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mf. abbreviation of mezzoforte (Italian: moderately loud) MFA abbreviation of 'Master of Fine Arts' M.G., m.g. abbreviation of main gauche (French: left hand) MGM abbreviation of 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer' MGG abbreviation of Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopedie der Musik, Friedrich Blume, in two multi-volume parts: subjects (10 volumes) and biographies (17 volumes) Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1994-2007. This standard German language music encyclopedia is a reference work of the highest scholarly quality, available only in German MH referring to the catalogue prepared by Charles H. Sherman and T. Donley Thomas of music by Michael Haydn (1737-1806) m.Holzschl. abbreviated form of mit Holzschlägel (German: with a wooden-headed mallet or beater) Mi the third degree (mediant) of the major scale in 'fixed do' solfeggio, mi is always the note 'E' Mi (Portuguese, Italian m., French m.) the note 'E' Miami bass also known as 'booty music', a term that may also include other genres, is a type of hip hop music that became popular in the 1980s and 1990s, known for applying the Roland TR-808 sustained kick drum, slightly higher dance tempos, and occasionally sexually explicit lyrical content Miami Bass from which this extract has been taken Miasma (s.), Miasmata (pl.) (Greek) noxious exhalations from putrescent matter, infection emanations, atmospheric pollution mi balenò un'idea (Italian) an idea flashed through my mind Mi bémol (French m.) the note 'E flat', the flattened third degree of the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called me Mi bemolle (Italian m.) the note 'E flat', the flattened third degree of the scale of C major, which in 'fixed do' solfeggio is called me Mi bemolle maggiore (Italian m.) the key of 'E flat major' the scale of 'E flat major' Mi bemoll major (Catalan m.) the key of 'E flat major' the scale of 'E flat major' Mi bemolle minore (Italian m.) the key of 'E flat minor' Mi bémol majeur (French m.) the key of 'E flat major' the scale of 'E flat major' Mi bemol mayor (Spanish m.) the key of 'E flat major' the scale of 'E flat major' Mi bemol menor (Spanish m.) the key of 'E flat minor' Mi bémol mineur (French m.) the key of 'E flat minor' Mic see 'microphone' mic abbreviation of 'microphone' Mi-carême (French) mid-Lent Mich after Helga Schölz-Michelitsch, the cataloguer of music by Georg Christoph Wagenseil (1715-1777) Mi contra fa (Latin, Italian) tritone, false relation a quotation from a Latin rhyme, mi contra fa, diabolus est in musica, (mi against fa is the devil in music), which, in counterpoint, refers to the tritone, an awkward interval that notes bearing these two solmization syllables produce, when they occur consecutively, usually as a 'false relation' in different parts MICR acronym for 'Magnetic Ink Character Recognition', used in automatic sorting methods, for example, on cheques, based on the printing of numbers in magnetic ink on the cheque itself Microcosm the human body. Renaissance thinkers believed that the human body was a "little universe" that reflected changes in the macrocosm, or greater universe Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Micro double bobinage (French) humbucker Microfono (Italian m.) microphone Micrófono (Spanish m.) microphone Microfono a condensatore (Italian m.) condenser microphone Microfono a contatto (Italian m.) contact microphone Microfono con filtro antirumore (Italian m.) noise-cancelling microphone Microfono elettrodinamico (Italian m.) electrodynamic microphone Microfono elettromagnetico (Italian m.) electromagnetic microphone Microform photographic "microcopies" of images which can be read using an enlarging machine. The two main types of microform are Microfiche, transparent rectangular sheets, and Microfilm, reels of transparent film. A wide range of material is stored on microform, including books, newspapers, journals, manuscripts, photographs, art works etc. Micro-groove recording pre-1940 records were made using shellac, but after World War II, the availability of polyvinyl chloride PVC), a flexible, more durable and less expensive plastic, allowed engineers to increase the density of grooves on the records surface to 100/centimetre (the narrower grooves were called 'micro-grooves'). This new technique, combined with PVC's excellent mechanical properties, allowed for a greater fidelity (greater frequency response and dynamic range) and so the rotation speed could be reduced (from 78 rpm to 33 1/3 rpm) so extending the 'playing time' to approximately 25 minutes Microhouse a subgenre of house and glitch music Microhouse from which this extract has been taken Microinterval see 'microtonal' Micromontage the use of musical montage technique on the time scale of microsounds Musical montage from which this extract has been taken Microphone (English, French m.) sometimes called a 'mic' (pronounced "mike"), a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal Microphone from which this extract has been taken Micropolifonía (Spanish f.) micropolyphony Micropolyphony twentieth-century technique encompassing the complex interweaving of all musical elements, not just melody. The technique was developed by György Ligeti (1923-2006), who explained it as follows: "The complex polyphony of the individual parts is embodied in a harmonic-musical flow, in which the harmonies do not change suddenly, but merge into one another; one clearly discernible interval combination is gradually blurred, and from this cloudiness it is possible to discern a new interval combination taking shape." Micropolyphony from which the Ligetti quotation has been taken Microphone à condensateur (French m.) condenser microphone Microphone à condtact (French m.) contact microphone Microphone électrodynamique (French m.) electrodynamic microphone Microphone électromagnétique (French m.) electromagnetic microphone Microsillon (French m.) long-playing record, LP Micro simple bobinage (French) single coil, as in a microphone Microsolco (Italian m.) long-playing record, LP Microsound microsound includes all sounds on the time scale shorter than musical notes, the sound object time scale, and longer than the sample time scale. Specifically this is shorter than one tenth of a second and longer than 10 milliseconds, including the audio frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz) and the infrasonic frequency range (below 20 Hz) Microsound from which this extract has been taken Microtonal (English, French, Spanish) interpretations of the terms microtone and microtonal vary widely, and it is useful to note the following two basic types of usage: the most literal and narrow definition of the word microtone has as its reference point the Western tone (or whole tone). If a semitone is half of a tone (in terms of cents*), then according to this definition, anything smaller is classified as a 'microtone', or 'microinterval'. There are more specific names such as 'quarter-tone', 'fifth-tone', 'eighth-tone', 'sixth-tone', etc. * Alexander J. Ellis' system for measurement of musical intervals, in which the equal-tempered semitone equals 100 cents, the whole tone 200 cents, the octave 1200 cents, and so on the most general, inclusive - and most common-usage of the term microtonal is its application to any music that makes use of intervals other than the traditional intervals of 12-note equal temperament (with its multiples of 100 cent semitones and 200 cent whole tones), which has been the standard tuning for Western music since the mid-nineteenth century. considering this second, more general application, we can easily see that there are a variety of artistic, theoretical and philosophical channels through which musicians may be drawn to those 'other intervals'. As a result there are a few different disciplines, only loosely inter-related, all of which may fall into the category 'microtonality'. These include: the practice of simply adding pitches to 12-note equal temperament (most often through microtonal equal temperaments such as 24-note ('quarter-tones'), 36-note ('sixth-tones'), 48-note, 72-note, 96-note, etc.) contemporary pure tuning methods such as the various modern forms of just intonation, Pythagorean and mean-tone tunings historically accurate tunings of Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and Classical pieces the study of non-Western tuning systems Boston Microtonal Society Website from which this information has been taken Microtonalismo (Spanish m.) microtonalism Microtonality see 'microtonal' What is microtonality? What is paucitonality? by Margo Schulter Microtonal music music which makes use of intervals smaller than a semitone or half step Microtonal notation one form of microtonal notation was developed by Rauf Yekta Bey (1871-1935), Turkish musician, musicologist and writer on music, who produced the first modern account of Turkish classical music available in a Western language (La Musique turque. The article appeared in Encyclopedie de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire, Premiere partie, Paris, 1922, although the article was written in 1913. His system employs 4 sharps (roughly +25 cents, +75 cents, +125 cents and +175 cents) and 4 flats (roughly -25 cents, -75 cents, -125 cents and -175 cents), none of which correspond to the tempered sharp and flat. They presuppose a Pythagorean division of the octave taking the Pythagorean comma (about an 8th of the tempered tone, actually closer to 24 cents, defined as the difference between 7 octaves and 5 just-intonation 5ths) as the basic interval. The Turkish system has been adopted by some Arab musicians. The Czech composer Alois Hába (1893-1973) is noted for his use of the quarter-tone scale, though he used other intervals such as sixth-tones and twelfth-tones. His quarter-tone system included symbols for half-sharp, sharp, sharp-and-a-half, half-flat, flat and flat-and-a-half. More recently, George D. Secor and David C. Keenan have developed 'Sagittal' Microtonal Notation Microtone see 'microtonal' Microtonos (Spanish m.) microtones Microtuner an electronic device or audio software endowed with microtuning capabilities specifically designed and used to modify the tuning of musical instruments (in particular synthesizers), hence allowing for microtonal scales, just intonation scales and tunings other than the twelve-tone equal temperament to be played Microtuner from which this extract has been taken Midalang Chinese rattle drum Rattle drum (midalang), China, (Shanghai), 19th century Middeleeuwen (Dutch) Middle Ages middeleeuws (Dutch) medieval Middenstemming (Dutch) meantone temperament Middeltonetemperatur (Danish) meantone temperament Middentoonstemming (Dutch) meantone temperament Middle ages a period, from about 500 AD until about 1430 AD, that is sometimes divided into two. The term 'Middle Ages' cannot be traced further back than to 1688 when Christophus Cellarius (Keller) issued Historia medii aevi period dates the early middle ages 500-1100 the late middle ages or Gothic period 1100-1450 Middle C do central (Spanish), do centrale (Italian), do central (French), eingestrichenes c (German) the one-accented c (c'), c' in Helmholtz notation or C4 in US Scientific notation. In the modern equal-temperament tuning system, based on a'=440Hz, c'=260Hz see 'octave' Why Middle C? Middle comdey Greek comedies written in the early 300s BC, in which the exaggerated costumes and the chorus of the Old Comedy were eliminated. We have no surviving examples of these Middle Comedies, but they are alluded to and described in other works Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Middle ear one of three conceptual anatomical divisions for the organ of hearing, including also the outer ear and the inner ear. The air-filled ear cavity located behind the eardrum or tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three small bones, ossicles, that connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea. The cavity can be vented to the outside world via the eustachian tube Middle eight see 'release' Middle English the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late fifteenth century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the 1470s. By this time the Northumbrian dialect spoken in south east Scotland was developing into the Scots language. The language of England as spoken after this time, up to 1650, is known as Early Modern English Middle English from which this extract has been taken Literary Terms and Definitions Middle High German language (MHG, in German Mittelhochdeutsch) the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German. In some older scholarship, the term covers a longer period, going up to 1500 Middle High German from which this extract has been taken Middle Irish form of the Gaelic language as it was used between 900 and 1200 Middle of the road or MOR, a broad term encompassing a number of musical styles. Not technically a genre in its own right, it was, and in some places still is, a popular radio format. Music classed as MOR is broadly popular in outlook, but not cutting edge; it is generally strongly melodic and frequently uses vocal harmony techniques and arrangements involving orchestral instruments. Such music is rarely (if ever) aggressive or abrasive Middle of the road from which this extract has been taken Middle passage the sea-voyage from Africa to the West Indies and/or the Americas commonly used by slave-traders Middle voice a classically trained female voice has up to three registers, the chest voice, middle voice and head voice, each characterised by a different tone quality and distinct sensations felt by the singer when she is singing Midi, le (French m.) the south of France MIDI (English, German n.) an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. MIDI is a specification for the types of control signals that can be sent from one electronic music device to another MIDI Mi dièse (French) the note 'E sharp' Mi diesis (Italian) the note 'E sharp' MIDI event each piece of information contained within a MIDI file is an event. This includes 'notes' (attack and release), 'control changes', 'system exclusive', 'meta events', 'program changes', etc. MIDI-Kanal (English, German m.) MIDI channel Midinette (French f.) a girl apprenticed to a dressmaker, a milliner's assistant MIDI Tuning Standard or MTS, a specification of musical pitch agreed to by the MIDI Manufacturers Association MIDI Tuning Standard from which this extract has been taken MIDI Tuning Standard unit: 1/196608 part of an octave. This divides the 12-tET semitone into 214 = 16384 parts which resolution makes sufficiently accurate tuning of electronic instruments possible. See the MIDI Tuning Specification 1.0. There are other MIDI tuning units which differ per manufacturer, for example Yamaha has models tuned in 1/768 or 1/1024 parts of an octave. There is also the MIDI Pitch Bend message, which can carry the values -8192 .. 8191, so when the range (which is variable) is the standard range of +/- 200 cents, then the unit is 1/49152 part of an octave or 0.024414 cents Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken Midjweh midjwiz or mijwiz, a folk double clarinet found in the Nile region of Egypt that has versions found throughout the Mediterranean Near East and even as far away as western China. It is generally made from cane, and has two pipes of the same length, each containing a reed and toneholes see 'double clarinet' Midjweh Mi doppio bemolle (Italian m.) the note 'E double flat', the doubly flattened third degree of the scale of C major Mi doppio diesis (Italian m.) the note 'E double sharp', the doubly sharpened third degree of the scale of C major Mi double bémol (French M.) the note 'E double flat', the doubly flattened third degree of the scale of C major Mi double dièse (French m.) the note 'E double sharp', the doubly sharpened third degree of the scale of C major Mi-doux (French) moderately soft (in volume of sound), mezzo piano (Italian), halbleise (German), mittelleise (German) Mid vowel in linguistics, any vowel sound made with the jaw and tongue positioned between the normal articulations for high and low vowels Mi gaung Burmese three stringed instrument in the shape of a crocodile Crocodile-shaped Zither from Burma Midjwiz see midjweh Miedo al público (Spanish m.) stage fright mieux-être, le (French) greater welfare, improved standard of living mieux que jamais (French) better than ever le mieux serait de (French) the best thing would be to, the best plan would be to Mieux vaut plier que rompre. (French) Adapt and survive. Mieux vaut prévenir que guérir. (French) Prevention is better than cure. Mieux vaut tard que jamais (French) Better late than never mieux-vivre, le (French) improved standard of living Mi-forte (French) moderately loud, mezzoforte or mezzo forte (Italian), halbstark or mittelstark (German) Mighty handful Kutchka migliorato (Italian) improved Mignolo (Italian m.) little finger Mignon (m.), Mignonne (f.) (French) a small delicate person mignon (m.), mignonne (f.) (French) delicately small, dainty Migraine (English, French) or megrim (anglicized French), a severe nervous headache Migrant cantus firmus a cantus firmus that is treated canonically, the chant therefore appearing in all voices and not just the ones to which it is usually restricted Mih Croatian reed instrument similar to a bagpipe but without a drone - also known as diple and mjeh Mihbaj a Bedouin coffee-grinder made of wood, with a base that is about 30 cm. tall and a 60 cm. pestle which serves the double purpose: as a household item and, when an expert artist uses it, as a percussion instrument Miijiru (Okinawan, literally 'female-string') the thinnest of the three strings of the sanshin Mijwiz Lebanese double clarinet see 'double clarinet' Mikado (Japanese) the title of the Emperor of Japan Mikrofon (German n.) microphone Mikrofonabstand (German m.) distance to the microphone Mikrofongalgen (German m.) or Mikrofonangel (German f.), boom arm (for a microphone) Mikrofotographie (German f.) microphotography Mikromann (German m.) boom operator Mikrophon (German n.) microphone Mikrophonie composed by Karlheinz Stockhausen in 1964, this is among the first electronic performance works Mikrophonie Mikropolyphonie (German f.) micropolyphony Micropolyphony a type of twentieth-century musical texture involving the use of sustained dissonant chords that shift slowly over time Micropolyphony Mikroton (s.), Mikrotöne (pl.) (German m.) microtone mikrotonal (German) microtonal mil (Catalan) thousand Milanese chant see 'Ambrosian chant' Milanese Rite see 'Ambrosian Rite' Miles gloriosus the braggart soldier, a stock character in classical Roman drama Milhûn (Arabic) a form of sung poetry in Moroccan colloquial Arabic (Darija) which uses many of the modes and instruments found in al-âla. A milhûn suite is comprised of two parts, the taqsim overture played on an oud or kamenjah in a free rhythm to introduce the mode for the rest of the piece, followed by the qassida, or sung poem which is itself divided into three parts. These are the solo verses (al-aqsâm), choral refrain (al-harba) and crescendoing chorus that completes the suite (al-dîdka). As well as the oud and violin, milhûn orchestras are made up of darbuka, handqa (small cymbals), hadjouj (a bass lute) and swisen (a high-pitched lute) Malhun Milieu (French m.) middle (French m.) (social) environment, (social) surroundings, (intellectual) atmosphere militaire (French) military militairement (French) military, in a military or martial style, militarily, alla militare (Italian), militarmente (Italian), militärisch (German) militar (Spanish) military militär (German) military militare (Italian) military militärisch (German) military, in a military or martial style, militarily, alla militare (Italian), militarmente (Italian), militairement (French) militarmente (Italian) military, in a military or martial style, militarily, alla militare (Italian), militärisch (German), militairement (French) Militärmusik (German f.) military music (German f.) a military band Militärtrommel (German f.) military snare drum, field drum Military band a regimental band made up of woodwind, brass and percussion, a description that can also be applied to civilian marching bands which may also be called 'concert bands' or 'wind orchestras' disposition of a French military band according to a Royal Commission, chaired by Minister for War de Rumigny, set up in 1845: 1 small flute in C 1 small clarinet in E-flat 14 omnitonique clarinets in B-flat (first and second parts) 2 bass clarinets in B-flat (according to Sax's plans, with a metal bell) 2 saxophones 2 oboes (modele allemand) 2 bassoons (avec pavillon de cuivre) 2 cornets with three valves 2 trumpets with three valves (systéme Sax) 4 valve horns 1 small saxhorn in E-flat 2 saxhorns in B-flat 2 alto saxhorns in E-flat 3 bass saxhorns in B-flat with three or four valves 4 contrabass saxhorns in E-flat 1 valve trombone (systéme Sax) 2 trombones 2 ophicleides 5 percussionists Military pop or 'martial music', is very similar to 'neofolk' Military snare drum a drum, lightly larger than the standard snare drum, that in the United States is called the field drum Milk jug percussion instrument used by Hungarian Gypsy musicians Mille feuilles (French) a kind of 'puff' pastry consisting of multiple layers of thin flakes Millefiori (Italian) a form of ornamental glass made by fusing together a number of threads of coloured glass and embedding a cross-section in transparent glass Millefleurs (French) a perfume distilled from a large number of different kinds of flowers Mille fois merci (French) Thanks a million! Bless you! Millegrain (French) a setting for a precious stone in which the edge of the stone is gripped by a continuous band of minute beads of metal Millennium (s.), Millennia (pl.) (Latin) a thousand year period Millioctave (abbreviations: m8ve, µ8ve, moct, µoct) an interval measurement which simply divides the 'octave' (2:1 ratio) into 1000 logarithmically-equal parts. The interval was named and used by Arthur Joachim von Oettingen (1836-1920) in his book Das duale Harmoniesystem (1913). Alfred Jonqière indicated the millioctave with the Greek letter μ. It was first used however by John Herschel in the book which he wrote with George Bidell Airy On Sound and Atmospheric Vibrations with the Mathematical Elements of Music (1871). Sometimes millioctaves are propagated as a "value-free" substitute for cents, not having the 12-tET bias, because the round cent numbers may lead people to the false belief that the intervals are perfectly in tune. However using these millioctaves introduces a 10-tET bias, which is a much less familiar tuning. Often the cent values of just intervals are easy to remember by their deviation from the 12-tET multiple of 100, for example the pure fifth is 702 cents, with millioctaves this is harder: 585 millioctaves compared to 583.333. Another advantage of cents is the size of the schisma: almost 2 cents against 1.63 M.O. Millioctave Logarithmic Interval Measures Milonga the milonga, which precedes the tango in history, was a solo song cultivated during the nineteenth century by the gaucho (an Argentine cowboy) in the vast rural area known as the Pampa. It derives from the payada de contrapunto, in which two singers (payadores), accompanying themselves on the guitar, improvised on different topics in a competition-like practice. The verses were octosyllabic quartets structured in a musical period of eight measures in 2/4. The term milonga is an African-Brazilian term that means words, i.e., the words of the payadores. It may also be called rural milonga in order to distinguish it from later developments of the genre Spanish dance first originated in Andalusia Milonga Tango and Milonga: A close relationship from which the first extract has been taken Milonga urbana see tango Milongon (Uruguay) a slow candombe Milord (from the French) a wealthy Englishman travelling abroad Miltonic imagery imagery made famous by Milton's poetry, especially Paradise Lost. Examples include the dark angels or twisted demons laboring at Pandemonium's construction deep below the earth in fiery shadow, especially when such imagery is taken in contrast with the pastoral tranquility of Eden or the pearly mansions of heaven afloat in glowing clouds. Likewise, the motif of the rejected, fallen, rebellious seraphim struggling against the Almighty's white lightning remains a haunting image in Milton's poetry Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Milz (German f.) spleen (anatomical) Mi maior (Portuguese m.) the key of 'E major' the scale of 'E major' Mi majeur (French m.) the key of 'E major' the scale of 'E major' Mi major (Catalan m.) the key of 'E major' the scale of 'E major' Mi mayor (Spanish m.) the key of 'E major' the scale of 'E major' Mime in dance, movements that a dancer uses to 'talk' without words mimen (German) to act Mi menor (Spanish m.) the key of 'E minor' Mimesis (Greek) mimicry, impersonation (usually unconscious), imitation or representation of something else rather than an attempt to literally duplicate the original (in the sense that a play about World War I might attempt to represent rather than duplicate that event) in ancient Greek drama, memisis was the form that showed rather than told the thoughts or the inner processes of characters, by external action and acting mimesis may involve ecphrasis, the act of translating art from one type of media into another. A classical musician or composer might be entranced by an earlier bit of folkloric art, the legend of William Tell. He attempts to imitate or represent the stirring emotions of that story by creating a stirring song that has the same effect; thus, the famous overture to William Tell results. A story has been translated into a musical score. It is also possible to attempt mimesis of one medium into the same medium. For instance, American composer Aaron Copland was inspired by the simplicity of Quaker music, in his attempt to re-create that music mimetically in Appalachian Spring, much as he had attempted earlier to mimetically capture the American spirit in Fanfare for the Common Man Mimesis Mimesis Literary Terms and Definitions from which the comment has been taken Mi mineur (French m.) the key of 'E minor' Mimik (German f.) gestures and facial expressions Mi minore (Italian m.) the key of 'E minor' Mimodrama a performance, with or without music, in which dramatic action is conveyed by gesture and choreography instead of words Mimose (German f.) mimosa min. abbreviation of minore (Italian: minor), 'minor' Mina a cylindrical drum found in Venezuela (Cuba) an Afro-Cuban dance, closely related to the Brazilian martial dance capoeira Mina 1/2460 part of an octave, named by Dave Keenan and George Secor as an abbreviation of schismina. It is 0.487805 cents or 1/205 part of a 100 cent semitone, and selected because 2460-tone equal temperament is consistent up to the 28th harmonic and its step is therefore a useful measure in which to express high-limit just ratios, with very little roundoff errors. They use it in the development of their Sagittal notation system. Although for that purpose the exact size of one mina is 1/233 part of a Pythagorean apotome, or 0.487918 cents or 1/2459.427234 octave Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken minaccevole (Italian) menacing, threatening minaccevolmente (Italian) menacingly, threateningly minacciando (Italian) in a menacing manner, in a threatening manner minacciosamente (Italian) in a menacing or threatening manner minaccioso (Italian) menacing, threatening Minauderie (French) affectation, coquettish manners Mina y curbata a set of one-headed Afro-Venezuelan barrel drums made from avocado wood. The mina drum is about 2 metres long and is played diagonally, hitting it with sticks. The curbata is about 1 metre long and it is also played with sticks mind. abbreviation of mindestens (German: at least - au moins (French)) minder (German) less, lesser Minderheit (German f.) minority minderjährig (German) under-age Minderjähriger (m.), Minderjährige (f.) (German) minor Minderjährigkeit (German f.) minority minderjährigsein (German) to be under age mindern (German) to diminish, to decrease (tempo) Minderung (German f.) decrease minderwertig (German) inferior Minderwertigkeit (German f.) inferiority Minderwertigkeitskomplex (German m.) inferiority complex Mindestabstand (German m.) minimum distance Mindest- (German) minimum (prefix) (der/die/das) mindeste (German) (the) least mindestens (German) at least, au moins (French) Mindestlohn (German m.) minimum wage Mindestmaß (German n.) minimum Mineiro a metal cylindrical shaker filled with metal shot or small dried seeds that features in maracatu nação (also known as maracatu de baque virado) an Afro-Brazilian performance genre Mineras see flamenco Minerva in Roman mythology, the equivalent of the Greek goddess Athena, goddess of war, wisdom and of the arts and crafts Mines of Rammelsberg a UNESCO World heritage site near the German town of Goslar, the site of continuous mineral extraction over a period of more than 1000 years. The Rammelsberg is a mountain, whose summit is 636 m above sea level Mines of Rammelsberg from which this material has been taken Minestrone (Italian) a substantial soup made of rice, pasta and various kinds of vegetables the term is used in English for any mixture of disparate things mineur (Dutch) minor mineur (m.), mineure (f.) (French) minor, moll (German) mineur-akkord (Dutch) minor triad Mineure melodique (French f.) melodic minor Mineur met verhoogde septiem (Dutch) minor with raised seventh Mineure naturelle (French f.) natural minor, pure minor Mineur none akkord (Dutch) minor ninth chord Mineur septiem akkord (Dutch) minor seventh chord Mineur toonladder (Dutch) minor scale Mingulay boat song see 'boat song' Mini a television miniseries Miniature a full page or half page painting in a manuscript Miniature score also 'pocket score' or 'study score', a musical score (usually 13·5 × 18·5 cm) not primarily intended for performance use, with the notation and/or text reduced in size Miniaturpartitur (German f.) miniature score Mini-jazz a type of jazz music characterized by swing dancing and jazzy melodies with influences from rock music. Predominant in Haiti in the 1970s, its popularity has waned since the 1990s Mini-jazz Minim blanca (Spanish), minima (Italian), blanche (French), minime (French), half note (US), Halbe (German), halbe Note (German) a half note, a note half the value of a semibreve (whole note) Minim Minima in mensural notation, equivalent to a minim or half note (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) a half note, a note half the value of a semibreve (whole note) Mini-major big film production companies that are supposedly smaller than the majors although such companies as Miramax, Polygram and New Line compete directly with the big studios Minimal Electronica a musical genre containing elements of other electronic genres, such as ambient and glitch Minimal Electronica from which this extract has been taken Minimal pair also called contrastive pair, used by linguists to illustrate subtle sound differences, two words that differ by only a single sound Minimalism late twentieth-century style characterized by the slowing down of musical processes through the repetition-with-variation of short fragments Minimalism Minimalismo (Spanish m.) minimalism Minimalismus (German m.) minimalism Minimalista (Spanish m./f.) minimalist (composer, painter, etc.) minimalistisch (German) minimalistic Minimal music also called 'process music', music in the style called 'minimalism' Minimal process repetitive process on a small number of elements, for example, In C by Terry Riley (b. 1935) or Koyanisqatsi by Phillip Glass (b. 1937) Minimal psychedelic trance also referred to as 'minimalist trance', 'psytekk', 'progressive psytrance' and 'psyprog', a style of electronic trance music developed in the early 2000s, developed as a sub-genre of psychedelic and Goa trance Minimal psychedelic trance from which this information has been taken Minimal techno a minimalist sub-genre of Techno music. It is characterized by a stripped-down, glitchy sound, a simple 4/4 beat (usually around 120-135 BPM) and the repetition of short loops. Related styles are Minimal Electronica, ambient techno, minimal house, microhouse and tech house Minimal techno from which this information has been taken Minime (French f.) or blanche (French), a minim Minim rest silencio de blanca (Spanish), pausa de blanca (Spanish), pausa di minima (Italian), demi-pause (French), half rest (US), halbe Pause (German) a half rest, a rest half the value of a semibreve rest (whole rest) Minim Miniseries also 'mini-series', in a serial storytelling medium, a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes Minister (Latin) attendant, retainer, minister a church served by a body of canons or prebendaries; the same as a collegiate church; in the north of England the term was also used for a cathedral Minister general term for the head of the Franciscan order Ministeriale (s.), Minstrerialn (pl.) (German) a member of the class of service nobility in the Middle Ages in Germany Ministerialis (s.), Ministeriales (pl.) (Latin) as used in English, meaning originally an official in the imperial service Ministers provincial term for the heads of provinces within the Franciscan order Ministralis (Middle Latin) retainer Ministrel (Middle Latin) retainer Ministrello (Italian m.) minstrel Ministril (s.), Ministriles (pl.) (Spanish m.) or músico de viento, a wind instrumentalist associated with the church (Spanish m.) troubadour, ménestrel Minium (Latin) in art, vermillion, red crystalline mercuric suphide, red lead, red oxide of lead Minjayra ney Minne (German) love the German term for fin amour (i.e., courtly love) Minnedichter (German) medieval German poets who flourished between 1138 and 1347 Minnelied (s.), Minnelieder (pl.) (German n.) German vernacular love songs of the 12th- to 15th-centuries, generally in two sections, the first repeated, the second not although the formal love song is the most common type found in Minnesang at all periods, but there were also others: Botenlied address to a messenger the lady or the man reveal to a messenger emotions that, by convention, could not be expressed directly to the beloved Kreuzlied crusading song this song does not usually tell of a crusade and its hardships, but rather of the pain caused by leaving the beloved behind Wechsel conversation song this song represents an actual conversation between two lovers, but often convention is served by making the conversation take place in a dream. In all these types of poems the rules of formal love poetry are preserved, and the formal aspects of the Minnelied (love song) appear Tagelied dawn song derived from the Provençal alba, it shows the parting of two lovers at dawn after a night of illicit love. A watchman cries that dawn has come; the lovers are in danger from spies sent by a jealous husband or perhaps from a less successful suitor. The stress is on the feelings of the woman rather than those of the man, and there is no attempt to idealize the situation. The form was not popular with German poets since there are few examples of it in early lyric poetry, and even after Romance traditions became established, resorting to a dreamlike setting seemed to be preferable to an explicit portrayal in the Romance vein Pastourelle pastoral song from the Occitan pastorella, the pastourelle was a poetic genre that was popular throughout France in the 12th and 13th centuries. Set in the countryside, a man discovers and attempts to seduce a young woman, usually a shepherdess. The poem includes both narrative (the man's point of view), and dialogue. In this way it contrasts with the conventions of courtly love by having the object of desire being not a noble lady where social constraints dictate events, but a commoner, with the less refined associations that would be drawn by the listener Minneliet (Middle High German) Minnelied Minnesang (German m.) courtly and secular music in Medieval Germany, cultivated by the nobility although similar in many ways to the troubadour tradition, focussing on the idea of 'courtly love' or Minnedienst, the loyality and devotion of a knight to an unattainable lady Minnesang Minnesänger (German m.) or Minnesinger, the German counterpart of the French troubadour/trouvere, a medieval poet-musician. Usually from the upper classes particularly those of knightly rank, they were part of the Minnesang tradition, singing of heroism, love and nature, although their tone was more idealistic than that of their Provencal/French equivalents. They were active in Germany between c. 1150 and ca. 1325. There were two chief schools: that from the Danube and that from the Rhine valleys (both great highways to the Crusades, thus frequented by travelling troubadours who spread theirart). Minnesingers declined in the thirteenth century and were replaced by Meistersingers Jester from which this information has been taken Minnim (Hebrew) strings (Psalms 150:4), probably a stringed instrument Minor minore (Italian), Moll (German), mineur (French), lesser, smaller (particularly when discussing intervals, scales, keys and chords) Minor II-V-I a II-V-I progression in a minor key Minor Color colored notes in tempus imperfectum which consist of a blackened semibreve followed by a blackened minim. Although this may have originally been intended to be a triplet, during the Renaissance, it represented a dotted minim followed by a semiminim. (In Apel's description of minor color, he erroneously claims that it represents a dotted semiminim followed by a fusa, but shows the correct note shapes!) Renaissance Music Notation from the mid-sixteenth century Glossary from which this information has been taken Minor diesis see diesis Minore (Italian) less, smaller, shorter, lower (Italian) minor (when referring to key or interval) (Asia Minor) see matzore Minor interval the interval a chromatic semitone (half-step) narrower or smaller than a major interval Minor key tono minore (Italian), Moll Tonart (German), ton mineur (French), a key which has a minor interval between its first and third degree Minor large chord an alternative name for the 'minor major seventh chord' Minor major mode the first mode of the melodic minor scale - also the chord derived from that mode Minor major seventh chord a seventh chord consisting of a minor triad plus a major seventh Minor mode a mode, or scale, in which the third and sixth are minor Minor ninth chord equivalent to a dominant ninth chord in a minor key Minor orders the lower ranks of the Christian ministry, comprising the orders of acolyte, exorcist, reader and doorkeeper Minor pentatonic a five-note scale consisting of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th degrees of a natural minor scale Minor scale scala minore (Italian), Moll Tonleiter (German), gamme mineur (French) the three standard minor scales used in Western music are: natural minor scale also called the Aeolian mode, exactly as the key signature dictates. This is the minor scale that is not altered. It begins on the note a minor third below the tonic or key-note of the major scale for which the key signature would usually apply. Thus the D natural minor scale, with a key signature of one flat, uses the same sequence of notes as the F major scale but begins and ends on D, i.e. D, E, F, G, A, B flat, C, D. The interval sequence for the rising natural minor scale is T-S-T-T-S-T-T (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step) harmonic minor scale contains the pitches most commonly used to form the harmony in the minor key. The only altered note is the seventh scale degree which is raised by a semitone (half-step) to form a leading note. The V chord, the tonicizing chord, requires this leading note to function properly. Thus, the D harmonic linor scale has the same note sequence as the D natural minor scale but with the seventh scale degree C, raised to C sharp. The interval sequence for the rising harmonic minor scale is T-S-T-T-S-T+S-S (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step) melodic minor scale contains the pitches that are often used in melodies that approach the tonic from below and fall away from the tonic. In this scale then, the sixth and seventh scale degrees are altered. In the harmonic minor scale, there is an augmented second between the sixth and seventh scale degree. This makes no difference in a collection of pitches used to form harmony. However, intervals like this are avoided in melodic usage, and the melodic minor scale accounts for this by raising the sixth degree as well as the seventh. This way, a melody can approach the tonic with a leading tone, and the leading tone can be approached by step as well. Notice that the descending melodic minor scale approaches the dominant the same way the ascending scale approaches the tonic so the sixth and seventh degree no longer need to be altered and it is in the unaltered natural minor form. Thus the ascending D melodic minor scale is D, E, F, G, A, B natural, C sharp, D, and the descending D melodic minor scale is D, C, B flat, A, G, F, E, D The rising interval sequence for the melodic minor scale is T-S-T-T-T-T-S (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step). The falling sequence is identical to that for the falling natural minor scale Minor Scales Minor scale Minor second an interval comprising a semitone (half step) Minor semitone an older term for 'chromatic semitone' (for example, C to C#) Minor seven flat five chord half diminished seventh chord Minor seventh an interval of five tones (whole steps) ditonus cum diapente Minor seventh chord a seventh chord consisting of a minor triad plus a minor seventh chord Minor six (6) pentatonic scale a scale that is useful in jazz, but not so much used in blues or rock. The minor 6 pentatonic scale can be used over many chords including a minor 6 chord Minor sixth an interval comprising four tones (four steps) semitonium cum diapente Minor tetrachord a rising row of four notes with successive intervals T-S-T (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step) Minor third an interval comprising three semitones (i.e. a tone and a semitone, or a step and a half) Minor triad   a chord consisting of a minor third above which is placed a major third. The example shown here is the G minor triad Triads Minor triple (meter) the meter 3/8, so-called because it should be played twice as fast as music written in 3/4 Mino washi (Japanese) a type of Japanese paper created in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Because of the high quality of the paper, it was used in many of the traditional crafts within the city, including lanterns, umbrellas and fans Minshingaku (Japanese, literally 'Ming-period music') Japanese genre of chamber music based on Chinese musical forms and instruments of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) that reached its peak popularity in the sixteenth century Minsogak (Korean) or minsok-ak, folk music Minstreel (Dutch) minstrel Minstrel (English, German m.) from the French, menestrel, menestrier) the word menestrier, first coined in the fourteenth century, referred to the superior class of musicians, the jongleur. The word menestrier, which is related to the word 'minister', may refer to the duty of providing musical accompaniment to the troubadours. The profession was known as menestrandie, from which came menestrel. This group were further divided into menestrel de bouche (singer), menestrel de guerre (military instrument player), and so on. When the word menestrel emigrated from the Continent to England, it was changed to minstrel, (related to the Saxon gleemen) Minstrel Jester from which this information has been taken Minstrel harp see 'celtic harp' Minstrel show the 'minstrel show' or 'minstrelsy' of the mid to late nineteenth-century United States included performers who sang songs and danced dances mimicking blacks (African-Americans) with banjo and percussion accompaniment, the performers being both black and white dressed in black-face. The minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in the next decade. By the end of the 1850s, minstrel shows as such had become a "lifeless ... [but] profitable" institution, which lingered on for several decades. By the turn of the century, the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville. It survived as professional entertainment until about 1910, and was performed until the 1950s in high schools, fraternities, local theatres. In the 1950s as African Americans began to score legal and social victories against racism and to successfully assert political power, minstrelsy lost popularity Minstrel show from which some of this information has been taken Minstrelsy Minstrelsy see 'minstrel show' Minteki (Japanese) or shinteki, a transverse flute used in minshingaku, the Chinese-style chamber ensemble of Japan see shinteki Anonymous, Japanese / Minteki (Transverse Flute) Minué (Spanish m.) minuet Minuet minuetto (Italian), Menuett (German), menuet (French), a graceful French dance in simple triple time often appearing as a section of extended works (e.g. dance suites) of the 17th- and 18th-centuries. Later minuets are generally quicker than the earlier form the minuet remains an element in folk dance in countries such as Finland and parts of Sweden Minuet Minuet Minuet and trio an ABA form (A=minuet; B=trio - because the minuet is repeated this form is sometimes called a 'double minuet') in a moderate triple meter that is often the third movement of the Classical sonata cycle Minuettina (Italian) a little minuet Minuetto (Italian m.) minuet Minuscule (English) in medieval manuscripts, script composed of lower case letters. The invention of minuscule allowed for faster, more compact writing in scriptoria minuscule (French) tiny, microscopic Minutario (Spanish m.) minute book (for keeping a record of the business at meetings) Minute (English, German f.) a period of time equal to one sixtieth of an hour. One minute is equivalent to 60 seconds Minuterie (French) small pieces of jeweller's work, an automatic time-switch that turns off corridor or landing lights automatically after a fixed period of time from when they are switched on Minutia (s.), Minutiae (pl.) (Latin) a trivial detail, a minor peculiarity Minyo Japanese and Korean folk songs Minyo (Korean Folk Songs) Mir (Russian) a Russian village community Mirabile dictu (Latin) wonderful to relate Mirabile visu (Latin) wonderful to behold Mirabilia (Latin pl.) things to wonder at, astonishing things Mirabrás see flamenco Miracle of the Virgin a vita or a miracle play that dramatizes some aspect of humanity activity, and ends with the miraculous intervention of the Blessed Virgin Miracle plays or 'mystery plays', not to be confused with medieval 'morality plays', miracle plays involve the use of drama to tell biblical stories, popular in Medieval England, also called 'Mysteries' or 'Moralities'. They developed from the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song, such as the Quem Quaeritis - a short musical performance set at the tomb of the risen Christ. These simple structures were developed with tropes, verbal embellishment of the liturgical text, and became more elaborate. As these liturgical plays became more popular, more vernacular elements were introduced and non-clergy began to participate. As the dramas became increasingly secular, they began to be performed entirely in the vernacular and were moved out of the churches by the thirteenth or fourteenth century Mystery play from which this extract has been taken Miracle temperament in music, miracle temperament is a regular temperament invented by George Secor which has as a generator an interval, called the secor, which serves as both the 15/14 and 16/15 semitones. Because 15/14 and 16/15 are equated, their ratio (15/14)/(16/15) = 225/224, sometimes called the septimal kleisma, is tempered out, and two secors give an 8/7 interval. Three of these 8/7 intervals, or six secors, make up a fifth, so that (3 / 2) / (8 / 7)3 = 1029 / 1024, an interval sometimes called the gamelan residue, is also tempered out. This gives the 7-limit version of miracle Miracle temperament from which this extract has been taken Mirada (Spanish f.) look Mirage (French) an optical illusion observable in sandy deserts, hot road surfaces, etc., which produces the appearance of sheets of water the word is now applied more generally to mean an illusion of something pleasant which has no real existence mirar (Spanish) to look at, to check, to watch, to look after, to think, to consider, to be careful, to see, to face, mirarse (Spanish) to think twice, to look at one another, to look at each other mirarse en el espejo (Spanish) to look at oneself in the mirror Mire (French f.) centre of attention (figurative), TV test card mirepoix (French) roughly cut vegetables, usually onions, carrots, celery with a sprig of thyme and bay leaf Mirilla (Spanish f.) peephole, spyhole mir kam zum Bewußtsein (German) I realised mir kam zum Bewußtsein daß (German) I realised that Mirliton (Dutch, Italian m., English, German m., French m.) a membranophone in which a freely vibrating membrane distorts the sound used to excite it, for example, the kazoo The Danse des mirlitons in Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is a reference to reed-pipes or panpipes miro (French) short-sighted (familiar) mirobolant (m.), mirobolante (f.) (French) marvellous (familiar) Miroir (French m.) mirror miroiter (French) to gleam, to shimmer Miroloyia (Greek) dirges sung by women as part of the cermonies following a death Mirror a term used to describe a part appearing upside down, which if set directly below the original part it would appear like the other reflected in a mirror lying between the two lines Mirror ball see 'disco ball' Mirror canon a musical palindrome, a canon that sounds the same when sung or played backwards Mirror passage a section of a story that might not contribute directly to the plot (i.e., it contains characters divorced from the main narrative, and the events it deals with do not further the action) but which does reflect the basic concerns of the work in terms of theme, action, or symbolism or which seems to echo another scene, image, or situation Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Mirror scene a scene in a play or novel that does not contribute directly to the plot (i.e., it contains characters divorced from the main narrative, and the events it deals with do not further the action,) but which does mirror the basic concerns of the play or narrative in terms of theme, action, or symbolism Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Misa (Spanish f.) Mass, messe (French) Misa baja (Spanish f.) Low Mass, messe basse (French) Misa cantada (Spanish f.) sung Mass, messe chantée (French) Misa católica (Spanish f.) Mass of the Roman rite Misa de Aguinaldo (Spanish f.) see aguinaldo Misa de campaña (Spanish f.) outdoor Mass, messe en plein air (French) Misa de cuerpo presente (Spanish f.) funeral Mass Misa de difuntos (Spanish f.) Mass for the dead, messe de Requiem (French), messe des morts (French) Misa de esponsales (Spanish f.) betrothal Mass Misa de Gallo (Spanish f.) the word gallo ('rooster') associates the Mass with when it is held (the first sound of dawn or at the crowing of the rooster), the Christmas Eve Mass, or Mass held at midnight of Dec. 25, to formally welcome the Nativity of the Messiah Misa del alba (Spanish f.) morning Mass, première messe (French) Misa del gallo (Spanish f.) Christmas midnight Mass, messe de minuit (French) Misa gregoriana (Spanish f.) Mass using the Gregorian rite mis à jour (French) brought up to date Misal (Spanish m.) missal, hymn-book Misa mayor (Spanish f.) High Mass, grand-messe (French) Misa negra (Spanish f.) black Mass, messe noire (French) Misanthrope (French m.) misanthropist misanthrope (French) misanthropic Misa pontifical (Spanish f.) papal Mass, messe pontificale (French) Misa privada (Spanish f., literally 'private mass') Low Mass Misa rezada (Spanish f., literally 'prayed mass') Low Mass Misa solemne (Spanish f.) messe solennelle (French) Misatobue (Japan) a modified shinobue in which an extra finger hole has been added at a the back near mouthpiece, so as to facilitate the production of sounds otherwise difficult to obtain on the shinobue. This hole is stopped by the thumb of the left hand Misatobue from which this extract has been taken Misa votiva (Spanish f.) votive Mass (celebrated for a special intention) miscelare (Italian) to mix Miscella (Latin) a mixture stop in the organ Miscellaneous (English) of mixed composition or character, of various kinds Miscellania (Latin pl.) a collection of writings on miscellaneous subjects Miscellany (English from the Latin miscellania) a collection of writings on miscellaneous subjects, mixture, medley mischen (German) to mix, to master (a recording) mischiare con (Italian) to blend in with Mischpult (German n.) sound mixer, mixer, mixing desk Miscible (English) capable of being mixed Misconceive (English) have a wrong idea or conception (English) badly planned, badly organized, etc. mise (French) putting mise à exécution, la (French) implementation, enforcement mise à jour (French) act of updating, updated mise à mort (French) kill mise à pied (French) dismissal (employment) mise à prix (French) reserve price mise au monde (French) birth mise au point (French) tuning, focusing, the clarifying and illuminating of an obscurity mise de page (French) the arrangement of printed matter on the page of a book, typographical design mise de fonds (French) capital outlay mise de voix (French, literally 'placing the voice') messa di voce mise en accusation (French) indictment mise en bière (French) placement into a coffin mise en boîte (French) ridiculing, leg-pulling (colloquial) mise en bouteille (French) bottling mise en cause (French) calling into question, pointing a finger at mise en condition (French) conditioning mise en demeure (French) formal demand, formal notice mise en espace (French) the staging of a play on an open stage in an amphitheatre mise en examen (French) placing under investigation mise en forme (French) imposition (typography), warming up (exercise), limbering up (sports, exercise) mise en gage (French) pawning mise en jeu (French) involvement, bringing into play mise en marche (French) starting up (a machine or apparatus) mise en ondes (French) production (radio) mise en page (French) make-up (typography) mise en plis (French) hair setting mise en pratique (French) putting into practice mise en relief (French) enhancement, accentuation mise en sacs (French) packing mise en scène (French f.) the production or staging of a play or film the use of the term has been extended include 'the background against which some action takes place' or 'the setting of a work of fiction' mise en service (French) putting or starting into service mise en valeur (French) development, improvement mise en vigueur (French) enforcement mis en ordre (French) arranged mis en place (French) in cooking, preparation prior to service mis en relief (French) emphasised, risaltato (Italian), hervorgehoben (German) Miserere (English, German n., Latin, literally 'have mercy') named for its opening words, Miserere mei, Deus, the 51st Psalm sung in the Roman Office for the Dead and during Holy Week a small bracket on the underside of a hinged seat arranged to give some support to a person standing in front of it Miserere Misericord a swing up seat in the choir of a major church, allowing clergy celebrating divine office to rest their weight while standing up a room in a monastery where the inhabitants were allowed occasionally to eat meat mise sur pied (French) setting up Mishra raga in Hindustani classical music, the mixture of two or more ragas Mishrokitha (Hebrew) probably the Chaldean name for a flute with two reeds (Daniel 3:5) Misiva (Spanish f.) missive (a short written note) Misma nota (Spanish f.) same note mismo (m.), misma (f.) (Spanish) same Misnjaca see hrvatski tanac Misnice bagpipe from Dalmatia (Croatia) and Herzegovina (Bosnia-Herzegovina), made of goatskin. The chanter is a double pipe with six holes on each side. One pipe is used as the drone and occasionally fingered, the other side used for the tune, in nearly the same register as the drone Miso (Japanese) seasoning derived from soya bean Misolidio (Italian) Mixolydian Misomusist not so much a passive ignorer of culture, as an active opponent of it Misomusist Missa (Latin) the Mass Missa brevis (Latin, literally 'short mass') a concise or less elaborate setting of the Mass a setting of the Kyrie and Gloria only Missa cantata (Latin) a 'chanted' mass, a compromise between the missa solemnis and missa privata, a Low Mass accompanied by choral chants Missa La sol fa re mi the five-note theme from Josquin's 1502 Missa La sol fa re mi was borrowed by subsequent composers and used in vocal and instrumental compositions at least until 1626. Examples include vihuelist Diego Pisador's 1552 Fantasia del quarto tono sobre la sol fa re mi, lutenist Albert de Rippe's 1555 Fantasie XVII, Neapolitan composer Rocco Rodio's 1579 Quinta Ricercata, and Girolamo Frescobaldi's 1624 Capriccio sopra la, sol, fa, re, mi Missal a book of the Church containing all the texts and musical notation necessary for the celebration of the Mass Missale (Latin) missal Missal of Silos the oldest known paper document created in the Christian West. The paper for the missal probably came from Islamic Spain. The missal itself comes from the Monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos near Burgos, Spain and is still in the library of the monastery. It is a Mozarabic rite quarto missal with 154 folios, from the eleventh century Missa privata (Latin) Low Mass, a simplified form of the Mass in which a single Celebrant takes on the Deacon and Subdeacon roles and where the whole service is spoken Missa pro defunctis (Latin) requiem Mass Missa solemnis (Latin, literally 'solemn mass') High Mass, which includes singing by the Celebrant, deacon and subdeacon, as well as chanting or polyphonic singing by the choir as a musical setting, a missa solemnis is elaborate, often symphonic, and suitable for liturgical use Missa solennis (Latin) missa solemnis misshällig (German) dissonant, discordant Misshälligkeit (German f.) dissonance, discordance misshellig (German) dissonant, discordant Misshelligkeit (German f.) dissonance, discordance Missing fundamental also called 'subjective fundamental', 'suppressed fundamental' or 'phantom fundamental', an acoustic effect that, although beating between its overtones suggest a fundamental frequency, the sound actually lacks a component at the fundamental frequency itself Mission civilisatrice (French f.) the duty of European nations to bring civilization to their colonial subject peoples Mississippi saxophone see 'harmonica' Missklang (s.), Missklänge (pl.) (German m.) discord, dissonance, cacophony Misslaut (German) dissonance misslauten (German) to sound discordantly misslautend (German) disonant, discordant Misspelling while some words admit multiple spellings, some spellings are clearly incorrect, and thus labeled as misspellings Misspellings from which this extract has been taken Missstimmung (German) discord, dissonance Misston (s.), Misstöne (pl.) (German m.) false note misstönend (German) discordant (as in 'discordant note') misterieux (m.), misterieuse (f.) (French) mysterious, in a mysterious manner misteriosamente (Italian) mysteriously, in a mysterious manner misterioso (Italian) mysteriously, in a mysterious manner Mistero (Italian m.) mystery Mistery (from Latin misterium, literally 'occupation') a Medieval English guild for professional scribes, and after which, the 'Misteries', we get the name of the places in which they worked. In other part sof Europe their were equivalent societies which in addition to scribes included manuscript illuminators Mistery plays see 'miracle plays' Mistica (Italian f.) mysticism Mistico (Italian m.) mystic Mistral (French) a strong colod north-west wind, the equivalent of the Italian maestrale Mistura (Italian f.) mix Misura (Italian f.) measure, bar, time misurare con il calibro (Italian) to measure with calipers misurarsi con (Italian) to measure against misurato (Italian) measured, in strict time, a battuta (Italian), im Takt (German), im Zeitmaß (German), à mesure (French) Misure (Italian) in Renaissance dance there were four characteristic tempos and movements. Whereas the bassadanza remains in one time signature throughout its dance, balli of the fifteenth century could be composed of any of four different misura or measures. Each of the misura had a unique tempo, time signature, and a special way to approach the steps: piva misura considered the least important of the measures, usually written in 2/4 time (occasionally in 6/8 time), with the fastest steps of the four. It is danced as though it were in duple time. The term piva can also indicate a special step as well as a particular misura. The piva step is described as being a "fast double" , but it is unclear quite what this means salterello misura the measure, least important but one, usually written in 3/4 time (occasionally in 6/8 time), with the second fastest steps. The saltarello step, a double step which includes a hop, also appears in other misure. The saltarello misura has a time signature of 6/8 which is usually reconstructed with 6 beats per measure quadernaria misura usually written in 4/4 time, the quaternaria is the only dance misura of the fifteenth century that is not found as an independent dance. Faster than the bassadanza, this is a four-beat walking step with a stamp on the last beat bassadanza misura considered to be the most important of the measures, "the queen of measures", usually written in 6/4 time, with steps that are the slowest and most elegant just like the dance of the same name. The bassadanza is a slow, stately dance form, elegant in style, and often processional. It is usually reconstructed with either 3 or 6 beats per measure Understanding 15th-Century Italian Dance from which some of this information has been taken MIT abbreviation of 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology' mit (German) by, with mit Abzügen see Abzug mit Ach und Krach (German) by the skin of one's teeth (something barely achieved or achieved at the very last minute) mit Affekt (German) with passion, with warmth mit Anbetung (German) con adorazione (Italian), adoringly, avec adoration (French) mit Andacht (German) devoutly, with devotion mit anfassen (German) to lend a hand mit angenehmen Registern (German) with pleasing stops (in organ playing) mit angenehmer Stimme (German) sweetvoiced mit anhören (German) to overhear Mitarbeiter (German m.) collaborator, co-worker mit aufgehobener Dämpfung (German) take away (or release) the dampers mit Aufschwung (German) in a lofty, impassioned style mit Aufschwung, aber nicht eilen (German) with impetus, but not rushing mit Ausdehnung (German) con ampiezza (Italian), with breadth, mit Weite (German), avec ampleur (French) mit Ausdruck (German) with expression, expressively mit automatischer Dichtung (German) selfsealing Mitbadj see mitbaq mit bangt davor (German) I dread it Mitbaq Iraqi double reed pipe mit Begleitung (German) accompanied mit Behändigkeit (German) con agilità (Italian) with nimbleness, with agility, with clean and light expression, avec agilité (French) mit Beschlag belegen (German) monopolize mit Besen (German) with the brush mit Besen gestreift (German) with the striped brush mit Bestimmtheit (German) for certain mit Betrübnis (German) con afflizione (Italian) or con accoramento (Italian), with grief, trübselig (German), attristé (French) mit Bewegung (German) with animation, con moto mit Bitterkeit (German) con amarezza (Italian), with sadness, with bitterness, with affliction, mournfully, avec amertume (French) Mitbiq the Iraqi double clarinet see 'double clarinet' mit Bleistift schreiben (German) to write in pencil mit bloßen Auge (German) with the naked eye mit Bünden versehen (German) fretted, tastato (Italian) avec sillets (French) Mitbürger (German m.) fellow citizen mit Dämpfer (s.), mit Dämpfern (pl.) (German) with mute, with damper mit dem (German) with the mit dem Bogen (German) with the bow, coll'arco (Italian), avec l'archet (French) mit dem Bogen geschlagen (German) to be struck with the bow mit dem Bogen schlagen (German) to strike with the bow mit dem Bogenstange (German f.) col legno mit dem Daumen (German) with the thumb mit dem Fuß aufstampfen (German) to stamp one's foot mit dem Knie (German) with the knee mit dem Kopf des Große-Trommel-Schlägels (German) with the head of the bass-drum beater mit dem Kopf zuerst (German) head first mit dem solo Part (German) with the solo part mit dem Stiel (German) with the handle mit dem Stiel des Große-Trommel-Schlägels (German) with the handle of the bass-drum beater mit dem Stock (German) with the stick mit den Becken scheiben (German) with cymbals mit den Fingern (German) with the fingers mit den Fingernägeln (German) with the fingernails mit den Fingerspitzen (German) with the fingertips mit den Füßen stampfen (German) to stamp one's feet mit den Nägel (s.), mit den Nägeln (pl.) (German) with the fingernail, with a nail, with a pin mit der Fläche (German) with the flat mit der (German) with the mit der Bogenstange (German) with the wood (of the bow), col legno (Italian) , avec le bois (French) mit der Hand (German) with the hand mit der Handfläche (German) with the flat of the hand mit der Handwurzel (German) with the wrist mit der linken Hand (German) with the left hand mit der rechten Hand (German) with the right hand mit der Singstimme (German) with the voice mit der Stimme (German) colla parte mit der Zeit (German) in time mit der Zunge anstoßen (German) lisp mit Drahtbesen (German) with the wire-brush mit durchaus ernstem und feierlichem Ausdruck (German) with a serious and solemn expression throughout mit Eile (German) with haste miteinander (German) with each other, together miteinander abwechseln (bei) (German) to take turns (with) mit einem Finger (German) with one finger mit einem Male etwas wuchtiger (German) all at once somewhat heavier mit einem Nagel Glissando (German) glissando with a nail mit einigem Ausdruck (German) with some expression mit einiger Freiheit (German) somewhat freely mit Eisenstab (German) with an iron-stick mit Empfindung (German) with feeling, with emotion mit Emphase (German) with emphasis Mitered pipe on an organ, a pipe bent to fit into limited space Mites see 'bow mites' mit etwas drängendem Charakter (German) with a somewhat forward-pressing character mit Feuer (German) with fire, with ardour, with warmth mit Filzschlägel (s.), mit Filzschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a felt mallet mit Flanellschlägel (s.), mit Flanellschlägeln (pl.) (German) with the flannel mallet mit Fröhlichkeit (German) con allegrezza (Italian), con allegria (Italian), joyfully, cheerfully, gaily, with lightness, avec allégresse (French) mit ganz schwachen Registern (German) with very soft stops mit gedämpfter Stimme sprechen (German) to speak in a damped voice, to speak in an undertone mit Gefühl (German) with feeling, with expression, with soul mit Geläufigkeit (German) with promptness mit Gemüt (German) with much feeling and expression mit Gemüth (German) with much feeling and expression mit Gemüthlich (German) soulfully mit Gemütlich (German) soulfully mit geschlossenem Mund (German) with mouth closed mit Geschwindigkeit (German) with speed mit Glockenhammer (German) with chime-mallet mit Glockenspielschlägel (German) with bell mallet, with the glockenspiel mallet mit Gummischlägel (German) with the rubber mallet mit große (German) in a dignified manner, grandiose mit großem Ton (German) with a full tone mit großer Ergriffenheit (German) deeply affected, moved mit großer Freiheit (German) with great freedom, very freely mit großer Geschwindigkeit (German) with great speed mit großer Kraft (German) with great vigour mit großer Wärme (German) with great warmth, with great fervour, very ardently mit große Trommel Schlägel (German) with bass-drum stick mit größter Geschwindigkeit (German) at full speed mit größter Kraft (German) with full force, con tutta la forza (Italian) mit halber Stimme (German) half voice, mezza voce (Italian), à mi-voix (French) mit Hammer (German) with the hammer mit Hand anlegen (German) lend a hand mit hartem Filzschlägel (German) with a hard felt mallet mit hartem Schlägel (German) with a hard stick mit Hingabe (German) with abandon, abbandonatamente (Italian), abbandono (Italian), avec abandon (French) mit höchster Kraft (German) with greatest power mit höchster Kraftentfaltung (German) with the greatest unfolding of power mit höherem Tempo (German) quicker mit Holzschlägel (s.), mit Holzschlägeln (pl.) (German) with the wooden mallet mit Humor (German) with humour, whimsically mitigando (Italian) placando (Italian), appeasing, besänftigend (German), en apaisant (French) mit innigem Ausdruck (German) with heartfelt expression mit Innigkeit (German) with deep emotion mit innigster Empfindung (German) with deepest emotion mitja pausa (Catalan f.) minim rest (half rest), a rest half the value of a semibreve rest (whole rest) mit Jazzbesen (German) with the wire-brush mit Keckheit (German) pertness, confidently, with vigour and boldness, in a bravura style mit Keckheit vorgetragen (German) with a vigorous performing style mit Kette (German m.) with chain mit Kette und weichem Schlägel (German m.) with chain and soft stick Mitklang (German m.) resonance mitklingende Töne (German m. pl.) overtones, upper partials mit Korkschlägel (s.), mit Korkschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a cork mallet mit Kraft (German) with strength, vigorously, energetically, powerfully, con forza mit langsamen Schritt (German) slowpaced (writing) Mitlaut (German) concord, consonance, consonant Mitlauter (German) concord, consonance mit lauter Stimme (German) in a loud voice mit Liebenswürdigkeit (German) con garbo (Italian), con amabilità (Italian), tenderly, with sweetness, gracefully, with elegance, with grace and gentleness, avec amabilité (French) mit Lebhaftigkeit (German) with animation mit Lederschlägel (s.), mit Lederschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a leather mallet mit Leichtigkeit (German) with facility, lightly, easily, with ease, con agevolezza Italian), con facilità (Italian), avec aisance (French) Mitleid (German n.) mercy mit Leidenschaft (German) with passion, with strong emotion mit leidenschaftlichem Ausdruck (German) with passionate expression mitleidig (German) pitying mit leiser Stimme (German) or unter der Stimme(German), sotto voce (Italian), sottovoce (Italian), under the breath, in lowered tones, softly, as an aside, in an undertone, à voix basse (French) mit Liebe (German) con amore (Italian), with love, lovingly, with affection, with devotion, fondly, tenderly, avec amour (French) mit Marimbaschlägel (s.), mit Marimbaschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a marimba mallet mit matter Oberfläche (German) frosted mit Metallschlägel (s.), mit Metallschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a metal stick mit Nachdruck (German) with emphasis, accented mit nacktem Oberkörper (German) bare to the waist Mitos (Greek) thread, musical strings woven from flax Mitote (Spanish m.) Mexican dance, family party (Latin America), fuss (Latin America), row (Latin America), uproar (Latin America), gossip (Mexico) mit Paukenschlägel (s.), mit Paukenschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a timpani mallet mit Perlen besetzt (German) set with pearls Mitre the pointed headdress worn by archbishops, bishops and some abbots on ceremonial occasions Mitred pipe see 'mitered pipe' Mitres the joints at the corner of a string instrument (e.g. a violin) where all joins are at the diagonal rather than at the square Mitrib (Arabic) musicians mit Rute (s.), mit Ruten (pl.) (German) with brush, with switch mit Saiten (German) snares on mit sanften Stimmen (German) with soft stops mit Schlägel (s.), mit Schlägeln (pl.) (German) with a mallet, with a stick mit Schlägel geschlagen (German) beaten with sticks mit Schlägelkopf (German) with the mallet head mit Schnelligkeit (German) with speed Mitschnitt (German m.) live recording mit Schwammschlägel (s.), mit Schwammschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a sponge mallets mit Schwung (German) swingingly, buoyantly mit Seele (German) with feeling, with soul mit Sehnsucht (German) ardently, in a style expressive of yearning mit Sordinen (German) with mutes mit Sorgfalt (German) con cura (Italian), con accuratezza (Italian), with care, avec soin (French) mit springendem Bogen (German) saltato (Italian), sautillé (French) mit Stahlbesen (German) with the wire-brush mit starken Stimmen (German) with loud or strong stops mit steigerndem Ausdruck (German) with intensified expression mit Strenge (German) rigourously mit Stentorstimme (German) in a stentorian voice mit Tamtamschlägel (German) with a tam-tam mallet, with a gong mallet Mitte (German f.) middle Mitteilung (German f.) announcement, communication Mittelalter (German n.) Middle ages mittelalterlich (German) medieval Mittel-C (German n.) middle C Mittelcadenz (German f.) the semi- or half-cadence, sometimes called the 'imperfect cadence' Mitteleinschnitt (German) mediatio (Latin) Mitteleuropa (German) central Europe, particularly the Balkan states mittelleise (German) moderately soft (volume of sound) in terms of volume the equivalent terms are mezzo piano or mezzopiano (Italian), halbleise (German), mi-doux (French) Mittellosigkeit (German f.) lack of funds mittelstark (German) or halbstark (German), mezzo forte (Italian), mezzoforte (Italian), mi-fort (French), moderately loud Mittelstimme (s.), Mittelstimmen (pl.) (German f.) the mean or middle part or voice (usually the tenor), an inner voice Mittelstück (German n.) middle joint mit Teller(n) (German) with crash cymbal(s) Mittelton (German) the mediant mitteltönige (German) mean-tone mitteltönige Stimmung (German f.) mean-tone tuning mitteltönige Temperatur (German f.) mean-tone temperament Mittenabstand (German m.) distance between centres mittere (Latin) send Mitting applause (colloquial) mittl. abbreviation of mittlere (German: medium (voice) - (voix) médiane (French)) mittlere (German) medium, middle mittlere Abweichung (German f.) average deviation mittlere Lebenserwartung (German f.) average life expectancy mittleren Alters (German) middle aged mittlere Osten, die (German f.) Middle East mittlere Phase (German f.) middle period mittlerer (German) median, average, mean, middle, medium (middle), median mittlere Reife (German f.) intermediate level (standard of difficulty, etc.) mittlere Teile (German f.) middle mittlerweile (German) by now, in the interim, in the meantime, by this time, meanwhile mit tonloser Stimme (German) in a toneless voice mit Triangelstock (German) with a triangle beater mit Trommelstock (German) with a sidedrum stick, with a snaredrum stick mit ungebundenem Humor (German) with unconstrained humour, burlando mit Unterbrechungen (German) intermittent, intermittently mit Verschiebung (German) with delay, lingering, retardation (German) with the soft pedal mit Verstärkung (German) with reinforcement (i.e. doubling) mit Vibraphonschlägel (German) with the vibraphone mallet mit Vibration (German) with vibration mit vielem Ausdruck (German) with strong expression mit vielem Nachdruck (German) with strong emphasis mit vollem Chor (German) with full chorus mit voller Lautstärke (German) at full sound, à plein son (French) mit voller Orgel (German) with full organ, à plein jeu (French) mit voller Stimme (German) with full voice, a voce piena (Italian), à pleine voix (French) mit Wärme (German) with warmth, passionately, ardently mit Wasser übergießen (German) to pour water over mit weichem Filzschlägel (German) with a soft felt-stick mit weichem Schlägel (German) with a soft stick mit weinerlicher Stimme (German) in a whining voice mit Weite (German) con ampiezza (Italian), with breadth, mit Ausdehnung (German), avec ampleur (French) Mitwirkung (German f.) cooperation mit Würde (German) with dignity mit Xylophonschlägel (s.), mit Xylophonschlägeln (pl.) (German) with a xylophone mallet mit zarten Stimmen (German) with soft-sounding stops mit Zartheit (German) with tenderness, with delicacy mit Ziffer (German) followed by a number mit Zuneigung (German) con affetto (Italian), with affection, with warmth, with passion, with tenderness, with emotion, liebevoll (German), avec affection (French) mit zwei Backen paarweise (German) with a pair of cymbals mit zwei Münzen (German) with two coins mit zwei Schlägeln (German) with two sticks Mix the phase following a stage of multitrack recording, or the product of that phase, during which the final balance of all tracks to each other in terms of volume and timbre is determined the term 're-mix' is used in popular music for the translation of a recorded work into a different style using electronic manipulation. Sections can be stretched, through the repetition of previously released material, and individual tracks might be re-produced, either by using different mixing technology (for example, using echo, different equalization, etc.) or by actual re-recording using additional musicians, often recruited from the production team. These results are known as 're-mixes', to differentiate them from the original mixes found on 45s and LPs re-mixing, the further processing of recorded material, after the initial release, led to a number of categories: dub mix the oldest of the 'mixing' categories, usually an instrumental version of the original song club mix named for the venue specific to the style, for example, 'High Time', referring to dance venues in New York City House mix, Hip-Hop mix, etc. a mix named for a particular dance music styles mix named after the author of a particular version, usually a well-known DJ Acapella mix or Percappella mix a mix using only vocals, without instruments Bonus track mix a version stripped of all instrumentation except the percussion and, perhaps, a bassline, although the term also applies to an additional track on an album consisting of an entirely different song, maybe one that is released in no other form radio edit or 7-inch edit a mix whose duration and arrangement conforms with standards used in radio programming, usually identical to the original album and / or 7-inch single version Mix from its neighbours, the Virgin Islands has imported various pan-Caribbean genres of music, including calypso from Trinidad and reggae from Jamaica. Most popular music in the modern Virgin Islands is a blend of these styles, as well as American hip hop music, and is referred to as mix Mixage (French m.) sound mixture Mixar (Portuguese) mix, mixing Mixar novamente (Portuguese) remix Mixed cadence an old name for a cadence formed with the subdominant, dominant and tonic chords see 'cadence (harmonic)' Mixed canon also called 'accompanied canon', a polyphonic work where some parts are in canon with one another while others are independent or 'free' Mixed chorus a choir formed of both adult male and adult female voices, usually the four principal voice types, soprano, contralto, tenor and bass Mixed media a work that includes musical, dramatic, verbal, visual, literary elements combined in unusual ways Mixed metres while time signatures usually express a regular pattern of beat stresses continuing through a piece (or at least a section), sometimes composers place a different time signature at the beginning of each bar (measure), resulting in music with an extremely irregular rhythmic feel. In such a case barlines are used to indicate the beginning of rhythmic note groups rather than to mark a periodic agogic accent and in such cases the use of barlines is subject to a wide variation - some composers use dashed barlines while others (including Hugo Distler) have placed barlines at different places in the different parts to indicate varied groupings from part to part Mixed meters from which this extract has been taken Mixed motion moto misto (Italian), gemischte Bewegung (German), mouvement mixte (French), gemengde beweging (Dutch), motion where more than one variety of motion occurs at once between several different parts Mixed registration also 'mixed tone' or 'mixed voice', vocal adjustments having qualities of both light and heavy register Mixed tone see 'mixed registration' Mixed voice see 'mixed registration' Mixed voices mixed chorus Mixer (English, German m.) (electronics) a device for combining, controlling and routing audio signals (French) to mix Mixing console (English, Mixer-Console (German f.)) in professional audio, a mixing console, mixing desk (Brit.), or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining (also called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, tone, and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined output signals Mixing console from which this extract has been taken Mixolídio (Portuguese) Mixolydian Mixolidio (m.), Mixolidia (f.) (Spanish) Mixolydian Mixolydian mode the seventh ecclesiastical mode in Greek theory, the Mixolydian is the Hypolydian mode inverted: a descending scale of a whole tone followed by two inverted Lydian tetrachords (each being two whole tones followed by a semitone descending). This is the equivalent of playing all the 'white notes' of a piano from B to B, or B C D (E) | E F G A | B. This happens to be theoretically the same as the Hyperdorian mode, but Mixolydian seems to have been the preferred name. It also seems that this Mixolydian mode was little used by the ancient Greeks, and that it was deemed unfit for any kind of music a mode consisting of a rising sequence of intervals T-T-S-T-T-S-T, (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step) Mixolydian mode from which the second entry has been taken Modes mixolydien (m.), mixolydienne (f.) (French) Mixolydian Mixolydisch (German n.) Mixolydian (mode) mixolydisch (German, Dutch) Mixolydian mixolydische Kadenz (German f.) Mixolydian cadence mixolydischer Modus (German m.) Mixolydian mode mixolydische Tonleiter (German f.) Mixolydian scale Mixtape or 'mix tape', a home-made compilation of songs (typically copyrighted music taken from other sources) recorded in a specific order, traditionally onto a compact audio cassette. The songs can be sequential, but a true, seamless mix from start to finish can be made by beatmatching the songs and creating overlaps and fades between the end of one song and the beginning of another Mixtape from which this extract has been taken Mixtur (German f., literally 'mixture') see 'mixture, mixture stops' Mixtura (Spanish f.) mixture Mixtura acuta (Latin) an acute mixture stop in an organ Mixture although parallel major and minor scales have the same tonic, their pitch content is different. Since these scales share the same tonics, the same scale degree numbers and consequently the same or nearly the same function can be assigned to pitches with different names. For example, E natural and Eb are both scale degree 3 in C major and C minor, respectively. Since these pitches share the same functional name, they can substitute for one another. Eb can appear in a piece in C major and still function as scale degree three and vice versa. The introduction of pitches from the parallel scale is called mixture. The minor mode has a kind of built in mixture, since you can always introduce the sixth and seventh scales degrees from the parallel major. Composers have used mixture for a variety of reasons see 'mixture stops' Mixtures see 'mixture stops' Mixture stops or 'mixtures', compound auxiliary organ stops consisting of several ranks of pipes that sound simultaneously. Some, with high pitches corresponding to various harmonics or overtones of the notes on the keyboard, are used with 8', 4' and 2' stops to produce a brilliance and grandeur. These are especially useful in accompanying congregational singing. Others, lower-pitched, are solo stops when used in small combinations Miya-daiko Japanese shrine or temple drum Mizik djel also boula djel, vocalized percussion songs (i.e. mouth music) from Martinique and Guadeloupe which, while associated with traditional wakes, are not considered sacred music Mizhavu a large copper pot-drum that features in performances of kootiyattom in Kerala, Southern India Mizmar or mozmar, an Arabic wind instrument with single or double reed, similar to an oboe in Egypt, mizmar usually refers to a surnay a group of musicians, usually a duo or trio, that play a mizmar instrument along with an accompaniment of one or two double-sided bass drums, known in Arabic as tabl baladi or simply tabl Mizmar Mizrab (Turkish) or misrap, pick for plucking strings, for example, on the barbat or sitar Mizwid (Arabic, literally 'bag' or 'food pouch') a bagpipe played in the central regions of Tunisia Mizwidj Mizwidj see mizwid Mjeh see mih Mjersnice see miesnice MLA the acronym for the Modern Language Association. English students primarily know the MLA as the publisher of the MLA guidelines for research papers, the standard format used in American college English classes. Founded in 1883, this organization is a professional guild of sorts for professors and instructors of a variety of subjects: foreign languages, linguistics, composition, technical writing, philology, rhetoric, and literature MLitt abbreviation of 'Master of Letters/Literature' Mloda Polska a group of Polish composers that include K. Szymanowski, L. Rozycki and G. Fitelberg and Apolinary Szeluto M.M. originally an abbreviation of Mälzels Metronom, Maelzels Metronom, Maelzel's Metronome or 'Metronome Maezel', although today it is often assumed to stand for 'metronome mark' or 'metronome marking' mm abbreviation of 'millimetre(s)' MMA abbreviation of 'Master of Musical Arts' MME, MMEd abbreviation of 'Master of Music Education' Mme, Mmes abbreviation of Madame, Mesdames (French) MMT abbreviation of 'Master of Music in Teaching' MMus, M.Mus. abbreviation of 'Master of Music' Mnemonics the use of syllables or words to memorise or vocalise rhythmic patterns as with Chevé rhythm syllables. A similar approach is used by ornithologists to help identify birds by their song Quick Guide to Bird Song mobile (Italian) changeable, movable, mobile Mobile form an alternative expression for 'aleatory music' Moccasin (Powhatan) a shoe of soft leather without a separate sole worn by American Indians Mochree (Irish) my darling (a form of endearment) Mock epic in contrast with an epic, a mock epic is a long, heroicomical poem that merely imitates features of the classical epic Mock sermon a medieval genre commonly known as une sermon joyeux or une sermon jolie, the conventions of which are that a non-clerical figure will present a humourous lecture on a non-religious topic (sexuality and food being two common choices) using all the tropes and conventions of a normal homily - such as the introduction and explication of a Biblical passage, allusions to various intellectual figures, a series of exempla to prove the speaker's point, and a concluding invocation of prayer Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken mod, mod. abbreviation of moderato, 'modulator', 'modification' Mod or, to use its full name, 'Modernism' or sometimes 'Modism', a lifestyle based around fashion and music that developed in London, England in the late 1950s and reached its peak in the early to mid 1960s. People who followed this lifestyle were known as Mods, and were mainly to be found in Southern England Mod (lifestyle) from which this extract has been taken Modal (English, Spanish, German) pertaining to modes in jazz, said of a section, or a whole tune, having static harmony (using one chord) and using scales from a particular mode, most typically the Dorian in jazz, having a key feeling derived not from dynamic chord progressions (like circle-of-fifths) but rather from repetition, monotony, and weight used in jazz for an harmonic style that is diatonic and makes use of quartal harmony many people still think that most British, Irish and American folk songs are 'modal', where in fact modal songs constituted only a small part of the body of original Anglo-Saxon folk music (Kramarz, 1983: 40). The reason for this identification of folk music with 'modality' probably lies in the fact, that during the nineteenth-century 'modality' became the main criterion to distinguish Classical music from other musical styles. Van der Merwe (1989: 18-20; 241-242) calls the divergence of styles the 'Great Musical Schism', where folk and popular musicians were promoting and Classical composers were increasingly avoiding the lavish use of double tonics and the resulting enharmonic notes. During this process 'modal' songs got prominence in the domain of folk music above the usual Major ones, as they were kept alive by performing artists. Besides, in the same period folklorists became interested in preserving folk music and, as Dave Harker (1981; 1985) notes, many songs were 'modalised' when they starting playing for what sounded to them as real, authentic - i.e. modal - material, thus involuntarily furthering its production Notes on two Dorian double-tonic tunes from which the last entry has been taken modal (m.), modale (f.) (French) modal Modal change the term is used today for a change from major to minor or the reverse while retaining the same tonal centre modaler Jazz (German m.) modal jazz Modal frame in music a melodic mode or modal frame is one of "a number of types permeating and unifying African, European, and American song" and melody including parlour music. "Mode" and "frame" are used in this context interchangeably. Melodic modes allow melodies which are not chord-based or determined by the harmony but instead by melodic features. A note frame is a melodic mode that is atonic (without a tonic) or has an unstable tonic Modal frame from which this extract has been taken Modal harmony see 'modal' Modalidad (Spanish f.) form, category Modality see 'mode' Modal jazz in the latter 1950s, spurred by the experiments of composer and bandleader George Russell, musicians chose not to write their songs using chords, but instead used modal scales. This meant that the bassist, for instance, did not have to 'walk' from one important note of a chord to that of another - as long as he stayed in the scale being used and accentuated the right notes within the scale, he could go virtually everywhere. The pianist, to give another example, would not have to play the same chords or variations of the chords, but could do anything, as long as he stayed within the scale being used. The overall result was more freedom of expression Modal Jazz from which this extract has been taken Modal mixture the use, in a harmonic progression, of diatonic chords taken from parallel major and minor keys Modal modulation changing from one mode to another, as for example, changing from C Mixolydian to C Major Modal notation (English, Modalnotation (German f.))in medieval music, the rhythmic modes were patterns of long and short durations (or rhythms) imposed on written notes which otherwise appeared to be identical. Modal notation was developed by the composers of the Notre Dame School, 1170 to 1250, and replaced the even and unmeasured rhythm of early polyphony and plainchant with patterns based on the metric feet of classical poetry. It was the first step towards the development of modern mensural notation Rhythmic mode from which this extract has been taken Modal rhythm a description applied to a passage or piece of music following one of the rhythmic patterns called 'rhythmic modes' Rhythmic Modes & Anacrusis Modal tuning modal tuning is used when a guitarist wants an open tuning that will permit very easy chords but will be neither minor or major. They can be especially effective with droning open strings, and give "suspended" second or fourth chords Modal tuning from which this extract has been taken Modal voice the vocal register used most frequently in speech and singing in most languages. It is also the term used in linguistics for the most common phonation of vowels. The term "modal" refers to the resonant mode of vocal cords; that is, the optimal combination of airflow and glottal tension that yields maximum vibration Modal voice from which this extract has been taken Mode a system of rhythmic notation (modal rhythm) used in the thirteenth century a particular arrangement, or hierarchy, of related pitches (called notes), as, for example, in major and minor scales, ecclesiastical modes, and so on. The same term can be applied to scalar patterns of intervals from other cultures, for example, those from India, Japan, China, etc. The Greeks thought of a mode as a series of gaps, or holes, between the notes and not the notes themselves modo (Italian m.), Tonart (German f.), mode (French m.), a term used to describe 'scale families' that are related by the fact that they use a common group of notes but have different roots. These modes are named for the root (for example, E) and a descriptor that describes its interval sequence (for example, 'Phrygian'). So, for the group of notes C, D, E, F, G, A and B, the modes are C Ionian, D Dorian, E Phrygian, F Lydian, G Mixolydian, A Aeolian and B Locrian. In a similar way, the notes that make up the melodic minor scale C, D, Eb, F, G, A and B, have an associated group of modes: C Hypoionian, D Dorian b2, E Lydian augmented, F Lydian b7, G Mixolydian b6, A Aeolian b5 and B Superlocrian Modes What were the twelve modes? When did modal music give way to the modern key system? Mode (Danish) conference (German f.) fashion Mode dorien (French m.) Dorian mode Mode ecclésiastique (French m.) church mode Mode éolien (French m.) Aeolian mode Modell (German n.) model modellieren (German) to model Mode, Greek see 'Greek mode' Mode hellénique (French m.) Greek mode Mode ionien (French m.) Ionian mode Modello (Italian m.) model, a small version of a large picture (submitted for the approval of the commissioning patron(s)) Mode locrien (French m.) Locrian mode Mode lydien (French m.) Lydian mode Mode mixolidien (French m.) Mixolydian mode Mode mixte (French m.) mixed mode Mode of limited transposition see 'modes of limited transposition' Mode phrygien (French m.) Phrygian mode moderado (m.), moderada (f.) (Spanish) moderato moderando (Italian) moderating moderare (Italian) to moderate, to reduce moderarsi (Italian) tocontrol oneself moderatamente (Italian) moderately, in moderate time, moderately quick Moderately fast moderato (Italian), gemässigt (German), mässig schnell (German), modéré (French) Moderately loud mezzo forte (Italian), ein wenig stark (German), mi fort (French), un peu haut (French) moderatissimo (Italian) very moderately, in a very moderate time moderato (Italian) moderate (speed) (between andante and allegro) moderato assai con molto sentimento (Italian) moderately quick with much expression moderato pesante (Italian) moderately heavy [entry supplied by Jack Claff] Moderator editor (German m.) male TV presenter an effect found on certain early nineteenth-century Viennese pianos Moderatorin (German f.) female TV presenter Moderazione (Italian f.) moderation (in time, etc.) modéré (French) moderate (speed), tempered, mellowed, restrained, regular "This word indicates a mouvement [tempo] that is midway between lent and gai. It is comparable to the Italian andante." - Rousseau (1768) Ranums' Panat Times from which this quotation has been taken Mode relatif (French m.) relative key modérément (French) moderately Modern a term usually applied to something that is contemporary and which does not hark back particularly to styles or forms from an earlier time modern (German) to decay (German) modern, fashionable moderna see moderno Modern American square dance also called 'Western square dance', 'contemporary Western square dance', or 'modern Western square dance', has, as its basis, a form established during the 1930s and 1940s by Lloyd Shaw, who solicited definitions from callers across the country in order to preserve traditional American folk dance Modern dance serious theatrical dance forms, including 'free dance', 'expressionist dance', 'postmodern dance', 'dance improvisation' and 'contemporary dance', that are distinct from both ballet and the show dancing of the musical comedy or variety stage Modern dance moderne (French) modern moderne Bund, der (German m., literally 'the modern group') the title assumed by the group of Swiss artists led by the German painter Paul Klee Modern English the English language as spoken between about 1450 and the modern day moderner Tanz (German m.) see Ausdruckstanz modernisieren (German) to modernise Modernism Modernism is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, deconstruct and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. Broadly, modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movements in art and architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged in the decades before 1914. But Modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was "holding back" progress, and replacing it with new, progressive and therefore better, ways of reaching the same end. In essence, the modernist movement argued that the new realities of the industrial and mechanized age were permanent and imminent, and that people should adapt their world view to accept that the new equaled the good, the true and the beautiful. Modern (quantum and relativistic) physics, modern (analytical and continental) philosophy and modern number theory in mathematics are, however, also said to date from this period. Embracing change and the present, modernism encompasses the works of thinkers who rebelled against nineteenth century academic and historicist traditions, believing the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated; they directly confronted the new economic, social and political aspects of an emerging fully industrialized world. Some people divide the twentieth century into movements designated Modernism and Postmodernism, whereas others see them as two aspects of the same movement a term applied, in music, to post 1910 music by Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) and Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971), although many use the term with reference to the changes after the Second World War and to a younger generation of European composers including Boulez, Xenakis, Barraque and Stockhausen who sought to 'wipe the slate clean' musically speaking and re-invent the language of music in the twentieth century. However, 'modernism' is not a term that finds meaning only in the twentieth century music. In every century, individual composers have been prepared to break with earlier traditions, sometimes having become the master of the style or form then in vogue but often by treading a path that nobody had trodden before see 'Mod' modernism was being used in a derogatory sense even in 1737, when Jonathan Swift branded those who abused contemporary language as 'modernists' "It's not a good idea to be too modern, one goes out of fashion so terribly quickly." Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) Modernism from which the first entry has been taken Music of the 20th Century Modernists a term which today would mean those who espouse modernism Modernistas (Spanish m./f. pl.) modernists modernizzare (Italian) to modernise Modern jive also called 'French Jive', 'Blitz' or 'Blitz jive', 'Jazz jive', Ceroc (which is a trademark), le Roc, le Rock 'n' Roll, le Jive and mo'jive. The original 'Jive' began in New York's Harlem district and was first called the 'Lindy Hop'. In the Swing era, it spread across the U.S., becoming known as the 'Jitterbug', and American GIs took it across the globe in World War II. In the 1950s, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" turned it into 'Rock 'n' Roll' or 'Jive'. 'Modern Jive' is a partner dance, a cross between 'Rock 'n' roll' and 'Ballroom Jive'. The man leads, i.e. signals the moves to the lady. No footwork is involved, it's just from the waist up. The music? Ideally, 'Modern Jive' should be danced to your average disco track, anything reasonably fast with a distinct beat Modern jive Modern Language Association see MLA Modern music music contempory with the present generations moderno (m.), moderna (f.) (Italian) modern Modern pitch the notion of a standard of pitch has been an issue for instrument makers for many centuries. Today, we assume that instruments are build to a pitch standard of a'=440 Hz (where a' is the A above middle C), but this was not always the case. In the mid-nineteenth century, as the popularity of bands was beginning to grow, the number of different pitch standards was significant. In the early part of the nineteenth century, the general pitch standard was as low as a'=420 Hz (modern a' flat is 415 Hz). The standard rose quite dramatically throughout the course of the century so that by the end of the century in some venues, pitch was as high as a'=457 Hz (modern b' flat is 466 Hz), this despite the fact that a standard of a'=435 Hz was established by a French Commission in 1859, and in 1887 this was formally adopted by the Vienna Congress, an international conference on musical pitch. Many American band instrument makers in the later nineteenth century followed the general trend of building instruments at a higher standard. By the end of the century, however, the influence of the trend toward low pitch was also evident, perhaps owing to the 1887 resolution by the Vienna Congress. As a result, by the beginning of the twentieth century until about 1920, American instrument manufacturers were faced with the dilemma of having to accommodate at least two different pitch standards, which were termed "high pitch" (around a'=452 Hz) and "low pitch" (around a'=440 Hz). The use of the term "low pitch" here should not be confused with a quite different convention applied to naming pre-nineteenth-century pitches the manner by which brass instrument manufacturers accommodated these two standards is most interesting. Some instruments were provided with two sets of main slides or with sleeves which could be inserted in the main slide to lengthen it. Some York tubas are equipped with an extra "doughnut" of tubing, located near the main slide, which can be incorporated into the main slide tubing by rearranging the slides. In each case, the objective is to lengthen or shorten the main slide so that the instrument could be tuned to the appropriate standard. Valve slides, if fitted, could be pulled or pushed in to accommodate the main tuning. While the practice of manufacturing instruments which could play at two standards was abandoned about 1920, some manufacturers continued to produce some high-pitch instruments for a few years. Eventually, of course, a'=440 Hz became the standard Notes on Early 20th Century Pitch Standards from which this information has been taken Pitch Modern rock a phrase commonly used by radio stations to describe rock music styles that are commonly found on mainstream radio stations, generally beginning with late 1970s punk but referring especially to any rock music of the 1980s, 1990s or 2000s, mainly to differentiate the format from "classic rock", which focused upon music recorded in the 1960s and 1970s. More specifically, it is usually used to describe a "radio-friendly" variation of alternative rock. Many rock radio stations now refer to their format as modern rock Modern rock from which this extract has been taken Modern rondo see 'rondo-sonata form' Modern soul a style of music with its own associated clothing and dance styles [obvious precursors to the Disco era of the later 70s] that developed in the north of England in the early 1970s Modern soul Modern Western square dance also called 'Western square dance', 'contemporary Western square dance', or 'modern American square dance', has, as its basis, a form established during the 1930s and 1940s by Lloyd Shaw, who solicited definitions from callers across the country in order to preserve traditional American folk dance Modes see 'mode' Modes of limited transposition a term used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) for modes formed of repeating intervallic units and which as a result can be transposed only a certain number of times before the original set is repeated: chromatic scale one transposition (because any transposition repeats the original group of notes) whole tone scale two transpositions (because a transposition of a major second repeats the original group of notes) diminished scale three transpositions (because a transposition of a minor third repeats the original group of notes) augmented scale four transpositions (because a transposition of a major third repeats the original group of notes) major scale twelve transpositions (because a transposition of an octave repeats the original group of notes) tritone six transpositions (because it is its own inversion) other intervals twelve transpositions modesto (Italian) modestly, quietly, moderately Modestia (Italian f.) modesty Modi a trasposizione limitata (Italian m. pl.) modes of limited transposition modico (Italian) reasonable Modicum (Latin) a small quantity, a moderate amount Modifica (Italian f.) modification modificare (Italian) to modify Modification du son (French f.) sound modification Modificazione (s.), Modificazioni (pl.) (Italian) modification(s), light and shade of intonation, slight alteration(s) Modified parallel organum see organum Modified strophic form song structure that combines elements of strophic and through-composed forms, a variation of strophic form in which a section might have a new key, rhythm, or varied melodic pattern Modifikation (German f.) modification modifizieren (German) to modify Modi maggiori (Italian m. pl.) major modes Modi minori (Italian m. pl.) minor modes Modinha (Portuguese) popular in the eighteenth century, a sentimental Brazilian dance directly derived from the Portuguese songs and dances of that name modisch (German) fashionable Modism see 'Mod' Modistin (German f.) a milliner modo abbreviation of moderato (Italian: moderate speed) Modo (Italian m., Spanish m.) manner, mode (Italian m., Spanish m., Portuguese) diatonic modal scales Modo auténtico (Spanish m.) authentic mode Modo dorico (Italian m.) Dorian mode Modo dórico (Spanish m., Portuguese) Dorian mode Modo ecclesiastico (Italian m.) church mode Modo eclesiástico (Spanish m.) church mode Modo eolio (Italian m.) Aeolian mode Modo eólio (Portuguese) Aeolian mode Modo frigio (Italian m.) Phrygian mode Modo frígio (Portuguese) Phrygian mode Modo ionio (Italian m.) Ionian mode modolare (Italian) to modulate, to accommodate the voice, or an instrument, to a certain intonation Modo lidio (Italian m.) Lydian mode Modo lídio (Portuguese) Lydian mode Modo locrio (Italian m.) Locrian mode Modo lócrio (Portuguese) Locrian mode Modo maggiore (Italian m.) major mode Modo minore (Italian m.) major mode Modo misolidio (Italian m.) Mixolydian mode Modo mixolídio (Portuguese) Mixolydian mode Modo plagale (Spanish m.) plagal mode Modo rítmicos (Spanish m.) rhythmic modes Modos de transposición limitada (Spanish m. pl.) modes of limited transposition Modos musicales (Spanish m.) musical modes Mod Revival sometimes known as 'punk mod', is a name given to a genre of rock music in the late 1970s and early 1980s, mainly centred in Southern England. Its mainstream popularity was relatively short, and it has been criticised for lack of originality Mod Revival from which this extract has been taken modrig (German) musty modto abbreviated form of moderato (Italian: moderate speed) modulaatio (Finnish) modulation Modulación (Spanish f.) modulation (for example, a change of key) Modulación de frecuencia (Spanish f.) frequency modulation Modulación rítmica (Spanish f.) rhythmic modulation Modulant (Italian) to modulate Modulant (m.), Modulante (f.) (French) to modulate modular (Spanish) to modulate (for example, to change key) modulare (Italian) to modulate, to accommodate the voice, or an instrument, to a certain intonation Modular synthesiser a synthesiser where the individual sound generators or processors such as oscillators, filters, amplifiers, envelope generators etc. are physically separate units which can, or have to be, connected together by the user. This is usually achieved by simply plugging a cable from one unit's output to an input on another or the same unit, using a patchcord. The earliest synthesisers where of this type and this is the origin of the usage "patch" to describe the parameter settings on modern synthesisers which no longer use this arrangement. Systems of this type where made by Moog (series III), Roland (System 100 and 700) and Korg (MS10, 20 etc.). These systems were very flexible and led naturally to creative experimentation, but were expensive to manufacture and market. This resulted in a newer generation of synthesisers which had a more or less predetermined signal path, which were often less flexible but easier to use. There has recently been a revival of interest in modular synthesisers and there are still manufacturers making them Studio Musician's Jargonbuster from which this extract has been taken Modulate modulare (Italian), modulieren (German), moduler (French), to change key or mode (in a musical work) to grade the tone Modulatie (Dutch) modulation Modulating sequence a melodic and or harmonic sequence stated successively at different pitches and in different keys Modulation (English, German f.) in electroacoustic music, the term is applied to a change of frequency, amplitude, etc. through the use of electronics see 'modulation (harmonic)' Modulation (harmonic) a change in key or mode (in a musical work) particular types of modulation are: common chord modulation modulation from the original key to the destination key (usually a closely related key) by way of a chord (called a pivot chord) that both keys share. When analyzing a piece that uses this style of modulation, the common chord is labeled with its function in both the original and the destination keys, as it can be seen either way common-tone modulation common-tone modulation uses a sustained or repeated pitch from the old key as a bridge between it and the new key. Usually, this pitch will be held alone before the music continues in the new key chromatic modulation modulation where a secondary dominant or other chromatically altered chord is used to lead one voice chromatically up or down on the way to the new key or mode diatonic modulation stepwise progression within a single diatonic scale parallel or parallel key modulation change of key (or mode) from one key (or mode) to another where the key note remains the same (e.g. A minor to A major, or E major to E minor) relative or relative key modulation change of key (or mode) from one key (or mode) to another where the key signature remains the same (e.g. A minor to C major, or G major to E minor) enharmonic modulation where there is no audible change of key (or mode) (at least not in equal temperament) but a chord is rewritten using enharmonic equivalents. There are two main types of enharmonic modulations: dominant seventh/augmented sixth, and diminished seventh. By respelling the notes, any dominant seventh can be reinterpreted as a German or Italian sixth (depending on whether or not the fifth is present), and any diminished seventh chord can be respelled in multiple other ways to form other diminished seventh chords final modulation change of key (or mode) from one key (or mode) to another which persists to the end of the work passing, transient, transitory modulation change of key (or mode) from one key (or mode) to another but which is soon followed by further modulation either to a further key (or mode) or back to the original key (or mode). Transitory modulations are often considered tonicizations false, transitory modulation also called tonicization, a process that temporarily allows a chord other than the tonic to function as a goal of motion or point of stability, and therefore, function as a temporary tonic phrase, direct, abrupt or shift modulation a modulation in which one phrase ends with a cadence in the original key, and begins the next phrase in the destination key without any transition material linking the two keys sequential modulation or rosalia a sequential passage that begins in the home key, may move either diatonically or chromatically; harmonic function is generally disregarded in a sequence, or, at least, it is far less important than the sequential motion. For this reason, a sequence may end at a point that suggests a different tonality than the home key, and the composition may continue naturally in that key. Although a sequence does not have to modulate, a modulating sequence is known as a rosalia Modulation Modulation Modulation, false see 'tonicisation' Modulation, non-harmonic see 'non-harmonic modulation' Modulationsakkord (German m.) pivot chord Modulatory space readers should be aware that the term "modulatory space" is not a standard music-theoretical term. The spaces described in this article are pitch class spaces which model the relationships between pitch classes in some musical system. These models are often graphs, groups or lattices. Closely related to pitch class space is pitch space, which represents pitches rather than pitch classes, and chordal space, which models relationships between chords Modulatory space from which this extract has been taken Modulazione (Italian f.) modulation moduler (French) to modulate Modulering (Sweden) modulation Moduli Johann Mattheson (1681-1764), in his Vollkommener Capellmeister, suggests that a composer have at his disposal a number of what are called moduli, that consist of "modulations, little turns, clever motives, pleasing figures" and the like, that the composer can apply to his own melodic invention. The origins of these moduli are not as important as their usage, because even great ideas poorly used will amount to nothing. Handel often used these moduli as an integral part of his compositional process modulieren (German) to modulate moduliren (German, archaic form) modulate Modulus (s.), Moduli (pl.) (Latin) a coefficient, especially that by which Napierian logarithms must be multiplied to produce common logarithms (Latin) the absolute value of a complex quantity (Latin) a measure of stiffness (viz. Young's modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus - the bulk modulus and shear modulus are different types of elastic modulus - which is defined as the ratio, for small strains, of the rate of change of stress with strain) (Latin) a way to measure the smoothness of a mathematical function Modulus Modus (Latin) the measurement of rhythm, key, mode, scale Mensuration Modus (German m., Swedish, Dutch) mode Modus contrarius (Latin) indirect or dissimilar harmonic motion Modus lascivus (Latin, literally 'wanton mode') in the Middle Ages, an alternative name given to the Ionian mode Modus major (Latin) major mode or scale Modus minor (Latin) minor mode or scale Modus obliquus (Latin) oblique harmonic motion Modus operandi (s.), Modi operandi (pl.) (Latin) way in which a thing or person operates Modus rectus (Latin) direct or similar harmonic motion Modus vivendi (Latin, literally 'way of living') a working arrangement agreed between different contending parties pending the final settlement of differences, or to overcome differences that are considered irreconcilable Moeurs (French pl.) the manners or customs of a place or period möglich (German) possible Moguchaya Kuchka see Kutchka Mogul the head of a major studio or communications company Mohamed's Banner also Turkish crescent, Chinese pavilion, Jingling Johnny or Turkish jingle see chapeau chinois Mohammedaner (m.), Mohammedanerin (f.) (German) Muslim mohammedanisch (German) Muslim Mohinda (Portuguese) a short Portuguese love song Mohiniaattam see mohiniyattom Mohiniyattom (from the words mohini implying 'a feeling of warm enchantment' and aattam meaning 'graceful and sensuous body movements' - the word mohiniattam literally means 'dance of the enchantress') or mohiniaattam, the sinuous dance of the enchantress, a distinctive classical dance form of Kerala in Southern India. This dance was adopted by the Devadasi or temple 'brides', hence also the name Dasiattam which was very popular during the Chera reign from ninth to twelfth century Mohiniyattom Mohn (German m.) poppy, poppyseed Mohnblume (German f.) poppy Mohr of FWV, after Wilhelm Mohr, the cataloguer of music by César Franck (1822-1890) Mohrentanz (German m.) morisco, morris-dance Moi, je... (French) As for me, I... moins (French) less moins vite (French) less fast, less quickly, slower Moira fate or the three fates in Greek mythology Moire (French) mohair Moiré (French) (a fabric) having a watered or clouded appearance like watered silk Moire antique (English, from the French) watered silk particularly of a type with a large pattern Moiré pattern an unintentional and unsightly pattern that may appear when two or more grid patterns overlap each other. This pattern can occur when overlapping halftones on a printing plate are aligned at less than 30 degree angles. They are also created when a halftone image or other patterned texture is reproduced in another media that also uses a screen. The combined sets of dots create an entirely new pattern breaking the illusion of optical tones. A scanned halftone image viewed on a computer screen will show a moiré pattern because the digital recording system remaps the image in a linear pattern, adding dots that were not in the original Moiroloyia (Greek) laments, considered essential at times of death Moiroloyistres (Greek) the women who sang moiroloyia Moitié (French f.) half Mojeseno South-American duct flute Duct Flute (mojeseno?), Unknown culture, Bolivia, mid-20th century Mojiganga a Spanish entertainment form of theatrical performance that mixes the entremés, dance and music. It comes from the boxiganga of the seventeenth century, from the Spanish popular culture and from the medieval theatre. Chroniclers, like Father Bartolomé de las Casas, referred to the mojiganga as missionary theater which objective was to evangelize Mojiganga from which this entry has been taken Moksha liberation from earthly bondage Mokt'ak from Korea, used by Buddhist priests to accompany the chanting of sutras. The handle is grasped with one hand and the wooden mallet is held in the other hand, and it is played by striking the instrument with the mallet Mokt'ak Mol (Danish) minor (reference to key) (Dutch) a sign which lowers the pitch of a note by one semitone Molimina of unknown cause, circulatory symptoms, psychic tension, irritable behavior, belligerence, and other personality alterations before or during menstruation moll (German n., Dutch, Swedish) minor (reference to key) Molla (Italian) a key of the flute, etc., for raising or lower a note Mollakkord (German m.) minor chord Molldreiklang (German m.) minor triad Molle (Latin) in medieval music the Latin word molle was used in the sense of flat. Thus B molle was B flat and B durum was B natural molle (Italian, French) delicate, gentle, soft mollemente (Italian) gently, softly, faintly Molleton (French) swanskin, a heavy woollen fabric with a nap on both sides Molli (Finnish) minor (reference to key) mollig (German) cosy, warm, plump (rounded) Mollis or molle (Latin: soft) the form of 'b' that represented 'B flat' (and has become the modern 'flat' sign), as opposed to the squarer 'hard' (durum) form of 'b', that represented 'B natural' and is the basis for both the modern 'natural' and 'sharp' signs see 'hexachord' Mollparallele (German f.) relative minor (for example, B minor is the relative minor to D major) Mollskala (German f.) minor scale Moll-Terz (German f.) minor third Mollton (German m.) minor key Molltonart (German f.) minor key Molltonleiter (s.), Molltonleitern (pl.) (German f.) minor scale Molly dancing a type of East Anglian ritual dance in which the dancers blacken their faces. Molly dancing is associated with the annual Plough Monday tradition (the first Monday after Twelth Night), during which young farmhands would drag a plough round the local villages, crying "a penny for the plough boys", and if no penny was forthcoming cut a furrow across the cheapskate's front lawn. As one would expect of such a "trick-or-treat" event, the Plough Monday procession usually took place after dark. However, during the daytime local Molly dancers would tour the region, dancing and collecting money/food/beer all day, then meet up in the evening for communal dancing Molly Dance Molly Dancing FAQ from which this information has been taken Molo see hoddu molta see molto moltisonante (Italian) resounding, very sonorous moltissimo (Italian) extremely molto (m.), molta (f.) (Italian) much, very molto accentuato (Italian) very accented, sehr betont (German), très accentué (French) molto adagio (Italian) very slow molto allegro (Italian) very quick molto andante (Italian) slower than andante molto animato (Italian) very animated molto bombata (Italian) voûté (French), bombé (French), hoch gewölbt, high arched, bombatura alta (Italian) molto cresc. become louder more quickly molto crescendo become louder more quickly a tonal effect on a bassoon, which, if blown more strongly, produces a reedier tone molto da fare con (Italian) a lot to do with molto dim. become softer more quickly molto diminuendo become softer more quickly molto largo (Italian) very slow molto mosso (Italian) much movement, much motion molto seria (Italian) soberly molto slargando (Italian) much extended, much slower molto sonore (Italian) very full sound [entry provided by Katie Webb] molto sostenuto (Italian) very sustained, very legato molto vib. abbreviated form of molto vibrato an expression mark directing that the player uses an extra degree of vibrato momentan (German) momentary, momentarily, at the moment Momentaufnahme (German f.) snapshot Moment critique (French) the critical moment, a time of great importance (in the development of something) Moment de défaillance (French) a moment of weakness, a temporary lapse Moment de vérité (English, from the French) the 'moment of truth', the moment when one is brough face to face with stark reality the correct phrase in French is minute de vérité Moment form a structural concept developed by Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928- ) for an idea that music could exist not so much for the relationships set up formally within a movement, sonata form, etc. but just for 'the moment'. The work that took 'moment form' to its limits is Momente upon which Stockhausen worked on and off during the period 1961/70. The work uses three different kinds of 'moments': K-moments (klang, sound or timbre), M-moments (melody) and D-moments (duration). Apparently it is no coincidence that these moments bear the initials of key people in Stockhausen's private life at the time where considerable personal conflict had arisen. D is Doris, Stockhausen's first wife and mother to four of his children, M is Mary Bauermeister an artist who Stockhausen met in 1960 and resulted in a relationship developing with two more children, and K is obviously Karlheinz Licht aus Stockhausen - Stockhausen interviewed by Malcolm Ball from which some of this material has been taken Moment psychologique (French) the 'psychological moment', the most propitious point in time for embarking on a course of action Momentulum (Latin) a semiquaver or sixteenth rest Momentum (Latin) a quaver or eighth rest Momentum (s.), Momenta (pl.) (Latin) the impetus acquired through movement, the continuation of movement resulting from inertia Momon (French) momon or mommon comes from the old French momer or mommer which means to wear a mask or perform mascarades ; this meaning was attested in the thirteenth century. The word has several definitions : according to the Tresor de la Langue Française, the momon is any sort of mumming or mascarade carried out during carnaval-time by masked dancers, or via metonymy, a tumbler or a masked dancer. Another meaning given is that it was a game of dice played without speaking, or money bet on dice carried by someone wearing a mask Mon. abbreviation of 'Monmouthshire' Moña layered parts played by the horn section featuring staggered entrances, layered and contrapuntal parts building to a wailing, climactic intensity, usually introduced during the mambo section. They are generally written but may be improvised Monacordio (Spanish m.) monochord, manicordion (French), manicorde (French) Monacordo (Italian m.) monochord, manicordion (French), manicorde (French) Monastery a community of monks, men who have taken vows of poverty, chastity and obedience Monastery bells bells used to signify particular times or events: angelus bell tower bell used as call to prayer in memory of the visit of the archangel announcing to Mary that she was to be the mother of Jesus. Its ringing consists of a triple stroke thrice repeated and followed by nine successive strokes (or else an indeterminate number). Dating from the thirteenth century, the angelus has traditionally been at 6 am., noon, and 6 pm. It is also found in all Catholic churches campana large tower bell for general use campanella smaller suspended bell in the cloister codon handbell for summoning corrigiunculum rung as summons to flagellation or prescribed penance cymbalum suspended bell in the cloister (smaller than the Campanella) dupla clock bell noctula bell to call sleepers to prayer nola in the choir, rung at consecration of the elements petasius suspended bell (sizable) for summoning sanctus bell altar bell signum bell tower bell, a general-purpose bell for signaling. Among its functions is the ringing of the eight canonical hours: matins, lauds, prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline squilla dinner bell in refectory (and elsewhere) tiniolum evening bell rung to signal retirement Monastic refers to the life or community of monks Monat (German m.) month monatelang (German) for months monatlich (German) monthly Monatskarte (German f.) monthly season ticket Monaulos (Greek) an ancient flute played like a flageolet Mönch (German m.) a monk Mon cher (m.), Ma chère (f.) (French) my dear Mond (German m.) moon mondain (m.), mondaine (f.) (French) belonging to the world of fashion, fashionable mondän (German) fashionable, fashionably Mondegreen the mishearing or misinterpretation of a phrase, typically a standardized phrase such as a line in a poem or a lyric in a song, due to near homophony, in a way that yields a new meaning to the phrase. It should not be confused with Soramimis, which are songs that produce different meanings than those originally intended, when interpreted in another language Mondegreen from which this material has been taken Mondgitarre (German f.) moon lute, yue qin (Chinese) Mondharmonica (Dutch) harmonica, mouth organ mondhell (German) moonlit Mondsichel (German m.) crescent moon Mondschein (German m.) moonlight Mondstuk (Dutch) mouthpiece Monferina (Italian) a bright Italian dance in 6/8 time, danced mainly in Piedmont and Lombardy Mong a brass or bronze gong which comes in several sizes ranging from 8"-12" in diameter Mong Moniäänisyys (Finnish) polyphony monieren (German) to criticise Monika short for Harmonika, an abbreviation used in the Netherlands for the accordion Monje (Spanish m.) monk Monje benedictino (Spanish m.) Benedictine monk Monk in the Christian church, a man who submits to life in, and becomes a member of, a monastery or an equivalent form of communal living. There are men who submit to this kind of life in other religions too Monkey drum see 'clapper drum' Monmouth cap (in use 1570-1625) a knitted wool cap that fit the head, and had a brim and a long peaked top that hung over one side and ended in a tassle. Common especially among soldiers and sailors Mono (English, German) a prefix meaning 'single' Monochord (English, German n.) an ancient instrument used for performing and teaching as well as tuning and experimentation, the monochord is said to have been invented by Pythagoras. It consists of a single string stretched between two fixed bridges, while a third, movable bridge is so placed between the two fixed bridges as to divide the whole string into two parts both being able to vibrate independently. It is then possible to relate musical intervals to the ratio of their sounding lengths which is what the ancient Greeks did Monochrome an image displaying all the gradations between black and white but only in a single colour Monocoque (French) a fuselage or hull manufactured in one piece Monocorde (French) monochord Monocordo (Italian) in string playing, playing a whole piece or passage on only one string (Italian) monochord Monodia (Italian f., Spanish f.) monody, elegy, lament, a melody intended to be sung by a single voice, monodie (French) Monodic monody, for one voice, a solo Monodie (French, German f.) monody (French) monodie is used in the general sense of "melodic composition without written accompaniment", regardless of the way it is or was actually performed (with or without a more or less harmonic instrumental accompaniment). For example, the troubadours-trouveres repertoire is typically considered "monodic". Seay's and Hoppin's authoritative textbooks about medieval music use (in French translation) the term monodie profane as chapter headings for repertoire such as this [Early Music List, 15 Jan 1997, from Olivier Bettens] monodisch (German) monodic Monodrama (English, Spanish f.) a melodrama for one character, monodrame (French) Monodrame (French f.) a melodrama for one character, monodrama (English, Spanish) Monody (from the Greek monoidos, literally 'singing alone') synonymous with monophony, in antique Greece, the term designated lyric monologues (elegy, dirge, etc.) in a tragedy (from the Greek monoidos, literally 'singing alone') coined by Giovanni Battista Doni in the 1630s, from the late sixteenth-century Florentine Camerata until Monteverdi's death, monody was a musical composition with only a single melody line which could have an accompaniment. Early balletti used monody to convey most of the action of the drama, with more songlike numbers for choruses of nymphs and shepherds. Monody would eventually evolve into what we know today as recitative What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.? Monody Monofonía (Spanish f.) monophony monofónico (Spanish) monophonic, monophonique (French) Monofonie (German f.) monophony monofonisch (Dutch, German) monophonic Monogenesis the theory that, if two similar stories, words, or images appear in two different geographic regions or languages, they are actually related to each other rather than appearing independently. Either one was the original source, and the others adopted it later, or all the surviving examples come from an older (possibly lost) source Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Monogramm (German n.) monogram Monograph a book written by a single author, as opposed to a collection of essays or chapters by a number of authors, brought together by an editor Monolog (German m.) monologue Monologue an extended speech by one person directly addressing the audience or another character or speaking aloud to himself. An interior monologue does not necessarily represent spoken words, but rather the internal or emotional thoughts or feelings of an individual Operatic Monologue Literary Terms and Definitions Monologue air see 'operatic air' Monologue intérieur (French) an unspoken soliloquy, a passage in a work of fiction in which a character's thoughts are presented as they occur, the 'stream of consciousness' technique Monophonic a musical composition that has only a single melody line, regardless of the number of voices or instruments in the performance, and has no accompaniment What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.? the ability (or restriction depending on your viewpoint) of some types of synthesiser to play only one note at a time. Generally a monophonic synthesiser will follow a rule to deal with any occasion when two notes appear. It might play the most recently received (remember that in MIDI although you think you play a chord, the notes are sent individually one after the other sufficiently fast (usually) that you think they sound together), or it might play the note with the highest pitch. Some MIDI controllers require synthesisers that can work monophonically across a number of channels, six in the case of a MIDI guitar. Thus although the synthesiser may be polyphonic it is working monophonically on each channel Studio Musician's Jargonbuster from which the second extract has been taken Monophonie (German f., French f.) monophony Monophony a musical composition that is monophonic Monophony monophonisch (German) monophonic monophonique (French) music that is not polyphonique, music comprising a single line, although homophone may be the preferred term (although some writers use the term homophony, in French homophonie, to mean "chord-based polyphony") (French) monoaural, where the same sound signal is supplied to both ears, the opposite of stereophonique where different sound signals are supplied to each ear Monophthongization the tendency of diphthongs to turn into simple vowels over time, or the actual process by which diphthongs turn into such vowels Monopolio (Spanish m.) monopoly Monorhyme a poem or section of a poem in which all the lines have the same end rhyme. The rhyming pattern would thus look like this: AAAA AAAA, AAA AAA, or AA AA AA AA, etc. It is a common rhyme scheme in Latin, Italian, Arabic, Welsh, and Slav poetry, especially in the Slav poetry of the oral-formulaic tradition. Because of the fact that English nouns are not declined and our adjectives do not have gender consistently indicated by particular endings, it is much harder to make effective poetic use of monorhyme in the English poetry Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Monosyllabic having only one syllable Monotheistic a religion with only one god Monotheletism a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus, known as a Christological doctrine, that began in Armenia and Syria in AD 633. Specifically, Monothelitism teaches that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will Monotheletism from which this extract has been taken Monothematic a composition based on a single theme monothematisch (German) a composition based on a single theme monoton (German) monotonous, monotonously monoton brummend (German) droning (sound) Monotone a single sustained, unvarying tone, or a succession of notes of the same tone liturgical texts are sometimes recited to a monotone Monotonie (French, German f.) monotony Monotoning intoning monotonisch monotonous mon petit chat (French) sweetie, poppet (terms of endearment) mon petit chou (French) my dear Mon petit doigt me l'a dit. (French) A little bird told me. Monsignore (s.), Monsignori (pl.) (Italian m.) or monsignor (abbreviated Italian form, commonly used in England) a title given to domestic prelates of the Papal court Monsoon (old Dutch, from the Arabic) a seasonal wind in southern Asia which blows from the south-west in summer (when it is accompanied by continuous rain) and from the north-east in winter Monstre sacré (French m., literally 'sacred monster') a theatrical or cinema star whose public appeal is enhanced by acceptable eccentricities in his or her private life monströs (German) monstrous Monstrosität (German f.) monstrosity Monsum (German m.) monsoon Montag (German m.) Monday Montage (French m., German f.) in art, a technique by which a picture is built up of fragments of photographs, drawings, etc. pasted to a surface (French m., German f.) a picture produced in this way (French m., German f.) the cutting or editing of a film made for cinema (German f.) fitting, assembly (putting together) Montage à cordes croisées (French m.) on a piano, a string layout where some strings lie under others Montaggio con le immagini (Italian m.) photomontage (montage using images) montags (German) on Mondays Montal, Claude (1800-1865) see 'blind piano tuner' montant (French) ascending Monte-de-piété (French, from the Italian monte di pietà) a licensed pawn-shop Monte di pietà (Italian) a licensed pawn-shop monter (French) to raise, to ascend to put strings on an instrument to tune the strings on an instrument to put the sections of a wind instrument together monter à (French) to go up to visit, to work in (a city), to come up to monter à bicyclette (French) to cycle up, to ride a bike monter à bord (d'un navire) (French) to go on board a ship monter à cheval (French) to get on a horse, to ride a horse monter à sa chambre (French) to go up to one's room monter à pied (French) to walk up monter aux arbres (French) to climb trees monter ... contre ... (French) to set ... against ... monter dans l'estime de ... (French) to rise in ...'s estimation monter dans sa chambre (French) to go up to one's room monter dans un avion (French) to board a plane monter dans un train (French) to board a train monter des mailles (French) to cast on stitches (knitting) monter en courant (French) to run up monter ... en épingle (French) to blow ... all out of proportion monter en flèche (French) to soar (literally and figuratively) monter en grade (French) to be promoted monter en lacets (French) to wind upwards monter en parallèle (French) to connect in parallel monter en pente douce (French) to rise gently monter en série (French) to connect in series monter en titubant (French) to stagger up monter en train (French) to go up by train monter en voiture (French) to drive up, to get into a car monter jusqu'à (French) to come up to monter le bourrichon à ... (French) to put ideas in ...'s head (colloquial) monter le coup à ... (French) to take ... for a ride (colloquial) monter l'escalier (French) to go up the stairs monter la gamme (French) to go up the scale (music) monter la garde (French) to go on guard, to be on guard monter le son (French) to turn the volume up monter la tête à ... (French) to get ... worked up monter par l'ascenseur (French) to take the elevator up monter prévenir ... (French) to go up and tell ... monter sur (French) to climb up on monter sur le trône (French) to ascend to the throne monter sur un arbre (French) to climb a tree monter sur une bicyclette (French) to get on a bicycle monter sur une colline (French) to climb a hill monter sur une échelle (French) to climb a ladder monter un cheval (French) to ride a horse monter une côté (French) to go up a hill monter un coup (French) to plan a job monter une histoire pour déshonorer ... (French) to invent a scandal to ruin ...'s name monter voir ... (French) to go up and see ... Monteur (German m.) a fitter Monteuranzug (German m.) overalls montez (French) raise! Months of the year each of twelve periods into which a year is divided: English Italian German French Spanish Dutch Portuguese January (1) gennaio Januar janvier enero januari janeiro February (2) febbraio Februar février febrero februari fevereiro March (3) marzo März mars marzo maart março April (4) aprile April avril abril april abril May (5) maggio Mai mai mayo mei maio June (6) giugno Juni juin junio juni junho July (7) luglio Juli juillet julio juli julho August (8) agosto August août augusto augustus agosto September (9) settembre September septembre se(p)tiembre september setembro October (10) ottobre Oktober octobre octubre oktober outubro November (11) novembre November novembre noviembre november novembro December (12) dicembre Dezember décembre diciembre december dezembro montieren (German) to assemble (to put together) Montre (French, from the verb 'to show') an organ stop, the pipes of which are placed in front of the instrument pipe name pitch mounted diapason 8ft. pitch mounted double diapason 16ft. pitch mounted double double diapason 32ft. pitch montré (French) mounted, in front, a term applied to organ pipes that are placed in front of the case Montre à tact (French f.) a watch without a glass, which allows the user to feel the position of the hands and so tell the time in the dark Montre-bracelet (French f.) wrist-watch Montre grande sonnerie (French f.) a clock or watch that strikes the quarter and the hour every quarter montrer (French) to show montrer à (French) to show to montrer du doigt (French) to point to montrer le bout de son nez (French) to show one's face, to peep around (the corner, door) Montuno from Latin music, the call and response section of salsa, between the lead singer and chorus a term used to describe a repetitive syncopated vamp on the piano, for example, an indefinitely repeated pattern of 1, 2 or 4 bars in the piano, typically with ingeniously syncopated moving inner voices and a differently syncopated bass line a slang Cuban popular music term, referring to the rhythmic section of a song that incorporates the refrain and involves more improvisation. After the verse and the bridge, when you get to the main hook, that is called the montuno (based on the Cuban son). As Cuban son developed, and the piano became incorporated, some people referred to the piano's patterns as the montuno. Others used a different term altogether: tumbao [from an interview with Rebeca Mauleón inMeet The Composer] often used incorrectly for a pyramiding vamp in which one instrument enters alone, then another is added, and so on at regular intervals Mood (from Anglo-Saxon, mod "heart" or "spirit") while many cultural differences are evident, listeners nevertheless show a cross-cultural similarity when characterizing the moods evoked by various musical works - including sadness, exuberance, etc. Mood regulation (i.e. changing or enhancing moods) is possibly the most common "use" of recorded or broadcast music. Thayer (1996) found that roughly 50% of respondents use music to temper or eliminate a bad mood the term mood is often used synonymously with atmosphere and ambiance Mood Music Grammatical mood Moodi (Finnish) mode Moody and Sankey Dwight L Moody (1837-1899) and Ira D Sankey (1840-1908) were American evangelists who attracted vast audiences to their revivalist meetings in the USA and on their visits to Britain. Moody was a powerful preacher. Sankey was a composer and singer whose songs and hymn-singing (he accompanied himself on a small reed organ) helped draw the crowds to their meetings and create a suitably inspirational atmosphere for Moody's sermons. The two men visited Glasgow for the first time in 1874 and remained for more than five months. Their meetings on Glasgow Green and in the City Halls attracted huge crowds, and their farewell concert was held in the Kibble Palace. They returned to Glasgow in 1882 and 1891. The two men were involved in the foundation of the Bible Training Institute in Bothwell Street. The Sankey and Moody Hymn Book was published in 1873, with many subsequent editions - these hymns are still a staple of Methodist choirs It's [a story] about a drunk who gets into a train with the famous evangelists Moody and Sankey. The drunk, trying to get home to a place 'on the Don side,' first boards a train for Stonehaven and is ejected by the guard. Then he stumbles onto a train to Ballater and is again told it's the wrong one. Finally he sits down in a compartment with the preachers who are heading for a series of revival meetings in Peterhead. "Naturally, in his drunken state, the man made himself a bit of a nuisance", says Skinner. "Moody gazed at him, more in pity than in condemnation, and then spoke slowly and deliberately: "Do you know where you're going to, sir?" he said. "Na." came the answer. "Well, you're going to perdition." was the stern rejoinder. "Eh?" exclaimed the maudlin one, waking up somewhat; "I'm in the wrang train again!" James Scott Skinner (1843-1927) from which the Moody and Sankey story is taken Moody and Sankey from which most of this information has been taken Moog Synthesizer (English, Moog-Synthesizer (German m.)) the first synthesizers (a term applied by Moog in 1967) developed by Robert Moog in 1964 were modular, containing components such as oscillators, filters, envelope generators, amplifiers, and mixers, and they were typically performed with a keyboard Moog Synthesizer Moon guitar see Yüeh ch'in Moonlighting working a second job, usually after hours Moon lute see Yüeh ch'in Moon violin see Yüeh ch'in Moonwalk a 'popping' move, that though associated with Michael Jackson, was not invented by him. The purpose of the moonwalk is to give the illusion that the dancer is walking forward while mysteriously moving backward Moonwalk from which this extract has been taken Moos (German n.) moss moosig (German) mossy Moosiqi Asil (Parsi) or 'Persian music', the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries Persian music from which this extract has been taken Moosgummirad (German n.) rubber wheel Moppet child, especially child actor Moquette (French f.) a strong pile fabric of wool on a hempen base, a kind of Wilton carpeting moqueur (French) mocking, waggish mor. abbreviated form of morendo (Italian: dying away) Mora (s.), Morae (pl.) (Latin, literally 'delay') in music, like a dot in modern notation, in neume notation a mora lengthens the preceding note, typically doubling it (Latin) in linguistics, a metrical unit equal in duration of a single short syllable Moraharpa Medieval ancestor to the Swedish nyckelharpa, still played today Moral (German f.) moral, morals, morale Morale (from the French moral) the moral condition, loyalty, zeal, discipline, etc. (of a body of workers, troops, etc.) moralisch (German) moral, morally moralisieren (German) to moralize Moralités (French f. pl.) moralities Moralities an offshot of the Mysteries, allegorical plays popular in the Middle Ages. Their object was to point a moral, with characters personifying the virtues, vices, etc. Morality play a genre of medieval and early Renaissance drama, often including music, that illustrates the way to live a pious life through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Moral rights the rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and first recognized in France and Germany, before they were included in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1928. Canada recognizes moral rights in its Copyright Act, although the French translation of the phrase used in the legislation is droits moraux, not droit d'auteur. While the United States became a signatory to the convention in 1988, it still does not completely recognize moral rights as part of copyright law, but rather as part of other bodies of law, such as defamation or unfair competition. Moral rights include the right of attribution, the right to have a work published anonymously or pseudonymously, and the right to the integrity of the work. The preserving of the integrity of the work bars the work from alteration, distortion or mutilation. Anything else that may detract from the artist's relationship with the work even after it leaves the artist's possession or ownership may bring these moral rights into play. Moral rights are distinct from any economic rights tied to copyrights. Even if an artist has assigned his or her rights to a work to a third party, he or she still maintains the moral rights to the work. Some jurisdictions allow for the waiver of moral rights. In the United States, the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (VARA) recognizes moral rights, but only applies to works of visual art Moral rights from which this extract has been taken Morasco moresca Moratorium (Latin, literally 'delay') a temporary suspension of any kind of obligation (make a payment, complete a contract, etc.) Morbidezza (Italian f.) softness, gentleness in art, lifelike smoothness and delicacy in the painitng of flesh-tints, subtle gradation of tones and edges morbido (Italian) soft, gentle Morse decorative fastener for a cope Morceau (s.), Morceaux (pl.) (French m.) a short piece of music or a short literary composition (particularly one of an unpretentious character), a song, a tune Morceau d'ensemble (French m.) a concerted piece, i.e. a composition for two or more parts, more especially quintets, sextets, septets, etc. in an opera, oratorio, and the like Morceau de musique (French m.) piece of music, song, tune Morceau imposé (French m.) compulsory piece Morceau symphonic (French m.) symphonic piece Morceaux semblables (French m. pl.) similar pieces Morcellement (French) the parcelling out (of land, etc.) into small portions Mord (German m.) murder, assassination Mordanschlag (German m.) murder attempt, assassination attempt Mordant (French m.) mordent Mordant inférieur (French) lower mordent morden (German) to murder, to kill Mordant superieur (French m.) upper mordent Mordent (from the Italian mordente, literally 'biting') a musical ornament this ornament has a rather confusing terminology. The original form is a three note ornament - the rapid succession of the principal note, a lower auxiliary note a tone (step) or semitone (half-step) below, as the mode required, and a final return to the principal. Later, writers termed this ornament the 'lower' mordent (Mordent (German), pincé (French)) to distinguish it from a later form where the auxiliary note is the note above the principal, which was then termed the 'upper' mordent (Pralltriller (German), pincé renverse (French)). Unfortunately over time writers have named both forms 'mordent' or 'inverted' mordent, purely on the basis of what was believed then to be the standard form Mordents Mordente (Spanish m., Italian m.) gruppetto, mordent, mordant (French) Mordente ascendente (Portuguese m., Italian m., Spanish m.) or mordente roverso (Italian m.), rising or ascendent mordent [corrected by Donald Skoog] Mordente apoyado (Spanish m.) mordent Mordente de anticipación (Spanish m.) mordent in which the auxiliary note is before the beat Mordente de grado (Spanish m.) mordent in which the principal note is one degree away from the auxiliary note Mordente de retardación (Spanish m.) mordent in which the auxiliary note is after the beat Mordente de salto (Spanish m.) mordent in which the principal note is more than one degree away from the auxiliary note Mordente descendente (Portuguese m., Spanish m.) falling or descending mordent [corrected by Donald Skoog] Mordente discendente (Italian m.) falling or descending mordent Mordente doppio (Spanish m.) double mordent Mordente imperfecto (Spanish m.) 'inverted' or upper mordent Mordente inferiore (Italian m.) lower mordent, mordent Mordenten und Doppelschläger (German) mordents and turns Mordente roverso (Italian m.) see mordente ascendente Mordente semplice (Italian m.) single mordent Mordente superior (Spanish m.) 'inverted' or upper mordent Mordente superiore (Italian m.) 'inverted' or upper mordent Mordent superior (Catalan m.) 'inverted' or upper mordent Mörder (m.), Mörderin (f.) (German) murderer (m.) murderess (f.), assassin mörderisch (German) murderous, dreadful (familiar) mordsmäßig (German) frightful, frightfully (familiar) More piú (Italian), mehr (German), plus (French) More majorum (Latin) according to the custom of our (or their) ancestors morendo (Italian) dying away, diminishing in loudness, becoming fainter in tone, sterbend, en mourant Mores (Latin) the manners or customs of a place or period Moresca (Italian, Spanish) also known as danse des bouffons and almost certainly related to the English 'Morris' dance, a Renaissance dance simulating a battle between Moors and Christians, that involves elaborate makeup and costume Morésca (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) or morice, an antique dance Moreska a sword battle dance from the town of Korcula, in Croatia, that symbolises the conflict between the Spaniards and the Moors. Originally accompanied only by a drum (tamburin), from the beginning of the twentieth-century band music has been added. The dancers are always dressed in sumptuous red robes - naturally, "white" always wins out over "black" Moreska for more information More Socratico (Latin, literally 'in the manner of Socrates') by a process of question and answer Moresque (French) moresca More suo (Latin) in his (or her) own way, in his (or her) characteristic fashion Moreville Communitorium a shortlived community of the Communist Church established in 1843 in the Hanwell, Middlesex, house of Goodwyn & Catherine Barmby Morganatic marriage a type of marriage which can be contracted in certain countries, usually between people of unequal social rank, which prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage. It is also known as a left-handed marriage because in the wedding ceremony the groom held his bride's right hand with his left hand instead of his right Morganatic marriage from which this extract has been taken Morgen (German m.) morning morgen (German) tomorrow Morgendämmerung (German f.) dawn morgendlich (German) morning morgenfrüh (German) tomorrow morning Morgengesang (German n.) morning song, aubade Morgengrauen (German n.) dawn Morgenlied (German n.) morning song, aubade Morgenmantel (German m.) dressing-gown morgennachmittag (German) tomorrow afternoon Morgenrock (German m.) dressing-gown Morgenrot (German n.) red sky in the morning morgens (German) in the morning Morgen-stänchen (German) morning music morgig (German) tomorrow's Morgue (French f.) supercilious, haught behaviour, an attitude of superiority in English usage, the word has the sense 'mortuary' and 'a collection of obituary notices prepared for future use' Morgue anglaise, la (French f.) the haughty superciliousness which is supposed to characterize the English Morgue britannique, la (French f.) the haughty superciliousness which is supposed to characterize the English Morice alternative spelling of 'Morris', as in Morris dance moriente (Italian) morendo Morin see Morinhor Morinhor (Mongolia) also called matoqin or 'horse-head' fiddle, a two string bowed instrument with a trapezoid body. It normally has the wooden head of a horse at the top of the neck, and its strings are made of horsehair Morin xuur Morin huur morinhor Morin khurr morinhor Morin xuur morinhor Morion (s.), Moria (pl.) 1/72 part of an octave, defined as 1/30 part of a fourth by the theorist Cleonides around 100 AD for description of Greek tetrachords. Likewise Aristoxenos used a cipher of 12 parts to a whole tone. This measure is surrounded by controversy, because it is unclear what Aristoxenos' measurements exactly are. Moria is Greek for molecules or small pieces. 72-tone equal temperament is a good approximation to many just intonation scales because the prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11 are very well represented with deviations not exceeding 3 cents Logarithmic Interval Measures from which this material has been taken morire (Italian) to die Morisco in the Moorish style, a dance said to imitate the dances of the Moors Moriscos converted Moors who remained, but held no important state positions in Spain. The Moriscos communities in Spain had not been integrated for they preserved links with Islam, spoke Arabic and preserved Arabic culture. Their failure to become 'Spanish' offended many in Madrid and elsewhere in Spain. In 1508 the Moriscos had been forbidden to wear their traditional costumes and their ancient customs were banned. In January 1567 further laws were published. Arabic and the wearing of traditional Arabic dress was forbidden. The Moriscans sent a deputation to Madrid to plead for the reforms not to be introduced but Pedro de Deza was put in charge of enforcing them. In 1568 there was a revolt in Andalusia (the Cadiz and Malaga area) which was symbolic of the bitter relationships between the Moricos and the Christians in southern Spain Moritat (Latin, from mori, 'deadly' and tat, 'deed', German f.) a medieval version of the murder ballad performed by strolling minstrels [entry promoted by Michael Zapf] Moritat von Mackie Messer, die (German) known in English as Mack the Knife, a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 Morituri te sultant (Latin, literally 'those who are about to die salute you') taken from Suetonius Claudius xxi, the traditional greeting to the Roman Emperor from the gladiators in the arena Mor khaen (Laotian) khaen player Mor lam (Thai/Isan) an ancient Lao form of song found in Laos and Isan (Northeastern Thailand). Mor lam means 'expert song', or 'expert singer', referring to the music or artist respectively. Other romanisations used include mo lam, maw lam, maw lum, moh lam and mhor lum. In Laos, the music is known simply as lam; mor lam refers to the singer Mor lam from which this extract has been taken Mor lam sing (Thai/Isan) a fast-paced, racy, modernized version of the traditional Lao/Isan song form mor lam Mor lam sing from which this extract has been taken mormorando (Italian) murmuring, muttering, whispering, in a subdued tone mormorare (Italian) to murmur, to mutter, to whisper mormorante (Italian) murmuring, muttering, whispering mormorendo misspelling of mormorando mormorevole (Italian) murmuring, muttering, whispering, in a subdued tone mormorio (Italian) murmur, mutter, whisper mormoroso (Italian) murmuring, muttering, whispering, in a subdued tone Morna music of the sodade, or 'sense of nostalgia', a melancholic and soulful genre from Cape Verde, often sung in Creole-Portuguese, accompanied by the acoustic guitar, cavaquinho, violin, accordion and clarinet Morna Mornay (French) a cheese sauce made by adding Gruyère, Parmesan, etc. to Béchamel sauce Morne (French) dismal, dreary Morocco, music of Morocco is a North African country inhabited mostly by Arabs along with Berbers and other minorities. Its music is predominantly Arab, but Andalusian and other imported influences have had a major effect on the country's musical character. Rock-influenced chaabi bands are widespread, as is 'trance music' with historical origins in Muslim music. Andalusian classical music is a style of classical music found across North Africa, though it evolved out of the music of Andalusia between the 10th- and 15th-centuries. Music is played everywhere in Morocco, from the muezzin which call the people to prayer to popular music being played at markets, music festivals moussem) and performers at cafes Music of Morocco Morpheme linguistically, the smallest collection of sounds in a word that has semiotic importance or significance--a unit of meaning that cannot be divided into tinier units of meaning Morphology the part of a language concerned with the structure of morphemes and how these morphemes combine. Linguists use this term in contrast with syntax Morphosyntax in linguistics, morphosyntax is an impressive word scholars use when most people would simply say "grammar." It is the study of how parts of a sentence relate to each other Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Morris dance a folk dance genre, dating back at least to the seventeenth century, traditionally performed by men, and usually to pipe and tabor accompaniment - the women's equivalent genre was the clog dance. The name 'Morris' is almost certainly a reference to the Moors, a root in common with the that of the Renaissance dance, the moresca. The first revival morris dancing team was established in Thaxted in 1911 Morris dance The Morrisdancing Page Morris Dancing morsch (German) rotten Morsealphabet (German n.) Morse code Morsingh Jew's harp from southern India Mors janua vitae (novae) (Latin) death, the gateway to (a new) life, death considered as the threshold of eternity mort (French) dead Mortal sin a sin committed with a clear knowledge of its guilt, with full consent of the will, and concerning a grave matter; where circumstances allow, every mortal sin must be confessed to a priest otherwise the soul suffers eternal damnation Morte lenta (Latin) a slow death, a gradual decay or decadence (usually applied to countries or regions) morto (Italian) dead mortuus (Latin) dead, died Mosaic authorship the medieval and Renaissance belief that Moses wrote all five books of the Pentateuch Mosaik (German n.) mosaic Moschee (German f.) mosque Moshing see 'slam dancing' Moskau (German n.) Moscow moslemisch (German) Muslim Mos majorum (Latin) the custom of our (their) ancestors mosso (Italian) moved, animated, motion Mostra (Italian f.) a direct Mostre (Croatia) or kumpanije, tThe chain sword dances in the villages of the island of Korcula mostrando la lettera (Italian) showing her the letter Mot (French m.) a word, a line (in a letter), a note, a witty remark, an epigram Mot à mot (French) word for word, literally Motard (French m.) biker, police motorcyclist Mot de Cambronne (French m.) the French expletive merde, reputedly uttered by General Pierre Cambronne (1770-1842) when called upon to surrender at Waterloo Mot de passe (French m.) password Mot d'order (French m.) watchword Mote (Norwegian, Swedish) conference, meeting, congress Motet mottetto (Italian), Motette (German), motet (French) the motet originated when clausulae were given new words, and then each voice part was given an entirely new text. Many different texts were used, and individual words even stopped working together as a textual unit. In this borrowing, although only the words were new and the notes were essentially unchanged, the character of the piece changed significantly. Primarily, this is seen through alterations in rhythm. The introduction of syllabic text into the formerly textless melisma transformed the melisma's fluid character into something heavier and more solid. Phrasing moved from iambic to trochaic. Essentially, text gave the music a new pulsation to c.1400, a piece with one or more voices, often with different but related sacred or secular Latin or French texts, sung over a cantus firmus, a fragment of chant in longer note-values sung by the 'tenor'. The term motetus, originally the upper part with the added texts (from the French, mots), would soon be applied to the work as a whole after 1400, the motet was a polyphonic setting of a short sacred text the term motet is sometimes applied to works in anthem style see grand motet Motet Motet Medieval Motet Musical Borrowings from which the opening comment has been taken Motet (French) motet, anthem Motete (Spanish m.) motet Motet enté (s.), Motets entées (pl.) (French) emerging from the trope tradition, the motet was initially a poetic effort, underlaying preexisting clausulae with new text. Often poets took advantage of musical repetitions, supporting them with closely related texts that thus became suitable for quotation, so that they acquired 'refrain' character. Later these motets served as models for the newly composed motet enté where 'refrains' (text and melody) were taken as points of departure and textually and musically troped. By the end of the fourteenth century, the art of quotation died out in France, both in the literary and musical realms Motet, grand see grand motet Motet Passion a particular genre of musical Passions, in which the entire text is sung by an a cappella chorus. Essentially, a series of motets. Because there are no soloists, the individual characters of the story cannot be developed or distinguished through the music Motette (German) motet Motettenköpfe (German m. pl.) phrases that opening sections of a motet or madrigal Motetto (Italian) motet Motettus see moteteus Moteteus (Latin) or motettus, motet (from the French, mot, literally 'word') from the 13th- to the 15th-centuries, the term for the line immediately above the tenor in an early two-part motet, sometimes called the duplum Moteur à 2 temps (French m.) 2-stroke engine Moteur à 4 temps (French m.) 4-stroke engine Mother Hubbard see mu-mu Mother of pearl or 'abalone', a shell material commonly used on instrument inlays Mother tongue see 'first language' Motief (Dutch) motif Motif in music, a motif is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts of complete melodies and themes. A motif is distinguished from a figure in that a motif is foreground while a figure is background often used interchangeably with the terms 'theme' and 'leit-motif' and appearing frequently in works of literature, a conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula (English, French m.) motive, the theme of an artistic composition, a recurrent idea, the repeating feature of a regular design Motif (music) from which the first entry has been taken Motif accrocheur (French m.) hook Motif melodique (French m.) lick, pattern Motif Description a subset of 'Labanotation', a system for notating 'dance', with which it shares a common lexis. The main difference between the two forms is the type of information they record: Labanotation detailed description of movement so it may be reproduced exactly as it was performed or conceived Motif Description depicts the most important elements, the essential aspects of the movement sequence. Motif Description is often used as an alternative to Labanotation when information needs to be written down quickly Motif Description from which this information has been taken Motion moto (Italian), Bewegung (German), mouvement (French) the progress of a melody can be described in terms of various types of 'motion' type of motion explanation note repetition movement is stationary, resulting in no motion conjunct motion moto congiunto (Italian) schrittweise Bewegung (German) stufenweise Bewegung (German) mouvement conjoint (French) stapsgewijze beweging (Dutch) a single melody moving by a step contrary motion, opposite motion moto contrario (Italian) Gegenbewegung (German) mouvement contraire (French) tegenbeweging (Dutch) two melodies moving in opposite directions disjunct motion (English) moto disgiunto (Italian) sprunghafte Bewegung (German) mouvement (mélodique) disjoint (French) sprongsgewijze beweging (Dutch) a single melody moving by a leap oblique motion (English) moto obliquo (Italian) Seitenbewegung (German) mouvement oblique (French) zijdelingse beweging (Dutch) one voice remains on the same pitch while the other ascends or descends direct, parallel motion (English) moto retto e parallelo (Italian) Parallelbewegung (German) mouvement parallèle (French) parallelle beweging (Dutch) two melodies moving so that the interval between them remains the same direct, similar motion (English) moto retto e simile (Italian) Gleichbewegung (German) mouvement semblable (French) mouvement similaire (French) mouvement pareil (French) gelijke beweging (Dutch) two melodies moving in the same direction but by dissimilar intervals mixed motion (English) moto misto (Italian) gemischte Bewegung (German) mouvement mixte (French) gemengde beweging (Dutch) where more than one variety of motion occurs at once between several parts Motiv (German n.) motive Motivation (English, German f.) in theatre, a character's individual desires or goals which propel them into action (English, German f.) the driving force of an inciting event that starts the progression of a story Motivation from which this information has been taken Motive motivo (Italian), Motiv (German), motif (French), the smallest identifiable self-existent element of melody or rhythm, the basis of large themes or phrases, which, by being repeated, gives a musical work a sense of cohesion motivieren (German) to motivate Motivik (German f.) motivic idea Motivo (Italian, Spanish m.) motive, theme, leading idea, subject, motif (French) Motivo principal (Spanish m.) theme song Motivo principale (Italian m.) theme song Motivo ricorrente (Italian m.) or tema di una canzone (Italian m.), recurring theme of a song Mot juste, le see le mot juste Moto (Italian m.) movement, motion, for example, con moto meaning 'rather quicker' Moto congiunto (Italian m.) conjunct motion Moto contrario (Italian m.) contrary motion Moto disgiunto (Italian m.) disjunct motion Moto misto (Italian m.) mixed motion Moto obbliquo (Italian m.) oblique motion Moto obliquo (Italian m.) oblique motion Moto perpetuo (Italian m.) perpetuum mobile, continuous movement a very quick piece in rondo form, generally comprised of sequences of rapid notes that continue with virtually no break Moto precedente (Italian m.) the same speed as before, at the former tempo, at the preceding tempo Moto primo (Italian m.) the same speed as at the beginning Motor aphasia see 'Broca's aphasia' Moto retto (Italian m.) similar motion, direct motion Motor horn see 'car horn' Motor rhythm an impelling rhythmic device, whose reiteration is a feature of music from the Baroque period onwards Motoscafo (s.), Motoscafi (pl.) (Italian) a motor-boat, a motor-launch Motown (English, German m.) a music style associated with 1960s and 1970s, black-owned, Detroit-based record label of the same name whose artists included The Supremes, The Temptations, etc. Motown, also called 'Detroit soul', is strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel. It often includes handclapping and a powerful bassline, and includes violins, bells and other untraditional instruments Motown Sound Motown Mots croisés (French m.) crossword (puzzle) motteggiando (Italian) bantering, jeering, mockingly, jocosely Mottete (German f.) motet Mottetto (Italian) motet Motto (English, German n.) in music, a motto is a melodic section larger than a motif and may appear at the beginning and often just before the end of a musical composition Motto aria an aria in which the vocalist begins directly with the opening phrase (or 'motto', or sometimes 'motif') and the full instrumental ritornello follows this before the opening phrase is repeated Musical Terms Motto theme similar to a leitmotif or an idée fixe, a theme that recurs and develops as the musical work progresses Motu proprio (Latin) of one's own accord, of one's own free will a personal memorandum from the Pope to the clergy Motus (Latin) motion, movement Motus contrarius (Latin) contrary motion Motus obliquus (Latin) oblique motion Motus et bouche cousue! (French) Mum's the word! Don't tell anyone! (colloquial) Motus rectus (Latin) similar motion, direct motion mou (French) soft Mouchard (French m.) a police spy, a sneak, an informer Mouchardage (French m.) informing, sneaking, grassing moucharder (French) to spy, to sneak, to inform Mouche (French f.) a fly, a beauty spot, a (beauty) patch, a short goatee (beard) Moucheron (French m.) a small kid (child) moucher ton nez (French) to blow your nose moucheté (French) speckled, spotted, flecked, buttoned (foil in fencing) moucheter (French) to speckle, to spot, to fleck Moucheteur (French f.) a fleck, a spot, a speckle, a patch (on an animal) Moucheteurs d'hermine (French f.) ermine tips Mouchoir (French m.) (pocket) handkerchief, neckerchief Mouchoir en papier (French m.) paper handkerchief, tissue moudre (French) to grind, to mill, to grind out (a tune) Moue (French f.) a pout, an expression of petulance (often feigned) Moue de dédain (French f.) an expression of disdain Moue de dégoût (French f.) an expression of disgust Mouillé (French, literally 'moisened') in linguistics, palatized, usually of a consonant l the l mouillé is the sound heard in the English 'bullion', but the so-called l mouillé of modern French has the sound of English y, for example, the sound heard in ville Moujik (Russian) a Russian peasant, a clock or cape worn by a Russian peasant Moulage (French) (the making of) a plaster cast, for example, by the police when preserving footprints in soft earth Moulding contoured projection around an arch, window or door Moulin (French m.) paradiddle Mountain dulcimer Appalachian dulcimer Mountain Jews also Juvuro or Juhuro, Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Azerbaijan and Dagestan. They are also known as Caucasus Jews, Caucasian Jews, or more uncommonly East Caucasian Jews, because the majority of these Jews settled the eastern part of Caucasus, though there were also historical settlements in Northwest Caucasus. The name "Mountain Jews" or "Caucasian Jews" is something of a misnomer, as it does not include Georgian Jews of the Caucasus Mountains Mountain Jews from which this extract has been taken Mountaineer Loop one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Mount Avalon established in 1919 by the composer Rutland Boughton, house and grounds bought as a base for the Glastonbury festival by a devotee. Failed due to lack of finances. This was the closest Boughton came to his dream of a community of artists living on the land and supporting the festival Mounted-cornet a solo stop met with only in older organs, usually consisting of five ranks of pipes of large scale (stopped diapason, principal, twelfth, fifteenth and tierce), loudly voiced and placed upon a raised sound-board of their own Mount Hermon a mountain in the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, its highest point is 2,814 m (9,230 ft) above sea level. This summit is on the border between Syria and Lebanon Mount Olympus at 9570 ft in height, the tallest mountain in Greece. It on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia. Mount Olympus was the home of their (Olympian) gods and goddesses and gave its name to the famous panhellenic games known as the Olympics Mount Sinai a mountain peak in the southern Sinai Peninsula (7,500 ft high), believed to be the peak on which Moses received the Ten Commandments Mount Sion alternative spelling for Mount Hermon or Mount Zion Mount Tabor an 1843 ft high mountain rising from the Plain of Jezreel, in Israel Mount Zion a hill just outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem although the term Zion became a synecdoche referring to the entire city of Jerusalem and the Land of Israel mourir (French) to die mourir au champ d'honneur (French) to be killed in action mourir d'envie de (French) to be dying to Mournful sad, lamentoso (Italian), klagend (German), lugubre (French) mourut (French) died Mousai see Muses Mousika or Musica, one of the group of Horae that personified of the times of day. Mousika was the tutelary goddess of the morning hour of music and study Horae from which this information is taken Mousikê (Greek, literally 'the art of the Muse') consists primarily of the art of singing and playing instruments, corresponds to our notion of music and is what we would today refer to as 'culture' Mousondi a Haitian stick-fighting dance see calenda, kalenda Moussaka (Greek) a Greek dish consisting of minced meat cooked with a variety of vegetables Mousse (French f.) froth, foam, fizz (in sparkling wines) a frothy confection made from fruit, etc., beaten up with cream and white of egg (the term is applied to any food product of a similar consistency) toiletry consisting of an aerosol foam used in hair styling Moussem Moroccan music festivals mousseux (French) sparkling, frothy (wine) Moutarde me monte au nez, La (French) I'm losing my temper Mouth boca (Italian), Mund (German), bouche (French), the speaking part of an organ pipe Mouth bow a string is tied to both ends of a flexible pole which is then pulled into an arched shape. The string is held in the mouth and the string is struck at a point along its length. The cavity of the mouth is shaped to emphasize various partials which are produced naturally by the string when it is struck. The mouth cavity is also the cause of a degree of amplification of the original sound of the struck string. It is called ngbiti by the Aka Pygmies and gana by the Nama Mouth harp harmonica small slitted bamboo instrument held between the teeth and struck with the finger. Played in the same manner as the metal, lyre-shaped, Jew's harp Mouth music Gaelic song-form in which the lyrics are only of secondary importance - the dance rhythm is the most important aspect and the rhythm takes precedence over the rhythm and stresses of the Gaelic. The lyrics in puirt (plural of the word port, literally 'dance tune') are generally meaningless or nonsensical. Many Gaelic singers therefore do not believe in publishing translations of puirt-a-beul Article on Gaelic puirt-a-beul (mouth music) from which this information has been taken synonymous with 'scat singing', 'vocal instrumental', 'mouth drumming', bols, solkattu, caoine, sean nos, canntaireachd, reel à bouche, turlute and kan ha diskan Wordless Singing - for information about other types of mouth music Mouth organ see 'harmonica' Mouthpiece imboccatura (Italian), Schnabel (German - of a woodwind instrument), Mundstück (German - of a brass instrument), bec (French - of a woodwind instrument), embouchure (French - of a brass instrument), the part of a wind instrument that is placed in, on, or by the performer's mouth Mouthpiece: musical instruments Moutia from the Western Indian Ocean islands, a hand drum the Seychellois sega which is similar to the sega of Reunion mouvant (French) moving Mouvement (French m.) movement, motion, movimiento (Spanish) "sometimes it means the slowness or speed of the notes in the musical measure. Thus one says a mouvement gai, a mouvement lent, a mouvement vif, etc., and in this sense it also often means an equalness that is regular and clearly marked for all the beats of the measure. It is in this sense that recitatives are not sung de mouvement and that the menuet, the gavotte, the sarabande, etc., are airs de mouvement, etc." - Brossard (1703) "The degree of speed or slowness that gives a mesure the character of the piece being executed. Each sort of mesure has a mouvement that is most appropriate for it and that in Italian is called Tempo giusto. But in addition there are five principal degrees of mouvement [in the sense of tempo] that, moving from slow to fast, are expressed by the words largo, adagio, andante, allegro and presto, and these words in French are lent, modéré, gracieux, gai and vite. It is necessary, however, to point out that since the mouvement is always less precise in French music, the words that designate it have a much more vague meaning than in Italian music. ... Although generally mouvements lents [slow tempos] are usually appropriate for sad emotions and mouvements animés [animated tempos] for gay ones, there are nonetheless often modifications through which one emotion speaks in the tone of another. Still, it is true that gaiety is almost never expressed slowly, but the sharpest anguish often is expressed in the most emotional language." - Rousseau (1768) Ranums' Panat Times from which these quotations have been taken type of motion explanation mouvement conjoint a single melody moving by a step mouvement contraire two melodies moving in opposite directions mouvement mélodique disjoint a single melody moving by a leap mouvement oblique one voice remains on the same pitch while the other ascends or descends mouvement parallèle two melodies moving so that the interval between them remains the same mouvement direct two melodies moving in the same direction mouvementé (French) bustling, animated, lively, full of incident Mouvement conjoint (French m.) conjunct movement, stepwise motion Mouvement contraire (French m.) contrary motion Mouvement du début (French m.) original speed, original tempo, at the same speed as at the beginning, tempo primo (Italian) Mouvement direct (French m.) direct motion Mouvement (mélodique) disjoint (French m.) disjunct (melodic) movement, skip Mouvement initial (French m.) original speed Mouvement mixte (French m.) mixed motion Mouvement oblique (French m.) oblique motion Mouvement original (French m.) original speed Mouvement parallèle (French m.) parallel motion Mouvement pareil (French m.) similar motion Mouvement précédent (French m.) the resumption of the preceding speed Mouvement rythmique de la basse (French m.) walking bass Mouvement semblable (French m.) similar motion Mouvement similaire (French m.) similar motion Mouvements plagaux (French m. pl.) plagal progression it should be noted that while cadences are usually classified by specific chord or melodic progressions, the use of such a progression does not necessarily constitute a cadence - there must be a sense of closure, as at the end of a phrase. The term 'plagal movement' is applied generally to any progression IV to I, whether a cadence or not Movable chord see 'barre chord' Movable clef clefs, such as the 'C' and 'G' clefs, which, to facilitate writing the notes on the staff rather than having to resort to ledger lines, can be moved, for example, French violin clef Movable do in solmization, do is the syllable given to the first degree of the scale. Movable do means that do is the name given to the first degree of the scale in the key at that particular point in the composition. This is in contrast to a fixed do where, whatever the key of the piece, do always represents the pitch of the note 'C' Movement a self-contained section from a symphony, suite, sonata, concerto, etc., movimento (Italian), mouvement (French), movimiento (Spanish) Movement (music) motion, movimento (Italian), Bewegung (German), mouvement (French), movimiento (Spanish) MovementWriting or the 'International Movement-Writing Alphabet' is a movement notation system devised by Valerie Sutton. It is used for dance, as DanceWriting, for sign language, as SignWriting, for mime, as MimeWriting, for movement based-sports, for example gymnastics, ice skating, as SprotsWriting, and for various scientific studies relating to physical therapy, animal movement, etc, as ScienceWriting movendo (Italian) moving movendo il tempo (Italian) growing faster movente (Italian) moving Movimento (Italian m., Portuguese m.) motion, impulse, time (Italian m., Spanish m., Portuguese m.) movement (section of an extended work, for example, of a symphony), mouvement (French) (Italian m.) as a dance term, see scosso Movimento accentato (dalla battuta) (Italian m.) down beat (in a bar), first beat (in a bar) Movimento dos braços (Portuguese m.) port de bras (French) Movimento in unaccentato (Italian m.) an unaccented beat Movimiento ascendente (Spanish m.) rising movement Movimiento conjunto (Spanish m.) conjunct motion Movimiento contrario (Spanish m.) contrary motion Movimiento de danza (Spanish m.) dance movement (a movement in a dance form, for example, a minuet) Movimiento descendente (Spanish m.) falling movement Movimiento directo (Spanish m.) direct motion Movimiento disjunto (Spanish m.) disjunct motion Movimiento final (Spanish m.) final movement, last movement Movimiento lento (Spanish m.) slow movement Movimiento oblícuo (Spanish m.) oblique motion Movimiento paralelo (Spanish m.) parallel motion Movimiento plagal (Spanish m.) plagal motion Movimiento rápido (Spanish m.) quick movement Movimientos plagales (Spanish m. pl.) plagal progression it should be noted that while cadences are usually classified by specific chord or melodic progressions, the use of such a progression does not necessarily constitute a cadence - there must be a sense of closure, as at the end of a phrase. The term 'plagal movement' is applied generally to any progression IV to I, whether a cadence or not movt abbreviation of 'movement' movt(s) abbreviation of 'movement(s)' Moxeños (Bolivian) family of three wooden Andean flutes of variable size (large, medium and small) that are always played simultaneously Moxeño Moxie the first carbonated soft drink to be mass-produced in the United States based on Gentian root extracts. It was invented by Augustin Thompson in Lowell, Massachusetts, and patented in 1876 as a medicine Moyen âge (French f.) Middle Ages moyenâgeux (French) medieval, redolent of the Middle Ages (however, the term is used when that quality is exaggerated or spurious) Mozambique one of the major new rhythms to emerge in post-revolutionary Cuba, is the result of crossing mambo with conga a style of Cuban carnival music created by Pedro Izquierdo, also known as Pello el Afrokán Pello and the Mozambique: A rhythm that galvanized Cuba Mozarabic chant also known as Hispanic chant, Old Hispanic chant, Old Spanish chant, or Visigothic chant, canto mozarabico (Italian), Mozarabische Gesang (German), chant mozarabe (French), canto mozárabe (Spanish), canto hispánico (Spanish) the derivation of the word Mozarabic came from the Arabic word musta'rab meaning a naturalised Arab or one who adapted Arab customs, and the term ajami meaning ugly or barbarous. The major literary figure of Visigothic (or Gothic) Spain was the prolific Isodoro of Sevilla (about 559-636), a Cartagena-born Catholic archbishop, who was also a music theorist. Under his influence a single order of liturgy, both prayer and song, was established throughout the territory. This repertoire of Visigothic (later called Mozarabic) chant, as extensive as the Gregorian chant sung by Catholics elsewhere, had a distinctly Iberian style. The Mozarabs were Christians who continued to observe their religion while the Arabs ruled Spain. Mozarabic chant did not survive the Roman-backed prelates newly installed in Spain during the period 718-1492 AD (known as the Reconquista) during which the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. Restricted to a handful of dedicated chapels, modern Mozarabic chant is highly Gregorianised and bears no musical resemblance to its original form other applied names to the Mozarabic rite are: Gothic from the establishment of the Visigothic kingdom during the time of the Muslim period in Spain Toledan which was the main city of the Mozarabic rite Isidorian the earliest arrangement of the rites from the Council of Toledo along with St. Isidore of Seville Mozarabic Chant The Mozarabic Chant Tradition from which this extract has been taken Mozarabic neumes also known as 'Hispanic neumes' or 'Visigothic script', these neumes have not been deciphered, but the Mozarabic liturgy varies somewhat from the Roman rite Mozarabic rite a form of Catholic worship within the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. It dates principally to the 7th and 8th centuries, and is localized in the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania). Its liturgy is particularly apt as a spiritual defense during Islamic rule, and is widely reputed to be spiritually fulfilling Mozarabic Rite from which this extract has been taken MOZART music notation software for computers running Microsoft Windows. Mozart allows you to type in music notation - as easily as entering text in a word processor - view it on the screen, hear it, edit it, and then print high quality music scores and individual parts for musicians Mozart from which this extract has been taken Mozmar or mizmar, an Egyptian double-reed woodwind instrument