epic style Épice (French f.) spice épicé (French) spicy Epicede (English) epicedium Epicède (French) epicedium Epicedio (Italian) epicedium, an elegy, dirge, funeral song or ode Epicedion (s.), Epicedia (pl.) (Anglicized Greek) epicedium (Latin), an elegy, dirge, funeral song or ode Epicedium (s.), Epicedia (pl.) (Latin) epikedeion (Greek), funeral song, elegy Epicene pronoun a gender-neutral pronoun for human beings. English does have gender-neutral pronouns for objects (it, its), but it does not have epicene pronouns for people - only masculine and feminine ones (he, him, his or she, her, her). Increasingly, common speech has been using the plural pronouns they, them, and their to fulfil this function, though this often grates on the ears of traditional grammarians when this plural pronoun is applied to a singular antecedent Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken épicer (French) to spice Épicerie (French f.) grocery shop, groceries Épicier (m.), Épicière (f.) (French) grocer epico (Italian) epic, heroic Epic of Gilgamesh an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literary fiction Epic of Gilgamesh from which this extract has been taken Epic opera highly dramatic musical theatre associated with Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and Kurt Weill (1900-1950). The Threepenny Opera, Brecht and Weill's most famous collaboration was first performed in 1928. It was revolutionary for its staging, which ignored conventions like the 'fourth wall' as well as using slide projections simultaneously with live action, for the way that the actors broke character, carrying picket signs or conversing with the audience, and for the fact that the roots of its music lay in cabaret and jazz rather than the classical genre. Brecht wanted to create a new form of theatre, one he called 'Epic', one designed to raise political awareness in its audience Epic simile a formal and sustained simile. Like a regular simile, an epic simile makes a comparison between one object and another using "like" or "as." However, unlike a regular simile, which often appears in a single sentence, the epic simile appears in the genre of the epic and it may be developed at great length, often up to fifty or a hundred lines Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Epict. abbreviation of Epictetus (Greek Stoic philosopher (c.55-110 AD)) Epic trance see 'uplifting trance' Epicureanism the Greek philosophy of Epicurus, who espoused a life of gentle hedonism ameliorated by rational moderation. In late Roman times, aristocrats adopted and perverted the older Greek Epicurean doctrine. They focused on overindulgence. Food, wine, entertainment, and slave girls became the chief pleasures Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken epid. abbreviation of 'epidemic' Épi de cheveux (French m.) tuft of hair Épidémie (French f.) epidemic Épiderme (French m.) skin Epidermis (Greek) skin Epidiapente (Greek, literally 'a fifth above') canon at the fifth Epidotonos (Italian) the third above épier (French) to spy on Epigone (Greek) disciple, follower, imitator, usually in a later generation Epigoneion (Greek) also epigonion or epigonium, a 40 string kithara placed and played on one's knees, epi gonatos although others suggest the instrument is named after its inventor. or introducer, Epigonus Epigonos (Greek, literally 'born after') the sons of the chiefs that fell in the first war against Thebes were called epigonoi, meaning 'after-born'. The expression has been applied to those composers who follows paths established by their predecessors rather than striking out on their own Epigram (from Greek epigramma, 'an inscription') What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, / its body brevity, / and wit its soul. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English critic & poet (1772-1834) a short verse or motto appearing at the beginning of a longer poem or the title page of a novel, at the heading of a new section or paragraph of an essay or other literary work to establish mood or raise thematic concerns an inscription in verse or prose on a building, tomb, or coin Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Epigraphy (Greek, literally 'written upon') the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved into stone or other permanent materials, or cast in metal, the science of classifying them as to cultural context and date, elucidating them and assessing what conclusions can be deduced from them. The person who studies this is called an epigrapher. The study of ancient handwriting, usually in ink, is a separate field, paleography Epigraphy from which this extract has been taken epil. abbreviation of 'epilogue' Epilenia (Greek) the ancient Greek song of the grape-gatherers Épilepsie (French f.) epilepsy Épileptique (French m./f.) epileptic épileptique (French) epileptic épiler (French) to remove unwanted hair from, to pluck (hair) Epilog (German n.) epilogue a term coined by Wilhelm Fischer to describe a cadential phrase, especially in a Vivalian ritornello, the reestablishes the tonic key Epilogue in music, concluding piece or part, coda a conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue Épilogue (French m.) epilogue, outcome (figurative) Epimythium a summary of the moral of the fable appearing at the end of the main narrative. If it is found at the beginning of the narrative, it is called a promythium Épinard (French m.) spinach (plant) Épinards (French m.) spinach (food) Épine (French f.) thorn, prickle, spine (of an animal) Épine dorsale (French f.) backbone Épinette (French f., literally 'spinet') often used in France as a general word to refer to any jack-action instrument including, at times, the harpsichord Épinette á l'italienne (French f., literally 'Italian-style spinet') term used in France during the 17th- and 18th-centuries to refer to bentside spinets Épinette des Vosges (French f.) French instrument of the dulcimer family, it is oblong, often with 7 strings, 3 of which are fretted Zither (epinette des Voges), France, 19th century épineux (m.), épineuse (f.) (French) thorny Épingle (French f.) pin Épingle de nourrice (French f.) safety-pin Épingle de sûreté (French f.) safety-pin épingler (French) to pin, to nab (arrest) Epinicio (Italian, after the Greek) song of victory, a triumphal song Epinicion (s.), Epinicia (pl.) (after the Greek) or epinicium, song of victory, a triumphal song Epiodion (Greek) funeral song Epionion (Greek) epigoneion Epiph. abbreviation of 'Epiphany' Epiphany feast of the 6th January, associated with the visit of the Magi to the infant Jesus the sudden realisation or comprehension of the essence or meaning of something. The term was widely used, in this sense, by James Joyce in his critical writings, and the stories in Joyce's Dubliners are commonly called 'epiphanies' Christian thinkers used this term to signify a manifestation of God's presence in the world Epiphany villancicos capitalizing on the non-biblical tradition that one magus traveled from Ethiopia, they tend to employ literary stereotypes of ethnic others in order to stress the idea of the universality of the Roman church. Subgenres of stereotyped villancicos, including the negrilla and the jácara, dramatize groups of ethnic others and low-class Spaniards adoring the Christ child through dance and song. Musical settings of such texts feature asymmetric rhythms and hemiola patterns seemingly evocative of popular genres, yet unequivocally characteristic of elite Spanish musics The Epiphany Theme in the Seventeenth-Century Villancico by Drew Edward Davies from which this extract has been taken Epiphenomenon (Latin, from Greek) a secondary development, a secondary symptom épique (French) epic Epis. abbreviation of 'Episcopalian', 'epistle' Episcopal in relation to the authority of a bishop Episcopus vagans (s.), Episcopi vagantes (pl.) (Latin) a 'wandering' bishop (a bishop with no see who is free to administer priest's order in any part of the world) Episode épisode (French), divertissement (French), sviluppo (Italian), elaborazione (Italian), episodio (Spanish) a subsiduary or subordinate part of a work, a digression. For example, the music written between the repeated section (or refrain) of a rondo, or between the entries of the subjects in a fugue or sonata. The episode in a fugue, which lies between appearances of the theme, is a medium for modulation from one key, or groups of keys, to another a scene involving the actors' dialogue and action rather than the chorus's singing, or sections of such scenes in a classical Greek tragedy. Divisions separating the episodes were called stasima. During the stasima, the chorus sang. Note that Greek tragedies were performed without any breaks or intermissions Épisode (French m.) episode Episodia the Greek word for episode Episodic occurring in a long string of short, individual scenes, stories, or sections, rather than focusing on the sustained development of a single plot Episodical form an example of ternary or ABA form, episodical form consists of three parts: statement of the principal theme, an episode (for example, in a rondo, a theme or subject matter of secondary importance to the principal theme), and finally a repeat of the principal theme a term sometimes used synonymously with 'rondo form' episodicamente (Italian) in the manner of an episode episodico (Italian) episodic, digressive episódico (m.), episódico (f.) (Spanish) episodic, digressive Episodio (Spanish m.) episode episodio (Italian) episodic, digressive Episódio (Portuguese m.) episode Episódio harmônico (Portuguese m.) harmonic episode Episódio melódico (Portuguese m.) melodic episode épisodique (French) occasional episodisch (German) in the manner of an episode Epistle a recited section of the mass that precedes the gradual a poem addressed to a patron, friend, or family member, thus a kind of "letter" in verse an actual prose letter sent to another a distinct part or section of such a poem or letter Epistle Sonatas at various times they have been called 'Organ Sonatas', 'Epistle Sonatas', 'Sonatas for Various Instruments with Organ', 'Festival Sonatas', Sonata da chiesa, and 'Church Sonatas', but in his autographs Mozart simply called them 'Sonata' and in a letter he referred to them as Sonate all' epistola (Sonata at the Epistle) Mozart Sonatas at the Epistle Epistola (Spanish f.) epistle Epistolary of or pertaining to a letter, epistle or personal correspondence a liturgical book containing the Epistle readings for the Mass arranged according to the liturgical year Epistolary love affair an affair carried out through the medium of love letters Epistolary novel a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used Epistolary style a style based around letters or other forms of personal correspondence Epistolographie (German f.) letter writing, composition of letters Epistrophe (from the Greek) in music, the recurrence at the end of a movement of a melody which had appeared in another movement of the same work repetition of a concluding word or word endings: "He's learning fast; are you earning fast?" When the epistrophe focuses on sounds rather than entire words, we normally call it rhyme Epistophe Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken epit. abbreviation of 'epitaph', 'epitome' Epitalamio (Italian) epithalamium Epitaph literally, an inscription carved on a gravestone, also known as a cenotaph. In a more general sense, an epitaph is the final statement spoken by a character before his death Épitaphe (French f.) epitaph Epithalamas (French) epithalamium Epithalamion (s.), Epithalamia (pl.) (Greek) wedding song, a nuptial song or ode, sung in classical Greece outside the bride's room on her wedding night, a tradition revived by Renaissance poets and later enjoyed a brief respite during the Romantic period Epithalamium (s.), Epithalamia (pl.) Latin term for epithalamion Epithet a short, poetic nickname, often in the form of an adjective or adjectival phrase, attached to the normal name. Frequently, this technique allows a poet to extend a line by a few syllables in a poetic manner that characterizes an individual or a setting within an epic poem Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Épithète (French f.) epithet Epitome a series of extracts from or condensed version of a written work, an abridgment, a compendium Epitome musicale, l' (1556) short form of the title of Epitome musical, sons et accordz, es voix humaines, fleustes d'Alleman, fluestes ... neuf trous, violes, et violons, written by Philibert Jambe de Fer (c.1520-c.1566), published in Lyon, and which includes information about the recorder, the transverse flute, the viola da gamba and members of the violin family Épître (French f.) epistle Épîtres farcies (French f. pl., literally 'glossed or farsed epistles') vernacular contrafacta of tunes such as the hymn Veni creator, commenting on the Latin epistles. A farse was a word or phrase inserted into the ordained words of prayers and of the Roman Catholic Mass. From the 9th to the 12th centuries, tropes (extra phrases) began to be added both to the music and to the texts of the Latin liturgy Farce Epizeuxis also palilogia or diacope, the uninterrupted repetition of a single word or phrase, or repetition with only one or two words between each repeated word or phrase Epizeuxis éploré (French) tearful Épluche-légumes (French m.) (potato) peeler Épluchage (French m.) peeling, scrutiny (figurative) éplucher (French) to peel, to scrutinize (figurative) Épluchure (French f.) piece of peel, peeling Épluchures (French f. pl.) peelings EPNdB abbreviation of 'effective perceived noise decibels' EPNS abbreviation of 'electroplated nickel silver' Época medieval (Spanish f.) medieval period Epode (from the Greek) the concluding part of an ode e poi (Italian) and then e poi la coda (Italian) and then to the coda e poi segue la coda (Italian) and then follows the coda Epoist a writer of epic poetry Éponge (French f.) sponge éponge, baguette d' (French f.) a sponge-headed drum stick éponger (French) to sponge up (liquid), to sponge down (a surface), to mop, to wipe out (debts) Eponym a word that is derived from the proper name of a person or place Eponymous archon an official in classical Athens. The holder of this office arranged the production of tragedies and comedies at annual festivals honouring Dionysus. Each year was named after the officiating eponymous archon Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Épopée (French f.) epic, an epic poem, epic poetry in general Époque (French f.) time, period Époque classique (French f.) Classical period Époque de la Renaissance (French f.) Renaissance period Époque médiévale (French f.) Medieval period Époque romantique (French f.) Romantic period EPOS abbreviation of 'electronic point of sale' Epos (Greek) a sequence of unwritten narrative poems put together later into epic poems, a series of heroic events considered fit to be recorded in an epic époumoner (French) to tire the lungs Épouse (French f.) wife épouser (French) to marry (French) to assume (shape, idea), to embrace, to adopt épousseter (French) to dust époustouflant (m.), époustouflante (f.) (French) staggering épouvantable (French) appalling Épouvantail (French m.) scarecrow Épouvante (French f.) terror épouvanter (French) to terrify Époux (French m.) husband époux, les (French) the married couple EPR abbreviation of 'ethylene-propylene rubber' Épreuve (French f.) test, event (sporting), ordeal, print (photograph), proof (printer's) Épreuve de qualification (French f.) qualifying heat (sport, etc.), qualifying round (sport, etc.) épris (m.), éprise (m.) (French) captivated, on the point of falling in love EPROM abbreviation of 'erasable programmable read-only memory' éprouvé (French) proven, well-proven éprouvant (m.), éprouvante (f.) (French) testing éprouver (French) to test, to experience, to distress Éprouvette (French f.) test-tube EPT abbreviation of 'ethylene-propylene terpolymer' (a synthetic rubber) Eptacorde (French f.) a scale of seven notes (French) the interval of a seventh a seven-stringed lyre of the Greeks Eptacordo (Italian m.) eptacorde Eptaméride or heptaméride, 1/301 part of an octave. Both spellings are used by Sauveur (see méride and savart). Sauveur's rule to find the number of eptamérides of intervals smaller than 7/6 is as follows: multiply the difference of numerator and denominator with 875 and divide by the sum of numerator and denominator and round the result to the nearest integer. This is known as the bimodular method of approximating logarithms and can be used for other measures as well Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken Eptanissian music (Greek) or 'Heptanesian cantatha', the songs of the Ionian islands, which during the Ottoman period of mainland Greece were under Italian rule and influence. The songs known as Eptanissian, became the forerunners of the Greek modern song épuisé (French) out of print (book, etc.) épuisé (m.), épuisée (f.) (French) exhausted, worn out Épuisement (French m.) exhaustion épuiser (French) to exhaust (tire) Épuisette (French f.) fishing-net Épuration (French f.) purification, purge (politics) épurer (French) to purify, to purge (politics) Epus. abbreviation of Episcopus (Latin: Bishop) eq. abbreviation of 'equal', 'equate', 'equation', 'equator', 'equatorial', 'equipment', 'equity', 'equivalent' eqn abbreviation of 'equation' eqpt abbreviation of 'equipment' equabile (Italian) equable (Italian) even, uniform, alike, equal equabilmente (Italian) equably, similarly, smoothly, evenly Equale (s.), Equali (pl.) (Italian, literally 'equal') or eguale, in 18th- and early 19th-centuries, the music for a funeral quartet of trombones music for any quartet where all the instruments are the same Equal counterpoint counterpoint using equal temperament Equal interval method Lyle "Spud" Murphy spent many years teaching his composing and arranging process and among the noted musicians who trained under him were the pianists Oscar Peterson, Herbie Hancock and Gerald "Wig" Wiggins, the trumpeter Quincy Jones and the flautist Buddy Collette. David Blumberg, who wrote arrangements for the Grammy-winning Ray Charles album Genius Loves Company, teaches courses on Murphy's method, which he describes as "a simple way to deal with 12 notes by using six intervals. And that use of six intervals, when mastered, would allow anyone to write any style of music freely." The method, says Blumberg, "is an encyclopaedia of musical tools that you can use all your life" Equalisation (English, German f.) the result of using a device called an 'equaliser' Equaliser (English, German m.) or equalizer', a device, which allows attenuation or emphasis of selected frequencies in the audio spectrum. Equalizers usually contain many bands to allow the user a fine degree of frequency control over the sound Equalisation Equalizer see 'equaliser' Equalizzatore (Italian m.) equaliser Equal-loudness contour a measure of sound pressure (dB SPL), over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness. The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon, and by definition two sine waves that have equal phons are equally loud Equal-loudness contour from which this extract has been taken equalmente (Italian) evenly, alike Equal temperament temperamento igual (Spanish), temperamento equabile (Italian), tempérament égal (French), gleichschwebende Stimmung (German) the modern method of tuning, also called '12-tet', '12-eq', '12edo', '12-et' or '12-equal', where the interval of an octave is exact (2:1) and the interval, expressed as the ratio of the two frequencies, between each successive semitone is equal to the twelfth root of 2 (i.e. 2^(1/12)) Tom Dent, in a contribution to the clavichord yahoo group, writes "Every equal temperament can be obtained by dividing the octave into equal intervals. Every equal temperament (including those with 19, 31, etc. notes per octave) is regular, but not every regular temperament is equal. A regular temperament is equal if and only if it has a closed cycle of fifths - i.e. you get back to the starting pitch after a fixed number of steps." notes frequency Hz (octaves) A 55.00 110.00 220.00 440.00 880.00 A# 58.27 116.54 233.08 466.16 932.32 B 61.74 123.48 246.96 493.92 987.84 C 65.41 130.82 261.64 523.28 1046.56 C# 69.30 138.60 277.20 554.40 1108.80 D 73.42 146.84 293.68 587.36 1174.72 D# 77.78 155.56 311.12 622.24 1244.48 E 82.41 164.82 329.64 659.28 1318.56 F 87.31 174.62 349.24 698.48 1396.96 F# 92.50 185.00 370.00 740.00 1480.00 G 98.00 196.00 392.00 784.00 1568.00 G# 103.83 207.66 415.32 830.64 1661.28 by removing the twelfth root of the Pythagorean comma from each interval in a chain of twelve fifths (3/2), the Pythagorean 3-limit scale is tempered to fit the 2-limit equal temperament (based on powers of 2/1) various equal temperaments: 12-tone : 19-tone : 22-tone : 24-tone : 31-tone : 53-tone : 72-tone Equal Temperament - basic introduction Equal-Temperament - a more technical discussion Equal-Temperament Equal voices originally the term applied to choral works where all the voices were identical, for example, sopranos the term is now used to indicated all voices of the same type, i.e. boy's voices (soprano and alto), women's voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto) or male voices (tenor, baritone and bass) Équateur (French m.) equator Équation (French f.) equation Equator the great circle on the surface of a body formed by the intersection of the surface of the body and the plane passing through the centre of the body at right angles to the axis of rotation équatorial (French) equatorial Équatorial (s.) équatoriaux (pl.) (French m.) equatorial Équerre (French f.) set square, square Équestrienne (pseudo-French) a female horse-rider, a female circus rider this word does not exist in standard French equil. abbreviation of 'equilibrium' Equilibre (French m.) balance équilibré (French) well-balanced équilibrer (French) to balance Équilibriste (French m./f.) tightrope walker Equilibrium (Latin) a state of even balance, neutrality or indifference in judgment Équinoxe (French m.) equinox equip. abbreviation of 'equipment' Équipage (French m.) crew Equipamento (Portuguese) 'gear' (the colloquial term for the equipment of a band) Équipe (French f) team Équipe de jour (French f.) day shift Équipe de nuit (French f.) night shift Équipée (French f.) escapade Équipement (French m.) equipment Équipements (French m. pl.) amenities, facilities équiper (French) to equip équiper de (French) to equip with Équipier (m.), Équipière (f.) (French) team member Equisonance the consonance of the unison and its octaves Equisonant of the same, or like sound (thus, a unison, octaves, double octave, etc.) in guitar music, a term used to express the different ways of stopping the same note Equisonnance (French) the consonance of the unison and its octaves Equisono (Italian) equisonant, i.e. in unison, octaves, double octave, etc. équitable (French) fair équitablement (French) fairly Équitation (French f.) riding, horse-riding Équité (French f.) equity equiv. abbreviation of 'equivalent' Équivalence (French f.) equivalence Équivalence des octaves (French f.) octave equivalence Equivalence interval also called 'interval of equivalence' or 'formal octave' is that interval (much larger than a unison) which, when it occurs between two pitches, they are considered to be, in some sense, (formally if not perceptibly) the same note. For most scales this is the octave 2:1 équivalent (m.), équivalente (f.) (French) equivalent Equivalente enarmónica (Spanish f.) enharmonic equivalent Equivalent rectangular bandwidth the equivalent rectangular bandwidth or 'ERB' is a measure used in psychoacoustics Equivalent rectangular bandwidth from which this extract has been taken équivaloir à (French) to be equivalent to équivaut (French) is equivalent to equivocado (Spanish) mistaken Equivocal chords that by a slight change in notation belong to more than one key Equivocal chord a chord which can be resolved into several distinct keys, one whose intervals, being all minor thirds, do not clearly indicate its fundamental tone or root, i.e. the diminished triad, and the diminished seventh chord Equivocale (Italian) equivocal equivocarse (Spanish) to be mistaken Equivoque see 'pun' Équivoque (French f.) ambiguity équivoque (French) equivocal, questionable ER abbreviation of Eduardus Rex (Latin: King Edward), Elizabeth Regina (Latin: Queen Elizabeth), 'efficiency report', 'emergency room' er abbreviation of 'elder' Érable (French m.) Ahorn (German m.), Esdoorn (Dutch), legno di acero (Italian m.), maple érafler (French) to scratch Éraflure (French f.) scratch éraillé (m.), érailleé (f.) (French) raucous (voice, etc.) E'raqyeh an Egyptian oboe Oboe (e'raqyeh), Egypt (possibly), 19th century Eras. abbreviation of 'Desiderius Erasmus' (Dutch scholar and humanist (1466-1536)) Erbarmen (German n.) pity erbittert (German) amareggiato (Italian), embittered, verbittert (German), aigri (French) Erdgeist (German m.) the Spirit of the Earth whom Johann Wolfgang von Goethe describes in Faust, Part 1, widely considered to be one of the greatest works in the history of German literature. Goethe depicts Erdgeist as a timeless being who endlessly weaves at the Time-Loom - both in life and in death. In this conception, Erdgeist is the means by which the immaterial becomes manifest in the German language, erdgeist literally means Earth spirit. In the context of German folklore, erdgeist specifically refers to a gnome, the quintessential earth elemental invented by Paracelsus Erdgeist from which both entries have been taken erdröhnen (German) to resound Ère (French f.) era Érection (French f.) erection Erede (Italian m./f.) heir, heiress (f.) Erede universale (Italian m.) sole heir Eredità (Italian f.) inheritance, heredity (biology) ereditare (Italian) to inherit ereditario (Italian) hereditary éreinter (French) to exhaust, to criticize severely (figurative) Eremetical relating to the life of a hermit Eremita (Italian m.) hermit Eremite a religious hermit, one who deliberately lives alone seeking spiritual enlightenment in the desert, forest, or wilderness Eremwu eu a rhythmic a cappella song of the Garifuna of Honduras and Belize Eresia (Italian f.) heresy Eretico (Italian m./f.) heretic eretico (Italian) heretical eretto (Italian) erect Erezione (Italian f.) erection, building erfahren (German) experienced Erfahrung (German f.) experience erfinderisch (German) ingenious (person) Erfolg (German m.) success erfreulich (German) joyful, rejoicing Ergänzung (German f.) supplement Ergänzungband (German m.) supplement (to a book) Ergastulum (s.), Ergastula (pl.) (Latin) a private prison or place of punishment for slaves ergo (Latin) therefore ergoter (French) to quibble ergriffen (German) struck, affected, gripped, stirred, deeply moved Ergriffenheit (German f.) emotion, agitation erhaben (German) sublime, exalted, lofty, noble Erhabenheit (German f.) sublimity, nobility erhaltene Werke (German) surviving works erheben (German) to raise, to elevate, to lift up the hand (for example, when beating time) erhebend (German) rising, alzando (Italian), en élevant, (French) Erhebung (German f.) raising (for example, the pitch of a note), elevation (for example, of the hand when beating time) Erhebungszeichen (German n.) a sign that indicates the chromatic raising of the pitch of a note, i.e. a sharp or double sharp sign erhöhen (German) to raise, to elevate, to lift up the hand (for example, when beating time) erhöhte Sitz (German m.) a dais Erhöhung (German f.) raising (for example, the pitch of a note), elevation (for example, of the hand when beating time) Erhöhungszeichen (German n.) signe d'élévation (French m.), a sign that indicates the chromatic raising of the pitch of a note, i.e. a sharp or double sharp sign Erhu (Chinese) or er-hu, a Chinese bowed instrument, also called the hu-qin or nanhu, similar to a violin but with only two strings (tuned a fifth apart) and a range of three octaves, which, although dating back to the Song Dynasty (c.1100 AD), has been used as a solo instrument only since the early twentieth century. The instrument measures around three feet long with a long neck and a relatively small soundbox three or four inches in diameter and five to six inches deep available in several shapes (round, hexagonal, or octagonal). The scroll is often decorated with a carving of a dragon's head or a crescent moon and the soundbox is often decorated. The erhu is also used with a metal clamp or silk string clamp that acts as a capo to change the open pitches of the strings. The bow is made of bamboo. The sound of the erhu is similar to a violin although much thinner in its timbre name description use panhu 'piccolo' form that sounds one octave higher then the standard erhu in a Chinese orchestra, the principal erhu player will perform on it as required gaohu sounds a fourth higher than the standard erhu developed from the erhu by the renowned Cantonese musician Lui Man-shing in the 1920s erhu the standard instrument during the period 1910-1930, the celebrated musician Liu Tianhua developed the instrument from being mainly an accompanying instrument to that of a solo instrument. It is now one of the main instruments in the Chinese orchestra zhonghu 'alto' erhu, available in three different sizes plays tenor parts, those played below the parts played by the standard erhu. These parts are also played by the gehu and the bei-da-ge-hu Erhu Erhu Erhu Chinese Fiddle Erhu Erhu Fiddle (erhu), China, 19th century Er-hu see erhu ERI abbreviation of Edwardus Rex et Imperator (Latin: Edward King and Emperor) ERIC abbreviation of 'Educational Resources Information Center' Erikundi shakers used with the biankomeko drums of the Abakwa people Erin go bragh (pseudo-Irish, an English invention) Ireland forever! Erinnerungsmotiv (German n.) reminiscence motif er ist mir unsympathisch (German) I don't like him Er ist seinem Vater wie aus dem Gesicht geschnitten. (German) He's the spitting image of his father. Erkencho a South-American instrument made from the horn of a cow with the smaller blowing end shaped to take a single reed, usually of thin bone Clarinet (erkencho), Argentina, 19th century erklingen (German) to sound, to resound, to ring erkunden (German) to sound Erl. abbreviation of Erläuterung (German: explanatory note) Er lachte übers ganze Gesicht. (German) He was all smiles. erleben (German) to experience Erlebnis (German n.) experience Erleichterung (German f.) a simplifed version erlehren (German) to acquire by teaching erloschen (German) spento (Italian) stinto (Italian), erlöscht (German), éteint (French) erlöschend (German) becoming weakened, expiring erlöscht (German) spento (Italian), stinto (Italian), extinguished, very quiet, éteint (French) Er machte ein langes Gesicht. (German) His face fell. Ermangelung (German f.) lack ermattend (German) tiring, weakening, becoming exhausted ermattet (German) exhausted, wearied Ermite (French m.) hermit Ermunterung (German f.) animation, rousing, excitation ernia del disco (Italian) slipped disc erniedrigen (German) to lower (pitch) Erniedrigung (German f.) the lowering of the pitch of a note Erniedrigungszeichen (German n.) signe d'abaissement (French m.), a sign that indicates the chromatic lowering of the pitch of a note, i.e. a flat or double flat sign Ernst (German m.) seriousness ernst (German) earnest, serious, grave ernste Musik (German f.) serious music ernsthaft (German) serious, seriously Ernsthaftigkeit (German) earnestness, seriousness ernstig (Dutch) grave ernstlich (German) earnest, fervent, ardent, grave Ernstlichkeit (German) earnestness Ernst, und mit steigender Lebhalfigkeit (German) earnestly and with increasing vivacity éroder (French) to erode Eröffnung (German f.) opening, beginning Eröffnungsstück (German m.) overture eroico (m.), eroica (f.) (Italian) heroic Érosion (French f.) erosion Erotema also called erotesis, in literature, the posing of a rhetorical question to the reader Erotic as an adjective, this word signifies something that is amatory, pertaining to or treating of love as a subjective it designates an amorous poem or composition Erotica (Italian f.) love-song Erotikon (German) love-song érotique (French) erotic Érotisme (French m.) eroticism Erotosis another term for erotema Errata (Latin pl.) a list of printed errors appended to a printed book Erratum (s.), Errata (pl.) (Latin) an error in a printed text that comes about from transposed letters, missing lines of text, or simple typesetting errors resulting from a printer or a printer's apprentice's mistake while assembling the text on the press errar (Spanish) to err, to be mistaken errare (Italian) to err, to be mistaken erregbar (German) excitable erregen (German) to excite, to arouse erregend (German) exciting Erreger (German m.) a germ (medicine) erregt (German) concitato (Italian), agitato (Italian), in an agitated and excited manner, expressing emotion, excited, fast, hurried, restless, heated, unruhig (German), agité (French) Erregung (German f.) excitement, agitation errer (French) to wander Erreur (French f.) mistake, error Erreur judiciaire (French f.) miscarriage of justice erron. abbreviation of 'erroneous', 'erroneously' erroné (French) erroneous Errore (Italian m.) error, mistake, misprint (in printing) Ersatz (English, French m., German m.) substitute, not genuine, inferior Ersatzteil (s.), Ersatzteile (pl.) (German n.) spare, spare part Ersatzteilkatalog (German m.) spare parts catalogue erschallen (German) to sound, to resound erscheinen (German) to publish erschüttert (German) shaken, agitated Erschütterung (German f.) strong emotion erst (m.), erste (f.) (German) first, at first Erstarrung (German f.) stupor, stiffness, torpidity, numbness Erstaunen (German n.) amazement, astonishment erstaunen (German) to amaze, to astonish erstaunlich (German) amazing Erstausgabe (s.), Erstausgaben (pl.) (German f.) first edition Erstdruck (German m.) first edition erste Bewegung (German) return to the original speed, tempo primo ersteigern (German) to buy at an auction erste Inversion (German f.) first inversion erste Lage (German f.) in string playing, first position ersterben (German) to die away, to fade or become extinct ersterbend (German) dying away, fading (away), becoming extinct erster Feiertag (German f.) Christmas Day zweiter Feiertag (German f.: Boxing Day) Erster Satz (German m.) first string erstes Heft (German) first book, first part erste Partitur (German f.) first full score ersterbend (German) dying away, mordeno, en mourant ester Zeitmass (German f.) original speed, original tempo, tempo primo (Italian) erste Sängerin (German f.) prima donna erstes Mal (German n.) first time erstes Zeitmaß (German n.) original speed, tempo primo erste Violine (German f.) first violin erste Voraussetzung (für) (German f.) prior condition (for) erste Vorstellung (German f.) opening night, first night erste Zählzeit (German f.) first beat ersticken (German) to stifle ersticker Schlag (German m.) muffled stroke, muffled beat (of a drum) erstickt (German) stifled [entry corrected by Brian A. Jefferies] erstmals (German) for the first time ertönen (German) to sound, to ring out, to resound Érudit (m.), Érudite (f.) (French) scholar érudit (m.), érudite (f.) (French) scholarly Érudition (French f.) scholarship erudito (Italian) learned Éruption (French f.) eruption, rash (medical) ERV abbreviation of 'English Revised Version' (of the Bible) erw. or erweit., abbreviation of erweitert (German: enlarged, extended) erwachen (German) to awake Erwachsene (m.), Erwachsener (f.) (German) adult, grown-up erwachsen (German) grown-up erwacht (German) awakened erwägen (German) to consider Erwägung (German f.) consideration erwähen (German) to mention Erwähnung (German f.) a mention erwärmen (German) to warm erwärmend (German) warming up erwarten (German) to expect, to wait for Erwartung (German f.) expectation erwartungsvoll (German) expectant, expectantly erwecken (German) to waken (figurative), to arouse (figurative), to give (the appearance of) erweckend (German) wakening, svegliando (Italian), en réveillant (French) Erweckung (German f.) animation, awaking, excitation erweichen (German) to soften, to move (figurative) erweisen (German) to prove, to do erweitern (German) to widen, to dilate (pupil of the eye), to extend (figurative), to expand erweiternd (German) amplifying, ampliando (Italian), en agrandissant (French) erweitert (German) expanded, developed, enlarged, augmented, extended, slower and steadier, broadening [entry amended by Brian A. Jefferies] erweiterte Harmonie (German f.) extended harmony erweiterte Kadenz (German f) or Kadenzerweiterung (German f.) cadential extension [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Erweiterung (German f.) extension, enlargement when to the analysis of a fugue, the term Erweiterung indicates the enlargement of one of the intervals of the theme Erwerb (German m.) acquisition, purchase, livelihood, earnings erwerben (German) to acquire, to purchase, to gain (figurative) erwerbslos (German) unemployed erwerbstätig (German) (gainfully) employed Erwerbung (German f.) acquisition erwidern (German) to reply, to return Erwiderung (German f.) a reply erwirken (German) to obtain erwischen (German) to catch (familiar) erwünscht (German) desired erwürgen (German) to strangle Erz (German n.) ore erzählen (German) to tell, to talk erzählen von (German) to talk about Erzähler (German m.) a narrator, a teller, a retailer (German m.) in the organ, a hybrid flue stop with a sound between a flute and a string, usually soft Erzählung (German f.) narration, narrative, story, tale Erzbischof (German m.) archbishop Er zeigte sein wahres Gesicht. (German) He showed his true self. erzeugen (German) to produce, to generate (electricity), to create (figurative) Erzeuger (German m.) producer, father Erzeugnis (German n.) product for example, landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse (German: farm produce) Erzeugung (German f.) production, generation Erzfeind (German m.) arch-enemy Erzherzog (German m.) archduke Erziehungsroman (German m.) a novel concerned with the (emotional) education of its hero Erzlaute (German f.) archlute, arciliuto (Italian), arcileuto (Italian), archiluth (French), archilaúd (Spanish) erzürnt (German) stizzito (Italian), adirato (Italian), angry, angered, irate, irritated, annoyed, infuriated, en colère (French) erzwungene Schwingungen (German pl.) sympathetic vibration(s) ES abbreviation of 'education specialist' Es, es (German n., Dutch) the note 'E flat' es. abbreviation of esempio (Italian: example) Esacordi plural of esacordo Esacordo (Italian) the interval of a sixth (Italian) a hexachord esacordo naturale natural hexachord esacordo duro hard hexachord esacordo molle soft hexachord esagerare (Italian) to exaggerate esagerato (Italian) exaggerated Esagerazione (Italian f.) exaggeration Esagono (Italian m.) hexagon esalare (Italian) to exhale, to breathe out esaltato (Italian) excited, exalted Esame (Italian m.) examination, exam Esame del sangue (Italian m.) blood test Esametro (Italian m.) hexameter esaminare (Italian) to examine esaminare con raggi x (Italian) to x-ray esanime (Italian) lifeless esasperare (Italian) to exasperate esasperarsi (Italian) to become exasperated Esasperazione (Italian f.) exasperation esatta intonazione (Italian f.) exact intonation Esattezza (Italian f.) exactness, punctuality, precision esatto (m.), esatta (f.) (Italian) exact, sharp (a particular time), punctual, strict Esattore (Italian m.) collector esaudire (Italian) to grant, to fulfil (wish) es aufnehmen können mit (German) to be a match for (figurative) esaurire (Italian) to exhaust esaurirsi (Italian) to exhaust oneself, to run out (of goods, etc.) esaurito (Italian) exhausted, sold out (of goods), out of print (of a book) esausto (Italian) exhausted Esca (Italian f.) bait, tinder (fire) ESB abbreviation of 'electrical stimulation of the brain', 'electric storage battery' ESC abbreviation of 'English Stage Company' esc. abbreviation of escompte (French: discount), formerly also escudo (Portuguese monetary unit) Escabeau (s.), Escabeaux (pl.) (French m.) step-ladder, stool Escadre (French f.) squadron (naval) Escadrille (French f.) flight (aviation), squadron Escadron (French m.) squadron (military) Escala (Spanish, Catalan f., Portuguese) musical scale, gamme (French) Escala blues (Spanish f.) blues scale Escala cromática (Spanish f., Portuguese) chromatic scale, gamme chromatique (French) Escala cromàtica (Catalan f.) chromatic scale, gamme chromatique (French) Escalade (French f.) climbing, escalation (politics, business) escalader (French) to climb Escala de tonos enteros (Spanish f.) whole-tone scale Escala de tons inteiros (Portuguese f.) whole-tone scale Escala de un tono completo (Spanish f.) whole-tone scale Escala diatónica (Spanish f.) diatonic scale, gamme diatonique (French) Escala diatônica (Portuguese) diatonic scale, gamme diatonique (French) Escala diatónica fundamental (Spanish f.) also called escala de do mayor, the scale of C major Escala diatónica menor (Spanish f.) minor scale Escala diatônica menor (Portuguese) minor scale Escala dórica (Spanish f.) Dorian modal scale Escala enarmónica (Spanish f.) enharmonic scale Escala en modo griego (Spanish f.) Greek modal scale Escala en modo mayor (Spanish f.) major scale Escala en modo menor (Spanish f.) minor scale Escala eolia (Spanish f.) Aeolian modal scale Escala frigia (Spanish f.) Phrygian modal scale Escala hexatónica (Spanish f.) or escala de un tono completo, whole-tone scale Escala hexatônica (Portuguese f.) whole-tone scale Escala javanesa slendro tradicional (Spanish f.) traditional Javanese slendro scale Escala jónica (Spanish f.) Ionian modal scale Escala locria (Spanish f.) Locrian modal scale Escala maior (Portugese) major scale Escala mayor (Spanish f.) major scale Escala mayor armónica (Spanish f.) harmonic major scale Escala mayor melódica (Spanish f.) melodic major scale Escala mayor pentatónica (Spanish f.) pentatonic major scale Escala menor (Spanish f., Portuguese) minor scale Escala menor armónica (Spanish f.) harmonic minor scale Escala menor eólica see escala menor natural Escala menor melódica (Spanish f.) melodic minor scale Escala menor natural (Spanish f.) or escala menor eólica, natural minor scale Escala menor pentatónica (Spanish f.) pentatonic minor scale Escala microtonal (Spanish f.) microtonal scales Escala mixolidia (Spanish f.) Mixolydian modal scale Escala modal (Spanish f.) modal scale Escala musical (Spanish f.) musical scale Escala octatónica (Spanish f.) octotonic scale Escala pentatónica (Spanish f.) pentatonic scale Escala relativa (Spanish f.) relative scale (for example, A minor and C major, so called because they are constructed using the same notes) Escala siamesa tradicional (Spanish f.) traditional Siamese scale Escala tailandesa tradicional (Spanish f.) traditional Thai scale Escalator (English, French m.) moving stairway Escale (French f.) stopover of a fight), port of call escaleras arriba (Spanish) upstairs Escales (Catalan f. pl.) (musical) scales Escalier (French m.) stairs Escalier mécanique (French m.) escalator Escalier roulant (French m.) escalator Escalope (English, French f.) thin slice of raw meat escamotable (French) retractable (technical) escamoter (French) to make vanish, to dodge (evade) Escandescenza (Italian f.) outburst Escape literature not to be confused with escapist literature, escape literature (also called literature of escape) includes books and short stories about desperate protagonists escaping from confinement Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Escapement the mechanism in a piano that allows the hammer to 'escape' after a string has been struck, so leaving the string to vibrate. Double escapement allows a hammer to strike a second time without waiting for the key to rise to its normal position of rest a mechanism that regulates the use of mechanical energy, found, for example, in weight-driven orchestrions Escape note or 'escape tone', non-harmonic note (tone), the opposite of an appoggiatura, being approached by a tone (whole step) or semitone (half step) and resolving to a chord note by a leap Escape tone see 'escape note' Escapism the desire to retreat into imaginative entertainment rather than deal with the stress, tedium, and daily problems of the mundane world Escapist literature not to be confused with escape literature, escapist literature is designed primarily for imaginative entertainment rather than readings designed for provoking thought or addressing serious social issues Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Escargot (French m.) snail (particularly one that is edible) Escarmouche (French f.) skirmish escarpé (French) steep Escarpin (French m.) pump Escena (Spanish f.) stage eschat. abbreviation of 'eschatology' Eschatological narrative eschatalogy in Christian theology is the study of the end of things, including the end of the world, life-after-death, and the Last Judgment. An eschatalogical narrative refers to a story dealing with these matters, a story which explains what the ultimate ending or conclusion of something Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Eschatology (Greek eschaton, 'last', and logos, 'word') the science of the end of the world and beginning of a new world, and of the last things, death and resurrection Eschequier in 1360 King Edward III of England gave King John of France, a prisoner at that time, an instrument made by Jehan Perrot called eschequier. Guillaume de Machault did not include the eschequier in his detailed inventory, Li temps pascour, written in 1340. In 1377 Machault does refer to the eschaquir d' Engleterre in his poem La Prise d' Alexandrie. Eugene Deschamps mentions the eschequier in 1378. In 1388 King John of Aragon wrote his brother-in-law, Philippe the Bold, to send him an instrument which he describes as similar to the organ but sounding with strings which he calls exaquier. In 1511 the Duke of Lothringen buys an instrument described as faisant l'echiquier, orgues, espinette et fluctes, meaning that it should consist of a small organ, a spinet, and an eschicquier. There are no pictures, detailed descriptions, or examples of an eschaquier in existence but some deductions can be made. It had keys and strings, therefore was not an organ. The strings were not plucked because the last example refers to an instrument consisting of a spinet as well as an organ, and an eschicquier. A spinet is a small strung instrument which uses quills to pluck the strings. In 1404, Eberhard Cersne of Minden mentions a schachbrett which is German for eschaquier. Cersne notes differences between the clavichordium and the schachbrett by describing them separately. It was likely, therefore, a hammer action. The last known mention of this instrument is in 1560 by Antonius Arena, who mentions the exacherium as a dance instrument. see dulce melos A History of the Fortepiano by Joseph D. Gotta from which this information has been taken esclamare (Italian) to exclaim esclamativo (Italian) exclamatory esclamato (Italian) exclaimed Esclamazione (Italian f.) exclamation (a feature of early Italian song) Esclandre (French m.) a 'scene' (disturbance), a public scandal Esclavage (French m.) slavery Esclave (French m./f.) slave escludere (Italian) to exclude Esclusione (Italian f.) exclusion Esclusivo (Italian f.) sole right esclusivo (Italian) exclusive ESCO also UNESCO, abbreviation of 'Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation' of the UN Escobero (Uruguay) the young man who leads the tambores through the streets, dancing with a headless broomstick twirling behind his back and up and down his arms, also called escobillero Escobilla in flamenco, a dance step that mirrors the sweeping movement of a broom. Originally, escobillas referred to the small brushing steps which allowed female dancers to disply the beauty of their feet and arms, but today, the term refers also to an extended sequence of footwork combinations including heelwork designed to demonstrate the proficiency of the dancer Escocesa (Spanish f.) écossaise escogidamente (Spanish) discerningly escogido (m.), escogida (f.) (Spanish) chosen, selected, choice, select Escogimiento (Spanish m.) choice, selection, pick, choosing, selecting, picking escogitare (Italian) to contrive Escolania (Spanish f.) (church) choir Escolar (Spanish m./f.) schoolboy, schoolgirl escolar (Spanish) scholastic, school Escolaridad (Spanish f.) schooling, education escolástico (m.), escolástica (f.) (Spanish) scholastic Escollo (Spanish m.) reef, rock, pitfall (figurative), snag (figurative) Escompte (French m.) discount escompter (French) to expect, to discount (commerce) Escondido an Argentine dance called escondido where the female partner hides from the male Escorregar (Portuguese) to slide Escorte (French f.) escort escorter (French) to escort Escorteur (French m.) escort (ship) Escouade (French f.) squad Escremento (Italian m.) excrement Escrime (French f.) fencing Escrimeur (m.), Escrimeuse (f.) (French) fencer Escritoire (French) a writing desk, a bureau, a secrétaire Escritura (Spanish f.) writing, script, alphabet, deed document Escritura a máquina (Spanish f.) typing Escritura de propiedad (Spanish f.) title deeds Escritura fonética (Spanish f.) phonetic script, writing (of a person), handwriting Escritura orquestal (Spanish f.) orchestral writing Escroc (French m.) swindler escroquer (French) to swindle Escroquerie (French f.) swindle Escuela (Spanish f.) school Escuela alemana (Spanish f.) German school Escuela de polifonía española (Spanish f.) Spanish school of polyphony Escuela de Notre Dame (Spanish f.) Notre Dame school (organum) Escuela de san Marcial (Spanish f.) a school of organum, based near Limoges, France, noted for its melismatic style Escuela normale (Spanish f.) teacher-training college Escuelas de samba (Portuguese f. pl., literally 'samba schools') they have provided the vibrant rhythms of the Rio de Janeiro Carnaval since 1917, the music, an energetic mixture of Angolan semba, European polka and African batuques, developed in Brazil as a result of the arrival of black Brazilians in Rio's slums escuela veneciana (Spanish f.) Venetian school (a term applied to Venetian music of the 16th- and 17th-centuries by composer such as the Gabrielis, Schütz, etc.) Escursione (Italian f.) excursion, raid, range (temperature) Escutcheon a decorative metal pieces usually adorning a keyhole or handle, for example, on the lid of lockable piano lids, etc. Esda abbreviation of 'electrostatic deposition (or document) analysis', as in the Edsa test es dabei belassen (German) to leave it at that es dabei bewendenlassen (German) to leave it at that es decir (Spanish) that is to say Esdoorn (Dutch) Ahorn (German m.), Érable (French m.), legno di acero (Italian m.), maple Es-Dur (German n.) the key of 'E flat major' esecrabile (Italian) abominable esecrare (Italian) to abhor Esecutivo (Italian m.) executive esecutivo (Italian) executive Esecutore (m.), Esecutrice (f.) (Italian) executor, (musical) performer Esecuzione (Italian f.) execution, performance, musical performance, orchestration, implementation, carrying out Esecuzione completa (Italian f.) complete performance Esecuzione d'insieme (Italian f.) ensemble music Esecuzione di un concerto (Italian f.) concert performance Esecuzione musicale (Italian f.) musical performance eseguire (Italian) to carry out, to execute, to perform (music) eseguire con successo (Italian) to put across (successfully) Eselsohren haben (German) to be dog-eared (about a book) Esempio (Italian m.) example, model, pattern, copy Esemplare (Italian m.) specimen, examplar, copy esemplare (Italian) exemplary esemplificare (Italian) to exemplify esentare (Italian) to exempt esentarsi (da) (Italian) to free oneself (from) esente (Italian) exempt esente da imposta (Italian) duty-free Esequie (Italian f. pl.) funeral rites Esercente (Italian m./f.) shopkeeper esercitare (Italian) to exercise, to train, to exert, to practise (one's profession) esercitarsi (Italian) practise Esercitazione (Italian f.) exercise, drill (military) Esercito (Italian m.) army Esercizio (s.), Esercizi (pl.) (Italian m.) exercise(s), practice, financial year, business Esercizio vocale (Italian m.) vocal exercise Eses, eses (German n.) the note 'E double flat' esférico (Spanish) spherical esforzando (Spanish) sf, sfz, sforzando ESG in engineering, abbreviation of 'English Standard Gauge' es geht bergauf (German) things are looking up (figurative) E sharp mi diesis (Italian), Eis (German), mi dièse (French), the sharpened third degree of the scale of C major. This note has no solfggio name because the pitch is the same as that of the subdominant or fourth note (F) in the 'fixed do' system. However, 'E sharp' is necessary in certain instances such as the key of 'F sharp major' where 'E sharp' is the seventh note (subtonic or leading tone), or 'D sharp minor', where 'E sharp' is the second note (supertonic) E sharp major the key of 'E sharp major', enharmonically equivalent to the key of 'F major' the scale of 'E sharp major' E sharp minor the key of 'E sharp minor', enharmonically equivalent to the key of 'F minor' es hat zu unterbleiben (German) it must stop esibire (Italian) to exhibit, to produce (documents) esibirsi (Italian) to perform (in the theatre), to exhibit oneself, to show off (figurative) Esibizione (Italian f.) exhibition, production, performance esigente (Italian) exacting; (pignolo) fastidious Esigenza (Italian f.) demand; (bisogno) need esigere (Italian) to demand; (riscuotere) to collect esiguo (Italian) meagre esilarante (Italian) exhilarating esilarare (Italian) to exhilarate esile (Italian) slender, thin (voice) Esilio (Italian m.) exile esiliare (Italian) to exile esiliarsi (Italian) to go into exile Esiliato (Italian m./f.) exile esiliato (Italian) exiled esimere (Italian) to release esimersi da (Italian) to get out of esimio (Italian) distinguished esistente (Italian) existing Esistenza (Italian f.) existence esistenziale (Italian) existential Esistenzialismo (Italian m.) existentialism esistere (Italian) exist esitamento (Italian) hesitation esitando (Italian) hesitating (Italian) irresolutely [information provided by Wesselin Christoph Karaatanassov] esitante (Italian) hesitating, faltering (of the voice) E-sitar a 17-string sitar neck, attached to a custom made electric guitar style body. All regular and sympathetic strings are steel, so that the sound can be amplified by the magnetic pickup system. It is played like a standard sitar, as the design puts the instrument in the correct playing position while strapped on, allowing the player freedom of movement E-Sitar esitare (Italian) to hesitate Esitazione (Italian f.) hesitation Esito (Italian m.) result Esitysmerkki (Finnish) expression marks Esk. abbreviation of 'Eskimo' es kann stimmen (German) it may be true Eskista (Ethiopia) or eskeusta, a dance during which one raises the chest and shakes the shoulders the feeling that accompanies a trance achieved by this dance eskonnte nicht ausbleiben (German) it was inevitable Eskusoinu see trikitixa ESL abbreviation of 'English as a second language' es-Moll (German n.) the key of 'E flat minor' es mutet mich seltsam an (German) it seems odd to me es mutet mich vertraut an (German) it seems familiar to me esn. or esntl, abbreviation of 'essential' eso aparte (Spanish) apart from that, aside from that Esodo (Italian m.) exodus ESOL abbreviation of 'English for speakers of other languages' esonerare (Italian) to exempt Esonero (Italian m.) exemption eso no admite discusión (Spanish) there can be no argument about that esorbitante (Italian) exorbitant esorcizzare (Italian) to exorcise Esordio (Italian m.) début esornare (Italian) to adorn, to embellish esortare (Italian) to beg, to urge Esoteric music specialized music designed for an elite audience that cannot understand or perform the music without special training esoterico (Italian) esoteric esotico (m.), esotica (f.) (Italian) exotic ESP abbreviated form of 'extrasensory perception' Esp. abbreviation of Espagne (French: Spain), España (Spanish: Spain), Esperanto esp. abbreviated form of espressivo (Italian: expressively), 'especially' Espace (French m.) space, for example, that between the lines on the staff Espace insécable (French m.) no-break space espacer (French) to space out Espaces verts (French m.) gardens, parks Espacio (Spanish m.) space, for example, that between the lines on the staff Espadrille (French f.) rope sandals Espagne (French f.) Spain espagne (French) Spanish Espagnol (m.), Espagnole (f.) (French) Spaniard espagnol (m.), espagnole (f.) (French) Spanish Espagnole (French f.) basic brown sauce Espagnolette (French f.) (window) catch Espagnolo (m.), Espagnola (f.) (Italian) Spaniard espagnolo (m.), espagnola (f.) (Italian) Spanish Espagnuolo (m.), Espagnuola (f.) (Italian) Spaniard espagnuolo (m.), espagnuola (f.) (Italian) Spanish Espai (Catalan m.) space (between the lines on the staff) España Cañi (Spanish) Spanish Gypsy song by Pascual Marquina Narro (1873-1948), the basis for a significant number of paso doble songs espandendosi (Italian) with growing intensity, extending, getting broader and fuller espandere (Italian) to expand, to spread (out) espandersi (Italian) to expand, to extend Español (Spanish m.) Spaniard, Spanish (language) español (Spanish) Spanish españolizado (Spanish) Hispanicized Espansione (Italian f.) expansion espansivo (Italian) expansive espatriare (Italian) to leave one's country Espátula (Spanish f.) palette knife (used in painting) Espèce (French f.) kind, sort, species Espèces (French f. pl.) cash (money) especial (Spanish) special Especie (s.) Especies (pl.) (Spanish f. pl.) kind, dort, specie (Spanish) piece of news Especificación (Spanish f.) specification Especimen (Spanish m.) sample Espectáculo (Spanish m.) pageant, entertainment Espectáculo de variedades (Spanish m.) music-hall, variety show Espectador (Spanish m./f.) spectator Espediente (Italian m.) expedient espellere (Italian) to expel espellere con proclama (Italian) to read out of Espérance (French f.) hope Esperanto a flexible universal language developed by Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof. The first Esperanto Grammar was published in 1887. Esperanto was intended to be a universal second language to support better understanding between nations. The first Esperanto World Congress was held in 1905 to help spread these goals Esperanza (Spanish f.) hope espérer (French) to hope for, to hope espérer en (French) to have faith in espérer faire (French) to hope to do, to hope espérer que (French) to hope to that Esperienza (Italian f.) experience Esperimento (Italian m.) experiment Esperimento con (Italian m.) experiment with Esperto (Italian m./f.) expert esperto (Italian) skilful, expert espiare (Italian) to atone for espiatorio (Italian) expiatory espiègle (French) mischievous, sprightly, roguish Espièglerie (French) mischievousness, playfulness, roguishness Espineta (Portuguese f.) spinet Espineta Virginal (Portuguese f.) spinet virginal or virginals Espion (m.), Espionne (f.) (French) spy Espionnage (French m.) espionage, spying espionner (French) to spy, to spy on espirando (Italian) fading away, expiring, dying away, spirando, en expirant (Italian) breathing deeply, with anxious endeavour espirar (Spanish) to breathe out espirare (Italian) to breathe out Esplanade (English, French f.) long open level area for walking on, usually beside the sea esplicare (Italian) to carry on esplicito (Italian) explicit esplodere (Italian) to explode, to fire esplorare (Italian) to explore Esploratore (m.), Esploratrice (f.) (Italian) explorer Esplorazione (Italian f.) exploration Esplosione (Italian f.) explosion Esplosivo (Italian m.) explosive esplosivo (Italian) explosive Espoir (French m.) hope Esponente (Italian m.) exponent espontáneamente (Spanish) spontaneously Espontaneidad (Spanish f.) spontaneity espontaneo (Spanish) spontaneous esporre (Italian) to expose, to display (goods), to expound, to exhibit Esposa (Spanish f.) wife Esposo (Spanish m.) husband espr. abbreviated form of espressivo (Italian: expressively) espres. or express., abbreviated form of espressivo (Italian: expressively) Espressione (Italian f.) expression. feeling Espressivo (Italian m.) Swell division in an organ espressivo (Italian) expressively, with feeling espresso con immagini (Italian) pictorial (expressed through pictures) esprimere con diverse parole (Italian) to paraphrase (express with other words) esprimere con parole (Italian) to express in words Esprit (French m.) spirit, mind (intellect), wit (humour), intelligence from the sixteenth century on, for French authors the ruling part of the human soul was called the esprit, and the word was understood as denoting the mind, including reason and will Glossary of French Terms of Movement from which the comment has been taken Esprit de corps (French m.) the loyalty of the members of some body, association, etc., to their common traditions and interests Esprit de notaire (French m.) the soul of a lawyer, a pettifogging mind, a tendency to be overmuch concerned with trivial detail Esprit d'escalier (French m.) a witty remark or telling retort which comes to mind only after the occasion for its use has passed Esprit fort (French m.) a free-thinker Esprit gaulois (French m.) a spirit of mocking criticism Esprit laïc (French m.) an attitude of mind hostile to clerical or doctrinal influence (particularly, in educational institutions) Esprit libre (French m.) an untrammed spirit, freedom from care Esq. abbreviated form of 'Esquire', used in correspondence ès qualités (French) in an official capacity esqo abbreviated form of esquerdo (Portuguese: left) Esquema (Spanish m.) outline Esquemático (Spanish) sketchy Esquerdo (Portuguese) left Esquimau, Esquimaude (French) Eskimo Esquimaux (French m. pl.) Eskimo esquinter (French) to ruin Esquisse (French f.) the firts rough sketch for a picture, the first rough model for a statue, a suggestion (figurative) esquisser (French) to sketch, to make an attempt at Esquive (French f.) dodge (sport) esquiver (French) to dodge Esraj North Indian bowed instrument with 20 metal frets and 12 to 15 sympathetic strings, the base of the instrument is like a saringda while the neck and strings are like a sitar. It gives a sound very much like a sarangi without being as difficult to play. This instrument is often confused with dilruba because both are similar in construction and have a similar playing technique Esraj Esraj Fiddle (esraj) and bow, India, 19th century ess. abbreviated form of 'essence', essential' Essai (French m.) testing, test (prove), trial, try (attempt), essay (article), taste (food), sample (food) Essaim (French m.) swarm essaimer (French) to swarm, to spread (figurative) Essayage (French m.) fitting (of clothes) essayer (French) to try, to try on (clothes), to try out (car, etc.), to taste (food), to sample (food) essayer de faire (French) to try to do esse (Latin) essential nature, mere existance (as opposed to bene esse) Essempio see esempio Essence (French f.) petrol, gas (US) essence (extract, nature) Essential (s.), Essentials (pl.) any sharp or flat that belongs to the current key signature a sharp or flat than does not belong to the key signature is called an 'accidental' Essential dissonance dissonance that is essential to the harmony Essential harmony the fundamental triads of a particular key a musical work stripped of all figuration and ornaments Essential note nota principale (Italian), Hauptnote (German), wesentliche Note (German), note intégrante (French), note réelle (French), note constitutive (French) a note that belongs to the sequences of thirds that make up triads and seventh, ninth or eleventh chords, as distinct from any accidental, ornamental or passing note Essential seventh the leading note, the leading tone dominant seventh essentiel, l' (French m.) the main thing, the main part essentiel (m.), essentielle (f.) (French) essential essentiellement (French) essentially Essercizio (Italian f.) alternative spelling of esercizio essere accolto con (Italian) to be met with essere alla mano (Italian) to be informal essere all'asciutto (Italian) to be hard up (figurative) essere all'avanguardia (Italian) to be in the forefront essere alle prese con (Italian) or lottare con (Italian), to struggle with, to grapple with essere amico di (Italian) to get along with essere assorto in (Italian) to be preoccupied essere ben disposto verso (Italian) to be favourably disposed towards essere buono con (Italian) to be nice to, to be good to essere connesso con (Italian) to relate to essere d'accordo con (Italian) to be in accord with, to agree with, to hold with essere diretto a (Italian) to be going to essere duro con (Italian) to be hard on essere fissato con (Italian) to live and breathe essere generoso con (Italian) to be generous with essere gentile con ... (Italian) be kind to ... essere impegnato con (Italian) to be preoccupied essere impegnato da (Italian) to be preoccupied essere impegnato in (Italian) to be preoccupied essere in apprensione per (Italian) to be anxious about essere in armonia con (Italian) to be in harmony with essere in auge (Italian) to be popular essere in ballo (Italian) to be at stake (figurative) essere in bolletta (Italian) to be hard up essere in buoni rapporti con (Italian) to be on good terms with essere in combutta con (Italian) to be in league with essere in comunione spirituale con (Italian) to commune with essere in confidenza con (Italian) to hob-nob with (colloquial) essere in conflitto con (Italian) to conflict with essere in contatto con (Italian) to be in touch with essere in contrasto con (Italian) to clash with essere in corrispondenza con (Italian) to correspond with, to be in correspondence with essere in difetto (Italian) to be at fault essere in disaccordo con (Italian) to take issue with, to disagree with essere in discesa (Italian) to go downhill essere in gamba (Italian) to be strong, to be smart essere in gara con (Italian) to contend with essere in lotta (Italian) to be in dispute essere in orario (Italian) be on time essere in sintonia (con) (Italian) to be in tune (with) essere ossessionato con (Italian) to be obsessed with essere ossessionato da (Italian) to be preoccupied essere perfettamente d'accordo con (Italian) to be in unison with essere più severo con (Italian) to crack down on essere sposato con (Italian) to be married to essere vestito con (Italian) to be dressed in Essex House [1888-1902] home of the Guild of Handicrafts set up by C.R. Ashbee as 'an endeavour towards the teaching of John Ruskin & William Morris'. The Guild was a cooperative community based on the crafts of metalwork, woodwork and decorative painting. They ran a shop in central London at 16a Brook St. and by 1900 had grown to 150 members. The community moved en-masse to Chipping Campden in 1902 Essieu (s.), Essieux (pl.) (French m.) axle Essor (French m.) expansion essorer (French) to spin-dry (wet washing), to wring (cloth, washing, etc.) Essoreuse (French f.) spin-drier essouflé (French) breathless, affannato (Italian), atemlos (German) essouffler (French) to make breathless Essuie-glace (French m.) windscreen wiper Essuie-mains (French m.) hand-towel essuyer1 (French) to wipe (French) to suffer EST abbreviated form of 'Eastern Standard Time' (US and Canadian time zone) Est. abbreviated form of 'Established', 'Estonia est. abbreviated form of 'established', 'estimate', 'estimated', 'estimation', 'estimator', 'estuary' Estación (Spanish f.) season (time of the year) Estación balnearia (Spanish f.) seaside resort Estadistica (Spanish f.) statistics Estadistico (m.), Estadistica (f.) (Spanish) statistician estadistico (m.), estadistica (f.) (Spanish) statistical Estado (Spanish m.) state, condition, return summary, status, rank, class, estate (state) Estado civil (Spanish m.) married state Estado de ánimo (Spanish m.) frame of mind Estado de cuentas (Spanish m.) statement of accounts Estado de salud (Spanish m.) state of health Estado sólido (Spanish m.) solid state (device) Estados Unidos (Spanish pl.) United States estadounidense (Spanish) American (particularly pertaining to the United States of America), United States es tagt (German) day is breaking estallar en llanto (Spanish) to burst into tears estallar de risa (Spanish) to burst out laughing Estaminet (French) a small public-house Estampa (Spanish f.) press estampado (Spanish) printed estampar (Spanish) to print, to publish Estampe (French f.) print Estampida (Provençal) estampie Estampido (Spanish m.) bang Estampie a poetic and musical genre, from the time of the troubadour, related to the sequence, it is sometimes found without words and is believed to have been danced. Eight examples of this form survive, all in a triple meter. An estampie consists of between 4 and 7 verses (called puncta); each verse is repeated, and all share the same alternate endings. That is, an estampie with 4 verses (A, B, C, D) and two endings (1, called ouvert, and 2, called clos) would be played in the following order: A 1 A 2 B 1 B 2 C 1 C 2 D 1 D 2. Further, both the verses and the endings can vary in length within a single piece (suggesting that the dance was not regular); surviving examples range from 8 to 20 measures in length per verse. [Mensural notation was not used in these manuscripts; this refers to the number of measures in a modern transcription.] The range of these melodies is generally about a tenth Early Medieval Dance from which much of this information has been taken Estampie estampillado (Spanish m.) rubber stamping Estampille (French f.) stamp Estampita (Spanish f.) religious print Estañadura (Spanish f.) tin-plating estancarse (Spanish) to stagnate, to become stagnant, to stagnate (figurative), to get bogged down Estancia (Spanish f.) stanza (Spanish, Latin-America) a cattle-farm Estándar (Spanish m.) standard (the original form of a popular song, as opposed to an arrangement) estándar (Spanish) standard, standardized Estándarización (Spanish f.) standardization E-Standbass (German m.) electric upright bass Estaño (Spanish m.) tin Estante (Spanish m.) shelf, rack, stand (Spanish m.) post, pillar Estante para libros (Spanish m.) bookcase Estanteria (Spanish f.) shelves, bookcase estar borracho (Spanish) to be drunk estarcir (Spanish) to stencil estar constipado (Spanish) to have a cold estar de buenas (Spanish) to be in a good mood estar descompuesto (Spanish) to have diarrhoea estar deseoso de (Spanish) to be eager to estar desfasado (Spanish) to have jet-lag estar en ascuas (Spanish) to be on tenterhooks estar en ayunas (Spanish, literally 'be on a fast') to be in the dark (figurative) estar en babia (Spanish) to have one's head in the clouds estar en boga (Spanish) to be in fashion, to be in vogue estar en desgracia (Spanish) to be unfortunate estar en la brecha (Spanish) to be in the thick of it estar en las últimas (Spanish) to be on one's last legs, to be down to one's last penny estar gravado (Spanish) to be mortgaged estar hecho un asco (Spanish) to be disgusting estar mal de la azotea (Spanish) to be mad estar que arde (Spanish) to be very tense estar que bota (Spanish) to be hopping mad estar que brinca (Spanish) to be hopping mad estar que bufa (Spanish) to be hopping mad estar sobre aviso (Spanish) to be on the alert Estates satire a medieval genre common among French poets in which the speaker lists various occupations among the three estates of feudalism (nobles, peasants, and clergy) and depicts them in a manner that shows how short they fall from the ideal of that occupation. In the late medieval period, the genre expanded to discuss the failings of bourgeois individuals as well Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken es taut (German) it is thawing Este I, Alfonso d' (1486-1534) son of Ercole, Alfonso brought some of the most famous musicians of the time to his court to work as composers, instrumentalists and singers. Musicians from northern Europe who worked at Ferrara during his reign included Antoine Brumel and Adrian Willaert, the latter of whom was to become the founder of the Venetian School, something which could not have happened without Alfonso's patronage Alfonso d'Este I from which this information has been taken Este I, Ercole d' (1431-1505) Ercole was successful in setting up a musical establishment which was for a few years the finest in Europe, overshadowing the Vatican chapel itself. For the next century, Ferrara was to retain the character of a centre of avant-garde music with a decidedly secular emphasis. In music history, Ercole was one of the Italian nobles most responsible for bringing the talented Franco-Flemish musicians from northern Europe into Italy. The most famous composers of Europe either worked for him, were commissioned by him, or dedicated music to him, including Alexander Agricola, Jacob Obrecht, Heinrich Isaac, Adrian Willaert, and Josquin Desprez, whose Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae not only is dedicated to him, but is based on a theme drawn from the syllables of the Duke's name Ercole d'Este I from which this information has been taken Este II, Alfonso d' (1533-1597) He raised the glory of Ferrara to its highest point, and was the patron of Torquato Tasso and Giovanni Battista Guarini, favouring the arts and sciences, as the princes of his house had always done. Luzzasco Luzzaschi served as his court organist. In addition, he was the sponsor of the Concerto delle donne, a type of group which was to be copied all over Italy Alfonso d'Este II from which this information has been taken Estemporale (Italian) extemporaneous Estemporaneo (Italian) extemporaneous estendendo (Italian) extending, ausdehnend estenuandosi (Italian) becoming exhausted, wearing out Estensione (Italian f.) compass, range Estensione vocale (Italian f.) vocal range estenuandosi (Italian) getting exhausted Estera (Spanish f.) rush mat Estéreo (Portuguese m., Spanish m.) stereo Estereofonía (Spanish f.) stereo Estereofónica (Spanish) stereo, stereophonic estereotipar (Spanish) to stereotype Estereotipo (Spanish m.) stereotype Esterilla Colombian percussion instrument that resembles a small placemat. It is formed by small round pieces of wood that are woven together. When bent or rubbed, it makes a percussive sound esternare (Italian) to disclose, to show openly, to reveal, to manifest esternare un sospetto (Italian) to voice esternarsi (Italian) to open one's mind, to open one's heart Esterno (Italian m.) outside, day-boy (school) esterno (Italian) external, outward, exterior, outward esterrefatto (Italian) terrified esteso (Italian) extensive, wide, large estética (Portuguese) aesthetic Estètico (Italian f.) aesthetics estètico (Italian) aesthetic estético (Spanish) aesthetic estg abbreviated form of 'estimating' Esthète (French m./f.) aesthete Esthéticien (m.), Esthéticienne (f.) (French) a specialist in beauty treatment esthétique (French) aesthetic Estheticism see 'aestheticism' estilarse (Spanish) to be in vogue, to be in fashion Estilete (Spanish m.) stylus, stiletto, probe (medicine) Estilistica (Spanish f.) stylistics estilistico (m.), estilistica (f.) (Spanish) stylistic Estilista (Spanish m./f.) stylist Estilización (Spanish f.) styling estilizado (Spanish) stylized estilizar (Spanish) to stylize Estilo (Portuguese, Spanish m.) style, manner, fashion, speech, stroke (swimming), stylus Estilo de jazz (Spanish m.) jazz-style, for example, 'bebop' Estilo directo (Spanish m.) direct speech Estilográfica (Spanish f.) fountain-pen Estilo indirecto (Spanish m.) indirect speech estimable (French) worthy Estimation (French f.) valuation, estimation (calculation) Estime (French f.) esteem estimer (French) to value (of an object), to estimate (calculate), to esteem (respect), to consider Estimulo (Spanish m.) encouragement (figurative), incentive (for example, financial) estinguendo (Italian, literally 'extinguished') die away, become extinct estinguendosi (Italian) spegnendo (Italian), extinguishing, dying away, verlöschend (German), auslöschend (German), en éteignant (French) estinte (Italian, literally 'extinguished') as soft as possible, the ultimate degree of pianissimo estinto (Italian, literally 'extinguished') or spento (Italian), as soft as possible, the ultimate degree of pianissimo (Italian) gradually softer and slower (Italian) deceased Estintore (d'incendi) (Italian m.) fire extinguisher Estinzione (Italian f.) extinction, slaking (thirst), quenching (thirst), paying off (debt) Estio (Spanish m.) summer Estipendio (Spanish m.) stipend, fee, remuneration Estival (s.), Estivaux (pl.) (French m.) summer Estivant (m.), Estivante (f.) (French) summer visitor, holiday-maker estn abbreviated form of 'estimation' Estojo (Portuguese) case Estomac (French m.) stomach estomaqué (French) stunned estompé (French) toned down Estouffade (French) brown meat stock Estovers (from Old French estovoir, 'to be necessary') the necessities allowed by law, for example, fallen wood that could be legal collected for repairing houses, working tools, etc., or for fuel, an allowance of food and clothing to imprisoned felons, or a pension given to a widow Estrade (French f.) rostrum, platform Estrado (Spanish m.) stage, bandstand es traf sich, daß (German) it so happened that Estragon (French m.) tarragon (herb) Estratto (Italian m.) offprint Estravagante (Italian) extravagant, a composition of a wild and erratic type Estravaganza (Italian f.) extravagance, a composition of a wild and erratic type estrechar (Spanish) to make narrower, to take in (garment), to squeeze, to hug (person) estrechar la mano a uno (Spanish) to shake hands with someone estrecharse (Spanish) to become narrower, to squeeze up Estrechez (Spanish f.) narrowness, tight spot, want (lack of money) Estrecho (Spanish m.) straits (for example, of Gibraltar) estrecho (Spanish) narrow, tight, close (figurative: intimate) estrecho de miras (Spanish) or de miras estrechas, narrow-minded estregar (Spanish) to rub Estrella (Spanish f.) star (in the theatre, cinema, etc.) Estrella de mar (Spanish f.) starfish estremamente (Italian) extremely, very much Estrenarse (Spanish) to make one's début, to have its première, to open (of a play in the theatre) Estreno (Spanish m.) première, first night, opening night Estrepito (Spanish m.) din estrepitoso (Spanish) noisy Estribilho (Portuguese) a popular Portuguese song in compound duple meter Estribillo (Spanish m.) from the seventeenth century, a vocal refrain or chorus, the term applies particularly to the vocal choruses of the son style (Spanish m.) catchphrase estridente (Spanish) strident, raucous estrinciendo (Italian) playing a passage with force and precision Estrinienda (Italian) an extreme legato Estrofa (Spanish f.) strophe Estropié (m.), Estropiée (f.) (French) cripple estropier (French) to cripple, to mangle (figurative) Estro poetico (Italian m.) poetic fervor or inspiration, imaginative power in a composer Estructura (Spanish f.) framework, structure Estructura rítmica (Spanish f.) rhythmic structure Estruendo (Spanish m.) din, uproar estruendoso (Spanish) deafening Estrutura (Portuguese) framework, structure Estrutural (Portuguese) structural Estuaire (French m.) estuary Estudante (Portuguese) student Estudiante (Spanish m./f.) student estudiantin (m.), estudiantine (f.) (French) student Estudiantino (m.), Estudiantina (f.) (Spanish) in the style of students Estudio (Spanish m.) study, étude (French) Estúdio (Portuguese) studio Estúdio caseiro (Portuguese) home studio Estudio de Fonologia Musical in 1958, with Fausto Maranca and some schematics from the Studio di Fonologia in Milan, Francisco Kröpfl founded the Estudio de Fonologia Musical, the first electronic music lab in Latin America. It was situated within the structure and physical space of the Acoustics Laboratory at the School of Architecture at the University of Buenos Aires Estudio de Fonologia Musical from which this information has been taken estudo (Portuguese) study, practise Esturgeon (French m.) sturgeon Esukuti term for both drum and dance in Kenya Esultazione (Italian f.) exultation, in a joyful rejoicing style Esurient famished, extremely hungry Esurientes (Latin) from the Magnificat, Esurientes implevit bonis et divites dimisit inanes which translates as 'He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich He hath sent empty away' es weit bringen (German) to go far (figurative) es wird Tag (German) it is getting light es zu bunt treiben (German) to go too far Et (Danish, Norwegian) one et (French, Latin) and e.t. abbreviation of 'educational therapy', 'electric telegraph', 'English text', 'English translation' ETA abbreviated form of 'estimated time of arrival', 'European Teachers' Association' Étab. abbreviated form of Établissement (French: business establishment) Étable (French f.) cow-shed établi (French) established Établi (French m.) work-bench établir (French) to establish, to draw up (list, etc.), to set up (camp, person, etc.) Établissement (French m.) establishment (institution) Étage (French m.) floor, storey, stage (rocket) Étagère (French f.) a set of light, open shelves, either on legs or attached to the wall like a hanging bookcase, a what-not a minor or unspecified object or article, a what-not Étai (French m.) prop, buttress Étain (French m.) pewter et ainsi de suite (French) and so forth, and so on Étal (s.), Étals (pl.) (French m.) stall et al. abbreviated form of et alibi (Latin: and elsewhere), et alii (Latin: and others) Étalage (French m.) a display (particularly, in a shop window), shop-window Étalagiste (French m./f.) window-dresser étaler (French) to spread, to spread out (paper), to stagger (holidays), to display (exhibit) Étalon (French m.) stallion, standard (model) étanche (French) watertight, waterproof étancher (French) to quench (thirst), to stem (flow of blood) Étang (French m.) pond étant donné que (French) given that Etaoin shrdlu taken in the approximate order of frequency, the twelve most commonly used letters in the English language, used as a nonsense phrase, an absurd or unintelligible utterance Étape (French f.) a stage (in a journey), a stopover État (French m.) state, statement, profession, State (nation) état civil (French) civil status Étatisme (French) state management, state control État-major (s.), États-majors (pl.) (French m.) staff (official) État des lieux (French) inventory État d'esprit (French m.) mood étatisé (French) State-controlled États-Unis (d'Amérique) (French m. pl.) United States (of America) Étau (s.), Étaux (pl.) (French m.) vice étayer (French) to prop up etc. abbreviation of et cætera (Latin: and other things, and the rest, and so forth) Et cætera (Latin) or et cetera, and other things, and the rest, and so forth Etching an intaglio printing process in which a sheet of metal is incised through chemical means. First the metal is coated with an acid resist. Once dry it can be drawn upon with a metal scribe that removes only the resist from the metal plate's surface. When the plate is placed in a bath of acid, the metal devolves where the resist was removed creating an incised surface. The lines that are formed have rough edges. When washed clean the plate can be printed in a traditional intaglio manner ETD abbreviated form of 'estimated time of departure' ETE abbreviated form of 'estimated time en route' Été (French m.) summer e tenebris lux (Latin) light out of darkness, illumination in a dark place éteindre (French) to extinguish, to put out, to turn off (radio, light) éteint (French) spento (Italian) stinto (Italian), extinguished, erlöscht (German), erloschen (German) éteint (m.), éteinte (f.) (French) barely audible, out (fire), extinct (volcano) Étendard (French m.) standard étendre (French) to spread, to spread out (paper, napkin, etc.), to stretch (out) (arm, leg, etc.), to hang out (washing, etc.), to extend (make larger) étendu, étendue (French) extensive Étendue (French f.) compass (of an instrument or voice), range, area, stretch (of water), extent (importance) Etéreo (Spanish) ethereal éternel, éternelle (French) eternal éternellement (French) eternally Éternité (French f.) eternity éternuer (French) to sneeze Éternuement (French m.) sneeze ETH (Switzerland) abbreviated form of Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (German: Federal Institute of Technology) Eth a letter used in Old English and Middle English that have fallen out of use in Modern English. It represented a consonant sound akin to the "th" in thin, thigh, or with eth. abbreviated form of 'ether', 'ethical', 'ethics', ethic' Ether quintessence, the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water, which was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies a colourless volatile highly inflammable liquid formerly used as an inhalation anesthetic Ethereal light, airy, highly delicate (especially in appearance), heavenly Etheromania a mania for ether, in particular the practice of imbibing ether (more correctly known as diethyl ether) for recreational purposes Ethic a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct that are accepted by an individual or a social group Ethical of or pertaining to morals (especially, as concerning human conduct), morally correct, (of a drug, etc.) not advertised to the general public (and usually available only on prescription) Ethic dative in Latin and some other languages, the use of the dative case of a pronoun to signify that the person (or thing) being referred to is regarded with interest Ethicism a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important Ethics a major branch of philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life. It is significantly broader than the common conception of analysing right and wrong Ethiopian native or national of Ethiopia in North East Africa, a person of Ethiopian descent of or pertaining to Ethiopia Ethiopian chant the most important book of the Ethiopian Church, the Diggua, is the Collection of Church Hymns compiled by Saint Yared, the greatest of all Ethiopian scholar/musicians, who lived during the reign of King Gebre Meskel (476-571) the Diggua consists of two parts specific hymns celebrating holy persons and things (holidays, etc.) hymns of a general character, such as hymns for the ordinary days of the week other hymns employing ekphonetic notation: mi'eraf a collection of hymns and chants for the year mewas'it a book of religious anthems for the year igzer negs chants for Saints' days guba'e melk a collection of general chants Music in Black Jewish and Christian Communities Ethio-jazz (Ethiopia) a generic term given to urban Ethiopian music that appeared in the 1960s under the influence of rhythm and blues Ethiopian airs (Ethiopian is used here to mean 'black') a term applied to the music performed in minstrel shows and to Negro spirituals, including their instrumental and harmonic accompaniment Ethiopian chant canto etiopico (Italian), Äthiopische Gesang (German), chant éthiopien (French), canto etiope (Spanish) Ethiopian church music church music in Ethiopia goes back to St Yared in the 6th century who is said to have been influenced in his compositions by the song of the birds. It uses a pentatonic scale and while Middle Eastern in character it differs from Coptic music. There was no notation until the 16th century. It is mostly restrained and slow and in strophic and ametric form. It also includes the hymns performed by the debteras at the end of Mass and the use of drums, sistra and prayer-sticks Music is performed without anybooks The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its Monastic tradition from which this extract has been taken Ethiopian Serenaders, The a blackface minstrel troupe from the 1840s Ethiopian Serenaders Éthique (French f.) ethics éthique (French) ethical Ethnic used to describe a culture that is different from the "dominant" culture, in terms including language and linguistics, race, religion, national origin, and various combinations of these factors. An ethnic group is a subculture, usually based on shared traditions and characteristics. Ethnicity is different from race per se in that, while race denotes biological traits, ethnicity is used to describe cultural traits that may well cross racial lines Louisiana Voices from which this extract has been taken Ethnic dance a term synonymous with 'folk dance' Ethnic dialect a dialect used by a racial or national group, as opposed to a caste dialect or regional dialect Ethnic modes the 'ecclesiastical modes' Ethnie (French f.) ethnic group ethnique (French) ethnic Ethnocentrism the attitude that one's own cultural assumptions are superior and should be used to judge others ethnog. abbreviated form of 'ethnography' Ethnographic material material originating in any culture still living or known through relatively recent history when that material is the concern of ethnographic or ethnological study, for example, musical instruments Ethnography a study of culture and cultural processes through the use of ethnographic material Ethno House 'house' music fused with elements of world music ethnol. abbreviated form of 'ethnology', 'ethnological' Ethnology the comparative study of peoples Ethnomusicologie (French) ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology a term first used by Jaap Kunst (1891-1960) but which as an academic discipline began in the late nineteenth century, the study of music as a cultural phenomenon, the anthropology of music, a term usually applied to the study of non-Western musical forms and their cultural associations, also called 'world musicology' Ethnomusikologie (German f.) ethnomusicology Ethos in ancient Greek music, the term ethos designated the particular character of each of various modes. The Dorian was thought to be 'manly and strong'; the Phrygian, 'ecstatic and passionate'; the Lydian, 'feminine and lascivious'; the Mixolydian, 'sad and mournful'. Today, we would use the term when discussing the character of a piece rather than of a scale (Greek, literally 'custom' or 'character') the underlying character (as opposed to transient moods) of a person depicted in an opera Éthylisme (French m.) alcoholism Etic see 'emic' Etichetta (Italian f.) docket, tally, ticket (Italian f.) Zettel (German m.), étiquette (French f.), label - as found in a violin, etc., showing the date of completion, the name of the maker, the number of the instrument, and so on (Italian f.) etiquette (conventional rules of social behaviour or professional conduct) Etikett (German n.) label, price tag Et incarnatus (Latin) a portion of the Credo étincelant (French) sparkling étinceler (French) to sparkle Étincelle (s.), Étincelles (pl.) (French f.) spark(s), the title of many pieces of technically dazzling piano music Etiological narrative an etiological narrative in folklore, mythology/religion, or literature is a story that explains how a social custom, geographical feature, animal, or plant came into existence Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Etiology the branch of philosophy dealing with the origins of things or how things came to be the study of the causes of disease étiqueter (French) to label Etiquette (English, from the French) conventional rules of social behaviour or professional conduct Étiquette (French f.) etiquette (conventional rules of social behaviour or professional conduct) (French f.) Zettel (German m.), etichetta (Italian f.), label - as found in a violin, etc., showing the date of completion, the name of the maker, the number of the instrument, and so on etlichemal (German) several times etliches (German) a number of things étnico (Spanish) ethnic Étoffe (French f.) fabric Étoile (French f.) star, a design in the shape of a star, the intersection of streets radiating from a point (French f.) the highest rank a dancer may hold in the Paris Opera Eton Choirbook (also known as the Eton Manuscript) a magnificent manuscript of English sacred music copied for use at Eton College between 1490 and 1502. It contains nine Magnificat settings and 29 motets, primarily votive antiphons ­ the types of music that would have been sung at evening services at the college. The florid and rhythmically complex music contrasts markedly with the prevailing style on the continent at this time Eton Choirbook Eton Choirbook from which this extract has been taken etonner (French) to start singing étonner (French) to amaze étonnant (m.), étonnante (f.) (French) amazing Étonnement (French m.) amazement étouffant (m.), étouffante (f.) (French) stifling Étouffé in cooking, to stew or slowly cook étouffé (m.), étouffée (f.) (French) dampened, muffled, muted, stiffled étouffer (French, literally 'to stifle') to dampen, to mute, to muffle (noise), to suffocate, to stifle (revolt, emotional response), to smother (fire) étouffer apres chaque coup (French) to dampen after each beat étouffement avec la paume, l' (French) palm mute étouffez (French, literally 'damp') dampen, mute, choke (the sound) Étouffoir (French m.) damper (for example, on a piano) Étourderie (French f.) thoughtlessness, heedlessness, a thoughtless act, a blunder Étourdi (m.), Étourdie (f.) (French) scatter-brain (a person) étourdi (m.), étourdie (f.) (French) unthinking, thoughtless, scatter-brained étourdir (French) to stun, to make dizzy étourdissant (m.), étourdissante (f.) (French) stunning Étourdissement (French m.) dizzy spell Étourneau (s.), Étourneaux (pl.) (French m.) starling et quelque(s) (French) a bit (after/over), as in 4 heures et quelques (French: a bit after 4) étrange (French) strange étrangement (French) strangely Étranger (m.), Étrangère (f.) (French) foreigner, stranger étranger (m.), étrangère (f.) (French) foreign (of another country), strange, unfamiliar Étrangeté (French f.) strangeness étrangler (French) to strangle, to stifle Être (French m.) being (person, creature) être (French) to be, to have (as auxiliary to a verb) être à la charge de (French) to be the responsibility of être abattu (m.), être abattue (f.) (French) to be in low spirits, to be cast down être à quai (French) to be alongside (boat, ship: the quay, the dock), to be in (train: the station, the platform) être attaché à (French) to be attached to (love) être bègue (French) to stammer être censé faire (French) to be supposed to do être cloué au lit (French) to be confined to one's bed être collé à (French) to fail (exam) être dans son droit (French) to be in the right être dans son tort (French) to be in the wrong être dans tous ses états (French) to be in a state être d'avis que (French) to be of the opinion that être de bon augure (French) to be a good sign être de bonne foi (French) to be acting in good faith être de mauvais augure (French) to be a bad sign être de mauvaise foi (French) to be acting in bad faith être dépensier (French) to be a spendthrift être désolé (French) to be sorry être destiné à faire (French) to be intended to do, to be destined to do être donné par (French) to be given by être échaudé (French) to get one's fingers burnt être en équilibre (French) to balance (person), to be balanced (object) être en évidence (French) to be conspicuous être ex aequo (French) to be equally placed être fait par (French) to be done by Être humain (French m.) human being être malade de jalousie (French) to be green with envy être médecin (French) to be a doctor être sur la brèche (French) to be on the go étreindre (French) to grasp, to embrace (a friend) Étreinte (French f.) grasp, embrace étrenner (French) use for the first time Étrennes (French f. pl.) New Year's gifts (the singular form is rarely used) être témoin de (French) to be a witness to être tiré à quatre épingles (French) to be dressed up to the nines être titulaire (French) to have tenure être titulaire de (French) to hold être tuberculeux (m.), être tuberculeuse (f.) (French) to have tuberculosis Étrier (French m.) stirrup, a climbing iron (mountaineering, rock climbing) étriqué (French) tight, small-minded (figurative) étroit, étroite (French) narrow, tight (clothes), close (observation, etc.) étroitement (French) closely Étroitesse (French f.) narrowness Etruscan native of Etruria, language of Etruria of ancient Etruria in Italy et seq. also et seqq., abbreviation of et sequens (Latin: and the following), et sequentes (Latin: and those that follow) et sequens (Latin) and the following et sequentes (Latin) and those that follow, and the following (chapeters, pages, lines, etc.) et sequentia (Latin) and those that follow, and the following (chapeters, pages, lines, etc.) et sqq. also et seq., abbreviated form of et sequentes or et sequentia (Latin: and the following (pages, etc.)) Ett (Swedish) one etta see etto Ettacordo (Italian m.) synonymous with eptacordo etto (m.), etta (f.) an Italian final diminitive, as, for example, tromba, 'trumpet', trombetta, 'little trumpet' et tout ce qui s'ensuit (French) and so on Ettstruket c (Swedish) the note 'middle C' Etüde (German f.) etude Étude (French f.) (a room or space) study, office (French f.) Etüde (German f.), a study, and exercise, a piece written for the purposes of practicing or displaying technique. The Italian composer Girolamo Diruta (c.1554-after 1610) included some of the earliest examples of the étude in his treatise Il transilvano Étude Étude de concert (French f.) a study designed for public performance as opposed to private practice Étude des functions (French f.) functional harmony Étudiant (m.), Étudiante (f.) (French) student étudier (French) to study etuhele (Finnish) appoggiatura Etui (German n.) (instrument) case (for a flute, oboe, etc.), a small pocket case for holding needles and other small objects, astuccio (Italian), custodia (Italian - for a violin, etc.), Kasten (German - for a violin, cello, etc.), étui (French), housse (French - case or cover) Étui (French m.) (instrument) case, a small pocket case for holding needles and other small objects, astuccio (Italian), custodia (Italian), Kasten (German - for a violin, cello, etc.), Etui (German - for a flute, oboe, etc.), housse (French - case or cover) Étuve (French f.) steamroom, hothouse étuvée (French) cooked in own juices et ux. abbreviated form of at uxor (Latin: and wife) ETV abbreviated form of 'educational television' Et vitam (Latin) part of the Credo etwas (German) some, something, somewhat, rather, somewhere, a little etwas abfallend see abfallend etwas auszusetzen haben an (German) to find fault with etwas bewegter (German) rather more movement, somewhat faster [entry extended by Brian A. Jefferies] etwas bewegter schnell (German) a little quicker etwas breiter (German) a little more broadly, somewhat more broadly, slower, meno mosso (Italian) etwas ganz anderes (German) something quite different etwas hervortretend (German) somewhat more emphasised, more emphasised etwas langsam (German) rather slow etwas langsamer (German) a little slower, rather slower etwas lebhafter (German) a little more lively, somewhat more lively etwas schneller (German) a little faster, somewhat faster etwas schwächer (German) a little weaker, somewhat weaker etwas taugen (German) to be good etwas vermerken (German) to make a note of something etwas vorwärts gehend (German) a little faster, somewhat faster, poco più mosso etwas zurückhaltend (German) holding back the tempo somewhat ety. or etym. or etymol., abbreviated form of 'etymological', 'etymologist', 'etymology' Etymological pertaining to the study of the origin of words, and of their derivation and development in form and meaning Etymological respelling revising spelling to reflect or match how a word's etymon was spelled, or the actual word so altered. For instance, the words debt and doubt gained their silent /b/ letters in the Renaissance when revisionists/reactionaries wanted to "correct" the Middle English spellings (det and dout) to match the Latin roots, debitum and dubitare Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken etymologie (French f.) etymology Etymologist a person whose study is the origin of words, and their derivation and development in form and meaning Etymology the study of the origin of words, and of their derivation and development in form and meaning Etymon (s.), Etyma (pl.) (Latin from Greek) the primitive form of a word, the original from which a newer word is derived EU abbreviation of États-Unis (French: United States, US), Estados Unidos (Spanish: United States, US) abbreviation of 'European Union' EUA abbreviation of États-Unis d'Amérique (French: United States of America, USA), Estados Unidos de América (Spanish: United States of America, USA), Estados Unidos da América (Portuguese: United States of America, USA) Euba a variation on the Puerto Rican bomba see bomba Euc. or Eucl., abbreviation of 'Euclid' (c.330-c.275 BC), Greek mathematician Eucalyptus (English, French m.) a genus of tall evergreen trees from Australia, from which an oil with antiseptic properties is extracted Eucharist one of the seven Christian sacraments and the principal ritual of the church, in which bread and wine is transformed into the body and blood of Christ; the ritual must be administered by a priest EUDISED abbreviation of 'European Documentation and Information Service for Education' Eufemismo (Spanish m.) euphemism Eufonia (Italian f.) euphony eufonico (Italian) harmonious, pleasant-sounding Eufonio (Italian m.) euphonium Eugene Onegin an opera ("lyrical scenes") in 3 acts (7 scenes), by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893). The libretto was written by Konstantin Shilovsky and the composer and his brother Modest, and is based on the novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837) Eugene Onegin from which this extract has been taken Eugenics (treated as singular or plural) improvement of the qualities of a race by control of inherited characteristics Euharmonic notes that produce a mathematically perfect harmony or concord. The term also describes a piece which is essentially harmonious EUL abbreviation of 'Everyman's University Library' Euler's Theory of Music Music translated into Mathematics: Leonhard Euler Eulogize to praise in speech or writing Eulogy a funeral oration given in tribute to a person or people who have recently died. It can also praise a living person or people who are still alive, which normally takes place on special occasions like birthdays, etc. Eulogy from which this extract has been taken EUM abbreviation of Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Spanish: Mexico) Eumelia a glass harmonica Eunuch (from Greek, 'bedchamber attendant') a castrated man, especially one formerly employed at an oriental harem or court Eunuchen-fluit (Dutch) Eunuch flute Eunuch flute a kazoo, a member of the membranophone family of musical instruments made of a flattened pipe of metal or plastic with a membrane-covered hole Eunuco con voz de soprano (Spanish m.) castrato EUOUAE the vowels from the words seculorum amen, the final words of the doxology EUP abbreviation of 'English Universities Press' euphem. abbreviation of 'euphemism', 'euphemistic' Euphemism an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh, the use of such an expression Euphémisme (French m.) euphemism Euphemistic substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one Euphon also called Euphonium, a kind of glass harmonica invented by E. F. F. Chladni (in about 1790). The sound of this instrument is produced by rubbing with moistened fingers strips of glass which communicate their vibrations to rods of metal Euphone (French) a reed, generally a free-reed, 16 ft. stop in an organ Euphonia (Italian) euphony, an agreeable sound Euphoniad a musical instrument in which the characteristic tones of the organ and various other instruments are combined Euphonicon a kind of upright piano Euphonie (French) euphony, an agreeable sound Euphonium (English, German n.) called baryton in French, the euphonium looks like a small tuba, but has a higher pitch and mellower sound. Its name comes from the Greek and means "sweet voiced" or "beautiful sound." The outstanding quality of the euphonium is its deep, rich tone quality. The instrument is made of brass, can have anywhere from three to five valves and has conical tubing. The euphonium's brother, the baritone, has cylindrical tubing, is smaller and has a brighter, lighter tone the history of the euphonium began early in the eighteenth century. The first of its ancestors was the serpent, so named for its snakelike appearance. Made of wood in two halves and bound together by leather, it had several holes bored into it. It was used to support bass parts in church choirs and for military bands. The serpent was followed by the ophicleides, patented by a French instrument maker named Jean-Hilaire Asté (1775-1840) (also known as Halary). The ophicleides, often used in Europe's armed forces bands, used keys to cover the tone holes, which gave them better intonation and more power than the serpent around 1830, piston valves were developed, which revolutionized instrument design and manufacture. The most famous valved brass instrument maker was Adolph Sax, who made an entire family of instruments at his Paris factory. However, David James Blaikley is credited with giving most in terms of technological and mathematical thought to the modern day instrument Euphonium Euphonium Euphonium se Euphon Euphonon an instrument resembling the organ in tone and the upright piano in form Euphony (from Greek, literally 'good sound') sweetness of tone, agreeable sounds, consonant sounds attempting to group words together harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken, as opposed to cacophony, when the poet intentionally mixes jarring or harsh sounds together in groups that make the phrasing either difficult to speak aloud or grating to the ear Euphoria (Greek) a feeling of well-being and good health (especially in a person whose health is usually not good) Euphorie (French f.) euphoria Euphuism not to be confused with euphemism, euphuism is a highly ornate style of writing popularized by John Lyly's Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). The style is sententious, relies heavily on balanced syntax, makes frequent use of antithesis, parallelism, rhetorical tropes, and learned allusions Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Eupolidian (Greek, 'well varied') in classical literature, any varied metrical form such as a tetrameter with mixed choriambic and trochaic feet Eur. abbreviation of 'Europe, 'European' eu égard à (French) in view of Eureka (Greek) 'I have found it' (the answer to a problem) Eureka Eurhythmics the expression of musical rhythm through bodily movement, a system developed by Emile Henri Jaques Dalcroze (1865-1950), who in 1910 founded an institute to promote the system in Germany Eurythmie (French f., German f.) eurhythmics Eurhythmy harmony, regular and symmetrical measure Eurip. abbreviation of 'Euripides' (c.480-406 BC), Greek dramatist Euritmia (Spanish f.) eurhythmics Eurodance synonymous with 'techno dance' and 'trance dance', 'Eurodance' is a colloquial term for European dance music. It has achieved popularity in Europe, Oceania, South America, Canada, as well as parts of Asia between 1992 to 1996 and up until now. Between 1993 and 1995, the original genre was considered a mainstream phenomenon being diversified and mixed with other electronic music genres. In terms of musical style, Eurodance is closely related to Euro-pop and Euro-rap. All three are predominately represented by Western European and Scandinavian artists, and garner a good portion of their audience from these regions Eurodance from which this has been taken Euro disco the term 'Euro disco' refers to a collection of styles and genres of electronic dance music that had emerged from Europe by the early 1980s, incorporating elements of electropop and disco into new hybrids such as Hi-NRG, Italo disco, Eurohouse, British Pop and others. The term is also commonly written as Eurodisco and Euro-disco. A typical Euro disco song has a contrasting verse-chorus form, a synthesizer-based accompaniment, and lyrics sung in English Euro disco from which this has been taken EuroJazz abbreviation of 'European Community Youth Jazz Orchestra' European art music in its broadest definition, European art music stems from traditions in Western Europe that began in Ancient Greece but took root after the fall of the Roman Empire. The music that has come from that tradition continue to be performed, composed and appreciated around the globe Européen (m.), Européenne (f.) (French) European européen (m.), européenne (f.) (French) European Europop a style of pop music that developed in Europe throughout the 1970s which emphasized catchy beats, slick songs and frothy lyrics Europop from which this has been taken Euro-Trance a hybrid of Hard Trance and Eurodance music incorporating Hardstyle bass drums and trance elements Euro-Trance from which this extract has been taken Eus. abbreviation of 'Eusebius of Caesarea' (fl. 4th century AD), churchman and historian Euskal musikatresnak (Basque) Basque musical instruments Euskara or Basque, a language spoken by about a million people in northern Spain and southwestern France. Although attempts have been made to link it to ancient Iberian, the Hamito-Semitic group, and Caucasian, its origins remain uncertain. The sound pattern resembles that of Spanish, with its five pure vowels and such peculiarities as a trilled r and palatal n and l. In spite of this, and the presence of numerous Latinate loanwords, Basque has maintained its distinctiveness throughout two millennia of external contacts. For example, it still places a unique emphasis on suffixes to denote case and number and to form new words. Basque is the only language remaining of those spoken in southwestern Europe before the Roman conquest. Since the tenth century, it has gradually been supplanted by Castilian Spanish, and under the Franco regime its use in Spain was outlawed altogether. The ethnic insularity of the Basques, however, has fostered revivals. Attempts are now being made to standardize the orthography Basque language from which this extract has been taken Euterpe Euterpe, from Greek culture, is one of the nine Muses of Apollo. Her name means "rejoicing well" or "delight". She was born from Zeus and Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory, along with her other eight sisters. Euterpe is the Muse of music and lyric poetry. She is also the Muse of joy and pleasure and of flute playing and was thought to have invented the double flute, which is her attribute Euthanasia (Greek) the practice of terminating the life of a person or animal with an incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or a possibly undignified death in a painless or minimally painful way, for the purpose of limiting suffering Basque language from which this extract has been taken Euthanasie (French f.) euthanasia Euthia (Greek) a term employed by the ancient Greeks for a regularly ascending succession of notes Eutimia (Italian) alactrity, vivacity Eutrepismus adding numbers to the various points in an argument or debate so the audience can better follow the rhetor's thinking eux (French) they, them eux-mêmes (French) themselves EV abbreviation of 'English Version' (of the Bible) eV abbreviation of eingetragener Verein (German: registered society) ev. abbreviation of evangelisch (German: Protestant) evac. abbreviation of 'evacute', 'evacuated', 'evacuation' Evacuant (German) the waste-pallet in the bellows of an organ Évacuation (French f.) evacuation évacuer (French) to evacuate Evaded cadence interrupted cadence a cadence that implies one type of resolution, but goes instead to another Évadé (m.), Évadée (f.) (French) escaped prisoner évadé (m.), évadée (f.) (French) escaped eval. abbreviation of 'evaluate', 'evaluation', 'evaluated' Évaluation (French f.) assessment évaluer (French) to assess evan. or evang., abbreviation of 'evangelical', evangelist' Evangelary a book of readings or lessons for the mass Evangelio (Spanish m.) gospel Evangelist Matthew, Mark, Luke or John, the authors of the gospels the narrator in a Passion, who recounts the Gospel story Evangelista (Spanish m./f.) evangelist Évangile (French m.) gospel Évangile, l' (French) the Gospel évangélique (French) evangelical Évanouissement (French m.) (syncope) fainting fit evap. abbreviation of 'evaporate', 'evaporated', 'evaporation', evaporator' evaporandosi (Italian) evaporating, verdunstend (German), en s'évaporant (French) Évaporation (French f.) evaporation évasif (m.), évasive (f.) (French) evasive Évasion (French f.) escape, escapism evce abbreviation of 'evidence' Éveil (French m.) awakening éveillé (French) lively, sprightly, awake, alert (intelligent) éveiller (French) to awake, to awaken, to arouse (wake up) Événement (French m.) event Evening hymn/Evening prayer Evening hymns are designed to be played or sung at the end of the day. Henry Purcell's evening hymn "Now that the sun hath veil'd his light" is a setting of words written by Dr. William Fuller (1608-1675). Other well-known evening hymns include "Abide with Me", "O strength and stay", "Saviour Again to Thy Dear Name We Raise", "The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, is Ended". The duet from Hänsel & Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck is described as an evening hymn or an evening prayer. Many evening hymns are considered suitable for performance at funerals Evensong the equivalent in the Anglican church to Vespers in the Roman Catholic rite Éventail (French m.) fan, range Éventaire (French m.) stall, stand éventé (French) stale Even time where the notes, usually quavers (eighth notes), are played 'straight' or 'even', i.e. not 'swung' or 'uneven' éventrer (French) to rip open (parcel, etc.) Éventualité (French f.) possibility Eventuate to come out in the end éventuel (m.), éventuelle (f.) (French) possible éventuellement (French) possibly Even tuning equal temperament Évêque (French m.) bishop Evergreen a term used for popular classical and light music pieces Eversio or evolutio, (Latin) inversion, particularly, inversion of the parts in a fugue or in double counterpoint evg abbreviation of 'evening' Éviction (French f.) eviction evid. abbreviation of 'evidence' évidemment (French) obviously, of course Évidence (French f.) obviousness, obvious fact évident (m.), évidente (f.) (French) obvious, evident évider (French) to hollow out Évier (French m.) sink évincer (French) to oust Evirato (s.), Evirati (pl.) (Italian m., literally, 'unmanned') a man whose boy-like voice has been preserved by castration, i.e. a castrato éviter (French) to avoid éviter de faire (French) to avoid doing evng abbreviation of 'evening' Evocación (Spanish f.) evocation, invocation evocar (Spanish) to evoke évocateur (m.), évocatrice (f.) (French) evocative Évocation (French f.) evocation Evoe (Italian) an evocation to Bacchus evol. abbreviation of 'evolve', 'evolution', 'evolutionist' Evolución (Spanish f.) evolution évolué (French) highly developed évoluer (French) to develop, to move, to manoeuvre Evolutio (Latin) see eversio Évolution (French f.) development, evolution (of a species), movement (displacement) évoquer (French) to call to mind, to evoke Evovae alternative spelling of EUOUAE evy abbreviation of 'every' EWA abbreviation of 'Education Writers' Association' Ewigkeit (German) eternity, thin air (figurative) Ewig-Wiebliche, das (German n.) the eternal feminine, the unchanging power of women to inspire and spiritualize mankind (viz. Goethe) EWO abbreviation of 'European Women's Orchestra' ex. abbreviation of 'examination', 'examiner', 'example', 'excellent', 'except', 'excepted', 'exchange', 'exclude', 'excluding', 'exclusive', 'excursion', 'excurcus', 'execute', 'executed', 'executive', 'executor', 'exempt', 'export', 'express', 'extension', 'extra' ex (English, from Latin) directly from (ex warehouse), without (ex dividend), former (ex-prime minister) ex abrupto (Latin) without preparation, suddenly, abruptly exacerber (French) to exacerbate Exact accurate, preciso (Italian), genau (German), juste (French) exact (m.), exacte (f.) (French) exact, accurate, correct, punctual (person) exactement (French) exactly, in strict time Exactitude (French f.) exactness, punctuality Exact rhyme exact rhyme or perfect rhyme is rhyming two words in which both the consonant sounds and vowel sounds match to create a rhyme. The term "exact" is sometimes used more specifically to refer to two homophones that are spelled dissimilarly but pronounced identically at the end of lines. Since poetry is traditionally spoken aloud, the effect of rhyme depends upon sound rather than spelling, even words that are spelled dissimilarly can rhyme Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken ex aequo (French) equal exag. abbreviation of 'exaggeration', 'exaggerate' exagéré (French) excessive Exagération (French f.) exaggeration exagérer (French) to exaggerate, to go too far Exaggeration a form of humour, taking what is normal and blowing it out of proportion exakter Halbton (German m.) the interval of 100 cents, in the equal-temperament system exactly one twelfth of an octave Exaltation (French f.) elation, in an exalted and dignified manner Exalté (m.), Exaltée (f.) (French) fanatic exalté (m.), exaltée (f.) (French) exalted, very excited, very enthusiastic exalter (French) to excite, to exalt exam. abbreviation of 'examination', 'examine', 'examiner' examd abbreviation of 'examined' Examen (French m.) examination, exam Examinateur (m.), Examinatrice (f.) (French) examiner examiner (French) to examine examn abbreviation of 'examination' examg abbreviation of 'examining' ex animo (Latin) from the heart, sincerely, without reservation ex ante (Latin, literally 'before the event') based on prior assumptions Exaspération (French f.) exasperation exaspérer (French) to exasperate exaucer (French) to grant, to grant the wish(es) of (a person) Exc. abbreviation of 'Excellency' exc. abbreviation of 'excellent', 'except', 'excepted', 'exception', 'exchange', 'excommunication', excudit (Latin: he or she printed or engraved and printed it, written after the engraver's name), 'excursion' ex cathedra (Latin, literally 'from the throne') with (usually Papal) authority (i.e. not subject to argument) Excavateur (French m.) digger Excavation (French f.) excavation Excédent (French m.) surplus excédentaire (French) excess, surplus Excédent de bagages (French m.) excess luggage Excédent de la balance commerciale (French m.) trade surplus excéder (French) to exceed (French) to irritate excellent, excellente (French) excellent Excellence (French f.) excellence exceller (French) to excel exceller dans (French) to excel in Excelsior (Latin) ever upward Excentricité (French f.) eccentricity Excentrique (French m./f.) eccentric excentrique (French) eccentric excepcional (Spanish) exceptional excepté (French) except excepter (French) to except Exception (French f.) exception exceptionnel (m.), exceptionnelle (f.) (French) exceptional exceptionnellement (French) exceptionally exceptio probat regulam (Latin) the exception proves the rule Excès (French m.) excess excès de vitesse (French) speeding excessif (m.), excessive (f.) (French) excessive excessivement (French) excessively Excitant (French m.) stimulant Excitation (French f.) excitement exciter (French) to excite, to exhort (encourage), to annoy (irritate) exciter à (French) to exhort to excl. abbreviation of 'exclude', 'excluding', 'exclusive' excl. or exclam., abbreviation of 'exclamation', exclamatory' exclam. abbreviation of 'exclamatory' Exclamation (English, French f.) words uttered suddenly exclure (French) to exclude, to expel, to preclude exclusif (m.), exclusive (f.) (French) exclusive Exclusion (French f.) exclusion exclusivement (French) exclusively Exclusive psalmody a practice of some churches that every hymn sung in worship must be a close paraphrase of a Psalm or some other Biblical passage. Some Reformed churches, especially the Calvinists, rejected the use of instrumental music and organs in church, preferring to sing all of the music a cappella. Even today, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and other Reformed churches of the Scottish tradition maintain this practice Exclusivité (French f.) exclusive rights (commercial), exclusiveness Excommunication a censure imposed by church authority which excludes those subjected to it from holy communion and imposes on them other deprivations and disabilities; in the heavier form of this censure, the transgressor was forbidden any intercourse with fellow Christians and deprived of all rights and privileges in the church Excroissance (French f.) growth, outgrowth, excrescence excud. abbreviation of excuderunt (Latin: he or she printed or engraved and printed it, written after the engraver's name), 'excursion' excudere (Latin) to print Excursão (Portugual) 'gig' (colloquial term for a musical performance or a concert) Excursion (French f.) excursion, hike (on foot) Excursion polytonale (French) side slip Excursus (s.), Excursus (pl.) (Latin) a digression (point of detail is discussed at greater depth), an appendix (devoted to a marginal point) Excuse (French f.) excuse Excuses (French f. pl.) apology excuser (French) to excuse exd abbreviation of 'examined' ex delicto (Latin) arising from or out of a crime ex dono (Latin) as a gift, an inscription (usually on a book) recording that it is a gift from an individual (who would be specified) Exeat (Latin) permission to be absent exec. abbreviation of 'excute', 'execution', executive', executor' exécrable (French) abominable exécrer (French) to loathe Executant (English, from the Latin) a performer, vocal or instrument an artist or musician [entry provided by E. Robert A. Beck] Exécutant (m.), Exécutante (f.) (French, from the Latin) a performer, vocal or instrument, ejecutante (Spanish) Executante (Portuguese) performer exécuter (French) to carry out, to execute, to perform (music), to play (music) Execution manner of performance, style, dexterity and skill Exécution (French f.) execution, performance (music) Exécution empâtée (French f.) a neat clear execution Exécutif (French m.) executive (politics) exécutif, exécutive (French) executive (politics) execx abbreviation of 'executrix', 'executives' Exegesis (Greek) traditionally the term exegesis was used primarily for exegesis of the Bible and other religious textx. However in contemporary usage exegesis has broadened to mean a critical explanation of any text (i.e. including non-religious texts) exempl. abbreviation of examplaire (French: copy of a printed work) Exemplaar (Dutch) copy Exemplaire (French m.) copy exemplaire (French) exemplary Exemplar (Latin, Swedish) copy a model or original manuscript, a text, ornament, format or form of illustration, from which a copy is made. Note that unlike an archetype, an exemplar can itself be a copy of an earlier model Exemple (French m.) example Exempli gratia (Latin) for the sake of example (usually abbreviated e.g.) Exemplum (s.), Exempla (pl.) (Latin) an anecdote, a brief story (used in a medieval sermon to illustrate a moral point) exempt de, exempte de (French) exempt from exempter (French) to exempt exempter de (French) to exempt from Exemption (French f.) exemption Exequiae (Latin) funeral rites, and the music for them Exequias (Spanish f. pl.) funeral rites, and the music for them Exequien (German) masses for the dead, and the music for them Exequies funeral rites, and the music for them exercer (French) to exercise, to exert (influence, control), to work at, to train Exercice (French m.) exercise, drill (military), practice Exercice(s) à la barre (French m.) barrework Exercice(s) au milieu (French m.) centre practice Exercice(s) de style (French m.) a literary work, painting, etc. performed as a technical exercice and not intended as a serious work of art Exercice vocal (French m.) vocal exercise Exercise esercizio (Italian), Übung (German), étude (French) a study or a piece designed to develop technique, or to demonstrate technical attainment a keyboard suite Exercise music the advent of jazzercise and other aerobic exercise programs, sees music again helping to keep people fit. To those who dance early dances, the association will come as no surprise. Elizabeth I of England is known to have danced before breakfast as an aid to good digestion and personal fitness Exercitium (s.), Exercitien (pl.) (German, archaic) an exercise Exergue (Latin) the space on the reverse of a coin or medal, marked off from the main design, which contains the date exes abbreviation of 'expenses' Exeunt (from the Latin exire, 'they go out') a direction calling for more than one person to exit the stage Exeunt omnes (from the Latin exire omnes, 'they all to go out') a direction calling for the whole cast to exit the stage ex. g. or ex. gr., abbreviation of exempli gratia (Latin: for example) ex gratia (Latin) (a payment made) as a favour exh. abbreviation of 'exhaust', 'exhibition' exhaler (French) to emit exhaustif (m.), exhaustive (f.) (French) exhaustive exhbn abbreviation of 'exhibition' exhib. abbreviation of 'exhibit', 'exhibition', 'exhibitor' exhiber (French) to exhibit Exhibitionniste (French m./f.) exhibitionist exhorter (French) to exhort exhorter à (French) to exhort to ex hypothesi (Latin) as a result of assumptions made, a matter of course Exigence (French f.) demand exigeant (m.), exigeante (f.) (French) demanding, hard to please, asking a lot, insisting on one's rights exiger (French) to demand exigu (m.), exiguë (f.) (French) tiny Exil (French m.) exile Exilé (m.), Exilée (f.) (French) exile exiler (French) to exile Exilliteratur (German f.) German literature written by authors who fled Nazi Germany during World War II existant (m.), existante (f.) (French) existing Existence (French f.) existence Existentialism a twentieth-century philosophy arguing that ethical human beings are in a sense cursed with absolute free will in a purposeless universe. Therefore, individuals must fashion their own sense of meaning in life instead of relying thoughtlessly on religious, political, and social conventions. These merely provide a façade of meaning according to existential philosophy Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken exister (French) to exist Exit (s.), Exuent (pl.) (from the Latin exire, to goes out) a direction, often placed in the margin of opera scores, libretti, etc., marking the time when a particular actor or actors is to leave the stage (English s.) means of leaving a building, etc., a way out, uscita (Italian f.), Ausgang (German m.), sortie (French f.), salida (Spanish f.) Exit aria in eighteenth-century opera seria, an aria that occurs at the end of a scene after which the singer leaves the stage, aria d'uscita (Italian f.) Éxito (Spanish m.) success ex libris (Latin) from the library of, from the books of, an inscription in a book recording ownership ex necessitate (Latin) from necessity, having no alternative Exode (French m.) exodus Exodus (Latin, from Greek exodos) a mass departure from some place. From exodos, the last piece of a Greek tragedy, an episode occurring after the last choral ode and ended by the ceremonial exit of all the actors ex officio (Latin) or ex off., by virtue of office, by right of office Exon. abbreviation of Exonia (Latin: Exeter), Exoniensis (Latin: (Bishop) of Exeter) Exonération (French f.) exemption exonérer (French) to exempt exonérer de (French) to exempt from exor abbreviation of 'executor' exorbitant (m.), exorbitante (f.) (French) exorbitant exorciser (French) to exorcise Exorcist the second of the minor orders of the ministry; the power of exorcising evil spirits was never confined to this order although they assisted in this process, as well as with the pouring out of water at the mass Exordium (s.), Exordia (pl.) (Latin) the opening or introductory part of a speech or composition Exoteric music music meant to be easily comprehended and performed by anyone with little musical training Exotic a label given to a place, people, culture, or thing in order to engage interest through emphasising differences. Artistic and literary works have long used using the exotic as marketing ploy. It plays on the human tendency to be curious about the unfamiliar while wishing to remain safe from the unknown. While outwardly the exotic is usually presented in a positive light, for added excitement, danger is presumed to lie just beneath its surface Exotica a delicious brand of kitschy light lounge music that playfully borrows from various brands of world music, especially Latin American and Caribbean styles Contemporary Exotica - mp3s - from which this extract has been taken Exoticism music in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation are intended to evoke the atmosphere of far-off lands or ancient times Exotic oriental dance belly dance exotique (French) exotic exotische Musik (German f.) exotic music exp in mathematics, symbol for exponential exp. abbreviation of 'expand', 'expansion', 'expedition', 'experience', 'experiment', 'experimental', 'expiration', 'expire', 'expired', 'export', 'exported', 'exportation', 'exporter', 'express', 'expression', 'expurgated' Expanded Instrument System Pauline Oliveros conceived of the 'Expanded Instrument System' (EIS) in the 1960s as an interactive electronic sound processing environment designed for improvising musicians. In the 1990s, with David Gamper and Stuart Dempster, she formed the 'Deep Listening Band' in which Oliveros plays accordian, Gamper plays keyboards, Dempster plays trombone and didjeridoo, and they all play the EIS Expanded Instrument System from which this extract has been taken Expanded tertian sonorities see 'extended tertian sonorities' expansif (m.), expansive (f.) (French) expansive Expansion (French f.) expansion ex parte (Latin) on behalf of one party only Expatrié (m.), Expatriée (f.) (French) expatriate expdn abbreviation of 'expedition' expédié (French) quick, speedily Expédient (m.), Expédiente (f.) (French) expedient expédient (m.), expédiente (f.) (French) expedient expédier (French) to send, to dispatch Expéditeur (m.), Expéditrice (f.) (French) sender, an agent who arranges the despatch of goods on behalf of another person Experientia docet (Latin) experience teaches (us), we learn from experience Expédition (French f.) dispatch, expedition (journey) expéditif (m.), expéditive (f.) (French) quick exper. abbreviation of 'experimental' Expérience (French f.) experience, experiment (scientific) expérimental (French) experimental Experimental music experimental music is any music that challenges the commonly accepted notions of what music is. There is an overlap with avant-garde music. John Cage was a pioneer in experimental music and defined and gave credibility to the form. David Cope (1997), describes experimental music as that, "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo" Experimental music from which this extract has been taken Experimental Music Today Experimental Music Studio see 'EMS' Experimentalmusik (German f.) experimental music Experimental rock see 'avant rock' Expérimentation (French f.) experimentation expérimenté (French) experienced expérimenter (French) test, experiment with Experiment in International Living also EIL or the 'Experiment', an organization offering high school, language, summer camp volunteer programmes of international cross-cultural education for high school students in the United States. The Experiment in International Living introduced the concept of a homestay to the world when it was founded in 1932, placing "Experimenters" in the homes of host families to enhance the intercultural and/or language study aspects of each programme Experiment in International Living from which this extract has been taken Experimentum crucis (Latin) a crucial experiment Expert (French m.) expert (highly knowledgeable or experienced person), valuer, appraiser expert (m.), experte (f.) (French) expert Expert-comptable (s.), Experts-comptables (pl.) (French m.) accountant Expertise (French f.) expert appraisal, expert knowledge expertiser (French) to appraise Experto (Spanish m.) expert experto (Spanish) expert expier (French) to atone for Expiration (French f.) expiry expirer (French) to breathe out, to expire expl. abbreviation of 'explain', 'explanation', 'explanatory', 'explosion', 'explosive' explicare (Latin) to explain explicatif (m.), explicative (f.) (French) explanatory Explication (French f.) explanation, discussion (figurative), commentary (scholarly) Explication de texte (French f.) literary commentary or analysis Explicit (s.), Expliciunt (pl.) (Latin) a heading indicating the end of a section of text (rather like finis), the last few words of a manuscript treatise recorded for purposes of identification explicite (French) explicit expliquer (French) to explain Exploit (English, French m.) daring feat exploit. abbreviation of 'exploitation' Exploitant (agricole) (French m.) farmer Exploitation (French f.) exploitation, running, working, concern (business) exploiter (French) to exploit (person), to run, to work Exploiteur (m.), Exploiteuse (f.) (French) exploiter Explorateur (m.), Exploratrice (f.) (French) explorer Exploration (French f.) exploration explorer (French) to scan exploser (French) to explode Explosion (French f.) explosion Explosif (French m.) explosive explosif (m.), explosive (f.) (French) explosive Explosive also called a plosive or a stop, in linguistics, a sound made by completely blocking and then quickly unblocking the flow of air expn abbreviation of 'exposition' Exponentialschreibweise (German f.) scientific notation Exportateur (m.), Exportatrice (f.) (French) exporter exportateur (m.), exportatrice (f.) (French) exporting Exportation (French f.) export exporter (French) to export Exposant (m.), Exposante (f.) (French) exhibitor Exposé (French m.) talk, account (of an event), explanation, a revelation of something discreditable Exposed intervals in a harmonic progression, hidden fifths or octaves between the outer voices exposer (French) to display, to show, to explain, to introduce (for example, to introduce a theme), to endanger (life) [entry suggested by Annie Levac] exposer à (French) to expose to exposer au ... (French) facing ... Exposición (Spanish f.) exposition Exposition (English, French f., German f.) the part of a work, in sonata form, where the principal themes are first stated, or in a fugue, where the voices first enter in literature, the use of authorial discussion to explain or summarize background material rather than revealing this information through gradual narrative detail (French f.) display, exhibition (salon) Exposition à (French f.) exposure to Exposition cards postcards issued as souvenirs for expositions and fairs. Most expositions had an official set of cards made depicting its attractions, many of which are very large in number. Other publishers might also print unofficial exposition cards as well. It was common to hold regional and international expositions since the mid 19th century to promote trade, and postcards played an important role in this especially since 1893 ex post facto (Latin) after the fact, retrospectively expr. abbreviation of 'express' exprès (French) specially, on purpose (deliberately) exprès (m.), expresse (f.) (French) express Expresión (Spanish f.) expression Expressão (Portuguese) expression expressément (French) expressly expressément pour l'orgue (French) expressly for the organ expressif (m.), expressive (f.) (French) expressive Expression (English, French f.) espressione (Italian f.), Ausdruck (German m.), the act of revealing the spiritual and emotional contents of a composition, of interpreting the conceptions of the author, and of demonstrating the intermingling of these with the personality of the performer. In some cases marks, called 'expression marks' are added by the composer (or by a third party) to guide the player Expression corporelle (French f.) physical expression Expressionism the term applied to early twentieth-century works of art, including music, where the work expresses the artist or composer's state of mind one of the early 'avant=-garde' jazz forms, characterised by high energy and periods when soloists would improvise on simple themes Expressionismus (German m.) expressionism Expressionist dance a European dance form related to the German expressionist movement. Although considered as a part of the greater modern dance movement it is separate from 'Modern dance' per se Expressionst dance from which this extract has been taken expressionistisch (German) expressionistic Expression mark segno d'espressione (Italian), signe d'expression (French), indication de nuance (French), Vortragszeichen (German) an indication in a musical score where the composer wishes changes in the intensity or dynamics (louder or softer), tempo (quicker or slower) or articulation (stronger or weaker, detached or legato). It can be argued that any musical parameter can be used to expressive effect. Thus, pitch may be varied through the use of portamento or vibrato. However, pitch is generally not included under this heading Expression pedals pedals used by an organist to manipulate the adjustable louvres (louvers) or 'Swell Shades' with which enclosed divisions of the organ are provided. The shades increase or decrease the volume, enabling the organist to give expression to the division or to adjust the volume of solo stops Expression piano an automatic piano, usually electrically operated, in which it is possible to vary the dynamic level during the performance. The variation can be achieved by operating shutters (like a swell box in an organ), by changing the suction level (the greater the suction, the louder the sound) or, on cylinder-operated instruments, by having pins of different lengths Expression stop found on the 'harmonium', the 'expression stop' is a valve which shuts off the wind-reservoir and thus the whole management of the wind is given over to the performer, who by the greater or lesser quantity furnished through the direct use of the bellows pedal(s), can play more or less loud, increase and decrease the tone at leisure Expression, with see 'with expression' Expressive aphasia see 'Broca's aphasia' Expressive organ harmonium exprimer (French) to express (an opinion, etc) ex professo (Latin) professedly expt abbreviation of 'experiment' exptl abbreviation of 'experimental' exptr abbreviation of 'exporter' expulser (French) to expel, to evict, to send off (football, etc.) Expulsion (French f.) expulsion, eviction expurg. abbreviation of 'expurgate' expurger (French) to expurgate exquis (m), exquise (f) (French) exquisite exr abbreviation of 'executor' exrx abbreviation of 'executrix' exs abbreviation of 'expenses' ex silencio (Latin) an argument advanced on the basis of something that might be expected but is found to be missing from an argument ext. abbreviation of 'extend', 'extension', 'extent', 'exterior', 'external', 'externally', 'extinct', 'extra', 'extract', 'extraction', 'extreme' Extase (French f.) ecstasy Extempore (Latin, from ex tempore) on the spur of the moment, without prior preparation, unpremeditated, improvised extemporieren (German) to play on the spur of the moment, to play without prior preparation, to play extempore extemporiren (German, archaic) extemporieren Extemporisation improvisation, the art of composing at sight Extemporise to improvise, to compose at sight, improvvisare (Italian), extemporieren (German), improviser Extemporize to improvise, to compose at sight Extended chords see 'extended tertian sonorities' Extended chord tuning open tuning that allows a guitarist to play open seventh, ninth, eleventh or thirteenth chords. One or more of the strings is retuned to the appropriate note of the required scale. Such tunings may be either minor or major Extended chord tuning from which this extract has been taken Extended compass notes beyond the normal range of a voice or of an instrument Extended effects the effects produced by employing extended techniques, for example, plucking the strings inside a piano Extended dominant a non-diatonic dominant 7th chord that resolves downwards to another dominant chord. A series of extended dominant chords continues to resolve downwards by perfect 5ths until they reach the tonic chord. Typically used in jazz, extended dominants have been used in other contexts as well Extended dominant from which this extract has been taken Extended harmony see 'dispersed harmony' Extended interval augmented interval Extended phrase music is normally written in phrases of four or eight bars. Songs of 32 bars length will usually be comprised of eight four-bar phrases or four eight-bar phrases. Extended, and sometimes truncated phrases, are not uncommon in jazz writing. This is one of many ways to bring variety and interest to the writing Extension of phrase from which this extract has been taken Extended play a vinyl (PVC) 45 revolutions per minute (rpm) microgroove record, (called EP, for extended play), on which the normal four-minute per side playing time of the standard '45' record was extended to eight minutes Extended-range bass a term that refers to an electric bass guitar with more range (usually meaning more strings, but sometimes additional frets are added for more range) than the "standard" 4-string bass guitar. In practical usage, however, the term is often applied more to basses with more than 6 strings, including 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and even 12-string basses. Also, Knuckle Guitar Works produces a bass guitar tuned one octave lower than a "standard" four-string, which is considered an extended-range bass. "Extended range-bass" does not, however, refer to basses with doubled or tripled octave strings Extended range bass from which this extract has been taken Extended technique a term used in music to describe unconventional, unorthodox or "improper" techniques of singing, or of playing musical instruments Extended technique from which this extract has been taken Extended saxophone technique by Jay C Eaton Extended tertian sonorities also called 'tall' chords; 9th, 11th and 13th chords Extended chords Extender line a term used in vocal music to describe a line set at the baseline of the lyric used to show the length of a melisma on a one-syllable word or on the last syllable of a word. In the middle of a word a hyphen would be used instead. By convention the end of the extender line should be aligned flush right with the last note of the melisma and not to a point just before the note after the melisma an extender line (solid or dotted) might be used to show the extent to which a performance marking (for example, 8va or a courtesy (8va)) is to be observed Extensão (Portuguese) compass (pitch range of an instrument or a piece of music) (Portuguese) extension extensible (French) expandable, extendible extensif (m.), extensive (f.) (French) extensive Extensio modi (Latin, literally 'lengthening of the mode') where ornamental notes are introduced to extend the rhythmic mode, the reverse of fractio modi Extension (English, French f.) expansion, lengthening, broadening, extending a horizontal line placed immediately to the right of a lyric syllable, to show that a syllable must be held during the following note or notes in dance, term used to describe the ability of a dancer to raise and hold her extended leg en l'air. A dancer is said to have a good extension if, when doing a développé à la seconde, she is able to hold and sustain the raised leg above shoulder level Extension from which this information has been taken a note added to a triad to form a four, five or more note chord. In jazz, a chord is assumed to have four notes - these will be root, 3rd, 5th and 7th. Further extensions - 9th, 11th or 13th - are termed upper extensions (English, French f.) a term used in string playing, for the use of the fourth finger to stop a string above the current position in order to produce a higher note without shifting the whole hand Extension nut an ordinary guitar, either electric or acoustic, can be used for playing slide. Often the strings are raised a little higher off the neck than they would be for ordinary guitar playing. This is especially true if the free fingers are not going to be used for fretting. An extension nut may be used to achieve the higher string height at the peghead end of the neck. This is just a normal nut, with the slots filed less deeply, and often in a straight line rather than following the radius of the fretboard Slide guitar from which this information has been taken Extension organ a pipe organ that uses one or more ranks of pipes longer than the length of its keyboards to serve several different organ stops at different pitches. For example, a rank used as an 8' flute may also be used as a 4' flute simply by providing an extra stop control, to connect the keyboard to the pipes an octave above those that would normally sound. Using a single rank of pipes to support more than one speaking stop is generally known as borrowing, and occurs in several contexts other than extension. In this example, there are no pipes in the original rank to correspond to the top octave of the keyboard. In some cases of borrowing, borrowed ranks simply do not sound out of their ranges, and the player must allow for this. The other possibility is to extend the rank upwards by an extra twelve pipes, and the rank is then known as an extended or extension rank Extension organ from which this information has been taken Extension pedal the 'sustain' pedal, the 'loud' pedal, usually the right pedal on a piano Extensions additional organ pipes, added to the top or bottom of a rank, to permit using the same rank at more than one pitch. For example, the usual 8' rank has 61 pipes, one for each key on the manual; the largest pipe is 8 feet long, and the pitch sounded on each key is the same as that of the piano (8', or unison, pitch). A pitch one octave higher than unison (4' pitch) can be sounded from the same rank by starting with the lowest key of the manual playing the 13th pipe and so on upward; at the top of the rank a 12-pipe extension must be added to complete the compass of the manual a term used to describe the ninth (9th), eleventh (11th) and thirteenth (13th) of a chord (the thirteenth can be written also as a sixth (6th)) exténuer (French) to exhaust Extérieur (French m.) outside, exterior extérieur (French) outside, outward (sign, etc.), foreign (affairs, policy, etc.) extérieurement (French) outwardly extérioriser (French) to show, to externalize Extermination (French f.) extermination exterminer (French) to exterminate External auditory meatus see 'ear canal' Externe (French m./f.) day pupil externe (French) external Extincteur (French m.) fire extinguisher Extinction (French f.) extinction Extinction de voix (French) loss of voice extirper (French) to eradicate extn abbreviation of 'extension' extorquer (French) to extort Extorsion (French f.) extortion extr. abbreviation of 'extraordinary' Extra in the theatre, also called 'supernumerary' or 'super', a walk-on part, most often one in which no words are spoken Extra (French m.) special treat (meal) extra (French) first-rate Extraction (Engish, French f.) removal Extracto (Spanish m.) excerpt extrad. abbreviation of 'extradition' extrader (French) to extradite Extradition (English, French f.) the removal of a person to another country extraire (French) to extract extrait (French) extract, extracted extra metrum (Latin, literally 'outside the metre') (a syllable or syllables) not to be counted in scansion Extraneous foreign, far-fetched, belonging to a remote key Extraneous flats flats that do not belong to the key Extraneous key a key not related to the original key Extraneous modulation a modulation to a remote, unrelated key Extraneous sharps sharps that do not belong to the key extraordinaire (French) extraordinary extraordinario (Spanish) extraordinary Extra-textural meaning meaning that originates not in the text being read, but in another related text, for example, through allusion Extravagance (English, French f.) something, usually something quite expensive, beyond necessity extravagant (m.), extravagante (f.) (French) extravagant Extravaganza (Italian, from stravaganza) stage entertainment with music, written in a free informal style in some circumstances, this term is applied to a decoration or performance that is considered eccentric, irregular, redundant or in bad taste Extravert (m.), Extravertie (f.) (French) extrovert Extreme augmented state, when talking about intervals the lowest and highest parts in speaking of part-writing or part-music an unrelated key, when speaking of keys extreme sixth, the name occasionally given to the chord of the augmented sixth Extrême (French m.) extreme extrême (French) extreme Extreme interval augmented interval Extreme key a remote key, generally one with a great many sharps or flats, specifically the major keys with five or more sharps or flats and their relative minors Extremely to the greatest degree, very much, estremamente (Italian), sehr (German), extrêmement (French) Extremely fast very quick, as quick as possible, allegro molto (Italian), presto (Italian), prestissimo (Italian) , sehr schnell (German), très vite (French) extrêmement (French) extremely extrêmement lent (French) lentissimo, largo assai Extreme metal a broad term of heavy metal music sub-genres that are characterised by more aggressive styles, such as black metal, death metal, grindcore, and thrash metal Extrême-Orient (French m.) Far East Extreme parts the highest and lowest parts, whatever voices or instruments may be employed. Should the bass have a pedal note, then the part next above that is considered the lowest of the extreme parts Extreme sixth a name occasionally given to the interval of an augmented sixth Extrémiste (French m./f.) extremist Extrémité (French f.) extremity, end, dire straits (misery) extrémités (French) extremes Extro or outro (sometimes "outtro"), is a literary term used to indicate the conclusion to a piece. It is the opposite of an intro. In music, the proper term for this is the recapitulation, or in short, the 'recap'. 'Outro' is a more informal way of expressing this Exubérance (French f.) exuberance exubérant (m.), exubérante (f.) (French) exuberant exulter (French) to exult Exultet roll a manuscript roll from which a deacon read the liturgy for Easter, with pictures places inverted with respect to the text so as to be visible to the congregation as the roll wrapped over the pulpit, originating almost exclusively from southern Italy ex ungue leonum (Latin, literally 'you can judge a lion from its paw') you can judge the whole by a part Exutoire (French m.) outlet Exuviae (Latin) cast-off skins, shells, etc. of living creatures ex voto (Latin) (an offering, a deed, etc.) made in pursuance of a vow (or a prayer answered) exx abbreviation of 'examples', 'executrix' Eye dialect a type of metaplasmus using unconventional spellings to represent conventional pronunciation Eye-hand span the ability to sight read partly depends on a strong musical memory. An experiment on sight reading using an eye tracker indicates that highly skilled musicians tend to look ahead further in the music, storing and processing the notes until they are played; this is referred to as the eye-hand span Eye music Augenmusik (German), music that is pleasing or puzzling to the eye, regardless of how it sounds to the ear. In some cases, the music may make no sense to the ear, but has a secret puzzle or message when visually analyzed. This music was most common in the Middle Ages and Renaissance eras Eye music Eye rhyme rhyming words that seem to rhyme when written down as text because parts of them are spelled identically, but which are pronounced differently from each other in modern English. Examples include forth/worth, come/home, bury/fury, stove/shove, or ear/bear Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken ez abbreviation of 'easy' Ezcudantza a Basque dancet for two performers using the voice or the pipe and tabor Ezengileer named after the word for stirrup in Tyvan, ezengi, a type of Tuvan xoomii said to imitate the trotting of horses